Observation of Behavior, Inference of Function, and the Study of Learning
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Naturalizing Anthropomorphism: Behavioral Prompts to Our Humanizing of Animals
WellBeing International WBI Studies Repository 2007 Naturalizing Anthropomorphism: Behavioral Prompts to Our Humanizing of Animals Alexandra C. Horowitz Barnard College Marc Bekoff University of Colorado Follow this and additional works at: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/acwp_habr Part of the Animal Studies Commons, Comparative Psychology Commons, and the Other Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Horowitz, A. C., & Bekoff, M. (2007). Naturalizing anthropomorphism: Behavioral prompts to our humanizing of animals. Anthrozoös, 20(1), 23-35. This material is brought to you for free and open access by WellBeing International. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Naturalizing Anthropomorphism: Behavioral Prompts to Our Humanizing of Animals Alexandra C. Horowitz1 and Marc Bekoff2 1 Barnard College 2 University of Colorado – Boulder KEYWORDS anthropomorphism, attention, cognitive ethology, dogs, humanizing animals, social play ABSTRACT Anthropomorphism is the use of human characteristics to describe or explain nonhuman animals. In the present paper, we propose a model for a unified study of such anthropomorphizing. We bring together previously disparate accounts of why and how we anthropomorphize and suggest a means to analyze anthropomorphizing behavior itself. We introduce an analysis of bouts of dyadic play between humans and a heavily anthropomorphized animal, the domestic dog. Four distinct patterns of social interaction recur in successful dog–human play: directed responses by one player to the other, indications of intent, mutual behaviors, and contingent activity. These findings serve as a preliminary answer to the question, “What behaviors prompt anthropomorphisms?” An analysis of anthropomorphizing is potentially useful in establishing a scientific basis for this behavior, in explaining its endurance, in the design of “lifelike” robots, and in the analysis of human interaction. -
Chihirosukikarathesis.Pdf (391.3Kb)
Szent István University Faculty of Veterinary Science Budapest Institute of Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science HOW THE DIFFERENT NOISE TYPES MAY INFLUENCE THE OPEN-FIELD BEHAVIOUR OF RATS ? by Chihiro Sukikara Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sándor György Fekete , DVM, DSc SZIU Faculty of Veterinary Science - 2013 – 1 Table of Content Page Introduction 3 Review of the Literature 5 Own Investigations 9 Material and Methods 9 Results 11 Discussion 23 Conclusion 27 References 33 Acknowledgement 32 Summary 30 Összefoglalás 31 Author’s Declaration 37 Supervisor’s Allowance 38 2 Introduction It is said that the different tools of environmental enrichment influence the animal behaviour and/or physiological status. In the frame of the 3rd „R” (Refinement), the laboratory animal science focuses on the feeding and on the physical environment of the animals, which are related to sensory stimuli, like visual, olphactory, auditory and tactile (BAUMAN et al. 2011). Noise is also one of the elements of the environment. It has been thought as a powerful stressor. Generally, the acoustic environment does has an influence on the behaviour and physiological state of the humans and animals. Amongst those the different noises have an important role. According to the general definition the noise is the ratio of the meaningful signals and those, of carrying no information. In the bioacoustics, noise is equals to the unpleasant sounds. The noise music is an avangard music and sound art, which is akin to the futurism and dadaism. It is employing the elements of cacophony, dissonance, atonality, noise, irregularity and repetition. The manifesto of Luigi Russolo: The art of noise (1913) is considered as the first step of this movement. -
Human Ethology Bulletin
Human Ethology Bulletin VOLUME 11, ISSUE 1 ISSN 0739-2036 MARCH 1996 © 1996 The International Society for Human Ethology Thomas Bouchard (University of Minnesota): SOCIETY NEWS "Twin studies and human behavior." Vienna Congress Update Sue Carter: (University of Maryland) "Influence of hormones on human behavior." The 13th biennial conference of the Siegfried Frey (Universitat Duisburg): "Non- International Society for Human Ethology is semantic approach to nonverbal behavior: scheduled for S-10 August 1996 at the Cartographic methods." Biological Sciences site of the University of Vienna, Austria. Glenn Weisfeld (Wayne State University): "Research on emotions and future developments The conference will be dedicated to in human ethology." direct observation of human behavior. Themes will be gender advertisement, mate selection, Delegates who wish to present research environment-behavior interactions, nonverbal must submit an abstract along with their communication, evolution and cognition, registration. Participants are limited to a behavior genetics, development, psychiatry, Single oral or poster paper; authors are and hormonal control of behavior. In addition, requested to indicate their preference, but workshops on epistemological issues in decisions rest with the Organizing Committee. ethology and sociobiology and on digital image Talks are limited to 15 minutes plus 5 minutes analysis will be held. for discussion. Posters must not exceed 120 em. x 90 em. TIley will be on display throughout the conference. Poster talks, Wednesday afternoon, Opening address: lrenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt are limited to 2 minutes, with no more than one (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft): "Vienna: Cradle of slide or overhead. ethology." Abstract Instructions Keynote address: Robin R. Baker (University of Manchester): "Cupulation, masturbation, and Send your abstract on paper and infidelity: State of the art." diskette or e-mail. -
