DOCSLIB.ORG

Hutnan Ethology Bulletin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hutnan Ethology Bulletin Hutnan Ethology Bulletin VOLUME 12, ISSUE 1 ISSN 0739-2036 MARCH 1997 © 1997 The International Society for Human Ethology obviously not in the interests of the slaves. Why don't they go on strike? Because the slaves are not genetically related to anything that comes out of the nest where they are now working. Any gene that tended to make them go on strike would have no possibility of being benefited by the striking action. The copies of their genes, the ·copies of these striking workers genes, would be back in the home nest, and they would be being turned out by the queen, which the striking workers left behind. So there would be no opportunity for a phenotypic effect, namely striking, to benefit germ line copies of themselves. You also write about an ant species called Monomorium santschii in which there are no workers. The queen invades a nest of another species, and then uses chemicals to induce the An Interview of workers to adopt her, and to kill their own queen. How is it possible that natural sdection Richard Dawkins did not act against such incredible deception and manipulation, which must have been going By Frans Roes, Lauriergracht 127-II, 1016 on for millions of years? RK Amsterdam, The Netherlands In any kind of arms race, it is possible for one Richard Dawkins is a zoologist and Professor of . side in the arms race to lose consistently. Public. Understanding of Science at Oxford Monomorium santschii is a very rare species. If University. Of his best-selling books, The you look back in the ancestry of the victim- Selfish Gene (1976) probably did most in species over many millions of years, many of bringing the evolutionary message home to both their ancestors may never have encountered a professional and a general readership. The Monomorium. But the Monomorium's ancestors following interview took place in Oxford 13 all had to succeed in killing their victim- December 1996. queens. So there is an asymmetry in selection pressure. I think the easiest way to put it is to You mention in The Extended Phenotype the say that many victim-nests survived in spite of slave-making habit in some species of ants. The not having countermeasures, because they never slave-making ants go to the nest of another ant met aM0 nom 0 r i u m. But not a single species to steal pupae, which are carried back. Monomorium gene survived if it failed. So the The work done in the slave-makers' nest by the cost of failure is much higher on one side of the slaves that hatch from these pupae is arms race than the other. 2 Is it possible that a similar kind of asymmetry to understand, I am against it. exists between human individuals? If two individuals or groups disagree, let's say I think that when you have arms races within evolutionists and religious people, then is it not a species, and I don't know why you shouldn't, an old wisdom that the truth should be say between male and female or somewhere in the middle? between parent and offspring, it is possible that the cost of failure is asymmetrical. [This] I have always resisted the idea that when two means that one side is disproportionately opposing points of view are being equally effective. I have not really thought it through, strongly expressed, the truth lies in the middle. but I do not see why in principle that shouldn't The truth can very easily lie on one side or the happen. other. One side can simply be wrong. You wrote with Krebs in 1978 that cooperative But is it not a sign of bad manners to claim that signals tend to be muted and economical, while you have it totally right, while the other side manipulative signals tend to be conspicuous and has it totally wrong? repetitive. No, it is bad manners to swear at people and be When there is a conflict of interest, there is an insulting to them in a personal way, but it is not arms race between the manipulator (or signal bad manners to say, "I think you are wrong for sender) and the victim (or signal receiver). The this or this reason." There may be people who signal sender is, over evolutionary time, think that having strong opinions is necessarily evolving ever more powerful manipulative negative, and I think it might be negative if it stimuli, and the signal receiver is constantly meant: He has strong opinions which he cannot raising the barriers to whatever the stimulus back up. is. And as the victim raises these barriers to the stimuli, whether these are sounds or You wrote in The Blind Watchmaker with chemicals or colours or whatever, this puts capitals: COPERNICUS WRONG. FLAT pressure on the signal sender to send a stronger EARTH THEORY VINDICATED. What did and stronger signal. So you would expect to get you mean? very powerful signals in those cases where victim resistance is high, If you have a detailed argument within but in those cases where