Hutnan Ethology Bulletin

VOLUME 12, ISSUE 1 ISSN 0739-2036 MARCH 1997

© 1997 The International Society for Human Ethology

obviously not in the interests of the slaves. Why don't they go on strike?

Because the slaves are not genetically related to anything that comes out of the nest where they are now working. Any gene that tended to make them go on strike would have no possibility of being benefited by the striking action. The copies of their genes, the ·copies of these striking workers genes, would be back in the home nest, and they would be being turned out by the queen, which the striking workers left behind. So there would be no opportunity for a phenotypic effect, namely striking, to benefit germ line copies of themselves.

You also write about an ant species called Monomorium santschii in which there are no workers. The queen invades a nest of another species, and then uses chemicals to induce the An Interview of workers to adopt her, and to kill their own queen. How is it possible that natural sdection Richard Dawkins did not act against such incredible deception and manipulation, which must have been going By Frans Roes, Lauriergracht 127-II, 1016 on for millions of years? RK Amsterdam, The Netherlands In any kind of arms race, it is possible for one Richard Dawkins is a zoologist and Professor of . side in the arms race to lose consistently. Public. Understanding of Science at Oxford Monomorium santschii is a very rare species. If University. Of his best-selling books, The you look back in the ancestry of the victim- Selfish Gene (1976) probably did most in species over many millions of years, many of bringing the evolutionary message home to both their ancestors may never have encountered a professional and a general readership. The Monomorium. But the Monomorium's ancestors following interview took place in Oxford 13 all had to succeed in killing their victim- December 1996. queens. So there is an asymmetry in selection pressure. I think the easiest way to put it is to You mention in The Extended Phenotype the say that many victim-nests survived in spite of slave-making habit in some species of ants. The not having countermeasures, because they never slave-making ants go to the nest of another ant met aM0 nom 0 r i u m. But not a single species to steal pupae, which are carried back. Monomorium gene survived if it failed. So the The work done in the slave-makers' nest by the cost of failure is much higher on one side of the slaves that hatch from these pupae is arms race than the other. 2

Is it possible that a similar kind of asymmetry to understand, I am against it. exists between human individuals? If two individuals or groups disagree, let's say I think that when you have arms races within evolutionists and religious people, then is it not a species, and I don't know why you shouldn't, an old wisdom that the truth should be say between male and female or somewhere in the middle? between parent and offspring, it is possible that the cost of failure is asymmetrical. [This] I have always resisted the idea that when two means that one side is disproportionately opposing points of view are being equally effective. I have not really thought it through, strongly expressed, the truth lies in the middle. but I do not see why in principle that shouldn't The truth can very easily lie on one side or the happen. other. One side can simply be wrong.

You wrote with Krebs in 1978 that cooperative But is it not a sign of bad manners to claim that signals tend to be muted and economical, while you have it totally right, while the other side manipulative signals tend to be conspicuous and has it totally wrong? repetitive. No, it is bad manners to swear at people and be When there is a conflict of interest, there is an insulting to them in a personal way, but it is not arms race between the manipulator (or signal bad manners to say, "I think you are wrong for sender) and the victim (or signal receiver). The this or this reason." There may be people who signal sender is, over evolutionary time, think that having strong opinions is necessarily evolving ever more powerful manipulative negative, and I think it might be negative if it stimuli, and the signal receiver is constantly meant: He has strong opinions which he cannot raising the barriers to whatever the stimulus back up. is. And as the victim raises these barriers to the stimuli, whether these are sounds or You wrote in The Blind Watchmaker with chemicals or colours or whatever, this puts capitals: COPERNICUS WRONG. FLAT pressure on the signal sender to send a stronger EARTH THEORY VINDICATED. What did and stronger signal. So you would expect to get you mean? very powerful signals in those cases where victim resistance is high, If you have a detailed argument within but in those cases where the signal sender and evolutionary theory, where two scientist receiver are cooperating, where the disagree about something quite abstruse and communication is in both their interests, theoretically sophisticated, then creationists then it is not necessary to shout. A human come along and say, "Oh, evolutionists example of that would be a couple ata dinner disagree; therefore the whole of evolution must party who want to signal to each other that it be wrong." What I wrote was that it would be is time to go. They do it in very subtle ways, equivalent to say that when people discovered like a little look at the door, or a little motion that the earth is not a perfect sphere, but a as if to stand up. So a very subtle signal is a slightly flattened spheroid, instead of saying result of de-escalation. "Oh, there was this minor thing wrong," you have headlines saying: COPERNICUS WRONG. FLAT EARTH THEORY VINDICATED. You said on BBC-Television that religion teaches people to be satisfied with not George Bernard Shaw wrote that "there is a understanding. What is wrong with not hideous fatalism about Darwinism." Why do understanding? People have not understood people often think evolutionary theory is evolution for millions of years. pessimistic, depressive?

No, that is right, you can survive without I am not an authority on Bernard Shaw's understanding. I think it is a value judgement on psychology. Shaw is reacting emotionally to a my part, I think it is virtue, a good thing, to scientific theory. He is saying: I couldn't bear it understand, and therefore if there is an if this were true; it would be horrible if it were ideology which actively discourages the desire true, as though that meant that it waS not true. 3

But of course something horrible can be true, evolutionary theory, telling us what we should something unbearable can be true. And, well, do politically or morally? there are horrible aspects of it. There is an awful lot of suffering. Natural selection does No. The only message coming from evolutionary mean death of a lot of individuals.--parasites theory is what eating you in bits from inside, predators actually happens in nature. Now, in nature it is devouring you frpm outside. So the force that true that, to some extent, the strong and the has shaped the evolution of living creatures most selfish survive. But that is with all their beauty and elegance is a whole no message for what we should do. We have to lot of rather unpleasant deaths. I could get our 'shoulds' imagine finding that emotionally upsetting. and our 'oughts' from some other source, not from But what I cannot imagine is saying: It is Darwinism. emotionally upsetting and therefore it cannot be true. Some well-known evolutionists are, or used to be, radical leftists, and you are yourself are On the other hand, some people favoured reported to vote leftist. Yet sociobiology is Darwinism because it appeared .to support a often associated with right-wing sentiments. political idea. Why?

Yes, Darwinism has been misused politically in Because the opponents of sociobiology are too this century, by Hitler and by others. Social stupid to understand the distinction between Darwinism flourished at the end of the last whaf one says about the way the world is, century and the beginning of this century with sCientifically, and the way it ought to be people like Herbert Spencer and John D. politically. They look at what we say about Rockefeller. Rockefeller, an immensely rich Darwinian natural selection, as a scientifi.c and powerful man, had imported a form of theory for what is, and they assume that Social Darwinism into his political beliefs. He anybody who says that so and so is the case, really felt that the weakest should go to the must therefore be advocating that it ought to be war, and the strongest should survive, it was the case in human politics. They cannot see right in business, it was right in capitalism that it is possible to separate one's scientific that the economically strongest and most beliefs about what is the case in nature from ruthless should prevail. one's political beliefs about what ought to be in human society. Is evolutionary theory telling us this?