The Scope of Neuroethology
THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (1984) 7, 367-412 Printed in the United States of America The scope of neuroethology Graham Hoyle Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oreg. 97403 Abstract: Neuroethology, an interdisciplinary subdivision of neuroscience, has emerged in recent years. Since 1976 there has been a regular session under this heading at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. In 1980 two introductory texts in English were published on the subject (Ewert 1980; Guthrie 1980), and a third (Camhi 1984) was published recently. There is widespread interest in neural mechanisms underlying behavior, but they encompass such a vast array of often unrelated topics that proponents do not share common goals. This article describes the emergence of ethology as a discipline, pointing out that its practitioners were successful because they confined their research to stereotyped, complex, nonlearned, innate behavioral acts. A limited number of profoundly significant principles emerged. Each of these is redefined. The major concepts of earlier ethology were embodied in a simple hydraulic model used by Konrad Lorenz in 1949 (Lorenz 1950). It is pointed out that this model implies the existence of common neurophysiological mechanisms and neuronal circuitry. This model has now been made obsolete by neurophysiological progress, but with appropriate ~nodificationsan updated version may still be useful in focusing attention on possible principles. The initial aim of neuroethology should be to examine the neurophysiological events in a variety of behaviors, exhibited by diverse animals from different phyla, which meet the criteria of innate behavioral acts. The behaviors should be sufficiently complex to interest ethologists, yet they should be addressable with neurophysiological methods down to the cellular level. -
Animal Umwelten in a Changing World
Tartu Semiotics Library 18 Tartu Tartu Semiotics Library 18 Animal umwelten in a changing world: Zoosemiotic perspectives represents a clear and concise review of zoosemiotics, present- ing theories, models and methods, and providing interesting examples of human–animal interactions. The reader is invited to explore the umwelten of animals in a successful attempt to retrieve the relationship of people with animals: a cornerstone of the past common evolutionary processes. The twelve chapters, which cover recent developments in zoosemiotics and much more, inspire the reader to think about the human condition and about ways to recover our lost contact with the animal world. Written in a clear, concise style, this collection of articles creates a wonderful bridge between Timo Maran, Morten Tønnessen, human and animal worlds. It represents a holistic approach Kristin Armstrong Oma, rich with suggestions for how to educate people to face the dynamic relationships with nature within the conceptual Laura Kiiroja, Riin Magnus, framework of the umwelt, providing stimulus and opportuni- Nelly Mäekivi, Silver Rattasepp, ties to develop new studies in zoosemiotics. Professor Almo Farina, CHANGING WORLD A IN UMWELTEN ANIMAL Paul Thibault, Kadri Tüür University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” This important book offers the first coherent gathering of perspectives on the way animals are communicating with each ANIMAL UMWELTEN other and with us as environmental change requires increasing adaptation. Produced by a young generation of zoosemiotics scholars engaged in international research programs at Tartu, IN A CHANGING this work introduces an exciting research field linking the biological sciences with the humanities. Its key premises are that all animals participate in a dynamic web of meanings WORLD: and signs in their own distinctive styles, and all animal spe- cies have distinctive cultures. -
Assessing Animal Welfare in Animal-Visitor Interactions in Zoos and Other Facilities. a Pilot Study Involving Giraffes
animals Article Assessing Animal Welfare in Animal-Visitor Interactions in Zoos and Other Facilities. A Pilot Study Involving Giraffes Simona Normando 1,* ID , Ilaria Pollastri 2, Daniela Florio 3, Linda Ferrante 1, Elisabetta Macchi 3 ID , Valentina Isaja 4 and Barbara de Mori 1 1 Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; [email protected] (L.F.); [email protected] (B.d.M.) 2 Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40126 Bologna, Italy; daniela.fl[email protected] (D.F.); [email protected] (E.M.) 4 Zoom Turin, Strada Piscina 36, 10040 Cumiana, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-049-641-231; Fax: +39-049-641-174 Received: 8 July 2018; Accepted: 27 August 2018; Published: 30 August 2018 Simple Summary: A pilot test of a six-step protocol to evaluate animal-visitor interactions was developed on a “giraffe feeding” program in a zoo. The steps devoted to animal welfare’s assessment are presented in this paper. We observed the giraffes’ behaviour, evaluated the suitability of the area in which the interactions took place, and assessed the intensity of various hazards for animal welfare. The long-term goal of this research project is to test a protocol for the overall evaluation of the quality of animal-visitor interactions in zoos and other facilities. -
