SITE-SPECIFIC HEALTH & SAFETY PLAN

REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION AND FEASIBILITY STUDY

MORGANTOWN ORDNANCE WORKS

OPERABLE UNIT 2

MORGANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA

Prepared for: The Morgantown Technical Committee

Prepared by:

Radian Corporation 2455 Horsepen Road Suite 250 Herndon, Virginia 22071

December 1994

NRJ-075 1021-OUuj AR3QQU9 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1,0 INTOODUCnON ...... 1-1 1.1 Site Description and Background ...... 1-1 1.2 Key Personnel and Responsibilities ...... 1-2 LZ1 Project Manager Responsibilities ...... 1-3 LZ2 Site Safety Officer Responsibilities ...... 1-3 1.23 Subcontractor Supervisor's Responsibilities ...... 1-4 1.2.4 Radian Field Team Member Responsibilities ...... 1-4 13 Medical Surveillance ...... 1-5 1.4 Training ...... 1-5 1.4.1 Site-Specific Orientation ...... 1-6 1.5 Authorized Visitors ...... 1-7

ZO SITE HEALTH AND SAFETY CHARACTERIZATION ...... 2-1 Zl Hazards Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health ...... 2-1 Z2 Physical Hazards ...... 2-1 23 Chemical Hazards ...... 2-2 Z3.1 Chemical Characterization ...... 2-3 23.2 Summary of Health Effects of Chemical Contaminants ;...... 2-4 Z4 Biological Hazards ...... 2-5 3.0 JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS AND OVERALL RISK ASSESSMENT . . 3-1 3.1 Job Safety Analysis ...... 3-2 3.1.1 Soil Sampling by Hand and Hollow Stem Augering ...... 3-2 3.1.2 Surface Water and Sediment Sampling ...... 3-4 3.13 Installation of Monitoring Wells and Groundwater Sampling ...... ^.»...... 3-6 3.1.4 Road Building or Positioning Drill Rig ...... 3-8 3.1.5 Visual Inspection and Sampling of "Seeping" Water from Embankment ...... 3-9 3.1,6 Site Walkthrough ...... 3-10 3.2 Buddy System ...... 3-11 33 Control of Chemical Exposure ...... 3-12 3.4 Field Personnel Risk Assessment ...... 3-12

NRJ-075 1021-QLnrj TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page 4.0 TEMPERATURE EXTREMES ...... 4-1 4.1 Heat Stress ...... T 7 ,., ...... _...... 4-1 4.1.1 Air Temperature" Measurement and Heat Stress Monitoring ...... 4-2 4.2 Cold Stress ...... 4-2 4.2.1 Physiological Reactions to Cold Environments ...... 4-2 4.2.2 . Acute Conditions Resulting from Excessive General Body Chilling ...... 4-3 4.23 Predisposing Factors to Cold Stress ...... 4-3 4.2.4 Types of Cold Injuries ...... 4-4 4.2.5 Health and Safety Recommendations ...... 4-4 5,0 .MONITORING PROGRAM ...... I...... 5-1 5.1 Real-time Airborne Vapor Measurements Using a Direct-Reading Instrument ...... 5-1" 5.2 Air Monitoring Locations and Frequency ...... 5-3 6.0 HAZARD CRITERIA ...... 6-1 7.0 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ...... 7-1 7.1 Criteria for Selecting Level D PPE". .7...... 7-1 7.2 Criteria for Selecting Modified Level C PPE ...... 7-2 73 Evaluation of On-Site Effectiveness ...... 7-3 7.4 PPE Limitations ...... 7-3 8.0 SITE CONTROL AND WORK ZONES ...... 8-1 8.1 Work Zones ...... 8-1 8.1.1 Support Zone ...... 8-1 8,1.2 Contamination Reduction Zone (CRZ) ...... 8-1 8.1,3 Exclusion Zone (EZ) ...... 8-2 8.2 Decontamination ...... 8-2 8.2.1 Personnel Decontamination ...... 8-2 8.2.2 Exit Prior to End of Shift ...... 8-5 8.2.3 Exit at End of Shift ...... 8-5 8.2.4 Respirator Decontamination ...... 8-5 8.2.5 Equipment Decontamination ...... 8-6 9.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY OVERSIGHT ...... 9-1 9.1 Daily Oversight ...... 9-1 9.2 Field Audits by CIH ...... 9-1

NEJ-075 _ ...... _ . ..._ . - - - . • .--;• 1021-01.nij U AR300H TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) ^^

Page 10.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN ...... 10-1 10.1 Emergency Equipment ...... 10-1 10.2 Pre-Emergency Planning ...... 10-1 103 Emergency Recognition acid Prevention ...... 10-2 10.4 Operations Shutdown ...... 10-2 10.5 Fire and Explosion Response Procedures ...... 10-3 10.6 Evacuation from Work Zones ...... : ..'... 10-3. 10.7 Emergency Medical Treatment and First Aid ...... 10-4 11.0 RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS ...... 11-1 11.1 Employee Exposure Records ...... 11-1 11.2 Training Certification ...... 11-1 113 Medical Fitness Certification ...... 11-1 11.4 Site Sign-m/Sign-out Log ...... /....."...... 11-1 11.5 Accident Reports ...... 11-2- Appendix A - Direct Reading Instrument Monitoring Forms Appendix B - Chemical Data Information

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.nrj lM LIST OF TABLES

Page 6-1 Air Monitoring Action. Levels ...... 6-3

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.nrj AR3QOU3 LIST OF FIGURES

Page 8-1 Personnel Decontamination Procedures for Exit Prior to End of Shift ...... 8-3 8-2 Personnel Decontamination Procedures for Exit at End of Shift ...... 8-4 11-1 SIGN-IN/SIGN-OUT LOG .... _...... :.v ...... 11-3

11-2 RECORD OF FIELD WORK ...... ™ ...... 11-4

11-3 RADIAN'S ACCIDENT REPORT ...... 11-5 11-4 RECORD OF ACCIDENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURE ...... 11-6

NTU-075 1021-Ol.tiii 1.0 INTRODUCTION

This document describes the health and safety procedures to be followed during the field sampling program to be conducted :as part of the remedial investigation/ feasibility study (RI/FS) of the.Morgantown Ordnance Works, Operable Unit 2 (OU-2), Morgantown, West Virginia. ...The field sampling program will consist of seven types of on-site activities: . . _..._ ._...... '.. _ ..

• Soil sampling by hand and. hollow stem augering; • Surface water and sediment sampling; * Installation of monitoring wells and groundwater sampling; * Road building or dragging drill rig with backhoe; • Visual inspection and sampling of seepage from embankment next to railroad tracks; and • Site walkthrough and visual inspection (excluding vacant buildings).

During the field sampling program, no personnel will enter any unoccupied building on- site. -• "•" " ":=~" " ^ " . " "~~

1.1 Site Description and Background

The Morgantown Ordnance Works site is located in Monongalia County on the west bank of the Monongahela River, approximately 1 mile southwest"of Morgantown, West Virginia^ as shown in Figure 1-1. The current primary owner is Morgantown Industrial Park Associates, Limited Partnership (MIPA), which owns 670 acres and leases buildings and land for industrial activities. General Electric Co. Plastics (GE Plastics) owns a 62-acre parcel of" the site where they operate an organic chemical production facility. Local utilities and private companies own 86 acres. The remainder

NRJ-075 102i-01.nq of the site includes large tracts of forest and grass land, as well as developed areas containing inactive industrial facilities.

A RI/FS was conducted for a portion of the property designated as Operable Unit 1 (OU-1). The RI/FS conducted for OU-1 included limited soil sampling in the OU-2 study area, formerly called the "EPA designated activity area." Lead, mercury, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were found to be present in soil samples collected in this area at the following concentrations:

Lead 50 - 1,620 ppm Mercury 0.26 - 455 ppm PAHs not detected - 6 L8 ppm _1

Other potential contaminants include ammonia, formaldehyde, and methanol.

All Radian workers involved in on-site activities during the OU-2 RI/FS will be required to comply with the procedures and conditions stipulated in this Plan. It is expressly intended that all project work will comply with applicable sections of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards for General Industry, 29 CFR 1910, and the Construction Industry, 29- CFR 1926. Each field team member working on this project will maintain a general responsibility to identify and correct any health and safety hazards, and cooperate toward working as safely,as possible.

1-2 Kev Personnel and Responsibilities „_., .

The Radian project team consists of administrative and technical personnel with experience in the areas pertinent to the project. Project personnel who will have overall responsibility for the safe operation of the project are:

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.nrj 1-2 RR3GOU46 Project Manager...... Barbara Wong, CPG Site Safety Officer ...... To be determined Project Safety Officer ...... Carolyn Solomon, CIH, CSP

All non-supervisory personnel employed by Radian or its subcontractors will be responsible for immediately expressing to a supervisor their concerns relating to health and safety.

L2.1 - Project Manager Responsibilities

The Radian Project Manager will have overall responsibility to ensure that the Site Health and Safety Plan is implemented in accordance with federal, state, and local requirements, and with Radian Corporation policy.

12-2 Site Safety Officer Responsibilities *

The responsibilities of the Site Safety Officer with respect to safety are:

Conduct initial site safety training for all project field team members as described in this document; Assure that all Radian field team personnel have read and understand the Health and Safety Plan; Assure that all work performed by Radian personnel is conducted in accordance with safe practices outlined in this Plan; Monitor activities to ensure the proper use of personal protective equipment such as hard hats, protective eyewear, gloves, coveralls, respirators, etc.; Ensure effective work place surveillance for vapors and particulates will be maintained and evaluate the results of surveillance;

Ensure safety equipment for use by "Radian personnel is maintained in a useable condition;

NRJ-075 1021-01.nrj • Shut down or modify field work activity based on criteria presented in Sections 5.0 and 6.0; and * Observe health and safety hazards not described in this Plan.

1.2.3 Subcontractor Supervisor's Responsibilities

The responsibilities of the subcontractor supervisor with respect to safety are:

Read, understand, and comply with this Health and Safety Plan; Ensure earth moving equipment and other machines are properly inspected and maintained and are in compliance with applicable sections of the OSHA standards referenced above; Supply and maintain their own safety-related protective equipment such as hard hats, safety boots, protective coveralls, gloves, safety eyewear, respirators, etc.;

Assure the crew complies with this Health and Safety Plan; and Enforce corrective action under the direction of the Radian site safety officer.

1,2.4 Radian Field Team Member Responsibilities

The responsibilities of the Radian field team members are:

• Read, understand, and follow this Plan; • Perform work safely; • Cooperate with safety personnel; • Report any unsafe conditions to the immediate supervisor; and

NRJ-075 1021-OIJUJ 1-4 Be aware and alert for signs and symptoms of potential exposure to site contaminants and heat stress.

1.3 Medical Surveillance

All on-site Radian project personnel will be active participants in a Medical Monitoring Program for hazardous waste workers that meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120 and have received medical examinations within the last 12 months. This site does not present hazards that could cause health effects which would not be detected by Radian's standard medical surveillance program. Therefore, no project- specific medical monitoring is deemed necessary for Radian employees.

All subcontractor personnel who will be expected to be exposed over the Permissible Exposure Limits and wear a respirator for 30 days or more must be active " participants in a medical surveillance program that meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120. The subcontractor will furnish documentation of the compliance to the Radian project director before the start of work.

1.4 Training

All on-site project personnel, including Radian and subcontractor personnel, will have completed the 40-hour off-site health and safety training as specified in the OSHA hazardous waste regulation (29 CFR 1910.120(e>(3)) and at least three days of on-site training under the direction of a trained, experienced supervisor. All management and supervisory personnel must have received an additional eight hours of training in managing hazardous waste work. Annual refresher training (eight hours) is also required under the above-referenced regulation.

Radian certifies that all Radian personnel performing field work on this project meet the necessary general training requirements. Subcontractors will be

NRJ-075 _ - - . -::-: - -. ---- 1021-01.mj " " " " "" ~~ " 1-5 responsible for supplying Radian's Project Manager with written statements certifying that all of their on-site project personnel meet the OSHA training requirements, per 29 CFR 1910.120.

1.4.1 Site-Specific Orientation

Radian will provide site-specific occupational health and safety hazard orientation to all personnel assigned to the site. This will include Radian employees, subcontractor employees, and any individuals that may need to remain on site on a regular basis. This orientation will include:

• Names of personnel and alternates responsible for_irnplementing site safety and health procedures; • Basic operational safety emphasizing the hazards expected on site, e.g., the uneven terrain, slips, trips and falls, and overhead hazards; * Use of personal protective equipment; • Work practices through which the employee can minimize risks from hazards; • Site controls, including areas of contamination to avoid and access. r_ to and from the site;

• Safe use of engineering controls and equipment on site; • Medical surveillance requirements, including the recognition of signs and symptoms that indicate overexposure to hazards; * Acute and chronic effects 6f the toxic chemicals at the site; • Signs, symptoms, and prevention of heat stress;

* Personnel and equipment decontamination facilities and procedures; • Prohibited site activities; • The buddy system; and

NRJ-075 1021-Gl.nrj 1-6 * Emergency response plan.

1.5 Authorized Visitors ... . _ ......

Authorized visitors will be required to comply with the site control and safe work practice requirements of this Plan and also the personal protective equipment requirements described in Section 7.0. In addition, visitors will be provided with a copy of this Health and Safety Plan for review. All visitors intending to enter the exclusion zone will be required to submit proof of compliance with OSHA training requirements and the medical monitoring requirements of 29 CFR 1910.120. Certificates of compliance or completion will be signed by the visitor's employer and presented to the Site Safety Officer prior to admittance into established work zones.

Upon arrival at the Morgantown Ordnance Works site, all project personnel and visitors must sign-in at the MIPA administration building. A sign-in/sign- out log will be maintained in the office of John Snider, MDPA.

NRJ-075 - :.--.- .._..c:-_:r_.- -..-__._. '1021-Ol.nij 1-7 flRSOOUS 2.0 SITE HEALTH AND SAFETY CHARACTERIZATION

This section describes the potentiaHiealth and safety hazards, including physical and chemical hazards, that are present at the Morgantown Ordnance Works site due to site conditions and past use of hazardous materials.

2.1 Hazards Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health

Radian staff and other contractors, have visited the Morgantown Ordnance Works site several times. Based on existing informatioh, the current site "condition presents no evidence of chemical, biological, or physical hazards that will be immediately dangerous to life and health. The following sections identify areas of potential concerns.

22 Physical Hazards —^^gj^L

Physical hazards may be associated with field operations occurring at the site. Field personnel must be aware at all times of these hazards, as well as hazards directly related to the work task at hand. Physical hazards associated with the Morgantown Ordnance Works site include:

• Uneven and overgrown terrain; » Wet terrain (slip hazards); • Trenches and ravines; * Overhead power lines;

• Abandoned buildings1; * Electrical hazards from power tools and generators;

Abandoned building entry is explicitly prohibited by all field personnel.

NRMJ75 1021-01.nq 2-1 flR3'OOt*52 Heavy equipment hazards such as snapping cables, being hit by equipment or caught in rotating tools; and Exposure to excessive noise.

The Site Safety Officer will be responsible for marking hazards, erecting barriers, and informing field personnel on a daily basis of specific hazards at the site. Careful planning and open communicatton among field personnel will effectively minimize any physical hazards associated with the site.

2.3 Chemical Hazards

The chemical hazards associated with the work activities discussed in Section 3.0, Task Hazard Analysis, result from chemicals historically disposed of at the site and data available from previous investigations. During the remedial activities, field personnel may encounter contaminants present hi soil, water, and air. Contaminated soils may produce elevated airborne and point source concentrations that will be readily detected with direct-reading instruments. Inhalation of hydrocarbon vapors and particulate matter is the most likely route of personnel exposure in the work area. Direct skin contact with contaminated soil presents an additional potential route of exposure. Ingestipn of contaminated materials is also considered a potential route of exposure. ._....-._.._.—

To ensure employee protection from potential chemical hazards, the following safety precautions will be implemented:

An air monitoring program as outlined in Section 5.0 of this Plan will be implemented to measure airborne concentrations of hydrocarbon vapors and particulate compounds potentially encountered during on-site work;

NRJ-075 . .. _ ... . _ _...._...._..:_. 1021-01.nrj 2-2 flR300U53 Protective clothing will be required during work activities to control any exposure to contaminated materials. Personal, protective equipment requirements are discussed in Section 7.0; General safe work practices will be initiated to reduce the possibility of ingesting any contaminated materials; and Work zones will be established to provide site control (i.e., support zone, contaminate reductioa zone, and exclusion zone).

23.1 Chemical Characterization

The Morgantown Ordnance Works site was operated by various companies throughout its history. The various production area chemical waste characteristics are summarized below.

The soil and sediment samples around the main process area, Building 140, indicated the presence of lead, mercury, and PAHs. The levels detected during previous soil sampling are as follows: Lead (150-1620 ppm)"; " — Mercury (40 - 455 ppm);and PAHs (2.0 - 61.8" ppm). Samples from the area around the gas processing area indicated elevated soil concentrations of lead, and PAHs. The levels detected during previous soil sampling are as follows: — Lead (183 ppm); and" PAHs (24.6 ppm). The organics process area samples indicated elevated soil concentrations of lead. The levels detected during previous soil sampling are as follows: - Lead (603 ppm).

NRJ-075 1021-OlJiij 2-3 The coke oven area samples indicated elevated soil concentrations of lead, and PAHs, -The levels detected during previous soil sampling are as follows: Lead (150 - 590 ppm); and PAHs (12.7 - 35.3 ppm).