the signal sender and evolutionary theory, where two scientist receiver are cooperating, where the disagree about something quite abstruse and communication is in both their interests, theoretically sophisticated, then creationists then it is not necessary to shout. A human come along and say, "Oh, evolutionists example of that would be a couple ata dinner disagree; therefore the whole of evolution must party who want to signal to each other that it be wrong." What I wrote was that it would be is time to go. They do it in very subtle ways, equivalent to say that when people discovered like a little look at the door, or a little motion that the earth is not a perfect sphere, but a as if to stand up. So a very subtle signal is a slightly flattened spheroid, instead of saying result of de-escalation. "Oh, there was this minor thing wrong," you have headlines saying: COPERNICUS WRONG. FLAT EARTH THEORY VINDICATED. You said on BBC-Television that religion teaches people to be satisfied with not George Bernard Shaw wrote that "there is a understanding. What is wrong with not hideous fatalism about Darwinism." Why do understanding? People have not understood people often think evolutionary theory is evolution for millions of years. pessimistic, depressive? No, that is right, you can survive without I am not an authority on Bernard Shaw's understanding. I think it is a value judgement on psychology. Shaw is reacting emotionally to a my part, I think it is virtue, a good thing, to scientific theory. He is saying: I couldn't bear it understand, and therefore if there is an if this were true; it would be horrible if it were ideology which actively discourages the desire true, as though that meant that it waS not true. 3 But of course something horrible can be true, evolutionary theory, telling us what we should something unbearable can be true. And, well, do politically or morally? there are horrible aspects of it. There is an awful lot of suffering. Natural selection does No. The only message coming from evolutionary mean death of a lot of individuals.--parasites theory is what eating you in bits from inside, predators actually happens in nature. Now, in nature it is devouring you frpm outside. So the force that true that, to some extent, the strong and the has shaped the evolution of living creatures most selfish survive. But that is with all their beauty and elegance is a whole no message for what we should do. We have to lot of rather unpleasant deaths. I could get our 'shoulds' imagine finding that emotionally upsetting. and our 'oughts' from some other source, not from But what I cannot imagine is saying: It is Darwinism. emotionally upsetting and therefore it cannot be true. Some well-known evolutionists are, or used to be, radical leftists, and you are yourself are On the other hand, some people favoured reported to vote leftist. Yet sociobiology is Darwinism because it appeared .to support a often associated with right-wing sentiments. political idea. Why? Yes, Darwinism has been misused politically in Because the opponents of sociobiology are too this century, by Hitler and by others. Social stupid to understand the distinction between Darwinism flourished at the end of the last whaf one says about the way the world is, century and the beginning of this century with sCientifically, and the way it ought to be people like Herbert Spencer and John D. politically. They look at what we say about Rockefeller. Rockefeller, an immensely rich Darwinian natural selection, as a scientifi.c and powerful man, had imported a form of theory for what is, and they assume that Social Darwinism into his political beliefs. He anybody who says that so and so is the case, really felt that the weakest should go to the must therefore be advocating that it ought to be war, and the strongest should survive, it was the case in human politics. They cannot see right in business, it was right in capitalism that it is possible to separate one's scientific that the economically strongest and most beliefs about what is the case in nature from ruthless should prevail. one's political beliefs about what ought to be in human society. Is evolutionary theory telling us this? No! It is telling us this only if you say that what is going on there in nature ought to be true in human political and social life.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Animal Welfare and the Paradox of Animal Consciousness
