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The Routledge Handbook of Language and Culture

Farzad Sharifian

Ethnosyntax

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 Anna Gladkova Published online on: 17 Dec 2014

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 Ethnolinguistics ATII PART Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 This pageintentionallyleftblank Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 tnsna sa praht tdiggamra eil fclue h term The culture. of vehicle a as grammar studying to approach an is Ethnosyntax tnig.Tems eeatitrrtto of interpretation Cli anthropologist relevant most The understandings. standings. cultural broader to of related are constructions are grammatical meanings that their view and the arbitrary advocated semantically She not meaning. cultural on re focus to particular (1979) Wierzbicka by introduced was om ymaso hc e omnct,preut,addvlpterkoldeaotand about knowledge their develop life and perpetuate, symbolic towards communicate, in attitudes men expressed conceptions which inherited of of means system by a forms symbols, in embodied meanings of pattern iwi di is view language ‘ odr,20) tnsna na in Ethnosyntax 2002). Goddard, certain a th share language particular because a of world-view speakers is, that language; on dependent and relative are dependence. the systems this mutual of 2 formulated relationship (Chapter a (1956) Whorf in are and thought Whorf Sapir and language by that works argued the (1949) Sapir in volume). laid were foundations theoretical and ideological ess tas oue ntotaiinlydsigihdcmoet fgrammar of components distinguished traditionally two on (in focuses also 1972). It Hymes, and senses. Gumperz (e.g., speaking 2002, of (Goddard ethnography ethnopragmatics and as volume) such pragmatics, this of 5 area Chapter the 2006; in studies some with a overlaps rules sense cultural sense and broad a pragmatic in Ethnosyntax how structures. grammatical particular studies of meanings the in embedded are that etne falnug a edrvdfo ai elements). basic from derived be can language a of sentences semiotic ic h dao utrlmaigi motn nteehoytxapoc,teunderstanding the approach, ethnosyntax the in important is meaning cultural of idea the Since w esso tnsna a edistinguished be can ethnosyntax of senses Two its recent, relatively is linguistics in approach an as ethnosyntax of development the Although h olwn icsinpoie xmlso tde nehoytxi t ra n narrow and broad its in ethnosyntax in studies of examples provides discussion following The fl ‘ culture cinadwr omto)adsna asse frlswihdsrb o l well-formed all how describe which rules of system (a syntax and formation) word and ection ’ ‘ ff see ’ Srni 2009). (Sarangi, rn Catr2ti oue.Whorf volume). this 2 (Chapter erent utb identi be must ’ h ol hog h rs fti te agaead hrfr,terlinguistic their therefore, and, language other this of prism the through world the ff r erz nhsve,tecneto utr denotes culture of concept the view, his In Geertz. ord ’ Get,17:8) hsitrrtto fcluei oeie aeldas labelled sometimes is culture of interpretation This 89). 1973: (Geertz, i agaedtrie h a they way the determines language eir ETHNOSYNTAX fi ed. ‘ ‘ Culture igitcrltvt principle relativity linguistic ‘ narrow Introduction 1 naGladkova Anna ’ ff ’ eemaspeople means here c h s fgamtclsrcue.Ehoytxi this in Ethnosyntax structures. grammatical of use the ect es ist oaeadatclt utrlunderstandings cultural articulate and locate to aims sense fl c e esetv ngamtclsuiswt a with studies grammatical on perspective new a ect 3 33 ‘ culture ’ bevtosapidt eio n grammar. and lexicon to applied observations s – a ‘ narrow ’ nti eadhsbe o been has regard this in ’ ‘ hrdies ennsadunder- and meanings ideas, shared s see ’ hc otltsta conceptual that postulates which , ’ ’ n a and h ol.Sekr fanother of Speakers world. the ‘ broad ‘ itrclytransmitted historically a ’ n (En one – ‘ ff ethnosyntax morphology rdb the by ered fi l,2002; eld, ’ Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 n xc eatccnetvr rmlnug olnug.Hr hsvrainwl be will variation this Here example: language. for adverbs, to