2.3.2 Summary of Health Effects of Chemical Contaminants

The potential health effects associated with overexposure to the chemicals identified at the Morgantown Ordnance Works site are sijurunarized below:

Inorganic Lead: The primary routes of exposure include inhalation and ingestion. During the RI/FS at the Morgantown Ordnance Works site, primary exposure routes include inhalation and ingestion of dust particles contaminated with lead. The established Permissible Exposure Limit (PELjyTJasecTdn" eight hours of exposure to inorganic lead, is 0.05 mg/m3, An action level of 0.03 mg/m3 has also been established by OSHA. This action level will be used to determine the need for additional air monitoring personnel. Based on the highest detected level of lead on the site, 0.162%, it would take approximately 18 mg/m3 of dust to reach the OSHA action limit of 0.03 mg/m3. Prolonged absorption of lead or its inorganic compounds may result in severe gastrointestinal disturbances and anemia. The most severe lead exposure may result in encephalopathy. The onset symptoms of lead exposure are often abrupt (i.e., complaints of weakness, weight loss, lassitude, insomnia, and hypertension). Physical signs of exposure are usually facial pallor, malnutrition, and abdominal tenderness. Occasionally, the symptoms are relatively slight and overshadowed by neuromuscular dysfunction which may progress to paralysis of extensor muscles of the wrist (wrist drop) and/or ankles (foot drop). Lead is a cumulative toxin; elimination of lead from the body is slow, requiring considerably longer than the period associated with other toxic chemicals. Mercury: The primary routes of exposure include inhalation and ingestion of dust particles contaminated with inorganic mercury compounds, as well as skin absorption. The established PEL, based on a not to exceed exposure to inorganic mercury compounds, is 0.10 mg/m3. Based on the highest detected level of mercury on the site, 0.0455%, it would take approximately 219 mg/m3 of dust to reach the PEL.

NRJ-075 .. . ._..:.....,_..., __:__-. •-:•-.-• :. -- 1021-01.nrj " . 2-4 Acute exposure to high levels of mercury (mainly in the vapor state due to its high vapor pressure) may cause severe respiratory damage and headaches. Long term or repeated exposure to mercury in the liquid or vapor state may lead to shaking of the hands, eyelids, lips, tongue, or jaw. Allergic effects may also occur upon repeated contact. Other chronic effects include swollen gums, loose teeth, personality changes, loss of memory, and intellectual deterioration. Polvnuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs or PNAs): The primary routes of exposure include inhalation and ingestion of dust particles contaminated with PAHs and skin contact. Not many of the PAHs have established PELs. One of the lowest established PELs for PAHs is 0.2 mg/m3 (i.e., coal tar pitch volatiles). Based on the highest detected level of PAHs on the site, 0.0062%, it would take approximately 3000 mg/m3 of dust to reach the PEL. Acute inhalation or ingestion of PAH laden dust may cause upper respiratory irritation. Skin contact may produce a rash, but only small amounts are generally absorbed through the skin. Repeated exposure has been associated with risk of developing bronchitis and cancer of the lungs, " skin, bladder, and kidneys. Pregnant women may be especially susceptible to exposure effects.

Ammonia: Ammonia is an irritant to the eyes and respiratory system. The OSHA 15 minute STEL is 35 ppm and the ACGIH 8-hour TLV is 25 ppm. Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde is classified as a suspect carcinogen. Formaldehyde gas is irritating to the eyes, nose throat, and upper respiratory tract, and skin contact with strong solutions can cause irritation. The OSHA PEL is 1 ppm (8-hour TWA) and 2 ppm (15- minute STEL). Methanoi: The primary routes of exposure to methanal include inhalation, skin absorption, or ingestion. Exposure to methanol vapors effects the central nervous system and the optic nerve and retina of the eye. The OSHA PEL and ACGIH TLV is 200 ppm. The STEL is 250 ppm.

2.4 Biological Hazards _

Potential biological hazards at the Morgantown Ordnance Works include contact with poisonous plants and insects, or other vectors.

NRJ-075 1021-Ql.nrj 2-5 fiRSGQTjbo 3.0 JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS AND OVERALL RISK ASSESSMENT

The purpose of job safety analysis is to identify hazards associated with a specific job or task. An assessment is then made of the overall employee health and safety risk associated with the project. This information is used to design methods of controlling and monitoring these hazards. Anticipated work activities include:

• Soil sampling by hand and hollow stem augering;

• Surface water and sediment sampling;

• Installation of monitoring wells and groundwater sampling (including sampling of an existing monitoring well); • Road building or dragging drill rig with backhoe; • Visual inspection and possible sampling of "seeping" water from embankment next to railroad tracks; and • Site walkthrough and visual inspection (excluding vacant buildings).

The general types o~f hazards associated with these activities are listed below. - =. .. = .-.= .-- = .-..---

Mechanical Hazards: Cuts, contusions (bruises), being struck by or striking objects or machinery, and being caught between objects or machinery. Electrical Hazards: Possible excavation or puncturing of buried cables, exposure to overhead power lines, and lightning hazards during electrical storms. Chemical Hazards: Field exposure to chemicals listed in Section 2.0. Fire Hazards: Possible excavation or puncturing of buried lines, and grass and equipment fires.

NRJ-075 ...... 1021-Ol.nrj "3-1 Slip Hazards: Possible slip hazards from inspection of surface waters and sample collection near embankments. Thermal Hazards: Exposure tp outside temperature extremes while wearing protective clothing. Acoustical Hazards: Exposure to excessive noise during drilling and dirt moving operations involving heavy equipment.

3.1 Job Safety Analysis

The purpose of job .safety analysis is to identify hazards associated with a particular job and develop ways to mitigate these hazards. The job safety analysis contains a brief description of the hazards associated with the job and strategies/ procedures to be used to control these hazards.

3.1.1 Soil Sampling by Hand and Hollow Stem Augering

Hand augering will be used to collect soil samples in several areas of the site. One area in which hand augering will be used is between buildings, thus reducing ventilation. This area also contains an outdoor overhead gantry system and crane, creating an overhead hazard.

A drill rig using a hollow stem auger will also be utilized to collect soil samples. The samples will be collected using a split spoon sampler in several areas of the site. One area where the drill rig is to be used is the coal residue fill pile. Soil samples will only be collected from the stable areas of the.fill pile. Generally, the edges of the pile will be considered unstable. The major hazard associated with the use of a drill rig on this site will be the uneven^ overgrown, and sloping terrain.

NRJ-075 LQ21-01.nrj 3-2 AR3"OGlj58 The primary hazards associated with soil sampling will include:

Physical hazards: -- — - Uneven terrain; Noise from heavy equipment; Working near heavy equipment; - - Overgrown terrain; Overhead hazards, falling objects, and moving equipment; — Unstable equipment; Reduced ventilation between buildings; and Becoming entwined in moving equipment.

Chemical hazards: Worker contact with potentially contaminated soils; and - Worker exposure to potentially contaminated air. Biological hazards: Worker contact with poisonous plants; and Worker contact with insects or other vectors.

The safe work practices to be instituted during soil sampling activities include:

• Approach and conduct work from the upwind side; • Approach and conduct work from a stable area. Do not stand on loose soils; • Sample using the "HNu PI 101 "real-time" analyzer and MINIRAM aerosol monitor at or near the person collecting the sample; • Minimize worker contact with soil and biological hazards by using protective equipment and general safety sense; • Use the appropriate personal protective equipment as discussed in Section 7.0;

NRJ-075 _ ...... ^_L:... .._,:,,--- ..,^_^-_..-_- 1021-Ql.nrj " "" """'_. ' ' "~ 3-3 3R300459 * Require all moving equipment to have an assistant present to point out obstacles and direct movements; • Require the drill rig and any other heavy equipment activities to have a clearance of more than 10 feet from overhead lines (voltages that do not exceed 362 kilovolts, phase to phase); * Prior to drilling, the field supervisor will consult with municipal personnel and facility personnel about the location of any underground utility lines or other buried hazards. All contact with utilities must be documented. These hazards must be conspicuously identified; » If drums or cylinders are uncovered during rerr ~*al, work will be stopped immediately and the Site Safety Office aotified; • Require the subcontractor supervisor to brief all field personnel on the specific hazards associated with operation; • Follow the decontamination procedures for equipment and PPE discussed in Section 8.2; and * DO NOT enter any vacant buildings.

3.1.2 Surface Water and Sediment Sampling

Surface water and sediment samples will be collected from ponds, ditches, drainage swales, and creeks. No samples will be collected from the river.

The primary hazards associated with the surface water and sediment sampling:

• Physical hazards: — Working near steep dropoffs; - Being hit by falling objects; - Working on uneven and wet terrain; — Working in overgrown areas; and — Slip hazard associated with wet terrain.

NRJ-075 1021-OLmj 3-4 Chemical hazards: Exposure to potentially contaminated soils and water; and ' Exposure to potentially contaminated air. Biological hazards: Worker contact with poisonous plants; and Worker contact with insects or other vectors.

The hazards associated with these operations will be mitigated by implementing the following safe work practices:

• Approach and conduct work from a stable area. Do not stand on loose soils. * Minimize worker contact with soil, water, and biological hazards by using protective equipment and general safety sense. Use a dowel or "Other device to aid in stability during water sampling if a slip hazard exists (i.e., if samples must step on rocks or on uneven terrain to collect the sample). • Use the appropriate personal protective equipment as discussed in Section 7.0. Neoprene gloves will be worn during water and sediment sampling. • If drums or cylinders are located during sampling, do not move or sample them without further investigation. • Require the subcontractor supervisor to brief all field personnel on the specific hazards associated with operation. • Follow the decontamination procedures for equipment and PPE discussed in Section 8.2.

NRJ-075 -^— ..___,_ _„ . -=..-..^,- --.- 1021-01.mj "" " " " - " "•""- "L"3-5 AR300U6 3.13 Installation of Monitoring Wells and Groundwater Sampling

Monitoring wells will be installed in several areas of the site. The wells will be installed using_hollow stem auger drilling method. Water will be sampled from newly installed wells, as well as from existing wells.

The primary hazards associated with the installation and groundwater sampling include:

• Physical hazards: — Uneven terrain; — Overgrown terrain; — Noise from drilling equipment and other heavy equipment; — Working near heavy equipment; — Being hit by equipment or falling objects; and — Overhead hazards; — Unstable equipment; — Reduced ventilation when between buildings; and — Becoming entwined hi moving equipment. • Chemical hazards:

— Worker contact with potentially,contaminated soils and . water; and — Worker exposure to potentially contaminated air. * Biological hazards: — Worker contact with poisonous plants; and — Worker contact with insects or other vectors.

The safe work practices to be instituted during well installation and groundwater sampling activities include:

• Approach and conduct work from the upwind side;

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.iuj 3-6- Approach and conduct work from a stable area. Do not stand on loose soils; k. Sample using the MHNu PI 101 "real-time" analyzer and MINIRAM aerosol monitor at- or near the person closest to the borehole during drilling and sampling; Minimize worker contact with soil, water, and biological hazards by using protective equipment and general safety sense; Use the appropriate personal protective equipment as discussed in Section 7.0; Require all moving equipment to have an assistant present to point out obstacles and direct movements; Require the drill rig and any other heavy equipment activities to have a clearance of more than 10 feet from overhead lines (voltages that do not exceed 362 kilovolts, phase to phase); Prior to drilling, the field supervisor will consult with municipal personnel and facility personnel about the location of any underground utility lines or other.buried hazards. All contact with utilities must be documented. These hazards must be conspicuously identified; If drums or cylinders are uncovered during removal, work will be stopped immediately and the site safety officer notified; Require the subcontractor supervisor to brief all field personnel on the specific hazards associated with operation; and Follow the decontamination procedures for equipment and PPE discussed in Section 8.2.

NRJ-075 , - - ,-_- . . - :,__ _. 1021-Ol.nij 3-7 a R 5 0 u k 6 3 3.1.4 Road Building or Positioning Drill Rig

In order to reach several areas of. the site to install wells or perform soil borings, dirt roads will have to be cleared or the drill rig will have to be dragged to the areas using a bulldozer.

* Physical hazards: — Overgrown terrain; — Working near heavy equipment; — Being hit by equipment or falling objects; — Working on uneven and wet terrain; and — Noise from the equipment. • Chemical hazards: — Exposure to potentially contaminated soils; and — Exposure to potentially contaminated air. • Biological hazards: — Worker contact with poisonous plants; and — Worker contact with insects or other vectors,

Safe work practices to be instituted during road buildi-^ or drill rig positioning activities include:

Require all moving equipment to have an assistant present to point out obstacles and direct movements; Require all heavy equipment to be part of a preventive maintenance program; Require the backhoe, front-end loader, and other heavy equipment activities to have a clearance of more than 10 feet from overhead lines (voltages that do not .exceed 362 kilovolts, phase to phase); Require the subcontractor supervisor to brief all fie_ld personnel on the specific hazards associated with operation; and

NRJ-075 3-8 Follow the decontamination procedures for equipment and PPE discussed in Section 8.2.

3.1.5 Visual Inspection and Sampling of "Seeping" Water from Embankment

A visual inspection from the low side of the embankment next to the railroad tracks, will be conducted to determine if any water is seeping through the soils. If seepage is found, water samples will be collected.

The hazards associated with the visual inspection of the embankment and possible seeping water sampling include: . - .

• Physical hazards; Working on uneven, wet, and overgrown terrain; Uneven terrain due to the sloping of the site for drainage; and — - - Railroad tracks. • Chemical hazards: " Worker contact with potentially contaminated soils and water; and Worker exposure to potentially contaminated air.

• Biological hazards: - Worker contact .with poisonous plants; and Worker contact with insects or other vectors. .

Safe work practices to be instituted during the embankment inspection and water sampling activities include: ... . .

Minimize workers contact with water and soils by using protective equipment and general safety sense;

NRJ-075 ' ...--...--- 1021-0l.nrj 3-9 Hi\ Df s'• O; =u i iu ' I"•' K? Q * Do not obtain samples from areas not easily and safely approachable; • Work in pairs; and • Follow the decontamination procedures for equipment and PPE discussed in Section 8.2.

3.1.6 Site Walkthrough

Prior to initiating the field sampling program, a site walkthrough will be performed to confirm the areas to be monitored and/or sampled. The walkthrough will not include Investigation of any abandoned buildings on the site.

• Physical hazards: .._..._ — Overgrown terrain; — Working on uneven and wet terrain; — Working near heavy equipment; and — Being hit by equipment or falling objects. - * Chemical hazards: — Exposure to potentially contaminated soils; and — Exposure to potentially contaminated air. • Biological hazards: — — Worker contact with poisonous plants; and — Worker contact with insects or other vectors.

Safe work practices to be instituted during the site walkthrough activities include: '

Approach and conduct work from a stable area. Do not stand on loose soils;

Do NOT enter any vacant buildings;

NRJ-075 1021-OI.nrj - 3-10 •-. •- r-- i f r 0\ 1u * Iu ! 1* *t F \ D>" 0\ Do NOT enter any confined spaces (i.e., any area with restricted ventilation or a limited means of entry and exit). A trench greater than 4 feet in depth is considered a confined space.

Sample using the "HNu PI 101 "real-time" analyzer in areas where an odor and/or visual contamination are present; Minimize worker contact with soil, water, and biological hazards by using protective equipment and general safety sense; and Use the appropriate personal protective equipment which is discussed in Section 7.0.

3.2 Buddy System

All work in the exclusion zone will be scheduled so no employee works in this zone alone at any time.' Each worker will have a buddy with whom visual contact must be maintained at all times. The buddy will ensure against an employee becoming stressed without a co-worker being aware of his or her condition. It also enables the co-workers to watch out for each other while in the proximity of potential chemical and physical work hazards, and to notify one another of the integrity of personal protective equipment.

Personal protective equipment and field operations often create situations where verbal communication between buddies is impossible. All field personnel will understand and be able to utilize the following emergency hand signals:

SIGNAL ..... MEANING Hand gripping throat Cannot breathe • Grip partner's wrist or place hands Leave area immediately, no debate around waist Hands on top of head Need assistance Thumbs up OK, I'm all right, I understand Thumbs down No, negative, I do not understand

NRJ-075 _ .- ...... _. - ...:::.^: - -". --:r.- -.- -.. . -.--—.-. . . 1021-01.nij " "~ """ " —•———=••- •-=- - - 3-11 k7> Pn '~0

During the day-to-day field activities, the Site Safety Officer will be alert for the signs and symptoms of heat stress. A hazard exists when individuals will be required to work in warm temperatures while wearing protective clothing. When the ambient air temperature at the site exceeds 7Q°F and persons will be working in impervious clothing or when air temperature exceeds 90 °F and persons will be working in normal clothing, heat stress may become a problem. If these conditions will be encountered, the following precautions will be taken:

• The Site Safety Officer will regularly monitor the ambient air temperature; and • Workers will be observed for the following signs and symptoms of heat stress: ...... Dizziness, - Profuse sweating, — Skin color change, Increased heart rate, — Body temperatures in excess of 1'00°F as measured by fever detectors (forehead strips), and Vision problems.

A worker who exhibits any of these symptoms will be immediately relieved of responsibilities and requested to consume electrolyte fluid or cool water while resting in a shaded area. The individual should not return to work until symptoms are no longer recognizable. If symptoms appear critical, persist, or get worse, the field activities supervisor will seek immediate medical attention for the employee. If the individual does resume work, he/she will be monitored for any increase in heart rate or body temperature for the remainder of their shift. In addition, the worker will be requested to consume electrolyte fluid or cool water every hour.

NRJ-075 " - -T . 1021-01.nij "4-1 A R 3 0 0 k 6 9 4.1.1 Air Temperature Measurement and Heat Stress Monitoring

Tbe Site Safety and Health Officer will monitor workers hourly when:

• Symptoms of heat stress are reported or observed; • Ambient temperature exceeds 70°F and workers are dressed in impervious clothing;or • Ambient temperature exceeds 90°F and workers are dressed in normal clothing.

Workers will be monitored for heat stress conditions by measuring the heart rate (HR) by radial (wrist) pulse for 30 seconds after one minute of rest. The HR after one minute rest should not exceed 110 beats per minute. If it is higher, the next work period will be shortened by 33%, while the length of the rest period remains the same. If the pulse rate is still 110 beats per minute after one minute of rest in the next rest period, the following work cycle will be shortened by 33 percent. This shortening of the work period must continue until the worker's HR is less than 110 beats per minute.

43, Cold Stress

4*2.1 Physiological Reactions to Cold Environments

When the human body is exposed to a cold environment, two types of physiological adjustments will be brought into play in order to maintain the body temperature:

Metabolic heat production is augmented by voluntary movements and by the onset of shivering. It is possible to increase the metabolic rate five to seve'n times for short periods by shivering, but this increased rate cannot be maintained indefinitely; and

NKJ-075 1021-01.mj - 4-2 AR3uQt7Q The body maintains its temperature when exposed to cold by decreasing the heat loss from the skin. This conservation of heat is accomplished through constriction of the blood vessels in the skin and a reduction in plasma volume reaching the skin. (Under heat stress conditions the opposite (vasodilation) occurs.)