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Animal Welfare and the Paradox of Animal Consciousness Marian Dawkins1 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 1Corresponding author: e-mail address: [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Animal Consciousness: The Heart of the Paradox 2 2.1 Behaviorism Applies to Other People Too 5 3. Human Emotions and Animals Emotions 7 3.1 Physiological Indicators of Emotion 7 3.2 Behavioral Components of Emotion 8 3.2.1 Vacuum Behavior 10 3.2.2 Rebound 10 3.2.3 “Abnormal” Behavior 10 3.2.4 The Animal’s Point of View 11 3.2.5 Cognitive Bias 15 3.2.6 Expressions of the Emotions 15 3.3 The Third Component of Emotion: Consciousness 16 4. Definitions of Animal Welfare 24 5. Conclusions 26 References 27 1. INTRODUCTION Consciousness has always been both central to and a stumbling block for animal welfare. On the one hand, the belief that nonhuman animals suffer and feel pain is what draws many people to want to study animal welfare in the first place. Animal welfare is seen as fundamentally different from plant “welfare” or the welfare of works of art precisely because of the widely held belief that animals have feelings and experience emotions in ways that plants or inanimate objectsdhowever valuableddo not (Midgley, 1983; Regan, 1984; Rollin, 1989; Singer, 1975). On the other hand, consciousness is also the most elusive and difficult to study of any biological phenomenon (Blackmore, 2012; Koch, 2004). Even with our own human consciousness, we are still baffled as to how Advances in the Study of Behavior, Volume 47 ISSN 0065-3454 © 2014 Elsevier Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Welfare Regulation in the Australian Agricultural Sector: a Legitimacy Maximising Analysis
    Animal Welfare Regulation in the Australian Agricultural Sector: A Legitimacy Maximising Analysis Jed Goodfellow LLB/BA (Hons), GDLP Macquarie Law School Macquarie University This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Law September 2015 In dedication to each of the 605 million sentient beings used for food and fibre in Australia every year, and to the people who wish to represent their interests. Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... v Statement of Candidate .......................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables and Figures ..................................................................................................... ix PART I - Setting the Regulatory Scene Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background to research problem ....................................................................... 3 1.2 Research objectives and questions ..................................................................... 7 1.3 Methodology: the legitimacy and regulatory analytical framework .................. 8 1.3.1 Legitimacy theory ........................................................................................ 9 1.3.2 Input legitimacy
    [Show full text]
  • The Behavioral Effects of Feeding Enrichment on a Zoo-Housed Herd of African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana)
    Winthrop University Digital Commons @ Winthrop University Graduate Theses The Graduate School 8-2017 The Behavioral Effects of Feeding Enrichment on a Zoo-Housed Herd of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) Caroline Marie Driscoll Winthrop University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/graduatetheses Part of the Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Driscoll, Caroline Marie, "The Behavioral Effects of Feeding Enrichment on a Zoo-Housed Herd of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)" (2017). Graduate Theses. 71. https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/graduatetheses/71 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at Digital Commons @ Winthrop University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Winthrop University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF FEEDING ENRICHMENT ON A ZOO- HOUSED HERD OF AFRICAN ELEPHANTS (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Department of Biology Winthrop University July, 2017 By Caroline Marie Driscoll ii ABSTRACT A comprehensive study on the behavioral effects of feeding enrichment was conducted on six African elephants housed at the North Carolina Zoological Park in Asheboro, NC. The herd is comprised of are two adult males, three adult females, and one subadult female. The study was conducted over a 10-month period and consisted of focal sample observations across three conditions. Observations were recorded during the baseline condition (June to September) and continued through the introduction of feeding enrichment.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptability of Innate Motor Patterns and Motor Control Mechanisms
    BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (1986) 9, 585-638 Printed in the United States of America Adaptability of innate motor patterns and motor control mechanisms M. B. Berkinblit," A. G. Feldman," and O. I. Fukson" "Institute of Information Transmission Problems, Academy of Sciences, Moscow 101447, U.S.S.R. and "Moscow State University, Moscow 117234, U.S.S.R. Abstract: The following factors underlying behavioral plasticity are discussed: (1) reflex adaptability and its role in the voluntary control of movement, (2) degrees of freedom and motor equivalence, and (3) the problem of the discrete organization of motor behavior. Our discussion concerns a variety of innate motor patterns, with emphasis on the wiping reflex in the frog. It is proposed that central regulation of stretch reflex thresholds governs voluntary control over muscle force and length. This suggestion is an integral part of the equilibrium-point hypothesis, two versions of which are compared. Kinematic analysis of the wiping reflex in the spinal frog has shown that each stimulated skin site is associated with a group of different but equally effective trajectories directed to the target site. Such phenomena reflect the principle of motor equivalence - the capacity of t h e neuronal structures responsible for movement to select one or another of a set of p o s s i b l e trajectories leading to the goal. Redundancy of degrees of freedom at the neuronal level as well as at the mechanical level of the body's joints makes motor equivalence possible. This sort of equivalence accommodates the overall flexibility of motor behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Chihirosukikarathesis.Pdf (391.3Kb)
    Szent István University Faculty of Veterinary Science Budapest Institute of Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science HOW THE DIFFERENT NOISE TYPES MAY INFLUENCE THE OPEN-FIELD BEHAVIOUR OF RATS ? by Chihiro Sukikara Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sándor György Fekete , DVM, DSc SZIU Faculty of Veterinary Science - 2013 – 1 Table of Content Page Introduction 3 Review of the Literature 5 Own Investigations 9 Material and Methods 9 Results 11 Discussion 23 Conclusion 27 References 33 Acknowledgement 32 Summary 30 Összefoglalás 31 Author’s Declaration 37 Supervisor’s Allowance 38 2 Introduction It is said that the different tools of environmental enrichment influence the animal behaviour and/or physiological status. In the frame of the 3rd „R” (Refinement), the laboratory animal science focuses on the feeding and on the physical environment of the animals, which are related to sensory stimuli, like visual, olphactory, auditory and tactile (BAUMAN et al. 2011). Noise is also one of the elements of the environment. It has been thought as a powerful stressor. Generally, the acoustic environment does has an influence on the behaviour and physiological state of the humans and animals. Amongst those the different noises have an important role. According to the general definition the noise is the ratio of the meaningful signals and those, of carrying no information. In the bioacoustics, noise is equals to the unpleasant sounds. The noise music is an avangard music and sound art, which is akin to the futurism and dadaism. It is employing the elements of cacophony, dissonance, atonality, noise, irregularity and repetition. The manifesto of Luigi Russolo: The art of noise (1913) is considered as the first step of this movement.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject Index
    Subject Index Action-specific energy, 29, 135, 152 table 6.1, Aggressive behavior (aggression). See also 154, 247. See also Ethology; Surplus Energy Playfighting; Serious fighting Theory development in, 220, 347–348, 365–367 Adaptive function (value), 11, 121 fish, 347 ethological aim three, 11–12, 15 table 1.1, 18, frog, 310 70 human, 383 methods, basic means of studying, 114–117 and play scales, 68 Addictions. See also Brain areas; Dopamine recreational, 388, 401 drugs, 383, 390–392, 398, 404 redirected, 332, 338 gambling, 7, 10, 13, 24–25, 39, 391–393 sex differences, 53 rewards systems, 391–393 and social isolation, 388 Affect. See Emotion Appetitive behavior, 40, 134, 402. See also Amphetamines Instinctive behavior depression, treatment of, 39 and behavioral and drug addictions and stereotypies, 62–64 Aristotle’s four causes, 13 use, 59, 60 Autotelic Theory, 40–41, 102, 108, 136 Animal behavior, 6, 13, 133, 186 Animal Mind (Washburn, Margaret Floy), 186– Batesian mimicry, 363 189 Behavioral catalog. See Ethogram Animal welfare, 386 Behavioral ecology (ists), 12, 133–134, 286, Anthropomorphism(ic), 73, 92, 184–189 385 approach to play, 13, 109 Behavioral repertoire and bird play, 246–247, 272 instinctive, 170–171 critical, 67, 178, 186, 189 fiddler crabs and, 370 and fish play, 316, 319, 326, 331, 357 genes of play, 380 and invertebrates, 359, 370 keas and, 257 and locomotor play, 84, 276 octopuses and, 372 by omission, 187 snakes and, 291 and parental care, 51 species characteristic, 30, 83, 135, 149, and play signals, 92 385 uncritical, 6, 26, 246, 328, 374 and surplus resource theory, 165, 129 492 Subject Index Behavioral study, 48–49 Cognitive development, 41–42 operational definitions, 48 Piagetian stages of, 36, 96–99, 131 Behavioral systems Comparative biology(ists), 3, 10 and motivation, 133–138 Comparative psychology, 10, 12, 24, 48, 145, play types, 150 185, 315, 362.