and English. language Australian and scope from Spanish, its vary but Columbian languages, Russian, content many using in demonstrated semantic found is exact phenomenon This and it. towards endearment or intimacy at meaning term cultural The encoding morphology. phenomenon linguistic of a level of the example interesting an are Diminutives daof idea n soitdclua nesadns(ipo,20;En 2002; (Simpson, understandings cultural constructions understandings grammatical associated of or and analysis cross-cultural assumptions and cross-linguistic comparative cultural a shared of con- 291 importance 2002: wider establishing Simpson, 2002; and some Goddard, 1988; meaning, and 1979, (Wierzbicka, its meaning investigating this analysis question, between ethnosyntactic in an nections Conducting construction grammar. a studying identifying to grammatical approach involves in semantic embedded a meanings in cultural lies decoding structures to key a En (1979), Wierzbicka 2002; by 1989, emphasized 1979, their Wierzbicka of among (e.g., unanimity analysis of meaning the degree involves constructions grammatical a of is element cultural There into research investigations. that linguistic scholars of kind this to requirements odological st uuedrcin o eerhi ethnosyntax. in research wording for of directions future ways sets of 5 basis Section the concludes. on factors cultural ilsrtsvraini h s fgamtclsrcue u otein the to due structures grammatical and of Russian, a English, use as from the of examples in NSM on variation relying illustrates of Several syntax 3 and use Section morphology Spanish. scripts. the of level on cultural the at rely embedded formulate which studies of to represent studies cultural use chapter semantic of this tool. language studies in in methodological in applied provided underlying as examples well is factors as the NSM explications, and pragmatic to volume). Goddard formulate (e.g., to ways this and language constructions certain every 23 grammatical in of and Chapter core other words the 2014; each at with 2002, lies combine metalanguage Wierzbicka, comprises This which NSM mini-language. molecules) a (NSM). semantic in form Metalanguage Such as bias 2002). Semantic known ethnocentric Goddard, Natural meanings volume; and the identi this lingua- empirically in 23 a 65 found Chapter avoid 2002; be 1989, to can 1979, metalanguage methodology Wierzbicka, culture-neutral (e.g., a research with studied be solnce bystro usa a ihydvlpdsse fepesv eiain tapist on,adjectives,nos nouns, to applies It derivation. expressive of system developed highly a has Russian krasivyj h cuuae xeineo eerhit ethno into research of experience accumulated The poie xmlso utrlmeaning cultural of examples provides 2 Section follows. as structured is chapter This signi A ‘ nose.NOUN.MASC.SG ‘ smallness ‘ ‘ sun.NOUN.NEUT.SG quickly.ADV fi ‘ atve nehoytxi htclua speci cultural that is ethnosyntax in view cant beautiful.ADJ.MASC.SG utrlmaiga h ee fmrhlg n syntax and morphology of level the at meaning Cultural 2 ’ fteojc rqaiynmd eeal,i ojnto iha tiueof attitude an with conjunction in generally, named, quality or object the of fi ’ duieslmaig aogwt iie ubro oecomplex more of number limited a with (along meanings universal ed – bystren ’ ’ ’ ko – – nosik ‘ ‘ ’ diminutive solny quickly. . Morphology 2.1 – krasiven ‘ naGladkova Anna š nose. ko DIM ‘ sun. DIM ’ 34 ’ kij ’ eest omto fawr htcnesthe conveys that word a of formation a to refers . fi DIM ’ l,20;Gdad 02 ipo,20) As 2002). Simpson, 2002; Goddard, 2002; eld, , ‘ ‘ beautiful. requests ytxalwdrsacest omlt meth- formulate to researchers allowed syntax ’ , fi iyo rmaia tutrsnesto needs structures grammatical of city fi ’ l,2002). eld, DIM – nEgihadRsin eto 4 Section Russian. and English in ) oeshlr loagefrthe for argue also scholars Some 2). ’ , fl ec of uence Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 edr sawyo eeaiain tcnb adta ti sda ihradiminutive-forming a either as examples: used following is the it with that said be can it generalization, of su way a As gender. od led otiigaohrdmntv su diminutive another containing already words e tde ntebsso w om nRsin h su illustrate the will Russian, We in derivation. forms two expressive of of basis models semantic the proposes in of on She meanings adults studies name. her of among personal of representations used forms as also derivative formulae the are in (as they embedded children information but cultural small children), and to diminutives and about between talk association speech. to colloquial strong used a are of is nuances diminutives The There addressee. 