No! It is telling us this only if you say that what is going on there in nature ought to be true in human political and social life. What I am Danish Society for saying, along with many other people, among Human Ethology them T. H. Huxley, is that in our political and social life we are entitled to throw out Darwinism, to say we don't want to live in a This group was founded in 1985 and now Darwinian world. We might want to live in, has about 100 members. That a country the size say, a socialist world which is very un- of Denmark has this many human ethologists Darwinian. We might say: Yes, Darwinism is testifies to the foothold that the field has true, natural selection is the true force that has established in Europe. given rise to life, but we, when we set up our political institutions, we might say we are The Danish Society for Human going to base our society on explicitly anti- Ethology sponsors 5 to 7 lectures per year on a Darwinian principles. broad range of topics. Recently ISHE's past President, Irena-us Eibl-Eibesfeldt, addressed This is what you favo-qr? the group on the history of human ethology, and in 1995 Michael McGuire spoke on Yes. evolutionary psychiatry. ISHE member Tyge Schelde has also addressed the group, Is there any message at all coming from describing research on nonverbal behavior 4 exhibited by psychiatric patients. Most remains of a previously unknown type of meetings are in Danish, but some are in English. human. He took them to Hermann Current Secretary is Bjarne Westergaard, and Schaaffhausen, professor of anatomy at the Treasurer is ISHE member Axel Randrup. University of Bonn. The pair presented Homepage is 'Neanderthal Man' to the world at a meeting of http://www.icafe.dk/sci/cirip/humanetholog the local natural history society in 1857. This y.html. E-mail: [email protected]. Fax: 45- was the first evidence of a distinct (and now 46-38-46-11. extinct) species or subspecies of human, Homo (sapiens) neanderthalensis, that lived during As requested by Nils Erik Andersen, the latter part of the Pleistocene epoch, more copies of the Bulletin are being sent to the familiarly known as the Ice Age, some 200,000 members. We look forward to future to 30,000 years ago. Neanderthal fossils have colaborations with the Danish Society for since been found throughout Europe and western Human Ethology. Asia from the Atlantic to Uzbekistan, and from Wales to Gibraltar and the Levant. The Neanderthals probably evolved from either a The Continuing Story late form of Homo erectus or a descendant of that species--either Homo heidelbergensis or of Neanderthal Man 'archaic'Homo sapiens (Stringer & Gamble, 1993). By Johan M.G. van der Dennen, Center of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Groningen, A Cossack with Rickets The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] Schaaffhausen came tantalizingly close to an evolutionary perspective on his I wish to use a recent book by Ian fossils, but the time was not ripe for the Tattersall (1995) as a focus to describe the suggestion that the Neanderthaler was story--history and. prehistory--of Neanderthal anything other than an inferior, or '.savage,' Man. Tattersall's book is the latest in a recent version of our own species. Tattersall relates revival of Neanderthal studies, together with the hilarious story (pp. 77f): Trinkaus & Shipman (1993), Stringer & Gamble (1993), and Shreeve (1995). The study of the Unfortunately, the heavy guns were not on Neanderthals is a study of controversies, Schaaffhausen's side. In Germany the life stereotypes, popular prejudices, more or less sciences were dominated at the time by hilarious misunderstandings and, as will be Rudolf Virchow, the father of the modem seen, widely divergent extinction scenarios. study of cell biology and a doughty opponent of evolutionary thought i.I1 all its Neanderthal Man Revealed manifestations. Virchow's specialty was pathology, and pathology provided the In August of 1856, German laborers explanation he preferred for the unusual blasted out the entrance to a cave in the appearance of the Neanderthaler....so he Neander Valley near Dusseldorf, Germany. heartily endorsed the conclusions reached The workers exhumed a skullcap like none ever by...Professor August Mayer....Mayer's seen before: long and low, with large ridges examination of the bones... suggested arching over the now-vanished eye sockets. several things to him. He noted, for Nearby they excavated some bones from the example, that the thigh bones and the body of the same heavily fossilized and very upper front part of the pelvis were robustly built individual. The workers somewhat curved, as in lifelong horsemen. assuming the bpnes to be those of a cave bear; These characteristics, he claimed, might but by great good fortune they set them aside also have been exaggerated by childhood for eventual examination by the local rickets, a vitamin deficiency disease. The schoolteacher and amateur natural historian left arm had been fractured and had Johann Fuhlrott. healed badly; and Mayer claimed that this injury was the key to the unusual Fuhlrott, to his. eternal credit, shape of the skull: it was the constant recognized them for what they were: the frown brought on by the pain of the injury 5 that had caused the formation of the bony notion of Neandertal 'bear cults' (recently - once ridges above the eyes! Putting all the again - popularized by Jane Auel's novel The evidence together, Mayer proposed that Clan of the Cave Bear), with bears the subject the remains were those of an unfortunate of worship and, possibly, ritual sacrifice. As deserter from the Cossack cavalry that has Tattersall, in his sublimely illustrated book, paused near the Rhine in January of 1814, comments (p. 95): before proceeding onward to attack France. To a scientific milieu that was still trying On the other hand, Marcellin Boule to come to grips with the Nea'nderthal (1912; see also Hammond, 1982) and Arthur phenomenon, there must also have been a Keith (1912, 1928) argued that Neanderthals certain comfort in the contemplation of a were too brutish to be modem humans. Boule deeply human spiritual awareness in classified them as a separate species--Homo combination with 'primitive' rituals such neanderthalensis --rather than as a subspecies- as those envisaged by Baechler. Familiar -Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. Beetle- yet unfamiliar: these behaviors perfectly browed, bent-kneed, sloping-necked, shuffling matched the equivocally human slouches with grasping feet and inferior brains- morphology of the Neanderthals. More- -this familiar stereotype of the Neanderthals recent work, however, has shown that the was started by Fraipont & Lohest (1887) but reality of the bone accumulations of the was advocated most vociferously by Boule Drachenloch was almost certainly much (1912). For those who held the view of human more prosaic than the picture Baechler linear progress from savagery through painted. barbarism to civilization, the Neanderthals were simply fitted into preexisting stages, Cannibal Feasts? pigeonholed for reference, and used to reinforce the 'evolutionary' view of human history and Another fanciful reconstruction occurred progress. This is most wonderfully illustrated in connection with a Neanderthal specimen by what is probably the first artistic depiction discovered in Italy in 1939. The discovery had of a Neanderthal, a drawing that appeared on been made by a workman in almost complete the front page of the 19 July 1873 Harper 's darkness, and the skull had been picked up and Weekly: "... A more ferocious-looking, gorilla- replaced on the ground by the time the like human being can hardly be imagined" paleontologist Alberto Blanc was called in. A (Trinkaus & Shipman, 1993, pp. 108f). Stringer reconstruction by Blanc showed the cranium & Gamble (1993) present various pictorial and lying inverted, a gaping hole in its base statuary reconstructions of Neanderthal men pointing straight up, within a 'crown of stones'. and women, illustrating how widely these can Tattersall's view (p. 101): differ: from ape-like, hairy, brutish and ferocious creatures to a somewhat stockily-built Ignoring the fact that the cave floor was contemporary human (pp. 19f, 28f). Coon's covered with stones and bones, and that (1939) portrait put the Chappelle-aux-Saints here was no certainty about exactly where specimen into modern dress and gave him a the skull had come from, Blanc built on the shave and a haircut, suggesting that he could tradition of Krapina [Gorjanovic- pass unnoticed in the New York subway. Kramberger, 1906] and the Drachenloch to spring to the conclusion that the Guajtari Cave Bear Cults skull represented the remains of a cannibal feast. The individual had been killed by a Between 1917 and 1921, the amateur blow to the right side of the head; the archaeologist Emil Baechler excavated the head had been severed from the body and Drachenloch site in Switzerland. No placed upside down in a ring of stones; the Neandertal fossils were found, but the skull base had been broken open to extract Mousterian tools associated with them were, the brain...; the empty braincase had been along with what Baechler considered to be used as a drinking cup before being replaced evidence of Neanderthal ritual activity. Inside on the floor; and the broken animal bones the cave were found the remains of many cave scattered around the cave had accumulated bears, Ursus spelaeus. To Baechler there was as a result of further sacrifices associated something special about the way in which with this bizarre cannibalistic ritual. We these bones were disposed. He started the know now that Guattari Cave was in fact 6 an ancient hyena den, and that the test of time and the accumulating evidence. Neanderthal skull was simply one more of the numerous mammal bones with which it was littered. Mysterious Extinction

What about the end of the The contemporary verdict is that the Neanderthals, Tattersall's 'mysterious alleged evidence of Neandertal cannibalism extinction'? Over the years two camps have can be interpreted as the result of mortuary disputed this issue vehmently, one favoring practices (as at Krapina) or carnivore activity regional continuity and the other, population (Bahn, 1992). replacement. Trinkaus & Shipman (1993, p. 414) favor the continuity hypothesis: Flower People To us, the fossils indicate that the earliest During the 1950s new Neandertal modem humans evolved out of Neandertals discoveries continued to come in. Analysis of (or out of late archaic peoples very like these specimens supported the more modem- them) soon after Neanderthals had human-like picture painted by Clark Howell themselves appeared, about 100,000 years and Loring Brace, among others, as a reaction to ago. This was not an evolutionary event the former more 'bestial' image. In 1955, both that happened simultaneously across the the Swiss primatologist Adolph Schultz and entire Neandertal range. the French palaeontologist Camille Arambourg stated that the Neanderthals must have Anatomically, Trinkaus & Shipman walked fully upright. They were vindicated argue, "the Neandertals are quite similar to when Straus & Cave (1957) published a ourselves, having a skeletal arrangement detailed reanalysis of the La Chapelle-aux- identical to ours, brains as large as ours, and - to Saints skeleton, which appeared to show the the best of our knowledge - the capability to symptoms of osteoarthritic degeneration. perform any act normally within the ability of a modem human" (p.. 412). Thes.e authors Around the same time, the U.S. further assert, in a chapter modestly entitled archaeologist Ralph Solecki excavated nine "The Current View" (p. 416): Neanderthals in Iraq. One was an adult male who had suffered from a disease that withered Though the evidence in different regions of his right arm. Solecki pointed out that this the Old World records genuinely different individual could not have survived without events, nowhere is there evidence for the support of his group. Suddenly the violent confrontations between Neandertals Neanderthals became caring and humane. This and modern humans (myths new persona was made yet more compelling by notwithstanding). The mosaic of local the discovery of fossil pollen that suggested evolution, migration, admixture, the individual had been buried with spring absorption, or local extinction of flowers. Tattersall notes that the subtitle that Neandertals was a complex process that Solecki chose for his popular book on Shanidar, occurred over the last 10,000 years. The First Flower People (1971), eloquently reflects how dramatically the Neanderthal Tattersall's view (p. 202) is quite image was changing. different:

Lately, however, this 'new' It is vanishingly unlikely, however, that Neandertal persona has drawn heavy flak. peaceful assimilation was an overall Rowley-Conwy (1993) argued that the pollen in option, with groups of the two kinds of the Shanidar 'flower burials' could have got humans [the resident Hom 0 there in various ways, even during excavation. neanderthalensis and the invading Homo There is little evidence of Neanderthal sapiens or Cro-Magnons] exchanging burials, or that they had a religion or believed members when they met and going their in an afterlife. So, neither the image of H. separate ways, or joining forces. More neanderthalensis as a cannibal, nor as a likely, perhaps, if intermixing is to be worshipper of cave bears, nor as a flower child, considered at all, is a scenario of well- nor as a bent-kneed slouch has withstood the equipped and cunning Homo sapiens 7 descending on Neanderthal groups, killing gradually to decline toward extinction. In the males - through strategy and guile, fact, using a computer-simulated model, certainly not through strength - and archaeologist Ezra Zubrow has abducting the females. shown... that...a Neanderthal mortality rate only 2 per cent higher than that of the Tattersall does not even mention the Moderns could have resulted in possibility of a peaceful displacement scenario Neanderthal extinction within about 1,000 (as envisaged by Graham Richards and years. Stringer & Gamble) or a continuity scenario (as suggested by Trinkaus & Shipman). Besides direct conflict, expropriation of Neanderthal mass graves or other evidence of resources, withdrawal to peripheral regions, massacres has never beert found, and and interbreeding, there is one more hypothesis Neanderthal females would not have been of to be mentioned: Deadly diseases introduced by value to the invading H. sapiens sapiens, as Homo sapiens sapiens to the which the Tatte_rsall himself admits, because rather Neanderthals (long isolated due to the different species probably could not interbreed. climate) were not immune. This is what happened to various indigenous populations Around 45,000-30,000 years ago upon the arrival of Europeans: e.g., the anatomically modem humans (Cro-Magnons) Amazonians, the Eskimos, and the American arrived in Europe and must have coexisted with Indians (Angela & Angela, 1993, p. 246). the last Neanderthals. But Stringer & Gamble (1993, pp. 193f) present a much less How did the Neanderthals react to the bloodthirsty replacement scenario: advent of these modem humans? Artifacts show that the Neandertals had started to In an area as large as Europe, with its modify their tools, to borrow the Cro-Magnons' varied environments and over a timespan of more modern technology. In France, the perhaps 10 millennia, many different kinds 'innovative' results are called of interactions could have occurred (and Chatelperronian; in Italy, Uluzzian; in probably did occur), ranging from avoidance Western Europe, Szeletian. to tolerance to interbreeding, and from conflict and economic competition to Concluding Remarks friendhip and an exchange of ideas... [Very probably] there was minimal gene flow Three recent books on Neanderthals (interbreeding) between the two overlap to a great extent, but their conclusions populations [because of] predominantly about the end of the Neandertals are w,idely behavioral barriers that kept them divergent. One proposes a continuity theory distinct from one another... If the Cro- (Trinkaus & Shipman), one pictures a gradual Magnons became more skilled at coping and rather peaceful replacement scenario with and exploiting the European (Stringer & Gamble), and one paints a environments than the Neanderthals, the genocidal bloody demise of the hapless Cro-Magnon populations and ranges would Neanderthals (Tattersall). This last theory is, have increased....the Neanderthals would however, neither novel (Boule proposed this have suffered from economic competition scenario in 1912) nor very probable. unless they withdrew to more marginal areas (such as, in this context, the southern References Iberian and northern British peninsulae). If the Cro-Magnons occupied the more Angela, P., & Angela, A. (1993). The favourable and sheltered lowland valleys, Extraordinary Story of Human Origins. the Neanderthals would have had to Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. occupy higher or less-sheltered ground.... Tley would have suffered from higher Bahn, P.G. (1992). Cannibalism or ritual infant mortality rates and shorter dismemberment? In: S. Jones, R. Martin & D. lifespans....this attrition would probably Pilbeam (Eds.) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of have caused Neanderthal populations 8 Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge Editorial Staff University Press, p. 330. Editor Glenn Weisfeld Boule, M. (1912) Les hommes fossiles. Paris: Dept. of Psychology Masson. Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48202 USA Coon, C.S. (1939). The Races of Europe. New tel. 1-313-577-2835, -2801, -8596 York: Macmillan. fax 1-313-577-7636; e-mail: [email protected] Fraipont, J., & Lohest, M. (1887). La race humaine de Neanderthal ou de Cannstadt en Current Literature Editor Belgique, etc. Archives de Biologie, 7, 587-757. Robert M. Adams Dept. of Psychology Gorjanovic-Kramberger, D. (1906) De r Eastern Kentucky University diluviale mensch von Krapina in Kroatien. Ein Richmond, KY 40475-0937 USA Beitrag zur Palaeoanthropologie. Wiesbaden. tel. 1-606-622-1105 fax 1-606-622-1020 Hammond, M. (1982) The expulsion of the e-mail: [email protected] Neanderthals from human ancestry: Marcellin Boule and the social context of scientific Chief Book Review Editor research. Social Studies in Science, 12, 1-36. Linda Mealey Dept. of Psychology Keith, A. (1912). Ancient Types of Man. 2nd Queensland University ed. New York: Harper. Brisbane 4072, Australia fax 61-7-3365-4466 Keith, A. (1928) The Antiquity of Man. e-mail: [email protected]. Philadelphia: Lippincott. British Book Review Editor Rowley-Conwy, P. (1993). Was there a A. Stuart Laws Neanderthal religion? In, Burenhult (Ed.), p. Department of Psychology 70. The University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, England Shreeve, J. (1995). The Neandertal Enigma: tel. 44-191-222-6000 Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins. fax 44-191-261-1182 Fairfield NJ: Morrow. French Book Review Editor Solecki, R.S. (1971) Shanidar: The First Flower Peter LaFreniere People. Nevv' York: Knopf. Dept. of Psychology University of Maine Straus, W. L. & Cave. J. E. (1957). Pathology Orono, ME 04469 USA and the posture of Neanderthal Man. Quart. tel. 1-207-581-2030 Rev. Biology, 32" 348-63. German Book Review Editor Stringer, C. & Gamble, C. (1993). In Search of Karl Grammer the Neanderthals: Solving the Puzzle of Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Human Origins. London: Thames & Hudson. Urban Ethology/Hurnan Biology Althanstrasse 14 Tattersall, Ian (1995). The Last Neanderthal: A-1090 Vienna, Austria The Rise, Success, and Mysterious Extinction of Our Closest Human Relatives. New York: Spanish & Portuguese Book Review Editor Macmillan. Eduardo Gudynas c/o ASMER Regional Office Trinkaus, E. & Shipman, P. (1993). The Casilla Correo 13125 Neandertals: Changing the Image of Mankind Montevideo, Uruguay New York: Knop.!. 9 Darlie Routier: Paradigmatic (1985). Child abuse and other risks of not Exemplar or Error Variance or living with both parents. Ethology & Sociobiology, 6: 197-210. Outlier or...? --- (1987). Evolutionary psychology and family By Wade C. Mackey, 401 Lake St., Bryan, TX violence. In C. B. Crawford, M. S. 77801 USA, e-mail [email protected]. Smith & D. Krebs (Eds.) Sociobiology and Psychology: Ideas, issues and Darlie Routier was convicted of applications. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, stabbing to death her two biological sons, ages pp. 293-310. five and six. Both were healthy and normal. A third son -aone year old - was not assaulted. --- (1988). Homicide. NY: Aldine de Gruyter. The killings occurred on 6 June 1996 (D-Day). Kuhn, T. S. (1973). The Structure of Scientific Darlie Routier is 27 years old and a Revolutions (2nd. ed.). Chicago: The homemaker. Her 29-year-old husband, University of Chicago Press. biological father of the slain boys, has remained a resident husband to Darlie Routier. Mann, C. R. (1996). When Women Kill. Albany, Suggested motivations for the slayings are NY: State University of New York dissatisfaction with her financial status and Press. the demands of motherhood.