    [Show full text]
  • Smutty Alchemy
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2021-01-18 Smutty Alchemy Smith, Mallory E. Land Smith, M. E. L. (2021). Smutty Alchemy (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/113019 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Smutty Alchemy by Mallory E. Land Smith A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH CALGARY, ALBERTA JANUARY, 2021 © Mallory E. Land Smith 2021 MELS ii Abstract Sina Queyras, in the essay “Lyric Conceptualism: A Manifesto in Progress,” describes the Lyric Conceptualist as a poet capable of recognizing the effects of disparate movements and employing a variety of lyric, conceptual, and language poetry techniques to continue to innovate in poetry without dismissing the work of other schools of poetic thought. Queyras sees the lyric conceptualist as an artistic curator who collects, modifies, selects, synthesizes, and adapts, to create verse that is both conceptual and accessible, using relevant materials and techniques from the past and present. This dissertation responds to Queyras’s idea with a collection of original poems in the lyric conceptualist mode, supported by a critical exegesis of that work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scope of Neuroethology
    THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (1984) 7, 367-412 Printed in the United States of America The scope of neuroethology Graham Hoyle Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oreg. 97403 Abstract: Neuroethology, an interdisciplinary subdivision of neuroscience, has emerged in recent years. Since 1976 there has been a regular session under this heading at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. In 1980 two introductory texts in English were published on the subject (Ewert 1980; Guthrie 1980), and a third (Camhi 1984) was published recently. There is widespread interest in neural mechanisms underlying behavior, but they encompass such a vast array of often unrelated topics that proponents do not share common goals. This article describes the emergence of ethology as a discipline, pointing out that its practitioners were successful because they confined their research to stereotyped, complex, nonlearned, innate behavioral acts. A limited number of profoundly significant principles emerged. Each of these is redefined. The major concepts of earlier ethology were embodied in a simple hydraulic model used by Konrad Lorenz in 1949 (Lorenz 1950). It is pointed out that this model implies the existence of common neurophysiological mechanisms and neuronal circuitry. This model has now been made obsolete by neurophysiological progress, but with appropriate ~nodificationsan updated version may still be useful in focusing attention on possible principles. The initial aim of neuroethology should be to examine the neurophysiological events in a variety of behaviors, exhibited by diverse animals from different phyla, which meet the criteria of innate behavioral acts. The behaviors should be sufficiently complex to interest ethologists, yet they should be addressable with neurophysiological methods down to the cellular level.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution and Animal Welfare Author(S): Marian Stamp Dawkins Source: the Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol
    Evolution and Animal Welfare Author(s): Marian Stamp Dawkins Source: The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 73, No. 3 (Sep., 1998), pp. 305-328 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3036918 . Accessed: 19/07/2013 06:03 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Quarterly Review of Biology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.67.117.205 on Fri, 19 Jul 2013 06:03:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions VOLUME 73, No. 3 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY SEPTEMBER 1998 EVOLUTION AND ANIMAL WELFARE MARIAN STAMP DAWKINS Departmentof Zoology, Universityof Oxford Oxford,OX] 3PS United Kingdom E-MAIL: [email protected] ABSTRACT Animalwelfare is a tbpicoften thought to reside outside mainstream biology. The complexity of themethods used to assess welfare (such as health,physiology, immunological state, and behavior) requirean understandingof a widerange of biological phenomena. Furthermore, the "welfare" of an animal providesa frameworkin whicha diversityof its responsescan be understoodas fitness-enhancingmechanisms.Different methodsfor assessing animal welfare are discussed, with particularemphasis on therole of an animal's own choicesand reinforcementmechanisms.