2007). the towards (Gladkova, express di to are wants however, speaker meaning, the these di attitude a the conveys on form depends Each form name. personal Russian any almost Juranja ntelte case latter the In inntjs ihcide,btwt ml hlrnadi scnitn ihisfnto sa as function its with consistent is it and children small with but children, ‘ with just not tion a lob sdt drs dls sawyo lutain h olwn ae rmteoral the from cases following the illustration, they of however, way children, a with As interaction adults. in address to used used commonly be are also forms can Such children. small (e.g., follows: ihaddrce oad hlrn irbca(92 246 (1992: Wierzbicka children. towards directed and a with convey They children. with associated Ljusenok ihyeoiefrainepesn neretada a as endearment. and of endearment degree ( expressing Sciences increased formation of Academy emotive Russian highly the of a Grammar Russian the to According h ytmo xrsiedrvto nproa ae sas xrml ihadi largely is and rich name extremely feminine a also example, is For names nouns. personal for derivatives: one in the derivation with expressive consistent of system The obediminutive double ffi vaza h su The irbca(92 rusta ihamaigbsdapoc ogamroecnunravel can one grammar to approach meaning-based a with that argues (1992) Wierzbicka poljana vanna hsattd loetnst iiuiefrswith forms diminutive to extends also attitude This lo kofta zvezda h s ftefrswith forms the of use The krovat nnuscnann lse fcnoat rln osnnso tcnb de to added be can it or consonants long or consonants of cluster a containing nouns in x š ad Juroc , ’ ‘ ‘ ’ Jura , vase cardigan ‘ ‘ horse ffi bathtub ˇ ‘ Mila ‘ ‘ ka bed clearing star x š Ljuda ’ , a -oc , – ’ ’ Ljuboc , ’ ˇ Jurc – – Miloc ka vazoc – ’ -oc ’ zvezdoc krovatka , ˇ lo – ’ ik sarltvl omnwyo omn iiuiefrsfrnuso feminine of nouns for forms diminutive forming of way common relatively a is – ˇ ’ ˇ Ljudoc ka š – . ˇ ka , ˇ koftoc adka ka. vannoc ka Jurasja poljanka ugs atclrysalsz n eygo elnsascae with associated feelings good very and size small particularly a suggest ) osiue a constitutes ‘ ˇ acln name masculine A ˇ vase.DIM ˇ ka ka ka ‘ ‘ ˇ horse.DIM bed.DIM ka , ‘ ‘ star.DIM aogohr) ito oprbelnt a epoue for produced be can length comparable of list A others). (among cardigan.DIM Ljudka ‘ ‘ bathtub.DIM -oc clearing.DIM ffi ˇ ka utfrclua usdr n ereso agaet decipher to language a of learners and outsiders cultural for cult ’ ‘ , obediminutive double ’ vk h daof idea the evoke ’ ’ – Ljudok – krovatoc ff lo cin oe n rtcin hti tiue associated attitudes is that protection, and love, ection, š Ethnosyntax ’ adoc ’ , . Jurij ’ Ljudusik – ˇ ˇ ka ka 35 poljanoc a h derivatives the has ‘ ‘ ffi bed.DIM horse.DIM x , -k(a). ’ ˇ ‘ ka smallness Ljudasik n t omto a edmntae as demonstrated be can formation its and ffi ‘ -oc ff xes clearing.DIM ’ rn enn,adtecoc fthe of choice the and meaning, erent ˇ . – h omrcs a eillustrated be can case former The ka ‘ ’ )age that argues 7) obediminutive double -oc , ˇ nproa ae.Sc forms Such names. personal in ’ ka Ljuda n r fe sdi contexts in used often are and and Jura Ljudmila š a ’ -ik , , Š Ljusja Juroc eoa 1980), vedova, . -oc ˇ ˇ ka a h following the has ka , , ’ Ljus a nassocia- an has tepessan expresses it Jurik ’ ka , Juron , -oc Ljusik ˇ ka ’ ka is , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 codn oteRsinGamr( Grammar Russian the to According ‘ nte ru fwrst ecniee nti icsinaetoewt h su the with those are discussion this in considered be to words of group Another ‘ to are they as concepts human universal in represented be can form this identi of meaning of invariant