How does evolutionary Review of Science News Stories psychology/ sociobiology/biocultural anthro- pology/human ethology handle this reality? of 1996 Does Darlie Routier fit into our theoretical bundle? She kills her own progeny, not in Science News is a weekly digest of infancy, but after 5 and 6 years of investment. developments in the natural sciences, with She is not beginning fertility; she is probably behavior well represented. Subscription rates closer to its terminus. She has a husband who, are $49.50 per year. The address is 231 W. by all reported accounts, is quite supportive of Center St., P. O. Box 1925, Marion, OH 43306 her. He is quoted as saying: "We've been spit USA. The year-end summary of major articles on, beat up, but they can't take our spirit away. included these: We still have hope...We have to keep fighting" (KTVT-TV, Dallas). Behavior

If the ...... ork by Daly & Wilson (1982, Scientists linked a specl!lc gene to a facet of 1985, 1987, 1988) is used as a template, Darlie thought--the ability to visualize and mentally Routier is an outlier of impressive deviancy. If manipulate parts of objects (150: 39). the work by Mann (1996) is used as a template, Darlie Routier is an outlier of impressive Young children get an intellectual boost from deviancy. How do we address such realities? parents who talk to them frequently, a practice most often observed in white-collar families Just as Lewis Carroll admonished (150: 100). everyone to beware of the Boojum, Kuhn (1973) cautioned the scientific enterprise to be chary An immune reaction by pregnant women to the of anomalies. How do we account for such blood of their unborn babies may cause fetal . anomalies as Darlie Routier? brain damage that underlies some cases of schizophrenia (149: 68). References Brain-imaging studies indicated that separate Daly, M., & M. Wilson (1982). Homicide and neural systems handle conceptual and verbal kinship. American Anthropologist, 84: knowledge about certain categories, such as 372-378. animals and tools (149: 234, 103). 10 Membership Renewals BOOK REVIEWS It is time to renew your membership for 1997 if you have not already done so. Membership is by calendar year, so dues are to be paid by the The Natural Science ofthe first of the year. If the date on your mailing Human Species label is earlier than 1997, it is time to renew your membership. For financial reasons, By Konrad Lorenz. Edited and introduced by renewal notices are not usually sent. Those Agnes von Cranach, nee Lorenz. MIT Press, 55 who do not renew their memberships will be Hayward St., Cambridge, MA 02142 USA, removed from the membership list. Please $35 (hdbk.). Originally published as Die report errors, changes of address, etc. to the Naturwissenschaft vom Menschen. Eine Treasurer. Be sure to inform her if you move; Einfiihrung in die vergleichende the U.S. Post Office no longer returns Verhaltensforschung. Das "russische undelivered Bulletins with the recipient's Manuskript" (1944-1948) by Piper Verlag, new address. Current dues and directions for Miinchen, 1992, DM49.80 (hdbk.). payment are given on the last page. Please allow four weeks for recording changes of Reviewed by Alain Schmitt & Irenaus Eibl- address or payment of dues. Eibesfeldt, Ludwig-Bolzmann-Institut fur Stadtethologie, c/o Inst. fur Humanbiologie, World War II Holocaust survivors often pass on Universitat Wien, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 to their children a vulnerability to post- Vienna, Austria traumatic stress disorder (149: 310). In February 1948 Konrad Lorenz (1903- Biology 1989) returned from a four- year detention in a Russian war prisoners camp. He had with him The human brain has internal stopwatches a manuscript of 750 letter-format pages partly that monitor intervals of minutes to hours (149: written with ink which he had made himself 101). out of potassium permanganate, on paper recovered from cement sacks. The manuscript Memory-related brain cells do not appear to die was written with Goethe's Faust as the only as people age (150: 150). library background. Lorenz never published it himself, but it became the basis of Worker ants produce more soldiers when Vergleichende Verhaltensforschung (1978; threatened (149: 102); female ants kill their Eng!.: Comparative Ethology); of some papers, brothers to boost their genes' future (150: 295); particularly those containing his evolutionary and ant mating strategies may generate new epistemology; and of Die Ruckseite des species (150: 284). Spiegels. Versuch einer Natur-geschichte menschlichen Erkennens (Eng!.: The Back-side A musical ability, perfect pitch, appears to be of the Mirror), his epistemological magnum inherited (150: 316). opus published in1973, the year he received the Nobel Prize. Thus, prima facie, the book is an . Paleobiology important historical document which very well illustrates an autobiographical bon mot of Analysis of carbon isotopes in ancient Lorenz: He repeatedly asserted that he knew Greenland rocks pushed back the history of life all he had to say well before he was twenty, on earth to 3.85 billion years ago (150: 292). and had no new ideas after that, but had to repeat the same things over and over again in Continental plants suffered a massive die-off order to persuade his contemporaries--or to 250 million years ago, coincident with a great outlive them. He succeeded in his endeavour, animal extinction (149: 164). but only for a short time. Indeed, today, adapted- mind theorists rediscover (or Analysis of genes in living organisms suggested re-invent?) evolutionary epistemology without that the first animals emerged a billion years even citing Lorenz's Mirror (e.g., The Adapted ago, far earlier than previously thought (150: Mind, edited by Barkow, Tooby & Cosmides, 335). 1992), let alone his early relevant papers (e.g., 11 Kants Lehre vom Apriorischen im Lichte after induction. The best way to get a broad gegenwiirtiger Biologie, 1941, Blatt fur knowledge base is to breed a large number of Deutsche Philosophie,15, 94-125). These animal species in a setting as natural as modern evolutionists too have to persuade possible, and to love them. Comparing species skeptical psychologists and philosophers. and noting the behavioral pecularities This is the myth of eternal return working in triggered by deficiencies in rearing conditions the social realm of science. inexorably lead the thorough observer to discover the fine-tuned adaptedness of However, Lorenz's Russian manuscript behavior and the idea of phyletic descent. is much more than a historical document. It is Second, comparative ethology should be anti- well suited even today to be read for its oWn idealistic and materialistic; that is, it must merits, since it presents many of the always search for the physiological substrate fundamental methodological and of psychological or behavioral facts, and to be epistemological principles of comparative descriptive and systematic before being ethology il) a brilliant and vivid style. It nomothetic (i.e., before searching fot a general shows Lorenz at his best, presenting plenty of law), Th.i.rd, Lorenz recommends appropriate and well-described animal interdisciplinarity and behavior analysis "on a examples, and integrating the vast areas of broad front." That is, he demands that we ask philosophy and biology with logically Tinbergen's four questions, and particularly impeccable reasoning. [The Russian manuscript that we not mix the proximate and ultimate, also illustrates the rule of thumb that the best and that we know the whole animal in its books are those written starting from a huge natural world before analysing parts of it. empirical data ba.se and vast general knowledge of theory, but without the The second sectioh of the book possibility of checking in a library the summarizes the biological foundations of correctness of the ideas borrowed from other comparative ethology. Lorenz starts by authors, or of citing them verbatim.] defining life. Its constituents are:

Lorenz intended the Russian manuscript • Metabolism to be the first textbook on comparative • Expansive assimilation ethology. Its aim was to show that the • Ectropy, the tendency to develop from the morphology, behavior, sense organs, "higher" simple to the complex by fulguration, that cognitive apparatus, and "minds" of all living is, by showing emergent (new and organisms, humans included, evolved over unpredictable) properties many millions of years. Thus, all organismic • Integrality ("Ganzheitlichkeit "): any structures are adapted to and represent features organism is more than the sum of its parts, of the outer world. They are hypothetical but and always a whole entity whose parts realistic models (working hypotheses), rather cannot be analysed without knowing the th.an ideal and deductively derived whole constructions of it. That humans are part of the • Finality or teleonomy--today, one would natural world does not diminish their dignity. probably say the maximising of individual In contrast, the comparative approach reveals fitness more clearly the uniqueness of humankind and • Historicity and phylogenesis makes its achievements and failures more • Mindfulness ("Beseeltheit "): elan vital, comprehensible. In particular, the diagnosis of the subjective affective experience which behavioral lapses and of shortcomings of in "complex" organisms may accompany the inference, and new therapies, are needed now physical and chemical changes underlying more than in any other period of human activity of the nervous system. history. Lorenz insists on the interdependency of Lorenz insists on some rules governing a life's characteristics and then devotes the successful comparative ethology. First, it has subsequent chapters to a detailed analysis of to be inductive, starting from a broad base of historicity, integrality, fiha.lity and empirical knOWledge ("Weltanschauung durch mindfulness. Here we can give only one of his Anschauung der Welt"). Deduction and numerous insights. The analysis of experimental hypothesis testing come only phylogenetic relations is hampered by 12 processes such as convergent evolution and the advantage, but at the same time their dead multidimensionality of phylogenetic trees. In end. None of the mechanicist schools was contrast, it is simplified by Do1l6's law, which interested in documenting the behavioral says that adaptative history is never reversed. repertoires of the animals they studied. Organisms never simply lose legs and develop Consequently, they overgeneralized their fins when they return from land to water, but findings. instead refashion existing organs into "new" ones. In short, extant organisms have structures Comparative ethology, starting from a whlch are both quite well adapted and not broad knowledge of the behavioral repertoires enough maladapted. Fran<;ois Jacob spoke of of many species, went beyond the above "evolution's tinkering" (Les jeux du possible, reductionisms--and invented new ones, as one 1981). Do1l6's law is the luck of the has to admit in retrospect. Lorenz then gives systematist, since without it, one could never his account of early ethology, starting with the discover the (historical) way evolution shapes ornithologists Heinroth and Whitman, whose organs and behavior. pet animals were ducks and doves, respectively. They discovered independently Section IlIon the "History and from each other that behavioral elements may Methods of Comparative Ethology" is a be used to systematic and phylogenetic ends in brilliant compilation of ethological ideas and the very same way as organs. Their discovery empirical deeds. It includes psychohistories of opened the way to investigate the some of the major actors (Oskar Heinroth, physiological nature of species-specific Charles Otis Whitman, Lorenz). It is a superb instinctive movement patterns stylistic trick to include this device in a book in (Heinroth's"arteigene Triebhandlungen ") and which the notion of phylogenetic descent is of the connection between instinct and intelligence utmost importance. ("The faults of instincts are...the open door through which the great educator experience Instincts had been postulated by comes in and works every wonder of medieval scholastics as supernatural and thus intelligence"--Whitman, arguing against irreducible explanatory principles for inborn Spencer). Although Heinroth was a hardcore- behavior. "Instinct thus was from the beginning empiricist, an arch-materialist and mocker of one of those words which appear just at the the spiritual and philosophic, he thought that moment when the right concepts are not at animals have a subjective experience of their hand" (p. 264). "Instinct" stopped further behavior ("Stimmmungen", moods, affects). causal-analytic progress. Even worse, it was at Animals (from Lat. anima, soul) should even the center of the conflict between the vitalists, have many more of them than man, since they who mystified it ("We have instinct, but we do have many more "instincts" (e.g., in not explain it [Bierens de Haan]", Hans gallinaceous birds, one mood to escape from an Driesch, Claude Bernard, Henri Bergson), and air-borne predator and one from a terrestrial the mechanicists, who classified it as predator). From Heinroth comes the famous scienticifically useless and went on to study dictum that "animals are emotional persons reactive behavior (Ivan Pavlov, Wilhelm with very little understanding." (Note that Wundt, John B. Watson). Note that both the vitalist McDougall also recognized that schools, in their daily and practical approach emotions and affects are the experiential side to the real world, were very successful; d. the of "instinctive" reactions, and constructed a list achievements of Pavlov and Bernard. In the of 13 human instincts, published in 1908). long run however, mechanicism won the race, as Heinroth also described "intention we know today. movements," which in reflect preparedness to act in a near future, and which may have The elements of behavior discovered by become ritualized and elaborated during the three great mechanicist schools, Wundt's phylogeny (e.g., by colored feathers) to became association psychology, Pavlov's reflexology, a signal. and Watson-Skinner trial-and-error learning, made the same "error" of not relying on a large In particular, spontaneity became the inductive knowledge base. Instead, all hallmark of progress in ethological theory. analysed behavioral elements that stand Wallace Craig, a pupil of Whitman, observed relatively isolated within the integrated that (locomotor) restlessness ("appetitive wholeness of organisms. That was their behavior") grows in animals which have for a 13

long time not performed a particular behavior old- hand ethologist. (e.g., hunting in wolves). They start searching for a situation whichs allows the Editor's note: This review was written as a "consummatory act". Thus, Craig formulated a tribute to Daniel G. Freedman, who retired simple but coherent theory of action which did from the University of Chicago in 1995. not, for the first time in the history of psychology, confound the fitness enhancing Officers of the Society function of a behavior (wolf incorporating the prey) with its subjective aim or purpose (wolf President runs after, shakes to death). Lorenz himself Charles B. Crawford had long since noticed the rise and fall of the Department of Psychology threshold at which situations or releasers may Simon Fraser University trigger the performance of a behavior. He had Burnaby, B. C. V5A 1S6 Canada also described vacuum activity tel. 1-604-291-3660 ("Leerlaufhandlung ") which animals show fax 1-604-291-3427 when deprived for a long time. In the thirties, e-mail: [email protected] Erich von Holst showed that there is a lot of spontaneous activity in the parts of the CNS Vice-President! President-Elect that coordinate muscle groups into patterned Linda Mealey and behaviorally relevant activity, just as Dept. of Psychology cardiac muscle contracts spontaneously. Input Queensland University from higher levels of the CNS or from the sense Brisbane 4072, Australia organs disinhibits, or releases, the patterned fax 61-7-3365-4466 behavioral output. If there is no adequate e-mail: [email protected]. situation or stimulus for a long time, behavior appears spontaneously, as a vacuum activity. Vice-President for Information Reflexology in all its forms--Pavlovian, Glenn Weisfeld (see Editorial Box) associationist and behaviorist--was dead, and the core concepts of modern ethological theory Secretary were at hand. Lorenz and Tinbergen went on to Karl Grammer make it more and more consistent and popular. Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Their most important achievement is probably Urban Ethology/Human Biology the detailed analysis of innate releasing Althanstrasse 14 mechanisms (IRM). A-1090 Vienna, Austria tel. 43-1-31-336-1253 The final pages are dedicated to the fax 43-1-31-336-788; e-mail: implications that basaic concepts of http://evolution.humb.univie.ac.at comparative ethology have for neighboring disciplines. Particularly important is Treasurer spontanous activity of the CNS. It reduces the Barbara F. Fuller significance of reflexes, and magnifies School of Nursing regulation by inhibition and disinhibition. University of Colorado Releasers and key stimuli do not act directly on 4200 E. Ninth Ave. the automatic parts of the IRM, but eliminate Denver, CO 80262 USA somehow the inhibiting activity of the higher tel. 1-303-315-8929 CNS centers. fax 1-303-315-5666 e-mail: [email protected] The "Russian Manuscipt" is perfectly edited by Lorenz's daughter Agnes von Membership Chair Cranach, who also provides personal Nancy L. Segal background in her introduction. To repeat, this Department of Psychology is more than a historical document. The California State University "Russian Manuscipt" is of a refreshing Fullerton, CA 92834 USA . vividness, filled with sparkling enthusiasm for tel. 1-714-773-2142 fax 1-714-449-7134 the scientific approach to man and animal. It e-mail: [email protected]. can charm any reader, be it a lay person or an 14 Marshall Thomas figures prominently), then When Elephants Weep: The group these by topic, such as sadness, rage. Emotional Lives ofAnimals Recount, or infer from the behavior shown, the· underlying emotion clearly present in the By Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson and Susan individual animal. Give brief mention to any McCarthy. Delacorte Press, 1540 Broadway, scientific treatment of the topic, belittling or New York, NY 10036-4094 USA, 1995/ $23.95 distorting it, preferably with selective, out -of- (hdbk.), $13.95 (ppr.). context quotations. Then, move on to another topic. If the basic technique sounds familiar, it Reviewed by William C. McGrew, is the same one pioneered by Groos, Romanes, Departments of Sociology, Gerontology, etc. in the last century, and used regularly by Anthropology and Biology, Miami University, popularizers ever smce. The villains are those Oxford, Ohio 45056/ USA. stuffy old scientists, who insist on such niceties as data. Question: What can a psychoanalyst with a Ph.D. in Sanskrit and a science journalist add to How can such an exercise be our knowledge of animal nature? intellectually justified? Masson's epistemology is simple: Start with a null hypothesis that Answer: Not much, despite their earnest assumes that all animals have the same efforts at an ambitious synthesis. The fault is feelings until proven otherwise. Since it is not in the material, which is all rehashed, impossible to prove that any organism doesnot apart from a few interviews added by the junior have feelings, the thesis can never be author. The real problem lies in the basic disconfirmed. The blinkered scientists are assumption that knowledge is what one chooses regularly exhorted to break through· their and wishes it to be, a viewpoint that constraints of operational definition and ultimately boils down to anti-science. The replicability and quantification, but no hint of result is a sort of "how-I-read-a-bunch-of- how to do this is ever supplied. Instead, natural-history-books-and-showed-all-the- evolutionary biologists (Richard Dawkins in biologists-to-be-wrong." particular) are pilloried as unimaginative party-poopers who insist on such distinctions as Masson's thesis is that animals (at ultimate versus proximate causation. least some of them, such as large-brained homeotherms) have feelings, but that this is The irony is that most of the best denied by Science. Thus/ other species have indications of animal emotions do come from hopes, love, grief, joy/ cruelty, compassion, scientists. Far from denying feelings to other shame, aesthetics, awe, etc., and this is well species, it is likely that most ethologists have known to ordinary folk, pet owners, traditional strong positive views on the subject. The cultures, enlightened trainers, and keepers, and frustration is methodological--how to measure a (very) few animal behaviorists. The these phenomena, rather than just intuit them. evidence for this is to be found in accounts, This challenge has been taken up in captivity impressions, and insights reported in one-off (e.g., Marian Dawkins) and in the field (e.g., events, that is, anecdotes. However (he says), Richard Byrne and Andrew Whiten). These the obvious truthfulness of this thesis is and many other contemporary students of obscured by a pervasive conspiracy of speciesist animal capacities are ignored, with only scholars who use the spectre of dread Donald Griffin & Co. being given approval. anthropomorphism to avoid facing up to what Disingenuously, outdated studies such as Witt's everyone else knows. He takes it upon himself work in the 1950s on drugged spiders and to set the record straight, in a systematic Harlow's in the 1960's on socially deprived treatment through nine chapters covering the macaques are presented as representative of full range of emotions, starting with fear and current research. Psychological studies of finishing with "the inexpressible." animals are equated to torture, although Fouts, deWaal, etc. are selectively cited whenever it The procedure is simple: Glean suits the authors. compelling, punchy tales from the published literature, preferably from In their favor, Masson and McCarthy narratives by familiar names (Elizabeth carefully document their sources in 33 pages of 15 notes, and supply a bibliography of ahnost 300 Jankowiak's "romantic passion," but one entries, although about three quarters of these contributor applies it to the "puppy love" of are secondary or popular publications rather ten-year-old children. I suggest that we than original sources. As stated above, the discard such semantic baggage and turn to a issue is not so much the material, which neologism. Since several contributors refer to comprises many charming stories that will ring the prominence of Dorothy Tennov (1979) in true with most naturalists, but instead their conceptualizing the subject, adoption of uncritical interpretation. Of course some other "limerence" seems appropriate. Of course, the species have feelings, and this does have precise definition of limerence can still be implications for our treatment of them (as argued (as Helen Harris does in the present argued convincingly by Masson in his volume), but Tennov's concept and terminology conclusion), but playing fast and loose with the seem to provide a starting point that avoids facts will not establish this, nor advance this confusion. cause. Another semantic issue is the meaning of "pair bond," which some contributors Romantic Passion overextend. In the discussion of the Inuit, for example, it is used as a synonym for marriage Edited by William Jankowiak. Columbia even though traditional marriages were not University Press, 136 South Broadway, usually based on personal feelings. There is no Irvington, NY 10533 USA, 1995, $27.50 (hdbk.). point in such a superfluous usage when the term is so valuable for designating an emotional tie Reviewed by Glenn E. King, Anthropology that mayor may not be a factor in marriage. On Program, Monmouth University, West Long the positive side, most of the contributions help Branch, NJ 07764, USA. is to distinguish among limerence, lust, marriage, and companionate love (the calmer This is an important book in the affection that sustains long-term relationships, burgeOning study of heterosexual love. Edited whether in a formal marriage or not). Several and written ahnost entirely by anthropologists, (such as Harris) suggest more subtle distinctions the volume has a great deal to say about culture on which future work can be based. but says it in a way that is congenial to the evolutionary perspective on human behavior. In the theory section, the first two Fourteen of the 16 contributions explicitly papers present evolutionary ideas that may be accept the evolutionary view or at least are familiar. Helen Fisher's contribution is compatible with it. Discussions of cultural essentially a precis of her book (Fisher, 1992), variation and culture change un.derscore the and James Chisholm presents an argument that durability of love in differing circumstances, has recently been elaborated elsewhere including hostile ones. The overwhelming (Chisholm, 1996). Chisholm combines impression is that the personal experience of attachment theory with evolutionary ecology love and the cultural valuation of love are to produce a thought-provoking hypothesis in distinct phenomena that interact in complex which limerence is facultative rather than ways. The ethnographic evidence for the obligate. It is a developmental response to universality and nature of "romantic passion" childhood insecurity which results in adult complements the editor's previous holocultural behavior that is appropriate for an uncertain study (Jankowiak & Fische_r 1992). environment where mortality rates are high or unpredictable: more frequent sexual activity, Before going into detail, I wish to increasing the probability of early consider some matters of terminology. The reproduction. Chisholm contrasts this mating primary subject of this book is a rather effort hypothesis with Fisher's more turbulent emotion that often initiates traditional view of limerence as a basis for heterosexual relationships. The contributors mutual parental investment. use different terms for it, although they are clearly discussing the same phenomenon. This These two views seem quite amenable is confusing in itself, but it gets worse when a to synthesis. The relationships of Chisholm's term is given more than one meaning. For insecure people last about five years, while the example, some use "infatuation" for secure ones average about ten. The duration of 16

