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Impact of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Anaesthetic and Surgical Outcomes in Children: a Systematic Review and Meta-An

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Impact of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Anaesthetic and Surgical Outcomes in Children: a Systematic Review and Meta-An ADC Online First, published on July 14, 2016 as 10.1136/archdischild-2016-310687 Original article Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/archdischild-2016-310687 on 14 July 2016. Downloaded from Impact of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on anaesthetic and surgical outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis Christopher Chiswell,1 Yasmin Akram2 ▸ Additional material is ABSTRACT published online only. To view Background Tobacco smoke exposure in adults is What is already known on this topic? please visit the journal online (http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ linked to adverse anaesthetic and surgical outcomes. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, including archdischild-2016-310687). ▸ Environmental tobacco smoke exposure has a passive smoking, causes a number of known harms in 1Department of Public Health, significant impact on paediatric health, children, but there is no established evidence review on Birmingham Children’s including frequency of respiratory illness, its impact on intraoperative and postoperative outcomes. Hospital, Birmingham, UK bacterial meningitis and ear infections. 2Institute of Applied Health Objectives To undertake a systematic review of the ▸ Smoking by adults increases their risk of Research, University of impact of ETS on the paediatric surgical pathway and to anaesthetic and surgical complications, Birmingham, Birmingham, UK establish if there is evidence of anaesthetic, including delayed wound healing, increased intraoperative and postoperative harm. Correspondence to respiratory complications and delayed Dr Christopher Chiswell, Eligibility criteria participants Children aged discharge. Department of Public Health, 0–18 years undergoing anaesthetic or surgical ’ ▸ Appropriate preoperative smoking cessation in Birmingham Children s procedures, any country, English language papers. Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, adults reduces the risk of these complications. Birmingham B4 6NH, UK; Exposure ETS exposure assessed via questioning, [email protected] observation or biological marker. Outcome measures Frequency of respiratory and Received 11 February 2016 other adverse events during anaesthesia, surgery and Revised 8 June 2016 What this study adds? Accepted 20 June 2016 recovery, and longer term surgical outcomes. Results 28 relevant studies were identified; 15 considered anaesthetic outcomes, 12 surgical outcomes, ▸ This first review of the evidence identifies and and 1 a secondary outcome. There was sufficient summarises the effect of environmental evidence to demonstrate that environmental smoke tobacco smoke exposure on paediatric exposure significantly increased risk of perianaesthetic anaesthetic and surgical outcomes. respiratory adverse events (Pooled risk ratio 2.52 CI 95% ▸ A pooled estimate suggests that environmental 1.68 to 3.77), and some evidence that ear and sinus tobacco smoke exposure significantly increases surgery outcomes were poorer for children exposed to risk of paediatric respiratory adverse events ETS. during the perianaesthetic period. http://adc.bmj.com/ Conclusions ETS exposure increases the risk of ▸ There is a need to establish whether household anaesthetic complications and some negative surgical health promotion interventions and preoperative outcomes in children, and this should be considered smoking cessation reduce the risk of harmful when planning surgery. Research is required to outcomes for children undergoing surgery. demonstrate whether changes in household smoking behaviour prior to surgery reduces risk of adverse on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. outcomes, and to close the evidence gap around other Rationale outcomes such as wound healing and respiratory In adults, there is evidence that tobacco smoking infections. has a negative impact on surgical outcomes, includ- Trial registration number Review registration ing anaesthetic complications,7 reduced wound and number 42014014557. bone healing89and increased morbidity and delayed discharge from hospital.10 Appropriate ces- sation of smoking before an operative episode INTRODUCTION reduces the likelihood of these events and improves Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, also patient outcomes.11 Economic benefits of effective referred to as ‘secondhand smoke’ or ‘passive preoperative smoking cessation have been modelled smoking’, is exposure to smoke from the burning in adults, where cessation was conservatively esti- of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by mated to save between one-half and three-quarters smokers. ETS exposure has been demonstrated to of a million pounds in London