The 50-year-old a it In practice. GP as a nurse at female recorded younger database a a addresses form doctor taken male is example following The oewrsedn in ending words Some ain of variant ohradesshr5ya-l agtruigtenm omwith form name the using daughter bath: 5-year-old a her addresses mother the of subcorpus hl ohsu both While -oc smallness host/owner ˇ ka [A] (2) 1 eae 5-year-old: Female, (1) nietesu the Unlike slon dom xvost sad lob Ljusja Sveta Jura Mark h su The -ik n tas osntncsaiyeoea soito ihsalchildren. small with association an evoke necessarily not does also it and fi – – sadmntv su diminutive a as – – di S sflos(irbca 92 247): 1992: (Wierzbicka, follows as NSM in ed – ‘ Iroc b iepol a elwe hysytig osalchildren small to things say they when feel you can towards people good like very (b) something feel I (a) r-I,aeyufe?G otergsrto o registration the to Go free? you are Ira-DIM, ‘ eae 30-year-old: Female, – lobik – Ljudoc sadik – It slonik – Jurik domik ’ ffi ’ hc a fe eacmaidb na an by accompanied be often can which , xvostik ˇ Svetik -ik Marik l ih,it right, all s a ysoon?Soievrgsrtr akartoc za registraturu v Sxodite svobodny? vy ka, Ljusik x ’ ). ‘ ˇ -ik sue ofr on rmadjectives): from nouns form to used is ‘ forehead a Juroc ka, (m.) garden ffi ‘ ‘ elephant house ffi (f.) (m.) e eoeteie of idea the denote xes a eue ofr a form to used be can ‘ (f.). tail x usa ainlCorpus National Russian -oc ’ ’ ˇ ’ ka ’ ˇ ’ ka l ih.Ntcl?Sy vt-I.Icnmk twarmer. it make can I Sveta-DIM. Say, cold? Not right. all s -ik ’ ffi h su the , hc saddt acln on nigi osnns(another consonants in ending nouns masculine to added is which x a xrs iprgmn (e.g., disparagement express can Xolodnaja. a a,kkrz exldaa ooi Svetoc Govori, xolodnaja? Ne raz. kak raz, Kak ffi x Š -ik eoa 90,wrswt h su the with words 1980), vedova, ‘ ff Cold. cint om o acln n eiienames: feminine and masculine for forms ectionate naGladkova Anna snta not is ‘ smallness ’ a eqoe.I xml 1 30-year-old a (1) example In quoted. be can 36 Iroc ‘ obediminutive double ’ , ˇ ff ka -ik cint tiue hsosrainapplies observation This attitude. ectionate : ˇ ffi koj. xrse esa less expresses et iku h patient the up pick to ce tipc ˇ ik < tip ’ Wezik,19:250). 1992: (Wierzbicka, ‘ ffi type ff x cint tiuethan attitude ectionate -oc ˇ -ik a amg pogorjac mogu Ja ka. ˇ ka ’ , xozjajc xrs h daof idea the express hl iigher giving while ’ ˇ records. s ik ’ < ffi xozjain x -ik ˇ ’ ee . . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 h nwec te el(si xml ) eiiefrsin forms feminine 2), example in (as well other each know who eiiefrsin forms Feminine ‘ that fact the with o xml,wiefmnn om in forms feminine while example, For red.Sm xmlsfo h rlsbopso the of subcorpus oral the from examples Some friends. omleo hskn lo st hwoelpigcmoet fmaigi h structures the in di meaning di their of Their components as overlapping (a). well show components as to us investigation allow under kind this of Formulae of from diminutive edr acln om in forms Masculine gender. su This eiiefrsin forms feminine opnn n[]i xrse as as expressed is [A] in component ihtesu the with with forms to reference children nRsina ti o eeati h om ihtesu the with forms the in relevant not is it as Russian in nti xhnebtena 8ya-l eaeSea(vtk n 3ya-l ae(Sasha), male 23-year-old a and speech: (Svetik) colloquial Sveta of elements female use 18-year-old interlocutors an both between exchange this In eznaj ne nti xml h eaeadesn vt as Sveta addressing female the example this In tol oihattitude boyish ’ 3 eae 18-year-old: Female, (3) ‘ [C] with forms feminine for meaning of invariant The [B] eeec osalcide a o ensont pl oalfrso xrsiederivation expressive of forms all to apply to shown been not has children small to Reference 4 eae1 15-year-old: 1, Female (4) ko elsmtiggood something feel ‘ just b iepol a eltwrssalboys small towards feel can you people towards like good (b) something feel I (a) eae 18-year-old: Female, 23-year-old: Male, ffi eae2 15-year-old: 2, Female ‘ ’ Jurik Ljusik o know.2SG not c att a hnst o iepol a sa can you people like to you things to things say say I to want