insecure relationships is about the same as the special credit to Tennov), Harris formulates a four years that Fisher postulated as the basic concise, seven-point operational definition of hominid adaptation. The longer relationships what I am calling limerence (Harris argues of secure people are consistent with Fisher's that Tennov's "limerence" occupies an extreme thesis and attributable to durable position in a spectrum of feelings). She then companionate love. This suggests to me that demonstrates that all seven characteristics are Chisholm's distinction is valid but that it displayed by Mangaians. The comparative actually arises from the impairment of value of the book would be even greater, and companionate l'Jve in insecure people. some terminological problems eliminated, if the contributors had all applied Harris's The anti-evolutionary position is framework or collaborated on something represented by Charles Lindholm, who similar. characterizes sociobiology as assuming that human beings are basically governed by Even without such a framework, the instincts. He thinks that an evolutionary remaining papers in the book provide solid interpretation of lirnerence predicts correlation ethnographic backing for the editor's position with marriage and a high birth rate. Since that limerence is a human universal. It is Lindholm does not understand the distinction documented in ten distinct nonwestern cultures, between ultimate and proximate causation, as well as polygynous Mormons. Subsaharan much less the concept of environment of Africa, which has previously provided the evolutionary adaptedness, he has no fewest reports of limerence, is represented by constructive criticisms for us. In his eagerness to three cultures in three different countries. refute sociobiology, Lindholm discards concepts of cultural anthropology, such as the The third section demonstrates how distinction between ideal and actual culture: various cultural theories can coexist with the He insists that we take medieval European evolutionary perspective. Victoria Burbank, protestations of chaste courtly love at face for example, sets out to treat "emotional value. It is no surprise that he considers discourses as pragmatic acts and communicative sociobiology's paradigm of evolutionary success performances." From her study of a native as "disconcertingly mundane/' preferring an Australian community, she concludes that the ethereal philosophy that is at odds with the Hollywood portrayal of "falling in love" has rest of the book: Romantic love is an expression become the ideology of adolescent resistance to of deep existential longings for an escape from arranged marriage and the "idiom" for the self. changing power relations in marriage politics. However, Burbank notes that European Lindholm's paper contains one point of influence may have accentuated rather than possible interest fbr human ethology. His created an Australian concept of love that is research on charisma indicates a connection similar to our own. Ritual, stories, and art with limerence. An evolutionary approach to point to a precontact limerence, and his data might reveal that dominance, so often ethnography shows us a history of elopement linked to aggression, may also be connected and affairs that must have expressed with love. "passionate attachment" (Berndt, 1976). Apparently lirnerence is an old phenomenon The last theoretical paper emphasizes that can take on new meanings and functions, a psychological perspective which explores i.e., the political discourse of the present may the "boundaries" between the love relationship be founded on emotions with an evolutionary and the surrounding community. It seems that, past. Native Australian youth have used even where love is socially approved, it marital love to protest their Establishment in requires a degree of isolation in order to what seems to be a parallel with American flourish. hippies of the 1960s, who used nonmarital sex for the same purpose. The first of the ethnographic papers is an important one by Helen Harris which puts Many other interesting points about the the Polynesian case of Mangaia in a context interaction of biology and culture are made or that brings together ethology, psychology, and implied. Spouse exchange among the Inuit is cultural anthropology. Drawing on several reinterpreted as a cultural adaptation to decades of psychological research (with limerence in circumstances where its usual 17 outlets are largely absent. In Brazil culture had been a chapter on love in nonhuman seems to take sides between two powerful primates (d. Smuts, 1985) and another on a evolved systems of behavior, resulting in the hunter-gatherer population less constrained by mother-son relationship taking precedence over environment and social complexity than the that between husband and wife (no comparison Inuit and Australians (d. Shostak, 1981). But with chimpanzees, unfortunately). Limerence this is carping. Jankowiak's book is valuable as in Trinidad is presented as a force for gender it stands and I recommend it to students of equality, in contrast to the United States where human behavioral evolution. it has been enlisted in the suppression of women. References

So much of this book contributes to a Berndt, R. (1976). Love Songs of Arnhem Land. modern ethology of limerence that the Chicago: University of Chicago Press. omissions are frustrating. I wish that there Chisholm, J.S. (1996). The evolutionary ecology of attachment organization. Human Nature, 7, Bulletin Submissions and Duplication 1-37.