These two mechanisms reduce the blood flow through the skin and thus, lower the temperature so that less heat is lost by conduction and radiation. Reduction of surface area by changes in posture, such as "hunching up the body," also assists in reducing heat loss. _ - .,,--,- .._-.__—- - - -« ------

Although acclimatization to-heat is a well-known physiological process, the problem of physiological acclimatization to cold is subject to controversy.

4.2.2 Acute Conditions Resulting from Excessive General Body Chilling

Because of adaptive mechanisms, the body temperature does not usually fall more than 2° to 3°F. If, however, the exposure to the cold air is intense and prolonged or if the body is unable to compensate sufficiently, the body temperature may continue to fall. The pulse rate and blood pressure decrease after an initial rise; the original feeling of cold and pain gives way to numbness and loss of sensations; and muscular weakness and a desire for sleep ensue. When the body temperature reaches SO°F, coma sets in. Death usually occurs when the body temperature falls between 70° to 77 °R

4.2.3 Predisposing Factors to Cold Stress

The following factors will affect one's ability to adjust to cold.

Age (older persons are more affected); Adipose tissue (overweight persons are more affected); Physical fitness (non-fit persons are more affected);

NRJ-075 . _ -----.. -" • ." " -~ 1021-Ol.nij " =" " """ " " 4-3 ^5 O * 11 < i 11 71 H ft U U U 4- / ! * Smoking and consumption of alcohol; • Allergies; and • Medications.

4,2.4 1!ypes of Cold Injuries

. Three major cold injuries are:

1. Immersion foot: Results from prolonged exposure to cool or cold water and occurs generally at air temperatures above freezing. Duration of exposure generally days or weeks. During rewarming, numbness, extreme edema, hyperemia (excess volume blood), and anhydrosis (swelling, muscle wasting - even superficial gangrene) may occur. 2. Trencfafoot: "Wet cold" disease resulting from exposure of one to several days to moisture at or near the freezing point. 3, Frostbite: The most common type of cold exposure results when exposed to temperatures well below freezing for minutes or hours. There is a potential for massive tissue loss and gangrene within 24 hours if not treated.

4.2.5 Health and Safety Recommendations

Currently, no OSHA standards exist for cold stress. NIOSH has developed a criteria document which presents the following recommended work practices pertaining to cold stress;

1. Maintain manual dexterity-special provisions may need to be made to keep hands warm (i.e., hot air jets, radiant heaters, and gloves/mittens). Cover metal handles, seats, control bars, etc., when temperature is less than 30°F to prevent conductive heat loss.

NRJ-075 1021-01.nrj 4-4 A 8300^72 2. Cold protective clothing must be appropriate for level of cold and physical activity. CIo: The insulating value of clothing is expressed in a unit called the clo. It is defined as follows: "The clo is a unit of insulation and is the amount of insulation necessary to maintain comfort and a mean skin temperature of 92°F in a room at 70°F with air movement not over 10 feet per minute, humidity not over 50%, with a metabolism of 50 calories per square meter per hour.1' On the assumption that 76% of the heat is lost through the clothing, a clo may be defined in physical terms as the amount of insulation that will allow the passage of 1 calorie per square meter per hour with a temperature gradient of 0.18°C between two surfaces.

1 clo = °'18°C cal/sq m/hr

"Ordinary business clothing has an insulation value of about 1 clo. The best clothing has in practice a value of about 4 clo per inch of thickness." In cold weather, the following clothing can help prevent or minimize adverse effects resulting from the cold: A. Outer windbreak layer to shield from wind. (1) Loose fitting clothing which allows skin to breathe and allows for evaporation of sweat. Wool clothing is the best. (2) Major problem is sweat build-up that freezes on the • -- =-—skin or clothing. This is prevented by changing inner layers of clothing if they become wet. B. Protection of extremities using face masks, gloves, and insulated or vapor barrier boots (heated versions are available). 3. Maintain a work rate sufficient to prevent heavy sweating.

4. Provide heated shelters and use a work/rest regimen to regulate work load.

NRj-075 "" . —i^iiv:. .... \ - -..':.— .- -- -".-".* 1021-Ol.nrj ' "."".... '4-5 5. Monitor new employees and do not allow them to work full-time until accustomed to cold work conditions. 6. Workers should be instructed in proper health and safety precautions including: * Rewarming; • Appropriate clothing; • Eating and drinking habits; and • Recognizing the early warning symptoms of excessive body cooling and frostbite.

Finally, exclude from working in cold (<30°F) temperatures persons with diseases or taking medication which interferes with the normal body temperature regulation of reduces tolerance to work in cold environments.

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.nq 4-6 uf-. u"*• -*^• "/7 5.0 MONITORING PROGRAM

The goals of, the monitoring program will be to confirm the appropriateness of selected personal protective equipment and to provide data on employee exposures while working on site.

The typ'es of moiiitoring to be performed include:

Airborne organic vapor measurements using real-time, direct reading instrument (HNu PI 101 with an 11.7 eV lamp), and Draeger detector tubes; and Real-time airborne aerosol monitor (MINIRAM PDM 3 or equivalent).

Depending on air sampling results and site conditions, the Field Supervisor, in coordination with the Site Safety Officer, may increase or decrease the level of personal protection.

5.1 Real-time Airborne Vapor Measurements Using a Direct-Reading Instrument _ ......

Direct-reading, real-time monitoring will be performed during the field sampling activities to ensure that personnel exposure to potential airborne hazards does not exceed acceptable limits and that the appropriate level of personal protective equipment is worn as specified in Section 6.0. Airborne hydrocarbon levels will be measured by photo-ionization using an HNu PI 101 instrument and by air sampling using Draeger detector tubes, and real-time dust levels will be monitored using a direct- reading aerosol monitor called a MINIRAM.

HNu PI 101 Direct-Reading Instrument: The HNu PI 101 with a 11.7 eV lamp will be used for real-time monitoring of hydrocarbon vapor concentrations. The

NRJ-075 1021-01.nrj / 5 instrument is portable and can be used for instantaneous or continuous monitoring. The instrument will be calibrated prior to each day's use using known calibration gases (isobutylene). A one-point quality assurance check will be performed following each day's sampling to determine instrument drift during the day. The Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the HNu will be followed _for maintenance, use, and calibration. Appendix A contains the form for recording direct reading measurements. This form will be completed for each day's monitoring activity.

MINIRAM Direct-Reading Aerosol Monitor: The MINIRAM PDM 3 will provide real-time readings of respirable and total particulates. Its principle of detection is light scattering. The instrument is portable and can be used for instantaneous or continuous monitoring. The instrument will be calibrated prior to each day's use using the calibration adapter and zeroed weekly using the zero bag apparatus. Appendix A contains the form for recording direct-reading measurements. This form will be completed for each day's monitoring activity. The MINIRAM shall be operated in accordance with the manufacturer's guidelines. These guidelines are contained in the operating instructions for the instrument.

Draeger Detector Tubes: Draeger detector tubes for methanol (tube #67- 28941), formaldehyde (tube #67-26760), and ammonia (tube #CH20501) will be used in conjunction with the HNu to speciate air contaminants. The principle of detection for draeger tubes is based on a colorimetric change after a specified amount of air is drawn through the tube. The Draeger hand pump will be leak checked each day (by compressing the bellows and inserting an unbroken tube. The bellows should remain compressed for at least one minute). The detector tubes will be used in accordance with manufacturer instructions. These instructions are contained in each tube box. .

NRJ-07S 1021-Ol.mj 5-2 fl R o 0 u t* i 6 5.2 Air Monitoring Locations and Frequency

The location and frequency of air monitoring will be selected to represent potential exposure levels during work activities. Monitoring, will be conducted in the vicinity of individuals with the highest potential for exposure or in areas of greatest expected contamination (i.e., soil borings and well installations near the main building or coal residue disposal area, and areas where visual contamination may be present). Monitoring will be performed in the breathing ,zpne_(BZ). of the persons performing work within the exclusion zone(s). The breathing zone is defined as a one-foot radius from the worker's mouth. The BZ samples most accurately reflect the airborne concentration of'contaminants encountered by workers.

When monitoring with the HNu and MINIRAM, measurements should be based on the average sustained instrument reading of the ambient air over a five minute period. It is important to note if exhaust from nearby backhoes or other equipment or vehicles or weather (high humidity will reduce the meter's effectiveness) are affecting the readings. The frequency of real-time monitoring will depend upon the monitored levels.

NRJ-075 . . --•._• -.-. ------_~^^-~_. 1021-01.ni] " " " """ " " " ".5-3

11 0 U U *v / / 6.0 HAZARD CRITERIA

Based on review of the historical analytical data and the Visual Site Inspection Report (Radian Nov. 1990)," the major chemical contaminants of concern are metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Other compounds may be present, Including ammonia, methanol and formaldehyde, but are not as ubiquitous as the metals or the PAHs.

Screening for total hydrocarbons will be performed using an HNu photoionization detector equipped with an 11.7 eV lamp. This lamp is capable of detecting methanol, formaldehyde and ammonia as well as other organic compounds. • An action/response table is provided in Table 6-1. HNu readings of 1 ppm above background or more require additional detector tube monitoring and continuous . . monitoring in the breathing zone of site personnel working in the Exclusion Zone.

Work practices and methods will be instituted to limit exposures. Where elevated exposures persist, respiratory protection will be the primary control method to protect personnel from these hazards.

The MINIRAM will be used to monitor the particulate levels and to relate the particulate levels with exposure to metals and PAHs. According to calculations, it would take 18 mg/m3 of dust to reach the OSHA action limit for lead, 108 mg/m3 for mercury, and 3000 mg/m3 for PAHs. Therefore, there is an extremely limited potential for overexposure to metals and PAHs, which .will be the primary chemical hazards at this site. The breathing zone levels that will result in upgrading respiratory protection will be thus based on nuisance dust levels rather than metals or PAH levels because nuisance dust levels will be reached first. Levels of less than 10 mg/m3 will require no respiratory protection. Dust levels of 10 - 18 mg/m3 will require the use of a half-face cartridge respirator with HEPA cartridges or a single use dust respirator and the possibility of additional air monitoring for lead. Such air monitoring will be performed by a Certified ^^

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.nrj 6-1 AR300478 Industrial Hygienist. The single use respirator can only be used when the HNu readings are below 25 ppmv. If levels greater than 18 mg/m3 are maintained for a period of five minutes, then dust suppression should be used. Dust suppression would consist of wetting'the area with water or a surfactant. .Table 6-1qutlinesjhe monitoring guidelines and action levels.

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.nrj Table 6-1 Air Monitoring Action Levels

Action Instrument Reading Response Level #1 HNu/1 ppmv Breathing Zone* No action Level D Respiratory protection. Take readings 4 times a day or as requested. MINIRAM/ < 10 mg/m3 Breathing No action Level D Respiratory Protection, Take readings 4 Zone* times a day or as requested. #2 HNU 1-5 ppmv Breathing Zone Monitor continuously in the breathing zone of all personnel in the exclusion zone. Institute Draeger tube monitoring. #3 BNu/5-10 ppmv Breathing Zone* !/2-Face Respirator organic vapor /HEPA cartridges. Upgrade to modified Level C. Respiratory Protection. Take readings every hour or as requested. MINTRAM/10-18 mg/m3 Breathing Single use respirator or Vz-face cartridge respirator. Take Zone* readings every hour or as requested. Contact Project Health & Safety Officer concerning the need for additional sampling. Draeger Tubes Methanol Less than 100 ppm (no action, monitor hourly) Greater than 100 ppm-stop work, contact project CIH Formaldehyde Less than 0.5 ppm (no action, monitor hourly) Greater than 0.5 ppm-stop work, contact project CIH Ammonia Less than 15 ppm (no action, monitor hourly) Greater than 0.5 ppm-stop work contact project CIH #4 MINIRAM/10-18 mg/m3 & &-Face respirator organic vapor/HEPA cartridges. Upgrade HNu/5-10 ppmv Breathing Zone* to modified Level C respiratory protection. Take readings every hour or as requested. #5 HNu/10-50 ppmv Breathing Zone* Full face respirator organic vapor/HEPA cartridges. Upgrade to Level C respiratory protection. Take readings continuously. MINIRAM/>18 mg/m3 Breathing Employ dust suppression. Contlct Project CIH, Take Zone* readings until within #1 or #2 action levels. #6 HNu/>5G ppmv Breathing Zone* Employ vapor suppression. Contact Project CIH. Take readings until within #1 or #2 action levels.

* Sampling will be performed in the breathing zone of personnel closest to the contamination.

Always use the response which is "the most protective as different action levels are reached by each piece of equipment.

NRJ-075 1021-Ql.mj 6-3 7.0 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used when engineering controls and work practices do not adequately reduce employee exposure hazards, or to provide an additional measure of safety beyond that provided by engineering or other controls.

Based on the site assessments and hazards, EPA Level D PPE will be required for activities occurring within the exclusion zone unless monitoring indicates a need to upgrade. . ._ _ .._. ; _;__;ii; ;

Protective equipment assignments may be increased based on action levels presented in Section 6,0. Any decrease m specified protection must be approved by the field supervisor and the Site Safety Officer.

7.1 Criteria for Selecting Level D PPE

Level D protection (no respiratory protection) will be required when HNu readings are less then 5 ppmv and MINIRAM readings are less than 10 mg/m3 in the exclusion zone. The required PPE for level D includes:

• Hard hats; _ • Work coveralls or uncoated ryvek; • Safety glasses with side shields; • Rubber, neoprene, or vinyl boots (steel-toed), or steel-toed work boots with tyvek boot covers; • Work gloves and, if handling contaminated soils, disposable outer nitrile or neoprene gloves; and • Hearing protection if within five feet of operational equipment.

NRJ-075 : .-/..• ------.-.-—_——:—._ '1021-Ol.nrj 7-1 AR30QU8 If HNu or MINIRAM readings are 5 - 10 ppmv or 10 - 18 mg/m3, (respectively), then the next level of protection, Level C, will be required.

73 Criteria For Selecting Modified Level C PPE

Use of Level C, which includes air-purifying respiratory equipment may be required when working within the exclusion zone, based on the criteria discussed in Section 6.0. ._.....-__ ._.._.

The required PPE used for those work activities associated with Level C includes:

• Air purifying respiratory protection (half-face), combination organic/HEPA filter respirator; * Hard hat; • Work coveralls or uncoated tyvek; • Safety glasses with side shields; • Rubber, neoprene, or vinyl boots (steel-toed), or steel-toed work boots with tyvek boot covers; • Work gloves and, if handling contaminated soils, disposable outer nitrile or neoprene gloves; and • Hearing protection if within five feet of operational equipment.

Level C respiratory protection wiU be upgraded if Hnu readings are 10 - 50 ppmv to a full-face respirator, which provides a protection factor of 50 times the allowable OSHA PEL or ACGIH TLV for a given contaminant as long as the

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.nrj 7-2 AR30(Tl*82 maximum use. limit .of the cartridge is not exceeded. The required PPE to be used for work activities associated with Level C with upgraded respiratory protection includes:

• Air purifying respiratory protection (full-face), and a combination organic/HEPA filter respirator

• Hard hat; • Work coveralls or uncoated tyvek; • Rubber, neoprene, or vinyl boots (steel-toed, or. steel-toed work boots with tyvek boot covers; * Work gloves and, if handling contaminated soils, disposable outer nitrile rubber neoprene gloves.; and • Hearing protection if within five feet of operational equipment.

7.3 Evaluation of Qn-Site Effectiveness

The Site Safety Officer will periodically evaluate the on-site effectiveness of assigned protective equipment and modify requirements as needed. In particular, modifications may be required based on HNu and MINIRAM readings. ...__. ...'.. .•... • "... _._.__._:._

7.4 PPE Limitations _

Protective clothing_and respirator use can cause employees to fatigue rapidly and will inhibit body cooling. Employees will be instructed to pace themselves to ensure adequate rest periods. . .

NRJ-075 - --=r -.— •---—--^ 1021-Ol.nrj ' " 7-3 8.0 SITE CONTROL AND WORK ZONES

The purpose of site control is to control and direct site access and movement between areas of the site. Site control and the initiation of work practices minimizes the transfer of potentially hazardous substances from the site and serves to protect the environment and public health. '

8-1 Work Zones

Work zones will be designed to prevent contamination from migrating off site and to protect the site personnel from contamination. The establishment of work zones will help ensure that field personnel will be properly protected against the hazards present where they will be working; work activities will be confined to- the appropriate areas; and field personnel can be located and evacuated in an emergency.

8.1.1 Support Zone

This zone will be located near the outermost portion of the site. It will be considered a noncontaminated, clean area. Any function that need not or cannot be performed in hazardous or potentially hazardous areas will be performed here. Any site administration, personnel control, and support equipment storage will occur here. Personnel may wear normal work clothes within this zone. Any potentially contaminated clothing, equipment, and samples will remain in the contamination reduction zone until fully decontaminated.

S.I.2 Contamination Reduction Zone (CRZ)

This zone will serve as the buffer between the support zone and the exclusion zone. The CRZ is designed to reduce the probability that the clean support zone will become contaminated or affected by other site hazards. Access from the CRZ

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.mj 8-1 AR300W to the support zone will be through a control point. Equipment and personnel " decontamination procedures will take place in a designated area within the CRZ.

8.1.3 Exclusion Zone (EZ)

This is the zone where all field activities will occur. The exclusion zone will consist of a circle with a minimum of 25 feet surrounding the actual work activity. It is possible to have multiple exclusion zones if more than one task is going on at the same time. No smoking, eating, drinking or chewing will be allowed in the exclusion zone. ,_

8.2 Decontamination

Decontarninatibn procedures will be followed by all Radian personnel who enter the EZ or CRZ. Also, all equipment used in these areas will be decontaminated according to the procedures outlined below.

8.2.1 Personnel Decontamination

Personnel decontamination procedures will be followed by Radian personnel entering the EZ or the CRZ. Decontamination stations will be established in the EZ/CRZ boundary and at the CRZ/SZ boundary.