when I good (c) something you feel towards I good (b) something feel I (a) hl xlctos[]ad[]hv eeec to reference have [C] and [B] explications while , a oihascain,i ohmsuieadfmnn om,wihi consistent is which forms, feminine and masculine both in associations, boyish has x ’ .Smlrfaue r bevdi necag ewe w teenagers: two between exchange an in observed are features Similar ). -oc ‘ , ffi ml girls small ˇ Marik , x ka ’ Svetik h nain fti enn sa olw Wezik,19:251): 1992: (Wierzbicka, follows as is meaning this of invariant The . -u a ernee yteueo h rm EY hrfr,teattitudinal the Therefore, VERY. prime the of use the by rendered be can -ik -ik -ik š ka ladno msuienames) (masculine r escmo hnmsuiefrs hyaepafladvr informal. very and playful are They forms. masculine than common less are fmnn forms) (feminine rgnlyi acln omadi sue ofr on fmasculine of nouns form to used is it and form masculine a is originally r fe sdaogwt te olqilexpressions: colloquial other with along used often are ’ xlcto A lososta oea more a that shows also [A] Explication . ’ (e.g. ’ . rte than (rather ‘ ff OK rvtk vtk d vse? gde A Svetik! Privetik, rne i ntefc htepiain[]hsrfrneto reference has [A] explication that fact the in lie erences -ik eza,j oandvovstala. nedavno toka ja znaj, Ne Nikitu Privet! ’ and ) au Da oprdt om in forms to compared , Poka. ‘ elsmtigvr good very something feel š ž ka ‘ pokedova !Nuladnen Hi! fi ‘ -oc , Bye! s-esnsnua om,adardcdform reduced a and form), singular rst-person ˇ Annu ff ka ’ rne.Epiain A,[] n C aesimilar have [C] and [B], [A], Explications erences. Ethnosyntax ’ a eue ntewrpaecnetbtenpeople between context workplace the in used be can š (from ka 37 ’ Wezik,19) hsfc ugssthat suggests fact This 1992). (Wierzbicka, ) o vtk Pokedova! Svetik! ko, Svetik poka privetik ‘ oehn oasalby o oasalgirl small a to not boy, small a to something y i vt-I!Where Sveta-DIM! Hi, -ik -oc ffi loue olqilforms colloquial uses also ‘ sa olw Wezik,19:251): 1992: (Wierzbicka, follows as is ˇ buye usa ainlCorpus National Russian ka x ‘ ’ ‘ ml boys small hl n[]ad[]i sexpressed is it [C] and [B] in while , ‘ hi-DIM r esa less are , un,Ijs o up. got just I Dunno, -en ’ ). ’ ff ka cint tiueepesdby expressed attitude ectionate -ik (e.g. ’ ‘ el K vtk Bye! Svetik! OK, Well. as hmn with rhyming (also ’ a nyb sdamong used be only can ff ih[]as containing also [C] with cint n xrs a express and ectionate Katen ’ ’ everyone? s ka , Miten ’ niaethat indicate ladnen toka ’ ka Svetik ’ ’ ‘ (from and ) ko small ’ (a ), Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 eeec ocide antb lie ob nivrato enn o l om of forms all for meaning of invariant an be to claimed be Russian. cannot in diminutives children to reference vra ewe h w ytm.Tai 20)eposWierzbicka employs (2004) Travis systems. two the between overlap in 1999): formulated (Wierzbicka, be a follows can displaying as rules scripts of cultural cultural value These cultural of the 2013b). important form to 2013a, the two (Gladkova relates relations it to personal Second, related intimate emotions. be re of is can display it neous elaboration First, Russian. this of particular, themes In importance. cultural ayt h we ftehue(h shrbs) neape()apoooia ain fthe of variant phonological a (6) example In boss). her is (who house the of su owner the to lady example this In su diminutive codn oTravis to According 04 260): 2004: uhue a edmntae ihtefloigeape rmTravis from examples following the with demonstrated be can uses Such su sepesdo hnsmoeepessrqet ro children. or to requests speaking expresses to when someone speaking felt su when when be the or diminutive can of expressed meaning a that the is kind using that the notes of also of prototype she feelings However, the implies on diminu- therefore, based of and, use is children the Spanish that argues Colombian Travis concepts. in universal tives in formula semantic a proposes a Travis expressing uses su to this children that to demonstrates relation and study corpus a of ffi ffi igitceaoaini h oano xrsiedrvto nRsinhsasigni a has Russian in derivation expressive of domain the in elaboration Linguistic