Anything that might be of interest to ISHE Fisher, H.E. (1992). Anatomy of Love. New members is welcome: Society matters; York: W.W. Norton. articles; replies to articles; suggestions; announcements of meetings, journals or Jankowiak, W.R., & Fischer, E.F. (1992). A professional societies; etc. These sorts of cross-cultural perspective on romantic love. submission should be sent to the editor. Book Ethology, 31, 149-155. review inquiries should go to the appropriate book review editor (Linda Shostak, M. (1981). Nisa, the Life and Words Mealey, the chief book review editor, covers of a !Kung Woman. New York: Vintage. books in English). Submission should be in English, on paper and, if possible, also on Smuts, B. B. (1985). Sex & Friendship in diskette (MS Word 5.0 preferred). Shorter Baboons. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine. reviews are desirable (less than 1000 words). Please include complete references for all Tennov, D. (1979). Love and Limerence, the publications cited. For book reviews, please experience of being in love. New York: Stein include publisher's mailing address and the and Day. price of hardback and paperback editions. There usually is not time to consult with reviewers about editorial changes, but most of these are minor. Submissions are usually reviewed only by Ethology and the editorial staff. However, some Psychopharmacology submissions are rejected. Political censorship is avoided, so as to foster free and creative Edited by S. J. Cooper and C. A. Hendrie. John exchange of (even outrageous) ideas among Wiley & Sons, Baffins Lane, Chichester, West scholars. The fact that material appears in Sussex P0191UD, England, 1994. the Bulletin never implies the truth of those ideas, ISHE's endorsement of them, or Reviewed by Russell Gardner, Jr., Department support for any policy implications that may of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 4.450 be inferred from them. Graves Building (028), University of Texas Bulletin content may be reproduced without Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0428, limit for scholarly (but not commercial) Email: [email protected] purposes. That is, no one may be charged for receiving the content, without first obtainng This volume of 18 contributions stems permission from the Editor or ISHE President. from a conference held in Birmingham, UK to Sample copies of the Bulletin are available celebrate the work of a group of scientists led by from the Editor. Send number of copies Michael R. A. Chance, E. C. Grant, J. H. desired and the date required. Mackintosh, and A. P. Silverman who, together 18 with their students, brought together the fields method for ascertaining drug effects and of ethology and psychopharmacology. Editors metabolite actions. Cooper and Hendrie represent the most productive students of these leaders. They Chance continues to be productive, and dedicate the volume to Petr Donat from Prague now in his early 80s, has published an original (who died at age 39 years in a car accident); he hypothesis accounting for the location of the organized the first Ethopharmacological testes of cursorial animals outside the Conference in Bohemia in 1991. Throughout the abdominal cavity: His concussive peritoneal book, the pioneering efforts of John Paul Scott pressure theory states that this protects them from the U.s.A. are also mentioned repeatedly. from sudden rises of intraperitoneal pressure secondary to running and leaping (Chance, In chapter 1/ Silverman tells how 1996). Support for the idea stems from the Michael Chance started the ball rolling. In protection provided by burrowing and scuttling World War II, Chance investigated animals, not subject to such pressures, whose amphetamine effects on mice; amphetamine testes are protected within their peritoneal kept RAF pilots awake during long flights, but cavitie.s. little was known about it. Amphetamine was lethal to mice but with great variability, The volume considers a variety of which Chance later found to be due to whether testing systems in addition to RIP, and relates they were housed singly or in groups; grouping them to various neurotransmitters systems and made the same dose more lethal. From then on, drug classes. The elevated plus-maze, for Chance's interest in behavior had charismatic instance, features open and closed apertures effects on many people interested in the available for animal inspection; investigators confluence of psychiatry and observe such inspections and calculate the ratio psychopharmacology with ethology and of the two kinds of aperture. Rodgers and Cole evolutionary biology. He was honored in 1991/ note that only the benzodiazepine "gold for instance, by becoming the first president of standard" for anxiolytic drugs works; only with the Across-Species Comparisons and these medications does the the ratio Psychopathology (ASCAP) Society, a group consistently demonstrate greater exploration of which he helped to found. the open apertures. While the GABA system is therefore clearly tapped, the adrenoceptor and Returning to post-war Britain, Chance serotonin-receptor agonists provided confusing foundTinbergen's 1951Study of Instinct to be a data. Height turns out to be a less important revelation. Excited about relating behavior to factor than the animals' thigmotactic interest ecology and evolution, he persuaded in staying close to the side wall. The authors authorities to support the Uffcalme Clinic note that the ethological ideal of Laboratory, where a mansion was turned into a understanding animals in their natural clinic for in- and out-patients, with its former habitat--the idea that sparked the entire stables newly devoted to zoology. Like the area--needs renewal; rather than going blindly classical ethologists, Chance and his group from technique to technique, they argue, a more directly watched animals under varying fruitful effort would be to examine the causes of conditions. Red lights during the day allowed confusing results. continuous observation of nocturnal rats. Ewan Grant and John MacIntosh published a classical Turning to predator defense models of paper in 1963 labeling the naturally occurring anxiety, Hendrie and Weiss found that tape behaviors of rats of varied strains using recorded calls of predators induced alarm in nomenclature still deployed, and also mice predictably. Their chapter provides an providing comparisons with other species. excellent discussion of predator-prey Studies of drugs started when colleagues relationships, with a focus on ecological developed opiate derivatives, testing of which dimensions. Using an opiate-antagonist drug, could be done on rats whose group behavior was predator calls stimulate opiate analgesia, but now known. Chlorpromazine caused similar calls from gulls do not--despite the fact that behavioral effects, and the research program the mice attend to nonpredators. That this is a was launched with many ramifications. The model of panic and not general anxiety was resident-intruder paradigm (RIP)/ for instance, demonstrated by differential drug effects; for is now a well established (and well funded) instance, benzodiazepines had no effect but 19 chronic imipramine and experimental anti- anesthetization to distinguish amongst panic drugs did. Interestingly, to predation, play fighting, and defense. They cholecystokinin-B (CCKB) were also effective, focus on sensorimotor interactions and, of calling attention to the role of this small amino particular importance, have considered the acid chain in panic disorder. brain systems involved, paying special attention to the periaqueductal gray structures. Several useful chapters deal with the They note that much less is known of the brain roles of sex, olfaction, meal patterning, systems for offensive aggression than of those stereotypies, behavioral teratology (how do for defence. Their primary theoretical scheme drugs affect offspring behavior?), and entails risk assessment (RA) mechanisms, behavioral variability. Some models of whose normal patterning, they claim, must be aggression focus on maternal aggression during understood in order to interpret the effects of lactation; a new mother's aggression may be drugs on that behavior. Thus, diazepam particularly intense. Alfonso Toisi provides a increases RA when behavior was tested against clinical perspective in which he justifiably a baseline of freezing and avoidance, but laments that too little attention is paid to decreases RA when RA is an important initial behavioral analysis in usual psychiatric response. practice--which remains remote. . animal investigations that prOVIde inItIal This volume is an important testing for the drugs now used so extensively. contribution to a nascent basic science for psychiatry which would explain disorders as But mainly the book belongs to the RIP. aberrations from normal· physiological The resident-intruder paradigm is extensively mechanisms instead of empiric behaviors discussed, both explicitly and by example. without a context. This manner of study has Cutler and Shepherd et al., for instance, use it been elsewhere been termed to examine anxiolytic drugs. They showed that "sociopharmacology"--a more salutary term leaving only the scent of a presumed resident than those involving the disembodied affects the new rat entering the setting. "psyche" of psychiatry, psychology and Diazepam reduces these fear responses. The psychopharmacology (Barchas, 1984). authors also showed the same effect in ferrets, Psychiatry'S basic science might best be named a species that lives with considerable "sociophysiology" because the major brain predation pressure. systems that deal not only with predation but also with one's own kind are the same systems The RIP mainly captivates depression likely to be involved in psychiatic disorders researchers whose work Mitchell summarizes. and drug action. Few answers are available as He notes the territorial advantage a resident yet to dominate our thinking on these issues has upon even brief occupation of a territory, and, as Troisi notes in his clinical relevance giving credit to A. K. Dixon's similar work arld chapter, an anthropocentric, casually arrogant citing K. Miczek's summary of the paradigm. attitude still pervades the field. This book, Mitchell's work has focused upon the resident however, illustrates that systematic rat the intruder), finding that various exploration has fruitfully begun--not only of antidepressants reduce aggression. According to human/nonhuman contrasts, but also of John Price et al.'s involuntary subordinate comparisons addressing the questions of which theory (not reviewed by Mitchell), however, brain systems are involved, and how. the intruder animal would be the one on which to focus (Price et al., 1994). Subsequent to publication of these proceedings, Mitchell has responded to questions from Price inThe ASCAP References Newsletter (Mitchell, 1996). Barchas, P. R. (Ed.) (1984). Social Hierarchies: Other chapters on the RIP include Essays toward a sociophysiological attempts to develop "serenics" for the reduction perspective. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. of aggression (summarized by Mos et al.). The sophisticated work of the Blanchards (in the Chance, M. R. A. (1996). Reason for the best chapter of the book) uses experimental externalization of the testis of mammals. manipulations such as vibrissae alterations and Journal of Zoology, 239, 691-695.

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Mitchell, P. J. (1996). Prediction of The author believes that neither antidepressant activity from ethological Ulrichs nor Hirschfeld ever quite received the analysis of agonistic behavior in rats. The respect he deserved from other researchers, ASCAP Newsletter, 9, 9-12. probably because both were homosexual. Hirschfeld in particular, perhaps because he Price, J., Sloman, 1., Gardner, R., Jr., Gilbert, P., claimed to be studying all varieties of & Rohde, P. (1994). The social competition sexuality, was put down by many of his hypothesis of depression. British Journal of contemporaries. LeVay feels that the attach Psychiatry, 164, 309-315. on Hirschfeld discouraged later researchers from following up on some of the biological factors that Hirschfeld advanced as important Queer Science: The Use and to a homosexual or lesbian identity. Often, Abuse ofResearch into even when others adopted some of his ideas, as did Freud, they were unwilling to give Homosexuality Hirschfeld credit. Part of the problem is that neither Ulrichs nor Hirschfeld could offer any By Simon LeVay. MIT Press, 55 Hayward St., real evidence of which biological factors were Cambridge, MA 02142, 1996, $25 (ppr.). involved. It has only been in the past few decades that breakthroughs have come about. Reviewed by Vern L. Bullough, University of Southern California. Home address: 17434 LeVay who, like this reviewer, looks Mayall St., Northridge, CA 91325, USA. more to nature than to nurture for explanations, attributes much of the hostility toward The subtitle of this book emphasizes its biological explanations to the fear that if message: research into homosexuality and "science" demonstrated a probability of the lesbianism has always had political association of certain biological factors with implications, and the data have been used and homosexuality, then radical interventionist misused by both anti- and pro-gay groups. therapies would be developed to "normalize" Simon LeVay, a former researcher at the Salk gays and lesbians. While such therapies have Institute in San Diego, gained widespread been advocated in the past, support for them public attention from a study he made of a has come not only from advocates of "nature" small number of available brains from gay explanations but also from those who take the AIDS victims, comparing them with the brains "nurture" side of the debate. Each new of an available male control group of unknown explanation seems to have spawned a new se:xual preference. Following in the path of treatment hormonal injections, earlier studies of sexual dimorphism in the psychoanalysis, castration, aversion therapy, brain, he found that the medial preoptic area various drug combinations. in the control sfu'l'lple was mudl larger than in the homosexual men, in whom the size was Moreover, both extremes in the debate closer to the smaller size found in females. In are highly selective of the data they use. the subsequent publicity, LeVay found his Obviously, the media and the public often seize findings condemned or praised by people froIn upon every new finding in order to justify their every side of the sex and gender community. own stance. For example, Kinsey, who stated that roughly 4 to 5 percent of the male LeVay resigned from the Salk Institute population was homosexual and slightly less of and co-founded the Institute of Gay and Lesbian the female population, found his figures Education in West Hollywood; one outcome is distorted to argue that one in ten males were this book. In part the book chronicles the homosexual. history of research into homosexuality and lesbianism beginning with Karl Heinrich Some of the researchers themselves Ul:richs and Magnus Hirschfeld, the major have been less dispassionate than appropriate, pioneers in the 'field in the late nineteenth ignoring data which did not suit their view. century. The other part consists of an account of LeVay points to the historian John Boswell, a through history, research findings have Catholic convert, who cited evidence been used and misused by widely disparate selectively in attempting to prove that Christianity originally had not been hostile to 21 homosexuality. Bench scientists have been no Seventeen of these essays are drawn less prejudiced. The East German scientist, from a two-volume collection called Gunter Dorner, believed his controversial Interpretation and Explanation in the Study of findings pointed to a way to cure homosexuals, Animal Behavior, edited by Bekoff and and he himself participated in various drastic Jamieson in 1990 and now out of print. This interventions, none of which worked. In sum, means that, in most cases, the cited references all too often, research has been used to bolster dry up at the end of the 1980s, so that recent the prejudice, if not of the researchers, then of developments are not mentioned. Given that their followers. the editors set out to cover such a wide range, I was also surprised at the fact that there is no LeVay holds, and the emerging contribution that attempts to extract messages evidence is pointing in this direction, that from the fast-expanding world of human homosexuality has a strong biological cognitive science. While the editor.s maintain component, but that it probably involves a that th.e book inchldes most of the important combination of factors - genetic, intrauterine, topics and leading figures, no fewer than 29 of hormonal, and environmental. He also argues the 30 contributors hail from North America, that homosexual or lesbian identity cannot be which might encourage the impression that the segregated from a person's being and relegated Rest Of The World is an intellectual to some corner of the psyche, to be locked up and wasteland. forgotten or cut away. Rather, it is more like lefthandedness Or other behaviors exhibited by These grumbles aside, the book is sizeable minorities of the population. lively and provocative, and almost all chapters provide a thoughtful, penetrating LeVay's book is an excellent historical treatment of the chosen subject, rather than just introduction to this literature, summarizing a review of the literature. This ensures that what we know and what we do not know, in the book will retain its value and makes it addition to the uses and misuses of sexual ideal as a text in courses in animal cognition science. The end notes are extensive and the and the philosophy of mind. Most of the essays discussion is dispassionate and enlightening. are concise, and include well-defined concluding sections. The book is free of printing errors and is well presented. .