Bio 314 Animal Behv Bio314new
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIO 314: COURSE TITLE: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR xii i BIO 314: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR Course Writers/Developers Miss Olakolu Fisayo Christie Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, No 3 Wilmot Point Road, Bar-beach Bus-stop, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. Course Editor: Dr. Adesina Adefunke Ministry of Health, Alausa. Lagos NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA xii i BIO 314 COURSE GUIDE Introduction Animal Behaviour (314) is a second semester course. It is a two credit units compustory course which all students offering Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Biology must take. This course deals with the theories and principles of adaptive behaviour and evolution of animals. The course contents are history of ethology. Reflex and complex behaviour. Orientation and taxes. Fixed action patterns, releasers, motivation and driver. Displays, displacement activities and conflict behaviour. Learning communication and social behaviour. The social behaviour of primates. Hierarchical organization. The physiology of behaviour. Habitat selection, homing and navigation. Courtship and parenthood. Biological clocks. What you will learn in this course In this course, you have the course units and a course guide. The course guide will tell you briefly what the course is all about. It is a general overview of the course materials you will be using and how to use those materials. It also helps you to allocate the appropriate time to each unit so that you can successfully complete the course within the stipulated time limit. The course guide also helps you to know how to go about your Tutor-Marked-Assignment which will form part of your overall assessment at the end of the course. -
A Critical Companion to Zoosemiotics BIOSEMIOTICS
A Critical Companion to Zoosemiotics BIOSEMIOTICS VOLUME 5 Series Editors Marcello Barbieri Professor of Embryology University of Ferrara, Italy President Italian Association for Theoretical Biology Editor-in-Chief Biosemiotics Jesper Hoffmeyer Associate Professor in Biochemistry University of Copenhagen President International Society for Biosemiotic Studies Aims and Scope of the Series Combining research approaches from biology, philosophy and linguistics, the emerging field of biosemi- otics proposes that animals, plants and single cells all engage insemiosis – the conversion of physical signals into conventional signs. This has important implications and applications for issues ranging from natural selection to animal behaviour and human psychology, leaving biosemiotics at the cutting edge of the research on the fundamentals of life. The Springer book series Biosemiotics draws together contributions from leading players in international biosemiotics, producing an unparalleled series that will appeal to all those interested in the origins and evolution of life, including molecular and evolutionary biologists, ecologists, anthropologists, psychol- ogists, philosophers and historians of science, linguists, semioticians and researchers in artificial life, information theory and communication technology. For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7710 Dario Martinelli A Critical Companion to Zoosemiotics People, Paths, Ideas 123 Dario Martinelli University of Helsinki Institute of Art Research Faculty of Arts PL 35 (Vironkatu 1) -
Studying Animal Behavior Using Ethograms Overview
Studying Animal Behavior Using Ethograms Overview: Observation is a very important component of the scientific process. Observing animal behavior is crucial to understanding how animals survive in their habitats and can be used to make informed decisions about the management of animal habitat. Students use observation skills and make inferences and while applying the the scientific method to study animal behavior. Grade Level: Upper Elementary, Middle or High School (with extensions). Two options are provided: Option 1 is an entry level activity and Option 2 more advanced. Content Areas: Science: Zoology/Life Science, Environmental Education, Mathematics (with extension) Objectives: 1. Learn one method an ethologist uses to collect animal behavior data. 2. Learn and apply the scientific method: observe/collect information, develop hypothesis, design experiment, collect data, form a conclusion, accept/reject hypothesis. 3. Understand how studies of animal behavior can benefit animals & their habitat. Activity Time: At least 30 minutes for activity introduction and one short round of animal observations. Materials: Ethogram Data Collection Form worksheet, Frequency of Behavior Graph worksheet (optional), clipboard, pencil, timer with seconds hand, animal to observe (zoo animal, animal on a video, a pet), scientific method diagram (Note: many different versions of the scientific method exist. One is suggested below however instructors may wish to search for one that best meets their educational needs.) Vocabulary: Ethogram, ethologist, behavior, scientific method Procedure – Option 1 – Entry Level 1) To generate interest, have students observe an animal for a few minutes. The animal could be on school grounds, backyard, park, online, etc. Remember animal observation etiquette and to respect an animal’s space! Watch from a distance and remain calm and quiet so that the animal feels safe. -