pns,lk usa,i lorc nepesv eiain oee,teei ocomplete no is there However, derivation. expressive in rich also is Russian, like Spanish, times:] many at this like think people [many [F] times:] many at this like think people [many [E] times:] many at this like think people [many [D] (6) (5) h s of use The x e nSpanish in xes -ito ‘ úee nmonstrico un eres tú – o r ose-I.Apnaeetn monster. pancake-eating A monster-DIM. a are You – ti odi hssmoecnko htIfe oad hssomeone this towards feel I someone what this know about can think someone I this when if someone good this is to it something say I well someone when someone this know to I something if say I when it know can someone this someone if this good towards is good it something feel I well when someone know I if feels someone what know can people other if good is it óaeuaaeatmin oyó? también, arepa una Cómase un,mjt.Gracias. mijita. Bueno, ta is (that -ito/-ita ffi x mijita -ito/-ita -illo/a -ico ’ aa hssu this data, s svr omni xrsiga expressing in common very is ‘ sue oigyb oa hnadesn e ubn (Travis, husband her addressing when woman a by jokingly used is ) ydaughter-DIM my and … nClminSaihuigsoe aao ooba Spanish. Colombian of data spoken using Spanish Columbian in -in/a. nmntu oepancakes. come monstruo Un fl ‘ ffi K yduhe-I.Takyou. Thank daughter-DIM. my OK, cieo eea utrlvlepae noe n sponta- and open on placed value cultural general a of ective smc oefeun n rdcieta te diminutive other than productive and frequent more much is x ff rvsidenti Travis cin otmt n egn pehat.Frec fthe of each For acts. speech hedging and contempt, ection, ‘ naGladkova Anna aea rp Clminpnae o,yuhear? you too, pancake] [Colombian arepa an Have ’ sue sadiminutive a as used is ffi 38 fi evssvrlfunctions several serves x ssvrlue ftesu the of uses several es ffi sgnrlzdi iutoswe contempt when situations in generalized is x ff ff cinwe paigt n bu adults. about and to speaking when ection r n eeec ocide slost. is children to reference and ers ’ fi tv i emb cleaning a by term kin ctive ’ ’ prahi nlsn a analysing in approach s ’ ffi aa(04 259): (2004: data – ff x cint elnsin feelings ectionate rmiscr ssin uses core its from -ito/-ita ntebasis the on fi cant Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 ml o n ml il,btntsalcide.Tai oe htsmni n pragmatic and semantic that notes Travis children. small not di Spanish but in diminutive girls, the of small functions and boy small s fdmntv om nRsinadSaih utainEgihhsadsiciediminutive distinctive a has English Australian freshies Spanish. and as Russian such in form, forms diminutive of not. use is Russian while focused, child is diminutive a good 20)pooetefloigepiainfrteeforms: these for explication following the propose (2008) that that down. toned is emotions of expression h rttp fueof use of prototype The xmlsfo h utainsbopsof subcorpus Australian the from examples a of contain degree both greater that a in express [A] also explication and Russian children di the small also to to are reference compared there However, be children. can to reference [G] script Spanish The 261): 2004: (Travis, follows as script cultural a of form the hsepiaindmntae di demonstrates explication This n pns om.I lososdi shows expression also It forms. Spanish and odr n irbca(08 ru htteueo hskn of kind this of use the that argue (2008) Wierzbicka and Goddard h s fa of use the ovya convey rpeoeawl aiirt epei utai)adthe and Australia) in people to familiar well phenomena or (9) nls lohsdmntv om,btteruei uhmr aeadls estl hnthe than versatile less and rare more much is use their but forms, diminutive has also English H abe freshies barbie, [H] hs ihtehl fare a of help the with Thus, (8) (7) someone:] about something say they when times many at this like think people [many [G] ‘ ‘ ’ ti o i thing big a not is it diminutive hnteSaihfrswith forms Spanish the than ) fehwtrcrocodiles), (fresh-water ilbn riei utoeo h aytig iio oDri a oi a,wt most with day, a in do can Darwin to visitor a (both things crocodiles many of the sightings of including one companies just tour is cruise billabong A ati ao hce e taso h abeadoee ako three. or