Two different procedures will be used to exit the EZ and CRZ. One procedure will be used prior to the end of the shift as specified in Section 8.2.2. The second procedure will be used at the end of the shift as specified in Section 8.2.3. These procedures are diagrammed in Figures 8-1 and 8-2.

NRJ-075 . .;-™=-_-^'™;iz:i.;;:::^~».-..--..,-.-, . 1021-Ql.mj 8-2 flR300U85 EXCLUSION ZONE

Equipment Drop Preliminary Decontamination Station EZ/CRZ Boundary Boot Wash and Rinse

CONTAMINANT REDUCTION ZONE

Boot Wash and Rinse Secondary Decontamination Station CRZ/SZ Boundary Glove Wash and Rinse •mt, Wet Wipe Respirator Exterior

Remove Respirator, Store in Plastic Bag or Dispose of (if single-use)

Remove Gloves

Wash Face, Neck, Hands, and Forearms Using Soap

SUPPORT ZONE

Figure 8-1. Personnel Decontamination Procedures for Exit Prior to End of Shift

NRJ-075 : 1021-Ol.nii 8-3 V EXCLUSION ZONE

Equipment Drop Preliminary Decontamination Station EZ/CRZ Boundary Boot Wash and Rinse

CONTAMINANT REDUCTION ZONE

Boot Wash and Rinse Secondary Decontamination Station CRZ/SZ Boundary

Glove Wash and Rinse

Wet Wipe Respirator Exterior

Remove Reusable Cartridges Discard

Remove Gloves and Discard

Remove Reusable Coveralls and Underwear Place in Laundry Bag

Sanitize Respirator Store to Air-Dry

Figure 8-2. Personnel Decontamination Procedures for Exit at End of Shift

NRJ-075 1021-01.nij 8-4 8 22 Exit Prior to End of Shift

When exiting the EZ prior to the end of the shift (e.g., for lunch or break), Radian personnel will wash boots and remove outer gloves at the decontamination station located at the EZ/CRZ boundary. At the decontamination station, personnel will wash boots and inner gloves, and store gloves for reuse. The wash solution will be a 5% trisodium phosphate (TSP) solution, made by mixing 10 gallons of water with four pounds of TSP. Exterior surfaces of respirators will be wet-wiped and placed in a plastic bag for temporary storage. All personnel will wash their face, neck, hands, and forearms using soap prior to eating, smoking, drinking, or using the toilet.

Exit at End of Shift

When exiting the EZ at the end of a work shift, Radian personnel will proceed through the boot wash located at the EZ/CRZ boundary. • Respirators (if required) and disposable gloves and coveralls will be removed and bagged for disposal. Workers will then proceed to the CRZ/SZ decontamination station. To exit the CRZ, all workers will pass through the CRZ/SZ boot and glove wash station, and wet-wipe their respirator exteriors. Containers will be provided for disposal of respirator cartridges, gloves, and other disposables. Bagging of reusable outer coveralls, if any, will be performed at this location. Reusable outer coveralls will be bagged at the end of the shift for daily laundering.

8.2.4 Respirator Decontamination

Air purifying respirators will be cleaned daily by the individuals to whom they have been assigned. Each individual will be responsible for cleaning and maintaining his/her own respirator. A wash basin or sink will be provided to rinse the respirators at the end of the day with a solution containing a sanitizer recommended by the manufacturer. A final water rinse will then be used to remove the sanitizing solu- ^jj^

NRJ-075 _.. - . . 1021-01.mj 8-5 tion. Respirators will be hung to drip dry and, if not used daily, will be placed inside plastic bags for protection against contaminatipn. Each individual will be assigned his/her own respirator. No interchanging of respirators will be permitted. Respirators will be identified by employee initials inscribed with permanent ink markers. Respirator cartridges will be changed daily, or more frequently if sampling data indicate that potential saturation concentrations exist or if breathing resistance becomes difficult. The CIH also will spot-check respirators to ensure that they all remain clean, are properly maintained, and are properly stored.

8.2.5 Equipment Decontamination

The drilling subcontractor will provide an equipment decontamination station within the CRZ for removal of all visibly contaminated soils from all equipment prior to departure from the EZ. The.subcontractor will collect all wastewater for proper disposal.

NRJ-075... 1021-Ol.nij 9.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY OVERSIGHT

9.1 Daily Oversight

The Site Safety Officer is responsible for providing daily health and safety oversight during field activities. He will ensure that all work is performed according to the Site Health and Safety Plan, and for monitoring activities to ensure that all PPE and monitoring equipment is used properly. The SSO has the authority to shut down or modify field work activity based on criteria presented in Sections 5.0 and 6.0,

92 Field Audits by CIH

The Project Safety Officer may perform unannounced field audits during this project The purpose of the health and safety audit will be to provide additional insurance that all aspects of the Site Health and Safety Plan are complied with, and to verify that site conditions and work activities are consistent with those described in the Health and Safety Plan. Inconsistencies and deficiencies will be documented in a brief audit report which will be distributed to the Project Manager and Project Director. These individuals will be required to institute corrective measures within a specified time period.

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.nrj " 9-1 AR3GGW 10.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

On-site emergencies will be handled by off-site emergency support personnel. Incidental releases of hazardous substances can then be absorbed, neutralized, or otherwise controlled at the time of release by employees in the immediate release area will not be considered emergency response situations.

In case of a hazardous materials emergency, the site safety and health officer will assume full control and direction of the emergency response. All emergency responses and communications will be coordinated and controlled through the Incident Commander. _ .._.._'.__

10.1 Emergency Equipment

Emergency equipment will be provided by Radian. Emergency equipment for the EZ will be kept in the CRZ. The equipment will include:

• Two 20-pound multi-purpose (ABC-rated) fire extinguishers; and • An adequately stocked first-aid kit.

Another adequately stocked first-aid kit and an emergency siren will be available in the SZ...... _._

10.2 Pre-Emergency Planning _ . .

Prior to the start of work, Radian will inform local authorities of the start date and anticipated Scope of Work. Radian must make formal arrangements with local emergency response authorities prior to the start of work. These arrangements include establishing emergency response duties and authorities. The on-site telephone Hues and emergency signal also will be tested prior to the start of work.

NRJ-075 1021-OLnrj SR300149 First-aid kits will be on-site at all times during remedial activities. The Radian Site Health and Safety Officer will drive the route to the hospital listed in Section 9,7 prior to the start of work.

10,3 Emergency Recognition and Prevention

Emergency conditions that may be anticipated during site investigation activities include: . .._... ' . .

• Medical emergency;

• Heavy equipment accident; * Discovery of unanticipated buried hazards; • Overexposure of personnel to on-site contaminants; and * Heat or cold stress. . .. _._.

To ensure that hazard recognition and accident prevention protocols will be maintained, Radian personnel must follow the requirements of this Plan.

10.4 Operations Shutdown

Operations shutdown may be mandated by the regional Radian CIH or by the Site Safety Coordinator, in conjunction with the region Radian CIH. Conditions warranting work stoppage will include:

* Uncontrolled fire; • Uncovering potentially dangerous buried material (e.g., old drums or cylinders);

NRJ-075 .. . . 1021-01,nrj 10-2 flR30QIi92 Any condition immediately dangerous to life and health or the environment; and Heat stress illness manifested by the crew.

When any of these conditions exist, operations will be stopped and the site secured. All personnel will leave the work area until the CIH or Site Safety Coordinator has determined that operations may resume.

10.5 Fire and Explosion Response- Procedures

Fire on-site can be started by natural events, work activities, or the activities of others. Radian will have two multi-purpose (ABC-rated) fire extinguishers on hand at all times. Personnel will be informed of the location of these fire extinguishers and will be instructed to attempt control of only very small fires. The procedure for using a fire extinguisher is to pull the safety pin, point the extinguisher at the base of the flames and discharge the extinguisher by sweeping the flames from a distance of about 6 feet. The extinguisher operator should move in as the flames are being put out. Radian will inform the local fire district immediately in case of any fire when its support will be required.

10i6 Evacuation from Work Zones_

If an on-site emergency occurs, the Site Safety and Health Officer will sound the site emergency alarm. All workers will meet at the command post located in the SZ, An employee head count will be performed to ensure all workers are accounted for. • . ;" _ " " ".".

In case of emergency, evacuated employees may be decontaminated rapidly by removing or hosing off exterior clothing. If a worker is critically injured in the EZ,

NRJ-075 1021-01.mj remove the worker immediately from the area. DO NOT take time to decontaminate an injured worker; seek medical attention immediately.

10.7 Emergency Medical Treatment and First Aid

Only minor injuries will be treated on-site. They will be treated with the first-aid kit available on-site.

At a minimum, one available on-site phone is located in John Snider's office on the third floor of the Morgantown Industrial Park Association building.

For major injuries, two medical care faculties are located near the project site. The Monongalia General Hospital will be used in the event of a-life-threatening emergency. The telephone number is 598-1212.-The hospital is located at 1200 J.D. Anderson Drive, which is off Pineview Drive. The hospital is approximately five miles from the site.

For medical problems that are not life-threatening, a local Physician's General Practice, will be used.

Emergency Numbers . Fire 911 Hospital 598-1212. Police 911 Ambulance 911 _. Poison Control 202-625-3333 (DC area) John Snider (Morgantown Industrial Park) 302-292-9453

NRJ-075 11021-Ol.nij 10-4 11.0 RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS

The following records will be maintained in the project files for at least 30 years.

Copy of this Health and Safety Plan; Signed copy of the Health and Safety Certification Form; Respirator Training Certification Form; Field logs of air monitoring data; Site Safety Log, including any accident/illness report forms; OSHA Injury and Illness log; and Employee exposure records.

11.1 Employee Exposure Records

Employee exposure records must be forwarded to the employee's employer so that they may be maintained in the employee's medical record.

11.2 Training Certification

Records documenting that all Radian field personnel have received the training specified in 29 CFR 1910,120 will be maintained by the Project Manager.

Medical Fitness Certification

A record documenting that all field personnel are medically, qualified, as discussed in this Health and Safety Plan, will be maintained by the Project Manager.

11.4 Site Sign-in/Sign-out Log

A site sign-in/sign-out log will be established and maintained by the Site Safety and Health Officer. The log is intended to document who is working on the site,

NRJ-075 ...... _. . 1021-Ol.tuj 11-1 flR300U95 on a daily basis. An example site sign-in/sign-out log is presented in Figure 11-1. " Individual employee field work records also will be kept in the Site Safety Log. An example of this form is presented in Figure 11-2.

11.5 Accident Jteports

All accidents, including those that do not result in injury or illness, will be reported to the Project Manager within 24 hours of their occurrence. The report form to be used is in Figure 11-3. In addition to the accident report, incidents causing accidental chemical exposure will be reported to the Project Manager using the report form in Figure 11-4,

NRJ-075 1021-OLnrj 11-2 flR300U96 Figure 11-1

SIGN-IN/SIGN-OUT LOG

Project:_ Date:

40-Hours OSHA Time Name(Print)______Affiliation______Safety TrainedfY or >fl____In Out

NRJ-075 '"""" _. _ l___i ;.....:__. '_. 1021-Ol.nrj 1L-3 Figure 11-2 RECORD OF FIELD WORK

Name of Employee: ______Employee Number: Date(s) of Held Work: ______

Estimate length of time on-site (days x hr/day): Name and Location of Site: __ __

Type of Site (refinery, TSDF, etc.): Project Number and Title: ____

PURPOSE OF ON-SITE ACTIVITY: ____ Site Visit ______Remediation Activities _____ Sampling Effort _____ Drilling ____ Other (explain)______:______

DESCRIPTION OF EMPLOYEE'S ACTIVITIES ON-SITE:

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT USED:

Level of Protection; __ Level A ___ Level B __— Level C ___.Level D

Respirator Type: __ Full-face ___ Half-face __— None _____ Other

Cartridge Type: __- Dust filter __ Organic vapor

_____Other (specify)

Clothing Type: __ Cloth overall _ Tyvek coveralls ____ Other (specify)

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.arj 11-4 Figure 11-3 RADIAN'S ACCIDENT REPORT DATE: .-..._i" ....-.——^^i". ._ —•;•:.-..- , r ,:. --,,' TIME: _____-"...._. ______. - ^ INJURED PERSON: ______

DESCRIPTION OF INJURY:

LOCATION OF ACCIDENT:

COMPANY'S FIRST AID;

PHYSICIAN'S TREATMENT: IS FURTHER PHYSICIAN'S CARE REQUIRED?

CAUSE OF INJURY: _____' ______

PREVENTION:

COMMENTS:

REPORTED BY:

DISTRIBUTION: (initials) Administrator for Occupational Safety and Health Local Safety Coordinator ______

NRJ-075 .-•._" '1021-Ol.nrj ~"~^~ 11-5 .SR300U99 Figure 11-4 RECORD OF ACCIDENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURE

Name of Employee: ______. Employee Number: _____ Date(s) of Exposure: ..LV!.1_. "" ^'.^ - ' "" ~~i __. ' ••--•^*> --^— - - ~ ^^_~_ ~ .

Estimated Length of Exposure: Name and Location of Site: _

Project Number and Title: __

Purpose of On-Site Activity:

Was a site-specific health & safety plan approved prior to site work?

Describe the exposure event (include how the exposure was identified):

Protective equipment in-use at time of the exposure:

Respiratory: ...'~_._^__'"" "I"~~_"-"'

Face: "IT.'.L.l- '""-'"' Eyes: _^___=" ='^ ":"" . .. : ..

Hands:

Body:

Other:

Was a Radian Health & SafetyjOfficer contacted after the exposure? (give name): ___;_____ : '" ' 1 """"'

What were his or her instructions? Is follow-up sampling to identify specific compounds required?

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.nrj . ' 11-6 AR3uG5QO Appendix A ' r^k DIRECT-READING INSTRUMENT MONITORING FORMS

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.nrj AR30050 HNu PI 101 REAL TIME MONITORING FORM MORGANTOWN ORDNANCE WORKS OPERABLE UNIT 2 INVESTIGATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

DATE: " . ..:'"-:.. ^AMBIENT BACKGROUND: PPMV

SERIAL #: ______.....;_.'.", NAME: " "" "" ' CALIBRATION INFORMATION AND EQUIPMENT CHECK CHECK WHEN COMPLETED CAL. CHECK: __ BATIERX-CHECKED:_ SPAN POT CHANGED: _ WHAT IS SETTING: __ LAMP CLEANED:_ ...... TIME:____ . . __.. - = _.—__,______- •.".. . ..:: ' . ..._,....,;./...... ' CHECK ONE PS_ BZ_ ,.. r ._ -r,-,---—-.- - .- AcnvrrY: — —•

NAME OF ~------PER'SON(S) & AFFILIATION IN AREA:

LEVELS DETECTED PPMV relative bcnzene:_ CHECK ONE PS_ BZ~ ACTivrrY:

NAME OF -.-—— -PERSON(S) & AFFILIATION IN AREA:

LEVELS DETECTED PPMV relative benzene:__ PS=POINT SOURCE BZ=BREATHING ZONE

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.nrj HR300502 MINIRAM PDM 3 REAL TIME MONITORING FORM MORGANTOWN ORDNANCE WORKS OPERABLE UNIT 2 SITE INVESTIGATION

GENERAL INFORMATION

DATE: ______, __AMBIENT BACKGROUND:__MG\M3 _____ SERIAL #: ______NAME:

CALIBRATION INFORMATION AND EQUIPMENT CHECK CHECK WHEN COMPLETED CAJL CHECK: _ - BATTERY CHECKED:_ ZERO SET: _ : INSTRUMENT CLEANED:_

TIME:____ CHECK ONE PS_ BZ_ ACTIVITY: ______

NAME OF PERSON(S) & AFFILIATION IN AREA:

LEVELS DETECTED MG/M1:______TIME:____ CHECK ONE PS_ BZ_ ACTIVITY:______

NAME OF PERSON(S) & AFFILIATION IN AREA:

LEVELS DETECTED MG/M3:______

PS = POINT SOURCE BZ=BREATHING ZONE

NRJ-075 1021-QLnij A-2 flR300503 .._ ._...____„_. Appendix B CHEMICAL DATA INFORMATION

NRJ-075 1021-Ol.nrj CHEMICAL DATA INFORMATION

Inorganic Lead Inorganic Mercury Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles Methanol (Methyl Alcohol) Ammonia Formaldehyde (Formalin)

NRJ-075 'lQ21-QLni3 B-l AR300505 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR INORGANIC LEAD

INTRODUCTION • Warning properties Evaluation of warning properties for respirator selection: Based "Inorganic lead" is defined as lead oxides, metallic lead, and on lack of information on odor threshold and eye irritation lev- lead salts (including organic salts such as lead soaps but ex- els, inorganic lead should be treated as a chemical with poor eluding lead arsenate). This 'guideline summarizes pertinent warning properties. information about inorganic lead for workers, employers, and occupational safety arid health professionals who may need ~ " - - - - such information to conduct effect! w occupational safety and EXPOSURE LIMITS health programs. Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields; therefore,' readers are advised to Tne currcnt Occupational Safety and Health Administration regard these recommendations as-general guidelines. (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for inorganic lead is 50 micrograms of lead per cubic meter of air (^g/mj) as a ci IBCTA ur*c inCKiTieir*ATi/MU time-weighted average (TWA) concentration over an 8-hour bUBb I ANlb IDtN ! IFItAl ION workshift. If a worker is exposed to lead for more than 8 hours • Formula- Pb in any woriKlay' *e PE*-- as a TWA for mat ^ sha" ** ^T . , „ „_ „„„_ ... , . . reduced according to the following formula: maximum per- flakefl ?T7, lead£ 52 plgment .._._• ; . thmissible day.c Thlimie Nationat (inl MS/m3 Institut) ie fo**r Occupationadivided l* Safet hourys an w?rked^id n • Identifiers: CAS 7439-92-1; RTECS OF7525000; DOT 1794 Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit (REL) is 100 • Appearance and odor: Bluish-white, silvery, or gray odor- Mg/m3 as a TWA for up to a 10-hour workshift, 40-hr, work- less solid - week. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV* ) is 0.15 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES mg/m3 (150 Mg/m3) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek (Table 1). • Physical data i. Molecular weight: 207.19 Table !•— Occupational exposure limits 2-, Boiling point (at 760 mmHg): 1,740 °C (3.I64°F) ______fo r inorganic lead ______3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 11.34 ..... ______Exposure units 4. Melting point: 327.5 °C (621.5 °F) 5, Insoluble in water OSHA PEL TWA 50 • Reactivity NIOSH REL TWA 100* 1. Incompatibilities: Lead reacts vigorously with oxidizing ACGIH TLV*- TWA ______150 ______materials. Contact with hydrogen peroxide or active metals * Air levcl to ^ maintained such that worker blood lead re- such as sodium or potassium may cause fires of explosions. mains <60 us/ lOOg. 2. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic fumes (e.g. , lead oxide) may be released in a fire involving inorganic lead. • Flammability HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION 1. Extinguishant: Dry sand, dry dolomite, or dry graphite • Routes of exposure 2. Caution: Lead is combustible in powder form when exposed Inorganic lead may cause adverse health effects following to heat or flame exposure via inhalation or ingestion.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer

1988 Inorganic Lead 1 flR3QQ505 * Summary of toxicology • Prepiacenwnt medical evaluation 1. Effects on animals: In rats or mice, chronic oral Priortoplacingaworkermajob with a potential forexposure administration or subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection of to inorganic lead, the physician should evaluate and document lead subacetate, lead acetate, or lead phosphate produced the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, en- cancer of the kidneys. Intravenous or intraperitoneal injection vironmental, and occupational histories, aphysical examina- of lead nitrate, lead acetate, or lead chloride to pregnant mice, tion, arid physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the rats, or hamsters caused increased fetal mortality and anticipated occupational risks. These should concentrate o malformations of the posterior extremities and urogenital and the function and integrity of the kidneys and the hematopoiet- intestinal tracts in the offspring. ic (blood cell forming), nervous, gastrointestinal, and 2, Effects on humans: Inhalation or ingestion of inorganic lead reproductive systems. has caused peripheral neuropathy with paralysis of the muscles ' . , ,. . . _,.-_, f . . , ,, LIL -/-i A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended in order of the wrists and ankles, encephalopatny, anemia (due to *~,u*L-.,.,,4«. _ • *• j- • i_- *. decreased, rod.. bloo. d. eel!.... life. an *d_ .impaire r. yd. heme synthesis)\ . x, to detec^ t and.^ asses^ s preexistinQr ^ g ..or .concurren increasetd condition ri$k whesn whic a workeh r prox.mal kidney tubule damage decreased kidney function ^ ^ £o . jc lead al Qr W()w ^ NIQSH R£L and chronic kidney disease. Lead can accumulate in the soft tissues and bones, with the highest accumulation in the liver The examining physician should consider the probable frequen- and kidneys, and elimination is slow. Lead can penetrate the cy, intensity, and duration of exposure, as well as the nature placental barrier, resulting in neurologic disorders in infants. and degree of the condition, in placing such a worker. Such • Signs and symptoms of exposure conditions, which should not be regarded as absolute contram- 1. Short-term (acure): Exposure 10 inorganic lead can cause "dications to job placement, include preexisting neuromuscu- decreased appetite. Imcmhia, headache, muscle and joint pain, " " lar disease. In addition to the medical interview and physical colic, and constipation. examination, the physician should consider obtaining addition- 2 . teng-ierm (chronic): Exposure to inorganic lead can cause ^ base^ne electrophysiologic and electromyographic studies weakness, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, constipation, blue and an assessment of fertility, using standardized methods and or blue-black dot-like pigmentation on the gums ("lead line"), evaluation criteria. The physician should also obtain baseline severe headache and abdominal cramps, delirium, convulsions, vaiws for ** complete blood count including the reticulocyte and coma, count and tor those tests which characterize prior internal ex- posure (e.g. , blood lead level) and the effects of prior exposures RECOMMENDED MEDICAL PRACTICES (e.g., erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin and delta - • Medical surveillance program aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase). Workers with potential exposures to chemical hazards should * Periodic medical screening and/or biologic monitoring^ be monitored in a systematic program of medical surveillance Occupational health interviews and physical examinations intended to prevent or control occupational injury and disease. should be performed at regular intervals. Additional examina- The program should include education of employers and work- tions may be necessary should a worker develop symptoms that ers about work-related hazards, placement of workers in jobs may be attributed to exposure to inorganic lead. The interviews, that do not jeopardize their safety and health, earliest possi- examinations, and appropriate medical screening and/or bio- ble detection of adverse health effects, and referral of workers logic monitoring tests should~be directed at identifying an ex- for diagnose confirmation and treatment. The occurrence of cessive decrease or adverse trend in the physiologic function disease (a "sentinel health event," SHE) or other work-related of the kidneys and the hematopoietic (blood cell forming), adverse health effects should prompt immediate evaluation of nervous, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems as corn- primary preventive measures (e.g.. industrial hygiene monitor- pared to the baseline status of the individual worker or to ex- ing, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment). pected values fora suitable reference population. The following A medical surveillance program is intended to supplement, not tests should be used and interpreted according to standardized replace, such measures. epidemiologic procedures and evaluation criteria: a complete A nodical surveffltna program should include systematic col- ^ ««mt with reticulcxytc count and those tests which lection and epidemiologic analysis of relevant environmental

2 Inorganic Lead . flRSUObO^ , „ „ ? 1988 latency, die need for medical surveillance may extend well be- storage or smoking of tobacco or other smoking materials, or yond termination of employment. . r the storage or use of products for chewing should be prohibir- • Sentinel health events ^, ^ edjn work areas. 1. Acute SHE'S include: Acute renal failure, *• -• - ^fj^ who ^^ inorganic lead should 2. Delayed-onset or reproductive SHE s include: Inflamma- g^ ^ forearms ^ w witn soap tory and toxic neuropathy and chronic renal failure. ^^ smoking( Qr MEASUREMENT COMMON OPERATIONS AND CONTROLS __.. , • . • .- Common operations in which exposure to inorganic lead may • TWA exposure evaluation ,r . , , .. J •. « . . L. Measurementr s to determin, • . e worke. r exposure to. inorgani . c. lea ,d occur. an. d ,contro . _ l, method , . s which may be effective m each case shoulL uid .b e take' i n so thai_t thL.e -™7TWA* exposure -i su basejd on a singl- i e are listed in Table 2. entire workshift sample or an appropriate number of consecu- ' Tflb|e 2.-Operations and methods of tive samples collected during the entire workshift. Undercer- control for inorganic lead tain conditions," it may be appropriate to collect several short-term interval samples (up to 30 minutes each) to deter- ___ Operations______Control s______minetheaverageexposurelevel.Airsamplesshouldbetaken During primary (ore) and Process enclosure, local ex- ta the worker's breathing zone (air that most nearly represents secondary (scrap) smelting haust ventilation, dust con- that inhaled by the worker). _ of lead; during the manufec- trol, personal protective * Method ture of storage batteries; equipment Sampling and analysis may be performed by collecting inor- during typecasting and ganic lead with cellulose membrane filters followed by acid remeiting of type metal in digestion and analysis by atomic absorption. A detailed sam- printing pling and analytical method for inorganic lead may be found in rhc NIOSH Manual of Analytical MerAod? .(method num- During soldering in the Process enclosure, local ex- ber7082). " . " .._"." " fabrication of metal articles haust ventilation, personal protective equipment PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT During melting and pouring Local exhaust ventilation, Chemical protective clothing (CPC) should be selected after of lead and alloys containing personal protective equip- utilizing available performance data, consulting with the lead; during weldingt burn- ment manufacturer, and then evaluating the clothing under actual use jng, and cutting of metal conditions. . structures cbhtainmg lead or Workers should be provided with and required to use CPC, pa|nttd wtolead containing gloves, fece shields (8-tnch minimum) and other appropriate surface coatings protective clothing necessary to prevent skin contact^with in- "DBri^theuseofteaduithe Local exhaust ventilation. organic lead. .... _ ...... — -- / - manufecnireofsurfececoat- personal protective equip- Workers should be provided with and required to use dust-proof ings, including paints and ment safety goggles where inorganic lead may come in contact with varnishes; during the the eyes. . ... = . . .,..._ manufacture, of ceramics and glass______- ____ SANITATION ——— ~ Clothing which is contaminated with inorganic lead should be EMERGENCY FIRST AID PROCEDURES removed immediately and placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for in the event of an emergency, remove the victim from further the removal of inorganic lead from the clothing. If the cloth- exposure, send. for medical assistance, and initiate emergen- ing is to be laundered or cleaned, the person performing the °> procedures. operation should be informed of inorganic lead's hazardous "Eye exposure properties. - Where there is any possibUity of a worker's eyes being exposed to inorganic lead, an eye-wash fountain should be provided Change and shower rooms should be provided with separate within ^ immcdiatc ^^ ^ for emergency use. locker facilities for street and work clothes. If inorganic lead gets into the eyes, flush them immediately with Skin that becomes contaminated with inorganic lead should be lajge ^^^^^ ^ ^^ ^ 15 minutes, lifting the lower and up- promptly washed with soap and water. p^ Uds occasionally. Get medical attention as soon as possi- The storage, preparation, dispensing, or consumption of food ble. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this or beverages, the storage or application of cosmetics, the compound.

flR300508 • Skin exposure program should include as a minimum an evaluation of the Where there is any possibility of a worker's body being exposed worker's ability to perform the work while wearing a respira- to inorganic lead, facilities for qutck drenching of the body tor, the regular training of personnel, fit testing, periodic en- should be provided within the immediate work area for emer- vironmental monitoring, maintenance, inspection, and gency use, ~ — cleaning. The implementation of an adequate respiratory If inorganic kad gsts on the skin, uih it immediacy with soap and v£« If inoSnic lead penetrates the clothing, removeS """""j"? ' ™)weSea clothin...g. immediatel... y an.d was,h ,th e .ski. n wit.,h soap an,d water. __gra e m and that the program b.e. evaluate_..__.d regularly.. Get medical attention promptly. —Only respirators that have been approved by the Mine Safety • Rescue and'Health Administration (MSHA. formerly Mining Enforce- If a worker has been incapacitated, move the affected worker mcm and Safety Administration) and by NIOSH should be from the hazardous exposure. Put into effect the established used- Remember! Air-purifying respirators will not pro- emergency rescue procedures. Do not become a casualty. Un- tect froni oxygen-deficient atmospheres. derstand the facility's emergency rescue procedures and know For each level of respirator protection, only those respirators the locations of rescue equipment before the need arises. that have the minimum required protection (actor'and meet other use restrictions are listed. All respirators that have higher SPILLS AND LEAKS protection factors may also be used. Workers not wearing protective equipment and clothing should BIBLIOGRAPHY be restricted from areas of spills or leaks until cleanup has been completed, * American Conference of Governmental Industrial -- Hygienists: "Lead," Documentation of the Threshold Limit If inorganic lead is spilled or leaked, the following steps should ^/WK and Biological Exposure Indices (5th ed.)! Cincinna- ti taken: - ti, 1986. 1. Remove all ignition sources. "* American Conference of Governmental Industrial 2, Ventilate area of spill or leak. Hygienists: W&> Threshold Limit Wues and Biological Ex- 3, For small quantities of liquids containing inorganic lead, ab- -P°™™ indices for 1987-88, Cincinnati. 1987. sorb on paper towels and place in an appropriate container. * Amencan Industrial Hygiene Association: "Lead and Its In- ^Largequantitiesofliquidscontaininginorganicleadmaybe . orgamc Compounds" (rev. 1964), Hygienic Guide_ Series, absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar materi- Detroit, 19o4, ^ al and placed in an appropriate container. * American Lung Association of San Diego andTmp 5, If in solid form, inorganic lead may be collected and placed Counties: "Taking the Occupational History," Annals o in an appropriate container. ternal ^«»Environmental Health History," Journal ofth e American Med- . . . v . • u , . ical Association, 246:2831-2836, 1981. u mus„•,,-,t oe stressed* that th„e- use ot, respirators is tnj e. leas,t, *. Halpenn.. . ., W.E.,..,_ Ratchffc_ _ ...., J. . , _Frazier. . ,_, T.M.. ,„_ Wilson. .. L., preferred method of controlling worker exposure and should p . Screening b the tt k , . . f - .DwVlWClt *3»*>i (UlU OllUlLCf t,f\, » IVlwUlwoi OVlCdiilljb til tliv no...,•t normally' be used ,a s. th e onl-^Uy mean- s o.f preventin„ g or Workplace... , , : Proposen_ d Pnncipfes..,. ,. .Journa „ . l of Occupationa, f^ „l- , minimizing exposure dunng routine operations. However, .. ... -,0/«s *•--, «« t£0* ther, e are •som* e rexception .....s for which respirator. s mayu b e use^d Medicine., 28(8):' 547-552 ,; 1986 . _ . _ . c . r, - • j i • • Hankmson, J.L.: Pulmonary Function Testing in the cocomrolexposure: when engineering and work practice con- ^ of Worker$: Guidelines for Instrumentation, Per- trols are noc technically feasible, when engineering controls fonnancCi ^ ^ ^0*r Journal ofOccupationa l Medi- are in the process of being installed, or dunng emergencies and . -,0/1/y. ,ftQ, Inni mc£ r . ^ . « -, j. i. •• • cine, zS(lu):KJoMUy2, lyeo. certai,. n maintenanc, e operationJTL- _.s including* those requirin^ g * .Hawley. ,„--,«, G.G.: The Condense. d .-Chemica« . l, Dictionar r»-_- y (10t/m-th . confined-space entry (Table 3). cd-J- ..t Litto.. n Educationa_. . l. Publishing _. .,. .., Inc.. , Ne,,w Yorkv ,, 1981,n0.i In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory pro- • International Agency for Research on Cancer: lARCMono- tection program should be instituted which as a minimum com- graphs on the Carcinogenic Tlisk of Chemicals to Humans, pi ies with the requirements found In the OSHA Safety and Some Metals and Metallic Compounds, Vol. 23, Lyon, France, Health Standards 29 CFR 1910.134. A respiratory protection 1980.

4 Inorganic Uad flR300509 1988 • Leidel, N. A., Busch, K.A., and lynch, J.R.: Occupation- of Chemical Substances (Microfiche Edition). Sweet. D.V,. and al Exposure Sampling Strategy Manual, U.S. Department of Lewis, RJ. (eds.), Cincinnati, April 1985. Health, Education, and Wfelfare, Public Health Service, Center • Proctor, N.H., andHughes, J.R: Chemical Hazards of the for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Workplace, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. 1978. and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No, 77-173, Cincin- :" •'Rom, W.N. (ed.J: Environment and Occupational Medi- nati, 1977. cine, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1983. • Levy, B-S^and^gman. D.H. (ads.): Occupational Health: • Rothstein, M. A.: Medical Screening of Wbrkers, Bureau of Recognizing and Preventing \\brk-Related Disease, Little, National Affairs, Washington, DC 1984. Brown and Company, Boston, 1983...... _ ... • Rutstein. D.D., Mullan, R.J., Frazier. T.M.. Halperin. • Mark. H.F., Othmer, D.F., Overberger, CG.,Seaborg, G.T., W.E., Melius. J.M., andSestito. J.P.:."Sentinel Health Events Grayson, M., andEckroth, D. (eds.): Kirk-Othmer Encyclope- _ (Occupational): A Basis for Physician Recognition and Pub- dia of Chemical Technology (3rd ed.), John WU'ey & Sons, Inc., lie Health Surveillance." American Journal of Public Health. New York. 1981. .."_."" —"" ~ " 73:1054-1062, 1983. • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S- • Sax, N.I. (ed.): Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health (6th ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. 1984. Service, Center for Disease Control: Criteria for a Recom- • Scientific Assembly on Environmental and Occupational mended Standard... .Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Health: "Evaluation of Impairment/Disability Secondary to Lead—Revised Criteria'1978, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication Respiratory Disease," American Review of Respiratory Dis- No. 78-158, Cmdihhati; 1978. . • . . eases, 126:945-951, 1982.^ • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. • Scientific Assembly on Environmental and Occupational Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Health: "Surveillance for Respiratory Hazards in the Occupa- Service, Centers for Disease Control: NIOSH Manual of Ana- , tional Setting," American Review of Respiratory Diseases, lytical Methods (3rd ed,, Vol,2),_ Eller, P.M. (ed.), DHHS __ 126:952-956. 1982. . ' (NIOSH) Publication No. 84-100, Cincinnati, 1984. • Weast, R.C. (ed.): CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Phys- • NationalInstitutefo"rOccupationalSafetyandHealth,U.S. ics (64th ed.), CRC Press, Inc.. Boca Raton, Florida. 1983. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health • Windholz. M. (ed.): The Merck Index (IQthtd.), Merck & Service, Centers for Dise^ Control: Registry of Toxic Effects Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, 1983. •

-aaa Inorganic Lead 5 1988 flR3005!0 Tabte 3.—Respiratory protection for inorganic lead

______Condition______Minimum respiratory protection*!______Concentration: Less than or equal to Any supplied air respirator 0.5 mg/mj __ Any air-purifying respirator with a high-efficiency paniculate filter Any self-contained breathing apparatus Less than or equal to Any powered air-purifying respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter 1.25 mg/m3 Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode Less than or equal to Any air-purifying full facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency paniculate filter 2.5 mg/m3 Any powered air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and a high-efficiency particulate filter Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece Any supplied-air respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and operated in a continuous flow mode Less than or equal to Any supplied-air respirator with a half-mask and operated in a pressure-demand or other 50 mg/m3 positive pressure mode Less than or equal to Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or 100 mg/m3 other positive pressure mode Planned or emergency entry into Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure- environments containing unknown demand or other positive pressure mode concentrations or levels above KX) _ _ . .. mg/m3 Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode Firefighting Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure- demand or other positive pressure mode Escape only Any air-purifying full facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency paniculate filter Any appropriate escape-type self-contained breathing apparatus______* Only NIOSH/MSHA-approved equipment should be used. t The respiratory protection listed for any given condition is the minimum required to meet the NIOSH REL of 100 f^g/mj (TWA).