Wed. Aug 31 Outline FIXED ACTION PATTERNS
8/26/2011 BIONB 4240: NEUROETHOLOGY L02: ROOTS in ETHOLOGY Writing Assignment Aug. 26, 2011; C. D. Hopkins W3: Due Monday Aug. 29 Apis melifera, Frisch’s 1) How does a reflex differ from a fixed action favorite study species. pattern? 2) Define “Instinct” Tinbergen uses models to evoke 3) Define IRM (Innate Releasing Mechanism) egg rolling behavior. He discovers Herring gull chicks peck at the red spot on the parent’s bill, or a model, but prefer that convex objects work better a red stick with candy-stripe patterns at than cubic objects. the sharp tip: a super-normal stimulus. Make stickleback fish (above) respond to models of female that have enlarged Lorenz’s psychohydraulic model of motivation explains the changing abdomens. threshold of a stimulus. Control theory model to the right of the same. First Discussion: Wed. Aug 31 Outline Kaas and Catania (2002) How do features of sensory 1. The ethological tradition representations develop? BioEssays 24 (4) 334-343. 2. Fixed action patterns 3. The ethogram Writing (W4) 4. Innate release mechanisms and sign stimuli 5. Courtship behavior of the common fruit fly Carl Hopkins will lead the discussion 6. Influential (neuro)ethologists Ethology and the Ethological Tradition FIXED ACTION PATTERNS The study of natural behavior of animals, usually conducted in the natural setting. - observe & describe behavior: “ethograms” - Tinbergen’s: goals of Ethology are to understand causation, ontogeny, function, and evolution of behavior. EGG ROLLING in Grey-lag Goose (Lorenz & Tinbergen, 1938) Neuroethologists: Waving display Taxis und Instinkthandlung in der in Fiddler crab. Observe behavior and make a descriptions. -
Little Animals in Art, Culture, and Museums
Reflections on Co-Teaching “Little Animals in Art, Culture, and Museums” Dave Aftandilian, Department of Anthropology (Human-Animal Relationships Minor), Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, [email protected], & Nick Bontrager, Department of Art (New Media), Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, [email protected] In this paper, we will share our experiences co-teaching a new class in Spring 2018 called “Into the Small: Little Animals in Art, Culture, and Museums.” We developed this class as part of TCU’s new interdisciplinary minor on “Human-Animal Relationships” (HARE); it also counted toward majors or minors in our home departments of Anthropology and Studio Art. First, we will explain our goals for the class, and why we wanted to teach it. For instance, we focused on little animals, including insects, because they are often lesser known, ignored, or slighted (compared to other animals). Moreover, by helping the students shift their scales of reference from micro to macro and back, we hoped to help spark curiosity and inquiry both among them and among viewers of their artworks and exhibits. We also wanted to expose students to how different ways of knowing animals affect what we learn about them and how we view them, including using different senses and artistic techniques, as well as exploring the points of views of diverse people and cultures. Second, we will discuss the topics we covered in the class and why we selected them, from acoustic ecology to animal personhood to museum studies; the types of assignments we used to guide the students in engaging with them, including sketch book entries, art projects, and written papers; and how we assessed their work. -
Tartu Semiotics Library 18
Tartu Semiotics Library 18 Tartu Tartu Semiotics Library 18 Animal umwelten in a changing world: Zoosemiotic perspectives represents a clear and concise review of zoosemiotics, present- ing theories, models and methods, and providing interesting examples of human–animal interactions. The reader is invited to explore the umwelten of animals in a successful attempt to retrieve the relationship of people with animals: a cornerstone of the past common evolutionary processes. The twelve chapters, which cover recent developments in zoosemiotics and much more, inspire the reader to think about the human condition and about ways to recover our lost contact with the animal world. Written in a clear, concise style, this collection of articles creates a wonderful bridge between Timo Maran, Morten Tønnessen, human and animal worlds. It represents a holistic approach Kristin Armstrong Oma, rich with suggestions for how to educate people to face the dynamic relationships with nature within the conceptual Laura Kiiroja, Riin Magnus, framework of the umwelt, providing stimulus and opportuni- Nelly Mäekivi, Silver Rattasepp, ties to develop new studies in zoosemiotics. Professor Almo Farina, CHANGING WORLD A IN UMWELTEN ANIMAL Paul Thibault, Kadri Tüür University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” This important book offers the first coherent gathering of perspectives on the way animals are communicating with each ANIMAL UMWELTEN other and with us as environmental change requires increasing adaptation. Produced by a young generation of zoosemiotics scholars engaged in international research programs at Tartu, IN A CHANGING this work introduces an exciting research field linking the biological sciences with the humanities. Its key premises are that all animals participate in a dynamic web of meanings WORLD: and signs in their own distinctive styles, and all animal spe- cies have distinctive cultures.