    [Show full text]
  • “How the Chicken Conquered the World,” Smithsonian Magazine, June 2012
    Bibliography General Sources Adler, Jerry, and Andrew Lawler, “How the Chicken Conquered the World,” Smithsonian Magazine, June 2012. Damerow, Gail. The Chicken Encyclopedia: An Illustrated Reference. Pownal, VT: Storey, 2012. Danaan, Clea. The Way of the Hen: Zen and the Art of Raising Chickens. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2011. Fraser, Evan D. G., and Andrew Rimas. Empires of Food: Feast, Famine, and the Rise and Fall of Civilizations. New York: Free Press, 2010. Gurdon, Martin. Hen and the Art of Chicken Maintenance: Reflections on Keeping Chickens. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2004. Lembke, Janet. Chickens: Their Natural and Unnatural Histories. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub., 2012. Litt, Robert, and Hannah Litt. A Chicken in Every Yard: The Urban Farm Store's Guide to Chicken Keeping. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 2011. Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin Press, 2006. Potts, Annie. Chicken. London: Reaktion Books, 2012. Serjeantson, D. Birds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Smith, Jane S. In Praise of Chickens: A Compendium of Wisdom Fair and Fowl. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2012. Smith, Page, and Charles Daniel. The Chicken Book. Boston: Little, Brown, 1975. Squier, Susan Merrill. Poultry Science, Chicken Culture: A Partial Alphabet. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2011. Troller, Susan, S. V. Medaris, Jane Hamilton, Michael Perry, and Ben Logan. Cluck: From Jungle Fowl to City Chicks. Blue Mounds, WI: Itchy Cat Press, 2011. Willis, Kimberley, and Rob Ludlow. Raising Chickens for Dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2009. Introduction Booth, William. "The Great Egg Crisis Hits Mexico." Washington Post.
    [Show full text]
  • Bio 314 Animal Behv Bio314new
    NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIO 314: COURSE TITLE: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR xii i BIO 314: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR Course Writers/Developers Miss Olakolu Fisayo Christie Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, No 3 Wilmot Point Road, Bar-beach Bus-stop, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. Course Editor: Dr. Adesina Adefunke Ministry of Health, Alausa. Lagos NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA xii i BIO 314 COURSE GUIDE Introduction Animal Behaviour (314) is a second semester course. It is a two credit units compustory course which all students offering Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Biology must take. This course deals with the theories and principles of adaptive behaviour and evolution of animals. The course contents are history of ethology. Reflex and complex behaviour. Orientation and taxes. Fixed action patterns, releasers, motivation and driver. Displays, displacement activities and conflict behaviour. Learning communication and social behaviour. The social behaviour of primates. Hierarchical organization. The physiology of behaviour. Habitat selection, homing and navigation. Courtship and parenthood. Biological clocks. What you will learn in this course In this course, you have the course units and a course guide. The course guide will tell you briefly what the course is all about. It is a general overview of the course materials you will be using and how to use those materials. It also helps you to allocate the appropriate time to each unit so that you can successfully complete the course within the stipulated time limit. The course guide also helps you to know how to go about your Tutor-Marked-Assignment which will form part of your overall assessment at the end of the course.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxfordcolleges
    Oxford colleges Oxford University is made up of different colleges. Colleges are academic communities. They are where students usually have their tutorials. Each one has its own dining hall, bar, common room and library, and lots of college groups and societies. If you study here you will be a member of a college, and probably have your tutorials in that college. You will also be a member of the wider University, with access to University and department facilities like laboratories and libraries, as well as hundreds of University groups and societies. You would usually have your lectures and any lab work in your department, with other students from across the University. There is something to be said for an academic atmosphere wherein everyone you meet is both passionate about what they are studying and phenomenally clever to boot. Ziad 144| Does it matter which college I go to? What is a JCR? No. Colleges have a lot more in common than Junior Common Room, or JCR, means two they have differences. Whichever college you go different things. Firstly, it is a room in college: to, you will be studying for the same degree at the a lively, sociable place where you can take time end of your course. out, eat, watch television, play pool or table football, and catch up with friends. The term Can I choose my college? JCR also refers to all the undergraduates in a college. The JCR elects a committee which Yes, you can express a preference. When you organises parties, video evenings and other apply through UCAS (see ‘how to apply’ on p 6) events, and also concerns itself with the serious you can choose a college, or you can make an side of student welfare, including academic ‘open application’.
    [Show full text]