Two themes recur throughout this Readings in Animal Cognition volume. First, there is the increasing realisation that animals are more cognitively Edited by Marc Bekoff & Dale Jamieson. MIT sophisticated than previously recognised, a Press, 55 HaywardAve., Cambridge, MA 02142 realisation grounded in a body of evidence USA, 1996, $30 (ppr.). which suggests that many non-humans are "conscious, have expectations, desires, and Reviewed by Kevin Warburton, Dept. of beliefs, make assessments and choices based on Zoology, University of Queensland, Brisbane fine discriminations among various 4072, Queensland, Australia. alternatives, and have subjective feelings" (chapter by Jamieson & Bekoff, p. 361). The The stated aim of this book is to perceived cognitive gulf between humans and introduce readers to the rapidly growing other animals is shrinking rapidly, as interdisciplinary field of animal cognition. The exemplified by the proposal of Sue Savage- outcome is largely successful: there are 24 Rumbaugh & Karen Brakke that language chapters which tackle a diverse range of topics differences between man and ape may result including adaptation, the aims and methods of from differences in information processing and cognitive ethology, androcentric bias, memory, but not in innate linguistic stnictures. anthropomorphism, cognition and ethics, communication, concept attribution, cultural Second, there is a strong and pervasive transmission, helping behaviour, the subtext which surfaces explicitly from time to comprehension and production of language, time and which, by highlighting the levels of analysis, mentalism, play, recognition imperfections of human cognitive abilities, systems, and vigilance. serves as an ironic complement to the theme 22

identified above. In grappling with problems way we categorize and interpret the world of interpretation, as opposed to the around us has much to do with our context - the straightforward collection and reporting of external events that we notice and those that "obvious" physical facts, studies on animal. we do not notice" (p. 17). As a philosopher, cognition are likely to encourage a greater Gruen focusses on problems of gender bias in awareness of the business of interpretation science rather than animal cognition per se. itself. In fact, if this book is any guide, the This is one of several chapters which made me most important contribution of animal cognition feel that the title of the book was too narrow. research may turn out to be what it teaches us about the frailties of reasoned analysis and the Assumptions are the building blocks of subjectivity of the scientific process. biological modelling. Vigilance behaviour might seem to be a clear case of antipredator By way of illustration, several artides wariness, which can be modelled quite simply. raise questions associated with uncritical or Correct? Not according to Steven Lima, who I hidden assumptions, which can trap the suspect has set out to induce all those interested unwary in a variety of ways. For example, in a in vigilance to give it up as an impossible area forcefully argued chapter entitled "Do animals of study and leave him with a monopoly! Lima choose habitats?", Michael Rosenzweig argues that conventional models of vigilance maintains that ecologists often use the concept are gross caricatures of reality: they tend to of habitat choice in a sloppy way, by equating rely on the many-eyes hypothesis, which may choice with use. He suggests that evidence for be too simplistic and usually ignore the true choice could come from work on exploratory implications of cheating. Moreover, other behaviour, mental maps, and foraging typical assumptions (e.g., that vigilance flexibility. As another example, in an increases with increasing risk, that vigilance examination of injury-feigning behaviour in the and food ingestion are mutually exclusive, and piping plover, Carolyn Ristau shows that that selflsh animals are less vigilant than although the broken-wing predator-distraction cooperators) are not necessarily correct. Lima display is an evolved, genetically transmitted concludes that interpretations of vigilance are behaviour, it would be wrong to assume that based more on human intuition than on animal plovers are incapable of employing the display behaviour, and notes that, in any case, models as an integral part of flexible, learned of vigilance are hard to parameterise and test. strategies. So, faulty assumptions can create Along the same lines, Bennett Galef difficulties. However, it might be argued that argues that many workers have assumed that an awareness of such dangers will at least locale-specific behaviors are socially encourage critical thinking. A fundamental transmitted in cases where no evidence of social aspect of critical analysis is the clear transmission is available. He calls for definition of terms. Operating along these controlled experiments to establish the lines, Michael Philips and Steven Austad existence of social transmission and investigate review definitions of communication and possible methods of transmission. Further, suggest that the essence of communication is Sandra Mitchell believes that it is dangerous information transfer, not its causal impact. to rely on comparative, adaptationist They also make clear connections between interpretations of behaviour involving species signalling, signal recognition, and social which are capable of cultural transmission, complexity, and stress that the evolution of because of the need to assume that the behavior depends on the evolution of behaviours observed in the groups concerned are information processing. strictly comparable. As a case in point she cites the use of the term rape, as applied to both Alexander Rosenberg is similarly humans and scorpionflies. concerned with definitions, but in his case definitions of play, which are notoriously These examples show how our elusive. He contends that because background beliefs and assumptions, intentionality is an important characteristic of independent of the available data, colour our play and because the functions of play are interpretations of animal behaviour. At a very diverse, heterogenous, and strongly dependent general level, Lori Gruen reminds us that "[t]he on environment, play cannot be explained in 23 terms of a single function. In the next chapter, On the current evidence, our attempts to Colin Allen & Bekoff defend the evolutionary understand animal cognition are likely to approach by maintaining that whether or not a provide a valuable perspective on our own behaviour such as play is intentional is an limitations, and help to counter tendencies to empirical question and not to be decided by mindless (another irony?!) speciesism. Who definitions. In fact, insisting on rigorous knows, they may provide a path to definitions prior to empirical rese'arch may enlightenment and humility. require knowledge that can only be obtained by empirical research! This exchange highlights further problems of categorisation. ANNOUNCEMENTS Several chapters are symptomatic of a continuing paradigm shift in animal cognition Academic Position for studies, away from a rigid adherence to Observational Data Analyst parsimonious positivism and toward a interpretative approach based on cntIcal The Dept. of Education at UCLA announces a reasoning and experimentation. For example, faculty position, at open rank, for a John Andrew Fisher contends that objections to quantitative research methodologist. the "sin" of anthropomorphism may constitute Requirements are skill in measurement and/or oversimplification of the complex issue of survey research methods and/or analysis of animal consciousness. He notes that there have observational data. Candidates should also been economic, religious, and ideological have a substantive area of research, such as reasons for denying animals any sort of sociology of education, educational psychology, mentality. This paradigm shift is surely for studies of at-risk students, educational the good: after all, conscious intention is almost assessment, policy studies, or educational impossible to demonstrate unequivocally, even technology. The position includes teaching in other human beings, so negative evidence is advanced reseach methods and intermediate easy to find. As Hugh Wilder notes, courses In statistics and design for graduate uncertainty is not peculiar to cognitive students. An earned doctorate is required. The ethology, but the hallmark of all good science. job also entails scholarly research and Rather than being a retreat from the classical academic advising at the graduate level. scientific approach, the shift is likely to lead Starting date is between July and September, to better science since its starting assumptions 1997. Screening of applications will begin 15 are more realistic and an intentionalist stance April and continue until the position is filled. provides a better framework for developing Send application letter, curriculum vitae, testable hypotheses. sample publications, and names and addresses of at least three referees to Harold G. Levine, A good example of this is provided by Chair, Dept. of Education, University of Savage-Rumbaugh & Brakke in the context of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1521 USA, language learning in non-human mammals. tel. 1-310-825-1342, e-mail: Early experiments on the linguistic abilities of [email protected]. Submitted by Nick apes tested their ability to associate signs with Blurton Jones, e-mail: [email protected]. presented objects, but did not foster the motivation to communicate novel intentions. International Ethological Evidence for linguistic intentionality and originality emerged only in later studies, in Congress which subjects were allowed to select appropriate symbols in a natural way. These Although the deadline for submitting abstracts studies showed that it is not necessary to train is past, one may still register for this large and apes to use language. Interestingly, the latter important meeting in Vienna 20-27 August 1997. experiments were carried out in a more Contact XXV IEC,Wiener Medizinische informed context than the earlier ones, since Akademie (WMA), Alser Strasse 4, A-1090 work on human infants in the intervening Vienna, Austria; tel. 43-1-405-1383-21; fax 43- period had revealed the importance of 1-405-1383-23; e-mail: [email protected]. Host observational learning in linguistic Karl Grammer reports that there will be about development. 30 papers on humans. 24

ISHE Web Page: ISHE Convention Dates http://evolution.humb.univie.ac.at Announced