6 inorganic U«d AR3Q05 Occupational Health Guideline for inorganic Mercury

INTRODUCTION fine shaking of the hands, eyelids, lips, tongue, or jaw. Other effects are allergic skin rash, headache, sores in This guideline is intended as a source of information for thc mouth( ^ ^ swojlen gumSj loosc teeth( insom, employees, employers physicians, industrial hygienists, ^ excess ^v^ personality change, irritability, and other occupational health professionals who may ^^0*, loss of memory, and intellectual deteriora- nave a nee,,d . fo r suc,h information. It doc. s no.t „attemp_ ,t. t o tion. present all data; rather, it presents pertinent information and data in summary form. 3' *4P°«"V Signs and Symptoms: A physician should be contacted if anyone develops any signs or symptoms SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION and suspects that they are caused by exposure to mercury. * Formula: Hg . Recommended medical surrefflance • Synonyms: Quicksilver _, ...... , . ,, . • Appearance and odor: SQvery, mobUe, odorless— —^ f°«owmg med,cal procedures should be made liauid available to each employee who is exposed to mercury at potentially hazardous levels: PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL) ' Initial Medical Examination: —A complete history and physical examination: The The current OSHA standard for mercury is a ceiling purpose ^ to detect pre.existing conditions that might level ofO.1 milligram of mercury per cubic meter of air Iace the ^ ^^y^ at ^creased risk, and to (mg/m'). NIOSH has recornmended that the penmssi- ^^ a baseline for futufe health monitori Per. bie exposure limit be changed to a05 mg/rn'averaged ^ ^ ^ Qf ^ of Xlisii^on to over an eight-hour work shift. The NIOSH Criteria . . • . .- Document for Inorganic Mercury should be consulted mercury,-chrome respiratory disease, nervous system for more detailed information. disorders, or kidney disease would be expected to be at increased nsk from exposure. Examination for any signs HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION or symptoms of unacceptable mercury absorption such as weight loss, insomnia, tremors, personality changes, • Routes of exposure or other evidence of central nervous system involve- Mercury can affect the body if it is inhaled or if it comes mentt ^ wtfu ^ evidence of kidney damage, should be in contact with the eyes or skin. It may enter the body stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of through the skin. chronic disorders. *, ^e?,°f OT*feiposlireT . t, —Urinalysis: Since kidney damage has been observed /. Short-term Exposure: Inhaled mercury vapor may .. . .,-,,_,, cause headaches, cough, chest pains, chest tightness, '" humans exposed to mercury, a unnalysis_ should be and difficulty in breathing. It may also cause chemical obtamed to mclude' at a nmumum, specific gravity, pneumanitis. In addition, it may cause soreness of the albumm» «iucosc' rad a nucroscopic on centnfuged mouth, loss of teeth, nausea, and diarrhea. Liquid sediment Determination of mercury level in urine may mercury may irritate the skin. *« helpful in assessing extent of absorption. 2. Long-term Exposure: Repeated or prolonged expo- 2. Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementioned sure to mercury liquid or vapor causes effects which medical examinations should be repeated on an annual develop gradually. The first effects to occur are often basis.

These recommendations reflect good industrial hygiene and medical surveillance practices and their implementation wilt assist in achieving an effective occupational health program. However, they may not be sufficient to achieve compliance with all requirements of OSHA regulations.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES US. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR ft Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control Occupational Safety and Health Administration National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

September 1978 ? fiR3005!2 * Summary of toxicology • Flammabiiity Acute exposure to mercury at high levels causes severe 1. Not combustible respiratory irnfatton7 digestive disturbances, and * Warning properties marked renal damage; chronic mercurialism, the form 1. Odor Threshold: Mercury is odorless. of intoxication most frequently caused by occupational 2. Eye Irritation Level: Grant states that "when exposure, is characterized by neurologic and psychic mercury metal droplets are in the epithelium, rather disturbances, anorexia, weight loss, and stomatitis. Skin than the corneal stroma or anterior chamber, they are absorption of inorganic mercury probably adds to the extruded rapidly with little reaction, as was reported in toxic effects of vapor inhalation. Intraperitoneal injec- a patient who was sprayed forcefully with metallic tion of metallic mercury in rats has produced sarcomas. mercury and was observed to have many fine silvery Exposure of humans to mercury vapor in concentra- globules beneath the epithelium of the cornea .... tions of 1.2 to 8.5 mg/m3 causes cough, chest pain and "Mercury metal in contact with the conjunctiva has dyspnea, leading to bronchitis and pneumonitis. Metal- been shown in rabbits to be absorbed and ultimately to lie mercury readily vaporizes at room temperature, and be detectable in the urine. While in contact with the the vapor has no warning properties. At low levels, the conjunctiva, metallic mercury produced no clinical onset of symptoms resulting from chronic exposure is signs of conjunctivitis, but histologically an inflamma- insidious; fine tremors of the hands, eyelids, lips and tory reaction has been demonstrable. External contact tongue are often the presenting complaint. Coarse jerky .with mercury vapor has repeatedly been observed to movements and incoordmation may interfere with the induce a characteristic discoloration of the crystalline fine movements considered necessary for writing and lens (mercurialentis)." Mercurialentis also is caused by eating. Psychic disturbances such as insomnia, irritabil- systemic poisoning "from absorption of mercury vapor ity, and indecision occur; headache, excessive fatigue, through the respiratory tract, the skin, and the gastroin- anorexia. digestive disturbances, and weight loss are testinal tract." common; stomatitis with excessive salivation is some- For the purposes of this guideline, mercury is not times severe; muscle weakness has been reported. Pro- treated as an eye irritant. teinuria may occur, but is relatively infrequent. Mer- 3. Evaluation of Warning Properties: Mercury has cury has been reported to be capable of causing sensiti- no warning properties, according to the Hygienic Guide. zation dermatitis. Examination of urine for mercury may be of value. There is no "critic*!" level of mercury MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT in urine above or below which poisoning cannot be PROCEDURES seen. Various observers have suggested from 0.1 to 0.5 —. t mg of Hg/1 of urine as having clinical significance. -*- Cemn* Equation Mercury, particularly organic forms, is known to ad- Measurements to detenruneempioyee ceiling exposure versely affect the fetus if the mother is exposed during are best tlten durin8 **"<»** of maximum expected _ cv airborne concentrations of mercury. Each measurement should consist of a fifteen (15) minute sample or series of CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES consecutive samples totalling fifteen (15) minutes in the employee's breathing zone (or-, that would most nearly • Physical data represent that inhaled by the employee). A minimum of I. Molecular weight: 200.6 three (3) measurements should be taken on one work 2. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 357 C (674 F) shift and the highest of all measurements taken is an 3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 13.5 estimate of the employee's exposure, 4. Vapor density (air ~" 1 at boiling point of mer- • Method cury); Not applicable Sampling and analyses may be performed by collection 5. Melting point: — 39C(-38F) of mercury with a three-section solid phase sampler, 6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): 0.0012 mm Hg followed by analysis with an atomic absorption spectro- 7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F): photometer. An analytical method for mercury is fn the 3-002 . NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd Ed., Vol. 6, 8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate -« 1): Not applica- [930, available from the Government Printing Office, ble Washington, D.C. 20402 (GPO No. 017-033-00369-6). • Reactivity 1. Conditions contributing to instability: None 2. Incompatibilities: Contact with acetylene, acety- lene products, or ammonia gases may form solid prod- RESPIRATORS ucts that are sensitive to shock and which can initiate fires of combustible materials. * Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that 3. Hazardous decomposition products: None engineering contrbls be used to reduce environmental 4, Special precautions: Mercury can attack copper concentrations to the permissible exposure level. How- t) and copper alloy materials. ever, there are some exceptions where respirators may

2 Inorganic Mercury flR3uOb!^ _ _ _ , 3_ September 1978 be used to control exposure. Respirators may be used Operation Control* when engineering and work practice controls *rc not technically feasible, when such controb are in the Use as a liquid cathode General dilution process of being installed, or when they fail and need to in electrolytic ventilation; procei be supplemented. Respirators may also be used for production of Chlorine enclosure; local « > operations which require entry into tinks^ or closed ***** ^usto soda from ventilation; persor vessels, and in emergency situations. If the use of bnne protective equipmt respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted meticulous are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety housekeeping and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforce- Use during manufacture General dilution ment and Safety Administration) or by the National and repair of industrial ventilation; process Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. and medica, apparatus; enclosure; local exhaust • In addition to respirator selection, a complete respira- USQ during manufacture ventilation; personal tory protection program should be instituted which of inorganic and organic protective equipment; includes regular training, maintenance, inspection, compounds for use as meticulous cleaning, and evaluation. pesticides, antiseptics, housekeeping PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT • Employees should be provided with and required to miscellaneous use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch , ^" . . . ,. minimum); and other appropriate protective clothing chemical intermeatates, necessary to prevent repeate_d, or prolongei d.. ski. n contact preservativesK. ,' and with liquid mercury. ——————— pig • If employees' clothing may have become contaminat- Use in preparation of General dilution ed with mercury, employees should change into uncon- amalgams for use in ventilation; process taminated clothing before leaving the work premises. tooth restorations, enclosure; local exhaust • Clothing contaminated with mercury should be chemical processing, ventilation; personal placed in closed containers for storage until it can be and molding operations; protective equipment discarded or until provision is made for the removal of use during manufacture mercury from the clothing. If the clothing is to be of mildew-proof paints laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the mercury, and marine antifouling the person performing the operation should be informed agents of mercury's hazardous properties. • Non-impervious clothing which becomes contain!- Use in manufacture of General dilution nated with mercury should be removed promptly and organic mercurials; use ventilation; process not reworn until the mercury is removed from the in manufacture of enclosure; local exhaust clothing. ~ batteries, tamps, and ventilation; personal power tubes; protect "j equipment; SANITATION manufacture of meticulous tungsten-molybdenum housekeeping • Workers subject to skin contact with liquid mercury .wire and rods; use in should wash with soap or mild detergent and water any manufacture of areas of the body which may have contacted mercury at inorganic salts for use the end of each work day. as catalysts in • Skin that becomes contaminated with mercury production of should be promptly washed or showered with soap or . urethanes. vinyl chloride mild detergent and water to remove any mercury. monomers, • Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas anthraquinone where mercury is handled, processed, or stored. derivatives, and other * Employees who handle mercury should wash their miscellaneous hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent and chemicals water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities. COMMON OPERATIONS AND CONTROLS The following list includes some common operations in which exposure to mercury may occur and control methods which may be effective in each case:

September 197S Inorganic Mercury 3 flR3005U Operation Controls * Breathing Use as a chemical General dilution l(* P«»« <»«»*« »J«ge amounts of mercury, move intermediate and in the ventilation; process the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has manufacture of toft as a enclosure; local exhaust *°pped' P"*™ "^ respiration^Keep the afTect- ftotation agent in ventilation; persona! ^^^1™ """"^ " manufacture of bowling protective equipment; ^ aii150^51 balls; use as a meticulous __w owng ... . . ,. laboratory reagent or as housekeeping When lar*e \uantl"? of ^ercury have been swallowed a working fluid in or mercurv has been swallowed repeatedly and the instruments person is conscious, give the person large quantities of water immediately. After the water has been swaJ- Use as a conductor General dilution . lowed, try to get the person to vomit by having him during construction and ventilation; personal touch the back of his .throat with his finger. Do not maintenance of military protective equipment; make an unconscious person vomit. Get medical atten- and nuclear power meticulous tion immediately. systems, in mercury- housekeeping • Rescue stem boilers, and in air- Move the affected person from the hazardous exposure. rectifiers If the exposed person has been overcome, notify some- , ... _, , , _ . ... ,. one else and put into effect the established emergency Liberatiou n durin, _g ... Gener..a. _dfluto. .n . rescue proceduresf .n, D o no„ t. become a casualty,. .r fUnder . y- roasttnJg3 and smarting* ventilation. . ;* oc.,a _ . stan. jd *thCe facilit* -r.y s .emergenc «. y rescue procedurej s and j operationK s exhaus•t ventilation kno. w th.,e location, .. s of -rescu _ ee equipmenJ . t befor.. _e. the, need Use in manufacture of General dilution arises. txplosives; in ventilation; process preparation of enclosure; local exhaust SPILL PROCEDURES amalgams for use in ventilation; personal „ . , . artificial Jewelry protective equipment; * ??"« not weann* P«***™ equipment and cloth- meticulous m^ 3"ou"* ^ restricted from areas of spills until cleanup housekeeping hasbcen comPlcted- • If mercury is spilled, the following steps should be Use in manufacture of General dilution taken: compounds for pulp and ventilation; process I . Ventilate area of spill. paper industry as enclosure; local exhaust 2. Collect spilled material for reclamation using corn- controls far biological ventilation; personal mercially available mercury vapor depressants or spe- growths protective equipment ciafized vacuum cleaners. Liberation during mining General dilution and subsequent refining ventilation; personal of ore containing protective equipment; .American Conference of Governmental Industrial cinnabar . meticulous Hygienists: "Mercury as Hg," Documentation of the housekeeping Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air PMPRAPMrY FIR<5T Ain PROPPni 1RP«5 (3rd cd" 2nd PrinlinS>' Cincinnati, 1974. fcMfcH I AIU KHUt_-tUUHt& . American Industrial Hygiene Association: "Mercury In the event of an emergency, institute first aid proce- !?d Its 1™rfnic Compounds," Hygienic Guide Series, dures and send for first aid or medical assistance. Detroit. Michigan, 1966. - * £v*E*no* e * ^mer^can National Standard Acceptable Concentra- .-.. ,, ----- . .. ———— j- — -- . ..- tions- Mercury: ANSI-Z37.8- 1972, American National If liquid mercury gets into the eyes, wash eyes immedi- -•-_,_,_. r *? -*, , **<** ately with large amounts of water, lifting the lower and St^dards Ins

4 Inorganic M*rcury S«pttmb« 1978 AR300515 Smith, R. P.: Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products * National Institute for Occupational Safety ana (3rd ed,), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1969. Health, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and • Grant, W. M.: Toxicology of the Eye (2nd ed.), C. C. Welfare: Criteria for a Recommended Standard .... Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1974. Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Mercury, HEW Pub- • Hunter, D.: Diseases of Occupations (4th7 ed.), Little, Hcation No. HSM 73-11024, GPO No. 017-033-00022, Brown, Boston, 1969. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., • International Labour Office: Encyclopedia ofOccupa- 1973. tional Health and Safety,_ McGraw-Hill, New York, • Patty, F. A. (ed.): Toxicology, Vol. II of Industrial ^'l- Hygiene and Toxicology (2nd ed. rev.), Imerscience, • Kirk, R., and Othmer, D.: Encyclopedia of Chemical New York, 1963. Technolog*y* (2n„ ,d ed.), ,' Interscience.--,„.., New York— , ..1968. . .Vostal v~.*-,i J.r J. T, an~ dj Clarkson^t L._ , T-.r W.\\:r "Mercur»\* y as an .• Mercur. y.-.____..,. Poisoning, Occupationa_l Healt_ h Technical„ c-,,™,environmenta, „,„,.„l! Hazard u,., -j, » Journa/„.,..,„l; o «r/i«f Occupationa. .- l/ Medi\t j-- Information Service, California State Department of • ,, £iin ,E£ ,,__. Publi„,.. c Health„ ..,. 19631n,._ ~_. ..._._.* ______,______cine„, 15:649-656, , 1973. • Working with Mercury m Industry," U.S. Depart- ment of Health, Education, and Welfare Pamphlet, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1973.'

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR INORGANIC MERCURY

Condition Minimum Respiratory Protection* Required Above 0.1 mg/m3 Particulate or Vapor Concentration 1 mg/m3 or less Any supplied-air respirator. Any self-contained breathing apparatus.

5 mg/ma or less Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.

28 mg/m3 or less A Type C suppiied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continuous-flow mode.

.Greater than 28 mg/m3 or Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure- entry and escape from demand or other positive pressure mode. unknown concentrations A combination respirator which includes a Type C supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continu- ous-flow mode and an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

Fire Rghting Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure- demand or other positive pressure mode.

Escape Any gas mask providing protection against mercury. Any escape self-contained breathing apparatus.

*Only NIOSH-approved or MSHA-approved equipment should be used.

S*pttmb«r 1978 Inorganic Mercury 5 AR300516 Occupational Health Guideline for ^ Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles W

INTRODUCTION T * Appearance and odor: Colorless solid with a faint _ aromatic odor. This guideline is intended as a source of information for employees, employers, physicians, industrial hygienists, PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL) and other occupational health professionals who may have a need for such information. It does not attempt to T*16 current OSHA standard for coal tar pitch volatiles present all data; rather, it presents pertinent information » 0.2 milligram of coal tar pitch volatiles per cubic and data in summary form. - meter of air (mg/m') averaged over an eight-hour work shift, NIOSH has recommended that the permissible SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION exposure limit for coal tar products be reduced to 0.1 mg/m1 (cyclohexane-extractable fraction) averaged Anthracene over a work shift of up to 10 hours per day, 40 hours per week, and that coal tar products be regulated as occupa- • Formula: CuHu tional carcinogens. The NIOSH Criteria Document for • Synonyms: None Coal Tar Products and NIOSH Criteria Document for • Appearance and odor: Pale green solid with a faint Coke Oven Emissions should be consulted for more aromatic odor. detailed information. Phenanthrene HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION" • Formula: C«Hi» • Roataofexpoeare • Synonyms: None Coal tar pitch volatiles can affect the body if they * Appearance and odor: Colorless solid with a faint inhaled or if they come in contact with the eyes or aromatic odor, • Effect! of orerexporatre Repeated exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles has been associated with an increased risk of developing bronchi- tis and cancer of the lungs, skin, bladder, and kidneys. • Formula: C«Hi. Pregnant women may be especially susceptible to expo- • Synonyms: None sure ^^^ £_aociated with coal tar pitch volatiles. • Appearance: Bright yellow solid Repeated exposure to these materials may also cause sunlight to have a more severe effect on a person's skin. In addition, this type of exposure may cause an allergic • Formula; C«H.N skin rash. • 'Synonyms: None * Reporting signs and symptoms • Appearance and odor: Colorless solid with a faint A physician should be contacted if anyone develops any aromatic odor ^S08 or s^P101113 ™ suspects that they are caused by exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles. ftenzofatoymift * Recommended medical sarreUlance The following medical procedures should be made • Formula: C_wH« available to each employee who is exposed to coal tar • Synonyms: BaP, 3,4-benzopyrene '~^ ~ pitch volatiles at potentially hazardous levels:

These recommendations reflect good industrial hygiene and medical surveillance practices and their implementation will assist in achTeving"in effective occupational health program. However, they may not be sufficient to achieve compliance with alt requirements of OSHA regulations.