alone, with a poten- haveasignificant impact on the health of children tial to extend this to 5–13 million pounds with a and young people. This includes increased incidence more engaged programme.12 To cite: Chiswell C, of respiratory infection,1 asthma,2 ear infection3 and There is no similar evidence base around the Akram Y. Arch Dis Child 4 Published Online First: meningitis. Children are more vulnerable than impact of ETS exposure levels on surgery in chil- [please include Day Month adults to ETS,5 and there is consensus on the dren, and a review of PROSPERO abstracts sug- Year] doi:10.1136/ importance of protecting children from the harms of gests no similar systematic reviews (SRs) are in archdischild-2016-310687 ETS exposure.6 preparation. Chiswell C, Akram Y. Arch Dis Child 2016;0:1–8. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-310687 1 Copyright Article author (or their employer) 2016. Produced by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (& RCPCH) under licence. Original article Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/archdischild-2016-310687 on 14 July 2016. Downloaded from Objectives Data extraction The objective of this SR was to answer the structured question A data extraction template was created to capture participant ‘What is the evidence from observational studies that environ- numbers, specialty, inclusion and exclusion criteria, measure- mental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in children aged under ment of ETS exposure, whether ETS was a primary or second- 18 affects anaesthetic and surgical outcomes compared with ary measure and how ETS exposure was categorised. Outcomes those with lower or no ETS exposure?’ were captured, including type of outcome, length of study, stat- istical method, results and adjustments for bias and confound- ing. Where only rates or percentages were reported, these were METHODS used to calculate raw numbers for inclusion. This SR was conducted in line with current PRISMA guidance. Wherever possible, total and included study participants, raw Review coauthors agreed the review protocol, which was sub- event numbers and summary statistics were extracted. Other spe- mitted to the University of York PROSPERO International cific outcomes, such as ‘time to event’ were captured narratively. Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (ID 42014014557). Primary outcomes were classified into three categories: anaes- thetic (eg, laryngospasm), immediate postsurgical (eg, bleeding) Eligibility criteria and long-term surgical (eg, disease resolution or improvement). Studies were eligible if they met the following four criteria: The extraction tool was piloted on a scoping study, and then (A) An observational study (as defined by the Cochrane applied consistently to all papers by a study reviewer (YA). Collaboration), including case–control, cohort, case–cohort, Results were independently cross-checked by the second nested case–control and cross-sectional studies. Case studies, reviewer (CC). letters, editorials and reviews were excluded. Where relevant fi cohorts could be identi ed as nested within an interventional Quality scoring study (eg, a randomised controlled trial collecting ETS exposure Studies that met the inclusion criteria were independently as confounding), it was included. scored for methodological quality by the two reviewers using a (B) A population of children aged 18 or under undergoing modified eight-point version of the Newcastle–Ottawa quality as- any operative procedures, including studies of children, or con- sessment scale (http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/ taining a subgroup of children aged 18 or under. oxford.asp) recognised by the Cochrane Collaboration (C) Study or subgroup analysis contained within it uses Non-Randomised Studies Working Group. The content validity reported or observed ETS (eg, by parental questionnaire), or and inter-rater reliability of the tool are already established. The biological markers thereof, as an independent variable on study reviewers selected a score of 7 or more as an indicator of outcome. high methodological quality. (D) Study included either any anaesthetic, recovery and surgi- cal outcomes, for our protocol’s primary outcomes, or second- ary outcomes including length of stay, cost of care, patient Statistical methods experience or change in close contact smoking behaviours or The protocol described that quantitative data synthesis would be fi ETS exposure. Any length of follow-up was accepted. undertaken where there were suf cient data. Surgical outcomes were too diverse, and are reported narratively. Anaesthetic respira- tory adverse events (RAEs) were reported more consistently. A Information sources pooled, weighted risk ratio was estimated using random effects http://adc.bmj.com/ A standardised search protocol was developed and performed meta-analysis performed in RevMan V.5.3.5,13 using the across all databases on 30 October 2014. We searched only Mantel-Haenszel implementation of the DerSimonian
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