ESS Meeting Our next biennial meeting will be held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 19-23 The 20th annual meeting of the European August 1998. President-Elect Charles Crawford Sociobiological Society will take place 7-9 July is hard at work planning the event. For those 1997 in Ghent, Belgium. The theme will be who don't know, Vancouver is one of the world's "The Sociobiology of Ingroup/ Outgroup most beautiful and cosmopolitan cities, and Behavior, Part Ir." Part I was the 1985 meeting British Columbia remains an unspoiled in Oxford, which led to publication ten years wilderness where many large mammals still ago of The Sociobiology of Ethnocentrism, thrive. The weather in August is ideal. The edited by Vernon Reynolds, Vincent Falger, and Canadian dollar is worth about three-quarters Ian Vine (London: Croom Helm; Athens, GA: of the u.s. dollar, and Charles seems to have University of Georgia Press). Papers are succeeded in arranging for inexpensive welcome concerning the evolutionary accommodations and meals for us. Plan now to dimensions of ethnocentrism, nationalism, attend. xenophobia, and other sociobiological applications of the ingroup/outgroup concept for human societies. Studies focusing on the ASCAP Meeting decline of indigenous populations, such as has occurred in some European countries, are The annual meeting of the Across-Species welcome, as are papers focusing on ethnic strife Comparison and Psychiatry Society will take and mass migration. Send abstracts of proposed place on 4 June 1997, before the Human papers to Prof. Dr. R. 1. Cliquet, University of Behavior and Evolution Society meeting, at the Ghent, Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, University of Arizona in Tucson. The ASCAP Section Biological Anthropolgy and Social meeting will start at 8 AM and end at 5:30 PM. Biology, St.-Pieterstraat 49, B-9000 Ghent, Registration fee is $20, payable by credit card, Belgium. Deadline for submissions is 10 June. check, or money order to "University of Texas To attend, contact Kris Thienpont, University Medical Branch," c/o Frank Carrel, Dept. of of Ghent, same address, tel. 32-(0)9-264-42-48, Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University fax 32-(0)9-264-42-94, e-mail of Texas Medical Branch, Marvin Graves Bldg., [email protected]. Registration Room 1.103, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Hotel deadline is 1 June. rate is $37 per night for a single room, $47 for a double at the Plaza Hotel, 1900 Speedway International Society for Research Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. For additional on Emotions infomation, call Frank Carrel at 1-409-772- 3475, fax -1-409-772-4288, e-mail: [email protected]. This group publishes a quarterly newsletter, ISRE, for US$15 per year. For information, contact the editor, Ross Buck, Communication Sciences, U-85, University of Connecticut, Evolution ofMorality Storrs, CT 06269-1085 USA, fax 1-860-486-5422, e-mail [email protected]. The 44th annual Star Island Conference will be sponsored by the Institute on Religion in an Age Current Literature Editor Sought of Science, 26 July to 2 August 1997. Co-chairs are Michael Ruse, editor of Biology and After 15 years of faithful service, Bob Adams Philosophy, and Karl Peters, editor of Zygon: wishes to retire from editing our Current Journal of Religion and Science. This year's Literature section. The job entails scanning the theme is "The Evolution of Morality." For periodical Current Contents for articles of information on this New Hampshire interest to our readers. If you may have an conference, contact Bonnie Falla, Registrar, 810 interest in this vital task, please contact Glenn North 9th Street, Allentown, PA 18102 USA, Weisfeld. etl. 1-610-432-8711. 25 CURRENT 19104, USA). LITERATURE Carroll, J.M., & Russell, J.A. (1997). Facial expressions in Hollywood's portrayal of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social March 1997 Psychology, 72, 164-176. (Reprint: Russell, J.A., Univ. British Columbia, Dept. Psycho!., 2136 Compiled by Robert M. Adams W. Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.) Coney, N.S., & Mackey, W.e. (1996). Interested in possibly reviewing one of the Weinberg's Rule versus Facultative sex ratio: books below or some other suitable book? An impasse in need of Occam's razor. Mankind Please contact the appropriate book review Quarterly, 37, 187-201. (REPRINT: Wade C. editor (see Editorial Staff box). Submit items Mackey, 401 Lake St. #6, Bryan, Texas 77801). for Current Literature to Bob Adams (see Editorial Staff box). Please be sure that the Diamond, J. (1997). Why Is Sex Fun? The item has not yet appeared in this space. evolution of human sexuality. Basic Books, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025 USA, $20 Abitol, M. M. (1996). Birth and Human (hdbk.). Evolution: Anatomical and obstetrical mechanisms in primates. Greenwoo d Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1. (1996). Love and Hate: The Publishing, 88 Post Rd. West, Westport, CT natural history of behavior patterns (reissue). 06881 USA, $95 (hdbk). Aldine de Gruyter, 200 Saw Mill River Rd., Hawthorne, NY 10532 USA, $12.95 (ppr.). Allport, S. (1997). A Natural History of Parenting: From emperor penguins to reluctant Fa, J. E., & Lindburg, D. G. (Eds.) (1996). ewes, a naturalist looks at how parenting Evolution and Ecology of Macaque Societies. differs in the animal world and ours. Harmony, Cambridge University Press, Edinburgh 201 E. 50th St., New York, NY 10022 USA, $23 Building, Cambridge CB2 2UR, U.K., £70 (hdbk.). i,(hdbk).

Baker, R. (1996). ·Sperm Wars: The science of Flaherty, C. F. (1996). Incentive Relativity. sex. Basic Books, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, Cambridge University Press, Edinburgh IL 60025 USA, $25 (hdbk), $14 (ppr.). Building, Cambridge CB2 2UR, U.K., £50 (hdbk.). Blanchard, K. (1995). The Anthropology of Sport: An introduction. Greenwood Publishing, Garcia, J. (1996). The Darwinian status of 88 Post Rd. West, Westport, CT 06881 USA. mind. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27, 347-350. (1950-A Bowler, P. J. (1996). Charles Darwin: The man . Chilberg Rd., Mt. Vernon, WA, 98273, USA). and his influence (reissue). Cambridge University Press, Edinburgh Building, Harre, R., & Parrott, W. G. (Eds.) (1996). Cambridge CB2 2UR, U.K., £35 (hdbk), £12.95 Emotions: Social, Cultural and Biological (ppr.). Dimensions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications Inc. Brandon, R. N. (1996). Concepts and Methods in Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge University Harris, J. A., et al. (1996). Salivary Press, The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 'testosterone and self-report aggressive and pro- 2RU, U.K., £32.50 (hdbk), £12.95 (ppr.). social personality characteristics in men and women. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 321-33l. Cappella, J.N., (1997). Behavioral and judged Dept. of Psychology, Uni. of Western Ontario, coordination in adult informal social London, Ontario N6A 5C2 Canada). interactions: Vocal and kinesic indicators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Hirschfeld, L. (1996). Race in the Making. MIT 72, 119-131. (Univ. Penn., Annenberg, Sch. Press, 55 Hayward St., Cambridge, MA 02142 Commun., 3620 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA, USA. 26 Holper, J.I. (1996). Kin term usage in The Greenwood Publishing, 88 Post Rd. West, Federalist: Evolutionary foundations of Westport, CT 06881-5007 USA, $59.95 (hdbk.). Publius's rhetoric. Politics and the Life Sciences, IS, 265-272. (No. Illinois Univ., Dept. Maes, P., et al. (Eds.) (1996). From Animals to Polit. Sci., DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA). Animats 4: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on simulation of Jones, D., (1995). Sexual selection, physical adaptive behavior. MIT Press, 55 Hayward attractiveness, and facial neoteny: Cross- St., Cambridge, MA 02142 USA, $65 (ppr.). * cultural evidence and implications. Current Anthropology, 36, 723-748. (Cornell Univ., Maletzky, B. M., (1996). Evolution, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA). psychopathology, and sexual offending: Aping our ancestors. Aggression and Violent Jones,S., Martin, R, & Pilbeam, D. (Eds.) Behavior, I, 369-374. (8332 SE 13th St., (1994), Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Portland, OR 97202, USA). Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2UR, McGrew, W. C, Marchant, L. F., & Nishida, T. U.K., £24.95 (ppr.), £65 (hdbk.). * (Eds.) (1996). Great Ape Societies. Cambridge University Press, Edinburgh Building, Keeley, L. H. (1996). War before Civilization. Cambridge CB2 2UR, U.K., £55 (hdbk.), £19.95 Oxford University Press, 198 Madison Ave., (ppr.). Needs Reviewer. * New York, NY 10016 USA. Miles, D.R, & Carey, G. (1997). Genetic and Kenrick, D.T., Gabrielidis, C, Keefe, RC, & environmental architecture of human Cornelius, J.S. (1996). Adolescents' age aggression. Journal of Personality and Social preferences for dating partners: Support for an Psychology, 72, 207-217. (Univ. Colorado, Inst. evolutionary model of life-history strategies. Behav. Genet., Campus Box 447, Boulder, CO, Child Development, 67, 1499-1511. (Arizona 80309, USA). State Univ., Dept. Psycho!., Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA). Miissig, Ricarda (1995). Mother scheme, rival scheme and ethogenetic rule: The three phases Laney, D. (1996). Playing on the Mother of the prenatal psychic development of moods Ground: Cultural routines for children's and of preshaped inner objeets. International development. Guilford Publications, 72 Spring Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology St., New York, NY 10012 USA. Nee ds and Medicine, 7, 419-538. (Neustadter Str. 7, Reviewer. 76187 Karlsruhe,Germahy).

Leshner, P. N. (1996). Handbook of Ethological Nadeau, R L. (1996). S/He Brain: Science, Methods, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, sexual politics, and the myths of feminism. Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2UR, Greenwood Publishing, 88 Post Rd. West, U.K., £50 (hdbk.). Needs Reviewer. Westport, CT 06881 USA, $19.95.

Logan, M.H., & Qirko, H.N., (1996). An Ospovat, D. (1995). The Development of evolutionary perspective on maladaptive Darwin's Theory: Natural history, natural traits and cultural conformity. American theology, and natural selection, 1838-1859. Jourllalof Human Biology, 8, 6i5-630. (Univ. Cambridge University Press, Edinburgh Tennessee, Dept.Anthropology, 2525. Stadium Building, Cambridge CB 2, 2UR, U.K., £14.95 Hall, Knoxville, TN. 37996, USA). (ppr.).

Pellew, D. (1996). Setting Boundaries: The Lollis,S., Ross, B. & Leroux, L. (1996). An anthropology of spatial and social obseJvational study of parents' socialization of organization. Greenwood Publishing, 88 Post moral orientation during sibling conflicts. Rd. West, Westport. CT 06881 USA. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 42, 475-494. (Univ. Guelph, Dept. Family Studies, Guelph, ON Rushton, J. P. (1996). Self-report delinquency N1G 2W1, Canada). and violence in adult twins. Psychiatric Genetics, 6, 87-89. (Dept. of Psychology, Univ. Lynn, R (1996). Dysgenics: Genetic Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C2 deterioration in modern populations. Canada). 27

Russon, A E., Bard, K. A, & Parker, S. T. (Eds.) pleasant and unpleasant sensory experience. (1996). Reaching into Thought: The minds of Ethology, 102, 1020-1041, (Univ. Reims, Fac. the great apes. Cambridge University Press, Lettres. & Sci. Humaines, Dept. Psycho!., 57, Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2UR, rue Pierre Taittinger, F-51096 Reims, France). U.K., £55 (hdbk.). Needs Reviewer."" Steadman, 1. 8., & Palmer, (1995). Religion as an identifiable traditional behavior subject to natural selection. Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems, 18, 149-164. (Arizona' State University, Dept. Anthropol., Tempe, Saudino, K. J., Pedersen, N. 1., Lichtenstein, P., AZ, 85287, USA). McClearn, G. E., & Plomin, R (1997). Can personality explain genetic influences on life Stewart, J.E. (1995). Mataevolution. Journal of events? Journal of Personality and Social Social and Evolutionary Systems, 18, 113-148. Psychology, 72, 196-206. (Boston Univ., Dept. (Dept. Ind. Relat., Labour Relat. Policy Psycho!., 64 Cummington St.,Boston, MA, 02215, Branch, GPO Box 9879, Canberra, ACT 2601, USA). Australia).

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