US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Public Health Servee Canters (or Disease Control Occupational Safety and Health Administration National Institute tor Occupational Safety and Health

September 1179 AR30Q517 . L. Initial Medical Examination,- dying from lung cancer was 10-fold; all coke oven —A complete history and physical examination: The workers had a 7-H-foId increase in risk of dying from purpose is to detect pre-existing conditions that might kidney cancer. Although the causative agent or agents place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to of the cancer in coke oven workers is unidentified, it is establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Exami- suspected that several PNA's in the CTPV generated nation of the oral cavity, respiratory tract, bladder, and during the coking process are involved. Certain indus- kidneys should be stressed. The skin should be exam- trial populations exposed to coal tar products have a ined for evidence of chronic disorders, for premalignant demonstrated risk of skin cancer. Substances containing and malignant lesions, and evidence of hyperpigmenta- _ PNA's which may produce skin cancer also produce tion or photosensitivity. ' contact dermatitis; examples are coal tar, pitch, and —Urinalysis: Coal tar pitch volatiles are associated cutting oils. Although allergic dermatitis is readily with an excess of kidney and bladder cancer. A urinaly- induced by PNA's in guinea pigs, it is only rarely sis should be obtained to include at a minimum specific reported in humans from occupational contact with gravity, albumin, glucose, and a microscopic on centri- PNA's; these have resulted largely from the therapeutic fuged sediment, as well as a test for red blood cells. use of coal tar preparations. Components of pitch and -Urinary cytology: Coal tar pitch volatiles are asso- ^ to produce ^toneon photosensitization; skin ciated with an excess of kidney and bladder cancer. eruptions are usually limited to areas exposed to the sun Employees havuig 5 or more years of exposure or who or ^^0,^ ught Most of the phototoxic agents will are 45 years of age or older should have a urinary induce hypermelanosis of the skin; if chronic pfaotoder- cytology examination. matitis is severe and prolonged, leukoderma may occur. -Sputum cytology: Coal tar pitch voladles are asso- Some oib ^t^g m_^3 ^_vt 5^ ^^^^ ^ ciated with an excess oflung cancer. Employees having chjm of foUicuUr ^ sebtceous ^^ wnich com. 10 or more years of exposure or who are 45 years of age m(ml ^ ^ fofm of ^ ^^ u ^^ ^ or older should have a sputum cytology examination expMUI^ to emissions at coke ovens and gas retorts -14 x IT chest roentgeaogram: Coal tar pitch ^ ^^^ ^ „ ^^ ^S^ce of volatiles are associated with an excess of lung cancer. chronic bronchitis, c^ ^ itch volatilcs ^ Surve^ce of the lungs vindicated. associated with benzene, an agent suspected of causing -I^C and FEV(1 sec): Coal tar pitch voIaMesare leukfimia ^^ ^^ £^ reported to cause an excess of bronchitis. Periodic r surveillance is mdica^. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES —A complete blood count: Due to the possibility of benzene exposure associated with coal tar pitch vola- • Physical date—Anthracene tiles, a complete blood count is considered necessary to 1. Molecular weight: 178.2 search for leukemia and aplastic anemia. 2. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 340 C (644 F) —Skin disease: Coal tar pitch volatiles are defatting 3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 1.24 agents and can cause dermatitis on prolonged exposure. 4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling polut of anthra- Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may be more cene):6.15 susceptible to the effects of these agents. 5. Melting point: 217 C (423 F) 2. Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementioned 6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): Less than 1 mm Hg medical examinations should be repeated on an annual 7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F): basis, and semi-annually for employees 45 years of age Insoluble or older or with 10 or more years' exposure to coal tar 8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): Not applica- pitch volatiles. ble • Summary of toxicology * Phyiical data—Phenanthrene Coal tar pitch volatiles (CTPV) are products of the 1. Molecular weight: 178.2 destructive distillation of bituminous coal and contain 2. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 340 C (644 F) polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNA's). These 3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 1.18 hydrocarbons sublime readily, thereby increasing the 4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of phen- amounts of carcinogenic compounds in working areas. anthrene):6.15 , Epidemiologic evidence suggests that workers intimate- 5. Melting point: 100.5 C (2I3i7) ly exposed to the products of combustion or distillation 6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): Less than 1 mm Hg of bituminous coal are at increased risk of cancer at 7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F): many sites. These include cancer of the respiratory Insoluble tract, kidney, bladder, and skin. In a study of coke oven 8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): Not applica- workers, the level of exposure to CTPV and the length ble of time exposed were related to the development of * Physical data—Pyrene cancer. Coke oven workers with the highest risk of 1. Molecular weight: 202.3 cancer were those employed exclusively at topside jobs 2. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): Greater than 360 C for 5 or more years, for whom the increased risk of (greater than 680 F)

2 Coal Tar Pitch Volatile* ' _, _ ^ ~ ~ r- - n September I97i .SR3U05 i 8 3. Specific gravity (water » 1): 1.28 either near the limbus or, in extreme cases, across the 4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of pyrene): whole cornea. Occasionally, epithelioma of the lid 6.9 margin has been attributed to contact with coal tar." 5. Melting point: 150.4 C (303 F) 6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): Less than 1 mm Hg MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT 7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F): PROCEDURES ^____* Insoluble ,^^H 8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): Not applica- • General ^^^ ble Measurements to determine employee exposure are best • Physical data—Carbazole taken so that the average eight-hour exposure is based 1. Molecular weight: 167.2 on a single eight-hour sample or on two four-hour 2. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 355 C (671 F) samples. Several short-time interval samples (up to 30 3. Specific gravity (water « 1): Greater than I minutes) may also be used to determine the average 4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of carba- exposure level. Air samples should be taken in the zole): 5.8 employee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly 5. Melting point: 246 C (475 F) represent that inhaled by the employee). 6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): Less than 1mm Hg • Method 7. Solubility in water, g/IOO g water at 20 C (68 F): Coal tar products may be sampled by collection on a Insoluble S*ass fiber filter with subsequent ultrasonic extraction 8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): Not applica- and weighing. An analytical method for coal tar pitch ble volatiles is in the NIOSH Manual of A nalytical Methods, * Physical data—B«azo<«)pyrene 2nd Ed., Vol. 1, 1977, available from the Government 1, Molecular weight: 252.3 Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (GPO No. Z Boiling point (760 mm Hg): Greater than 360 C 017-033-00267-3). (greater than 680 F) 3. Specific gravity (water « 1): Greater than 1 RESPIRATORS 4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of __ _, . . . , . . benzofateyreneV 87 * Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that 5. Melting pointi 179 C (354 F) engineering controls be used to reduce environmental 6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): Less than 1 mm Hg concentrations to the permissible exposure level. How- 7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F): «ver' *** m "?* ""P*"" where r«Pirators may lojojubie be used to control exposure. Respirators may be u 8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate . I): Not applica- when engineering and work practice controls are ., technically feasible, when such controls are in ». Keaetmtnu_*t.i*y- rproces s ,of bein"g. installed _ , or when they, fail and nee,d , to 1. Conditions contributing to instability: None haz- * supplemented Respirators may also be used for ^, . operations which require entry, into tanks or closed 2. Incompatibilities: Contact with strong oxidizers V€5seh> «"? m «««««* situations. If the use of may cause fires and explosions, respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted 3,. THazardouT _,,._s decompositio- n productsj : NonVT e ar,e _thos_ .e. tha .t , hav ..e. bee vn* approve , d,7 by- theV Min- *e Safety 4. Specialprecautions-None ** Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforce- • FI*HimmbilItY ment and Safety Administration) or by the National 1. Flash point: Anthracene: 121 C (250 F) (closed Ins^titute for Occupational Safety and Health cup\h Othersrt.u : Datr\ *a not. availabl -i uei * In additio__ _.n to respirator r «selection. u «_, a• complet • je respira\.-t-. £ Autoignition temperature: Anthracene: 540 C '°7 I"*"*- P'fSram should be msatuted wh,ch (100* R; Other* Data nS available ™cluda "f" tramm8, mamtenance, mspecnon, 3. Flammable limitt in air, % by volume: Anthra- clesnm8' "^ ev«1'lat'°n- cene: Lower: 06; Others: Data not available PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 4. Extmguishant: Foam, dry chemical, and carbon dioxide * Employees should be provided with and required to • Warning properties use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch Grant states that "coal tar and its various crude frac- minimum), tnd other appropriate protective clothing tions appear principally to cause reddening and squa- necessary to prevent skin contact with condensed coal mous ecxemi of the lid margins, with only small ero- tar pitch volatiles, where skin contact may occur. sioos of the come*! epithelium and superficial changes • If employees' clothing may have become contaxninat- in the stroma, which disappear in a month following ed with coal tar pitch volatiles, employees should exposure. Chrome exposure of workmen to tar fumes change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving and dust has been reported to cause conjunctivitis and work premises. • discoloration of the cornea in the palpebral fissure, • Clothing contaminated with coal tar pitch volaf

1*71 Coal Tar Pitch Volatitea 3 flR3005i9 should be placed in dosed containers for storage until it Operation Control* can be discarded or until provision is made for the f. removal of coal tar pitch volatiles from the clothing. If Use for P"*1**" Process enclosure; the clo thing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to "«"* T^H 1 ^ exhaust remove .1th.e coali *ta r pitc•- i.h volatdesi ^t ,.1 di.e perso^n perform^ - undergrounand J d conduitUSQ sM fl ventdilutjoi ationn ;^ *genera ing the operation should be informed of coal tar pitch coating Qn concrete ^ penanti protectiv; volatiles's hazardous properties. waterproofing and equipment • Employees should be provided with and required to corrosion-resistant use splash-proof safety goggles where condensed coal material; use in road tar pitch volatiles may contact the eyes. paving and sealing Use in manufacture and Process enclosure; repair of refractory local exhaust • Workers subject to skin contact with coal tar pitch **<* use in P"**w«on ventilation; general volatiles should wash with soap or mild detergent and of **?** ^ "?in dilution ventilation; water any areas of the body which may have contacted ™nufacture of carbon personal protect™ coali ta* r pitc•* hu volatilei *n s at* th.«e. end .4of /eac h wor**™~k day~. ceramic items equipment • Employees who handle coal tar pitch volatiles should EMERGENCY FIRST AID PROCEDURES wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild deter- gent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet In the event of an emergency, institute first aid proce- facilities. _.—-— — --- dures and send for first aid or medical assistance. • Areas in which exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles * Eye Exposure may occur should be identified by signs or other If condensed coal tar pitch volatiles get into the eyes, appropriate means, and access to these areas should be wash W^ immediately with large amounts of water, limited to authorized persons, liftinS **lower and UPP" Uds occasionally. If irritation is present after washing, get medical attention. Contact COMMON OPERATIONS AND CONTROLS **?**chemicals. sl?oul. d not ** wom when workin8 "** ±ex The following Ust includes some common operations in * Sldn Exposure which exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles may occur If condensed coal tar pitch volatiles get on the skin, and control methods which may be effective in each wash *** contaminated skin using soap or mild deter- case. - —— _ _ -,_.. — - gent and water. Be sure to wash the hands before eating or smoking and to wash thoroughly at the close of Operation Control* work. • Breathing Liberation from Process enclosure; # a ^c^^ breathes in large amounts of coal tar pitch extraction and local exhaust volatiles, move the exposed person to fresh air at once, packaging from coal tar ventilation; general If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. fraction of coking dilution ventilation; Keep $_c affected person warm and at rest Get medical personal protective attention as soon as possible. equipment . Re§cae Use as a binding agent Process enclosure; Move the affected person from the hazardous exposure. in manufacture of coal local exhaust If ** «P°sed person has been overcome, notify some- briquettes used for fud; ventilation; general one else and P* "to effect the established emergency use as a dielectric in the dilution ventilation; rescue P«>cedira- Do not become a casualty. Under- manufactu-'e of battery personal protective stand ^ facility's emergency rescue procedures and electrodes, electric-arc equipment '".o* **• locations of rescue equipment before the need furnace electrodes, and arises- SPILL AND DISPOSAL PROCEDURES Use in manufacture of Process enclosure; '• Persons not wearing protective equipment and cloth- roofing felts and papers local exhaust mg should be restricted from areas of releases until and roofing ventilation; general cleanup has been completed. dilution ventilation; * H coal tar pitch volatiles are released in hazardous personal protective concentrations, the following steps should be taken: equipment 1. Ventilate area of spill.

4 Coal Tar Pttcft VotatHm . &R3Q0520 September 197S 2. Collect released material in the most convenient and ' International Labour Office: Encyclopedia ofOccupa- «fe manner for reclamation or for disposal in sealed tional Health and Safety, McGraw-Hill, New York, containers in a secured sanitary landfill. 1971. • Waste disposal method: „ Uoyd( j. w.: «Long.Tenn Mortality Study of Steel- Coal tar pitch volatdcs may be disposed of in sealed workm< v> Respimory c^, m ^ PUnt Worfc. containersmasecuredsamtarylandfdl. t^ Journal of Occupational Medicine, 13:53-68, 19 REFERENCES * Ma2umdar> s-» et **•'• "An Epidemiological Exposure to Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles among • American Conference of Governmental Industrial Oven Workers," Journal of the Air Pollution Control Hygienists: "Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles," Documentation Association, 25:382-389, 1975. of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Work- . National Institute for Occupational Safety and room Air (3rd ed., 2nd printing), Cincinnati,, 1974. Health( os Department of Health, Education, and • Bingham.E.:''Env^onmen^<^rcinogens,"^«:AzveS Weifarc: Criteria for a Recommended standard .... ofEnvironmenta l Health 19:779-85 DES 1969 Occupational Exposure to Coal Tar Products. HEW • Bingham E.: IMhQkb m Cancer Inductions potion No. (NIOSH) 78-107. U.S. Government Archives of Environmental Health, 22:692-95, June 1971. _. . __ ; _- .„„ • 'Coke Oven Emissions," Federal Register, 40:32268- PnntmS Office, Washington, D.C, 1977. 32282, July 31,1975. * National Institute for Occupational Safety and • Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pol- Health, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and lutants, Division of Medical Sciences, National Re- Welfare: Criteria for a Recommended Stands-1^ .... search Council: Particulate Polycyclic Organic Matter, Occupational Exposure to Coke Oven Emissic HEW National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., Publication No. HSM 73-11016, GPO No, -"-033- 1972. 00015, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, • Fannick, N., et al.: "Exposure to Coal Tar Pitch D.C., 1973, Volatiles at Coke Ovens," American Industrial Hygiene . Redmond_ c> iLf et ^. "Long-Term Mortality Study Association_^^.33:461^8,197^ of Steelworkers. VI. Mortality from Malignant Neo- • Grant, W. M.: Toxicology of the Eye (2nd ed.), C. C . _ . -, . _^_ ... . „ T , f~ Thomas^-t. , «Springfield. - _c tj ,T« nhnois- - ,in* 1974* . plasm*_ s..... Amon.g Cok,-«,««.«e Oven Workers,« " Journal of Occu- • Kittle, D. ^and Stukei, J. J.: "Particle Size Distri- P**°nalMedicine, 14:621-629,1972. btmon and Chemical Composition of Coal-Tar Fumes," * *^ R- A- "Toxicology of PPOM," Journal of American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 37:199- _ Occupational Medicine, 17:784-788,1975. 204,1976. * Tye, R., and Stemmer, K. L.: "Experimental • Hygienic Information Guide No. 89 - Coal Tar Pitch cinogenesis of the Lung. II. Influence of Phenols i Volatiles, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department Production of Carcinoma," Journal of the National of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Occupational Cancer Institute, 39:175-179,1967. Health. 1972.

September It7t Coal Tar Pitch Volati!« 5 AR3QG52T RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR COAL TAR PITCH VOLATILES

Condition Minimum R**plratory Protection* _____ Required Above 0.2 mg/m* Particulate and Vapor Concentration 2 mg/m3 or less A chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartridge(s) and with a fume or high-efficiency filter. Any supplied-air respirator. Any self-contained breathing apparatus.

10 mg/m3 or less A chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and an organic vapor cartridge(s) and with a fume or high-efficiency filter. A gas mask with a chin-style or a front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister and with a full facepiece and a fume or high-efficiency filter. Any suppiied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet or hood. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece.

200 mg/ms or less A Type C suppiied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continuous-flow mode. A powered air-purifying respirator with an organic vapor cartridge and a high- efficiency particulate filter.

400 mg/m* or less A Type C suppiied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure- demand or other positive pressure mode or with a full facepiece, helmet or hood operated in continuous-flow mode.

Greater.than 400 mg/m4 or Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure- entry and escape from demand or other positive pressure mode. unknown concentrations _ __ _ _.. ._ _ -— A combination respirator which includes a Type C gupptied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continu- ous-flow mode and an auxiliary setf-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

Fire Fighting Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure- demand or other positive pressure mode.

Escape Any gas mask providing protection against organic vapors and partculates, including pesticide respirators which meet the requirements of this class. Any escape self-contained breathing apparatus. 'Only NIOSH-approved or MSHA-approved equipment should be used.

AR300522 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET MSDS i 354 GENIUM PUBLISHING CORPORATION ^g,, METHYRevisioL ALCOHOn C L 1145 CATALYN ST., SCHENECTADY, NY 12303 USA (518) 377-8854 "~""~ """" Issued: From GeniuirTi MSDS Collection, to be used as x reference, Revised: September, 1985 SECTION.1. MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION n MATERIAL NAME: METHYL ALCOtfOL OTHER DESIGNATIONS; Methanol, Wood Alcohol, Carbinol, Wood Naphtha. Methyl Hydroxide. Monohydroxy Methane, CH OH, CAS *67-S6-l MANUFACTURER/SUPPLIER: Available from several suppliers, X.I. DuPont DeNemours S Co. U02----774-2290 Chemicals & Pigments Depc. C300J 441-9442' 1007 Market St." Wiiraingeon, DE 19898 _._ . SECTION 2. INGREDIENTS AND HAZARDS HAZARD DATA

METHYL ALCOHOL ca 100 8 hr TWA: 200 ppm, or 260 mg/ro3* (Skin) STEL: 250 ppm, or 310 mg/ra3 ' HUMAN — — —— ——' Eye: 5 ppm, primary CH -OH irritation dose >•« Current OSHA Standard; ACGIH (1985-86) TLV adds (skin) notation. Inhalation: TCLo: 86,000 NIOSH has recommended a TWA standard of 200" ppra"with a fifteen minute ™S/m ~ y°X1C iirr*tant ceiling of 800 ppm. This ceiling is well above the TLV STEL of 250 ppm. effects (systenuc) SECTION 3. PHYSICAL DATA Boiling Point. 1 atm ...... 148.5UF (64.7UC) Viscosity 8 20°C_ cps ...... 0...59 Vapor density (Air«l) ,.....,,.-1.11 . Specific gravity, 200/4°C .,. 0.791. Vapor pressure S 21°C, rnmHg ••- 100 MeTEHg point ".....".....,.. .v -144°F (-97.8°C) * SO°C, raraHg ... 400 Volatiles, % ...... ca 100 Water Solubility ...... Totally Miscible Evaporation rate (BuAc=l) ..-, 5.9 Molecular weight ...... 32.04. APPEARANCE 6 ODOR: Clear, colorless, highly polar liquid with a characteristic alcohol odor. The odor recognition threshold C10Q* of test panel) is 53.3 ppm SECTION 4. FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA Lower Upper Fliih Point ind Method Auiotf ninon Temp. Rammability Limits in Air 60.8UF fl2uC) Closed Cup by Volume 36.5 EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: Use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or alcohol .type foam. Do not use a solid stream of water since the stream will scatter and spread the fire. .Use water spray to cool fire-exposed tanks/ containers. Fires Involving Methyl Alcohol are Class IB; use a blanketing effect to smother fire. Methyl Alcohol is a moderate explosion hazard and a dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, sparks, flame or oxidiiers. Its vapors are heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to an ignition source ind flashback. Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing when fighting fires involving MethylTATcohdi. SECTION 5, REACTIVITY DATA Methyl Alcohol is stable in closed containers at room temperature under normal storage" and handling conditions. It does not undergo hazardous polymerization. This material may react violently with chromic anhydride; iodide plus ethyl alcohol, and mercuric oxide; lead perchlorate; perchloric acid plus ethyl alcohol; dimethyl formamide plus phosphorous; potassium hydroxide plus chlorloform; sodium hydroxide plus chloroform. It eay also react with metallic aluminum at high temperatures. Methyl Alcohol is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.(eg., nitrates, perchlorate or sulfuric acid), active metals, acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide, isocyanates, beryllium dihydride, chloroform, and potassium tert-butoxide. It a*y attack some forms of plastics and rubber. Thermal decomposition or burning will produce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and possible toxic formaldehyde and unburned methanol. GEMUM PUBLISHING 3R300523 MSDS # ^'' . Issued _____„ METHYL \LCOIIOI. f!U-v. C1 SECTION 6. HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION • TLV :o(1 ppm fskln, or :fin Methanol is a poisonous, narcotic chemical that may exert its effects through inhalation, skin absorption, or Lngestion. Elimination of Methanol from the boxly is slow, and the toxic effects can be compounded by repeated excessive exposures over several days. Toxic "effect* are eXerted" upon the CNS, especially the optic nerve and possibly the. retinae. Symptoms of overexposure include dizziness, visual impairment, nausea, respiratory failure, muscular incoordination and narcosis. Visual disturbances may clear temporarily then re- occur and progress to blindness. Prolonged or repeated contact with the skin may cause dermatitis, erythema, and scaling. Vapors of Methanol are mildly irritating to the eyes, while direct contact with the liquid may cause irritation, pain and transient conical opacity. Ingestiou of Methanol can cause blindness and death. Th( fatal Jose is 100-250..ml, although death from ingestion of less than 33 nf has been reported. HRST AID: EYE CONTACT: Immediately flush eyes, including under eyelids, with plenty of running water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention if" irritation persists. SKTN^'j:gNTACT: Flush exposed area with water while removing contaminated clothing. Wash with soap and water. Get medical attention if irritation persists. INHALATION: -Rgmove__yic_t_im__tp fresh air\ Restore and/or" support breathing as needed. Get medical help (Inplanc Paramedic, community). INGESTION: Give victim 3/4 glasses 'of water or milk and induce vomiting by sticking finger to back of throat. Contact a Poison ControT Center or physician. Transport victim to'a medical facility immediately. I'o not induce vomiting or give anything to drink if victim is unconscious or having convulsions. .Get medical attention (Inplant, paramedic, community). SECTION 7. SPILL, LEAK AND DISPOSAL PROCEDURES Notify safety personnel of large spills or leaks. Remove all sources of heat and ignition. Provide maximum explosion-proof ventilation. Evacuate all personnel from the area except for those involved in clean-up. Remove leaking container tc safe place if feasible. Clean-up personnel should wear protective clothing, gloves, boots, and a self-contained breathing apparatus. Absorb small quantities on paper towel, vermiculite, or other absorbent and place in closed container for disposal. Dike large spills and collect for reclamation or disposal. Water spray1 may be used to knock dow.n vapor and to dilute and flush spill away from sensitive areas. Do not flush to sewer. Keep out of watersheds and waterways. DISPOSAL: Place in suitable container for disposal by a licensed contractor or burn in an approved incinera- tor. Waste solvent may be reclaimed via filtration and distillation procedures. Methyl Alcohol has been designated as a hazardous waste by the EPA (RCRA CFR 261.33). The EPA Hazardous Waste No. is U1S4. Aquatic Toxiclty_.Ra_t_i.n.lLL_T_Lm9!6'-: Over .'' ' ' - - ~—" "' ----<•--- SECTION 8. SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATION Provide general and local exhaust ventilation (explosion-proof) to meet TLV requirements. For emergency or non-routine exposures where the TLV may be exceeded, wear an appropriate NIOSH-approved respirator. All electrical service in use or storage areas should have an explosion-proof design. Prevent skin and eye contact .by.wearing rubber gloves and splash goggles or safety glasses. Use protective aprons, boot.s and face shield as necessary when splashing may occur. Eyewash stations and safety showers should be available in areas of use and handling. Provide suitable training to those working with Methanol. Monitor the workplace and keep accurate records.

Contact lenses pose a special hazard;,soft lenses may absorb and all lenses concentrate irritants.

SECTION 9: SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS AND COMMENTS Store in tightly closed containers in a dry, well-ventilated area away from strong oxidising agents, heat, sparks and open flame. Protect container from physical damage. When transferring or pouring .Methyl Alcohol, ground and bond containers..and equipment to prevent static sparks. Use non-sparking tools. Do not smoke in areas of use or storage. Use with adequate ventilation. Do not breathe vapors. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. This material is poisonous when introduced into the body metabolism. DO NOT INGEST i'. '. Provide preplacement medical exams and periodic medical surveillance for industrially exposed workers with emphasis on neurological and visual functions, liver, and kidney systems. DOT CLASSIFICATION: Flammable liquid, UN1230 . _ GOT LABEL: Flammable liquid.

DATA SOURCECS) CODE (See Glossary) 1, 2, 4-12, 16, 19, 20,"23"-26, 31, 34, 37-39, 43, 47, 63, "9. R. APPROVALS C t t ucr't purpow. ire nKCSMfily pwrehtMf • rrsptrtMhilnv Thcrcfort. IliMufh rciwnMilt ^irr Mi Men tUtn mtM prtfMfMionol tuch mfnrrnifuHi Ccmum Nbhinmi Cnrpcxuiin CIICIKJI no virrinun maJiti no tcprr-iniiiHwt ind HHIITV\ n< r(\p>m INDUST. HYGIENE/SAFETY iiOiiuv is in nw iccuricv n< iginhliiy.'l <,MKMi'm 10purcriuir i mmaatpurr""1 iv Hif biHivcuucrwct n( ill uic MEDICAL REVIEW: JOA5/85!M GENIUM PUBLISHING Copyright © September I. 1985 flR30052U Material Safety Data Sheets Collection: Genlum Publishing Corporation 1145 Catalyn Street Sheet No. 1 Schenectady, NY 12303-1836 USA Anhydrous Ammonia (518)377-8854 ' Issued: 8785 Revision: D, 4/90 Section JU Material Identification Anhydrous Ammontt Description: Manufactured primarily by using atmospheric nitrogen and a hydrogen source at high temperatures (752 "F/400 'C to 11.732 'F/6500 *C) and pressures (100 to 900 atm) in the presence of an iron ctulyst fa modified Htbcr reduction process). Used as a refrigerant, a fertilizer, t cleaning ana bleaching agent, a household cleaner, * condensation catalyst, a neutralizing agent in the petroleum industry, and a yeast nutrient; in oiiriding of steel, developing diizo films, manufacturing nitric «cid, synthetic fibers, ancf explosives; and in latex preservatives, dyeing, ureiformaldehyde, nitrocellulose, nitroparaffins, melamine, ethylenediamine, fuel cells, sulfite cooking liquors, and rocScet fuel. Other Designations: CAS No. 7564-41-7; NH,; ammonia (ACGIH); ammonia anhydrous. Manufacturer: Contact your supplier or distributor. Consult the latest Chemicalwcek Buyers' Guide™ for a suppliers

Section 2. Ingredients and Occupational Exposure Limits Anhydrous ammonia, ca 100% OSHA PEL NIOSH REL, 1987 Toxiclty Data- 15-min STEL; 35 ppm, 27 mg/mj 50 ppm Human, eye: 700 ppm ACGIH TLVs, 1989-90 5-min ceiling: 35 mg/mj Human, inhalation: 20 ppm inhaled affects the sense organs, special senses TLV-TWA: 25 ppm, 17 mg/m5 (conjunctiva irritation, ulcerated nasal septum), and the lungs, thorax, and TLV-STEL: 35 ppm, 24 mg/m5 respiration (change in trachei or bronchi) C

* See NIOSH, KTECS (BO0875000), for idditionii irritative, imitative, and toxicity dau. Sections. Physical Data Boiling Point: -28,03 TV-3335 'C Molecular Weight: 17.03 g/mol Melting Point: -107.9 TV-77.7 "C Specific Gravity (H,O = I at 39 *F/4 "Q: 0.77 at 32 T/0 'C (liquid), 0.7 at -27 'F/-33 *C C Vapor Pressure: 10 itm st 7S.3 'F/25.7 'C Water Solubility: 47% at 32 'F/0 'C, 34% at 68 'F/20 *C Vapor Density (Alr^ 1): 0.6 "—— ! Appearance and Odar: Colorless liquid or gas with a strong, pungent, and irritating odor. Their low and high odor thresholds are 0.0266 mg/m' and 39.6000 mg/m\ respectively. Section 4. Fire and Explosion Data Flash Point: Gas it room temperature Autolgnltlon Temperature: 1204 T/651 *C (iron catalyzed)* LEL: 16%v/v UEL:25%v/v Extinguishing Media: An explosive mixture may form in air if this gas continues to flow while the flame is extinguished. Thus the best proce- dure is first to stop the flow of gas. It may be necessary to use carbon dioxide or dry chemical to extinguish the flame surrounding the valve that controls (he gas supply. Use wtter to cool fire-exposed containers and to protect personnel shutting off gas. The water reduces gas concentration due to its solubility in water. For fires involving fiquified anhydrous ammonia, use dry chemical or COr Unusual Fire or Explosion Hazards: This material is a moderate fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat and/or flame. The presence of oil ind other combustible materials increases the fire hazard. Special Fire-fighting Procedures: Since fire may produce toxic fumes, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with a full facepiece

Do not release to sewers or waterways. * 850 'Q1562 "F (uuciulyzed). Section S. Reactivity Data Stability/Polymerization: Anhydrous ammonia is stable at room temperature in closed containers under normal storage and handling conditions. Its decomposition to flammable hydrogen and nitrogen gas begins above 840 T/450 *C. Hazardous polymerization cannot occur. Chemical Incompatibilities: This material is in alkaline gas that gives off heat when it reacts with acids. Contact with interhalogens, boron hilidcs, 1,2-dichloroethme (with liquid NH,), ethylene oxide (polymerization reaction), chloroformamidnium nitrate, oxygen + platinum, magnesium perchtormte, nitrogen trichloride, and strong oxidants can cause potentially violent or explosive reactions. Contact with heavy metals and their compounds, chlorine azide, bromine, iodine, iodine + potassium, tellurium halides, peniaborane (9), silver oxide, silver chloride, silver miraie, silver azide, and hypochtorites yield explosive products. Contact with chlorine or chlorine bleach can cause the evolution of hazardous chloraminc gis. Ammonia forms sensitive explosive mixtures with air + hydrocarbons, germanium derivatives, stibine, l-chloro-2,4-dinitrobcn- zene, ethanol •* silver nitrate, and 2-, or 4-chloronitrobenzene (above 160 'C/30 bar). This material is also incompatible with tcetaldehyde, »crolein, boron, chlorosilane, hexichloromelaminc, sulfur, hydrazine + alkali metals, potassium ferricyanide, potassium mercuric cyanide, nitrogen dioxide, phosphorus pentoxide, ind tctramethylimmonium amide. Hazardous Products of Decomposition: Thermal oxidative decomposition of anhydrous ammonia can produce toxic fumes of ammonia * and nitrogen oxides (NOS).

Copyrtja 01990 Otana P*M ti&nj Cstponwo. Any eooBMrcud UK at rqrodutacn without the pQMsifttt') pemauoB a prohibited. flR300bZ5 Mo. 1 Anhydrous Ammonia 4/90 Section 6. Health Hazard Data Carcinogenicity: Neither the NTP, 1 ARC, nor OSHA lists anhydrous ammonia as a carcinogen. Summary of Risks: Ammonia gas can be suffocating and extremely irritating to the eyes, throat, and respiratory tract. Depending on exposure level and time, -effects range from mild irritation to severe corrosion of body tissue due to ammonia's alk£ini»."Exposur« to increasing concen- trations may be hazardous since persons acclimated to its odors may suffer overexposure and adverse health effects. Intense exposure can be fatal. Fatalities may occur from exposure to ammonia concentrations of 2500 to 4500 ppm for 30 min. 700 ppm causes eye irritation. High gas concentrations can bum and blister skin and cause severe eye irritation with permanent cornea! damage. Contact with liquid anhydrous ammonia can also severely burn the eyes and skin. Extensive burns can be fatal. , Medical Conditions Aggravated by Long-Term Exposure: Permanent eye damage, scan, and pulmonary impairment. Target Organs: Respiratory system^ eyes. Primary Entry Routes: Inhalation, ingestion, skin and eye contact Acute Effects: Inhalation can cause dyspnea; bronchospasm; mucosal bums of the nose, phamyx, and larynx (throat irritation at 408 ppm ind laryngospasm at 1700 ppm); chest pain; pulmonary edema; saliva secretion; pink, frothy sputum; and urine retention. Ingestion causes nausea, vomiting, and swelling of the lips, mouth, and larynx. Skin contact with concentrated ammonia produces liquefaction necrosis (tissue death) and deep penetrating bums. Eye exposure results in lacrimation, conjunctivitis, iritis, corncal irritation, and temporary or permanent blindness. Chronic Effects: Chronic bronchiectasis with small airway obliteration may occur. Interstitial fibrosis hasbeen observed after chronic exposure. FIRST AID _ _ -"• Eyes: Flush immediately, including under the eyelids, gently but thoroughly with flooding amounts of running water for at least 15 min. Time is the most important consideration! The first 10 seconds tire critical to preventing blindness. Skin: Quickly remove contaminated clothing. After rinsing affected skin with flooding amounts of water, wash it with soap and water. Inhalation: Remove exposed person to fresh air and support breathing as needed. Ingestion: Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious or cpnvulsing person. If ingested, neither induce vomiting nor attempt to neutralize. Have the conscious person drink about 4 oz of water or milk to dilute. Caution! Excessive amounts may cause vomiting. After first aid, get appropriate In-plant, paramedic, or community medical support Physician's Note: Serum ammonia levels are not clinically useful in managing exposures; instead, evaluate clinically for pulmonary edema and respiratory distress, with treatment as appropriate. Consider esophagoscqpy ifthe patient has oral or pharyngeal bums. Do not induce gastric lavage. Steroid treatment is controversial and of questionable benefit If ingestion is significant, observe for development of esophageal stricture, For eye exposures, irrigate until conjunctiva! sac pH is

___. .______aseous vapor. Provide workers with training on safe handling. Do not use ammonia near heat and ignition sources. All engineering systems should be of maximum explosion-proof design and electrically grounded and bonded. Cylinders in use should be in enclosed cabinets equipped with an individual air ventilation source to control accidental leaks. Do not use copper, brass, bronze, or galvanized steel in contact with ammonia. Welded, not threaded,joints are preferred in ammonia service. Do not use brazed joints. Iron and iteel construction is preferred. Piping should be of rigid steel. Follow OSHA regulations (29 CFR 1910.11). Transportation Data (49 CFR 172.101, .102) DOT Shipping Name: Ammonia, anhydrous IMO Shipping Name: Ammonia, anhydrous, liquified, or DOT Hazard Class: Nonflammable gas ' ammonia solutions, density (specific gravity) less than 0.880 ID NOJ UN 1005 " _ . . _...... _.. _:_.:_ .. j at 15 "C, in water, containing more than 50% ammonia DOT Label: Nonflammable gas IMO Hazard Class: 2.3 DOT Packaging Requirements: 173.304,173314 IMO Label: Poison gas DOT Packaging Exceptions: 173.306 IMDG Packaging Group: - ID No.: UN 1005 MSDS Collection References: 1, 2-9,12,17, 19,20,24, 26,27,31,38, 73, 84.85, 87, 88.103,109,123,124,126,127.129,133,134,136 Prepared by: MJ Allison, BS; Industrial Hygiene Review: DJ Wilson, CIH; Medical Review: MJ Hardies, MD______

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