cask a opened and barbie the CDs? on More steaks year? few last a ones chucked loved Jason your Captain give you did presents Chrissie What d hnIsysmtigaoti,Idon I it, about something say I when this: like it about think (d) I it, about this (c) say I when (b) something (a) iepol a eltwrsacidwe hyaesyn oehn oti child this to something saying someone are this they towards when good child something a feel towards I feel someone, can this people about like this say I when f eas hyko hnslk hswell this good like something things feel know I they this, because like it about don think here I people when (g) (f) (e) ‘ ’ hlihe childish ‘ nRsin(cit D (scripts Russian in regular his prezzies Chrissy ’ om nRsin ouba pns,adAsrla nls ovycultural convey English Australian and Spanish, Columbian Russian, in forms “ ’ ff ti o oehn big something not is it iiuie(e.g., diminutive ect ’ -ito ’ h utainfrsre forms Australian The . a hree omo h odidcts.GdadadWierzbicka and Goddard indicates). word the of form shortened a (as oepesa express to Crsmspresents), (Christmas fi ff e ehdlg fsmni nlssi a edemonstrated be can it analysis semantic of methodology ned Brissie rne nmaigbtenteAsrla om n Russian and forms Australian the between meaning in erences – ff )aentapial oteAsrla otx hr the where context Australian the to applicable not are F) ’ rne tudryn utrlvle nta ue of rules that in values cultural underlying at erences -ito aet hn uhaottig iethis like things about much think to have t birdie oevr xlctos[]ad[]cnanrfrneto reference contain [C] and [B] explications Moreover, . ff (Brisbane), ff cinwe akn bu nautcnb omltdin formulated be can adult an about talking when ection rfo hs nRsini htaSaihpooyeof prototype Spanish a that in Russian in those from er Ethnosyntax , oln odak Online Wordbanks Collins horsie 39 ff nta tivle brvainadi osnot does it and abbreviation involves it that in ) fl rne nta usa om with forms Russian that in erences barbie c a ect Tassie ‘ freshie (barbeque), ‘ ’ familiarity att a twt i word big a with it say to want t Tsai) h olwn r some are following The (Tasmania). ” ‘ unimpressed ’ and ff ’ ‘ ‘ cin( ection diminutive salty salties e : ff c te pl oobjects to apply (they ect ’ ’ nteritineraries. their on ) or sl-ae crocodiles), (salt-water ‘ ‘ elsmtigvery something feel undaunted ’ sdi is ff -oc rn from erent ‘ ˇ ’ emotion ka attitude make Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 cusi h aiecs n h ebi ntere the in is verb the and case constructions dative the in occurs etrre neuter osdrRsincntutoso h yeweetentoa ujc ak yia subject typical lacks subject notional the called where also type are the They of properties. constructions Russian consider as constructions impersonal Corpus National itself nWierzbicka on ssv.536uses). 5,366 vs. uses PRES want.REF.PRES paeso usa lohv noto fuignmntv osrcin ihteverb the with constructions nominative using of as option such an voice, active have the also in Russian of Speakers fclual ain opooyaehonori are morphology salient culturally of ee fsna.A nilsrto,w ilcnie ikbtendtv mesnlconstructions impersonal dative of between themes link cultural a culture-speci the consider of and will Russian we examples in illustration, to an As attention syntax. our of level turn now will We di attitudes these that and attitudes want.3SG.PRES xml,acrigt the to according example, oee,i eti otxsi speerdt s aiecntutos vrl,dtv con- signi dative quite Overall, still is constructions. use dative their but use constructions, to nominal preferred than frequent is less it are contexts structions certain in However, 96,Kra honori Korean 1986), n eirclcntutos(ejlo,20;Wezik 2009). Wierzbicka 2007; (Nedjalkov, constructions reciprocal and (10) The usa src niproa osrcin.MlhkvadOaa(01 0 de 20) (2011: Ogawa and Malchukov constructions. impersonal in rich is Russian (11) (13) (12) ’ , ’ dumat fi saotfu ie oefeun than frequent more times four about is s osrcincmie aiehmnsbetadamna ebi h third-person the in verb mental a and subject human dative a combines construction rst Pokidat od aveveppln tniu n everilos ne mne stanciju, na popal vpervye ja Kogda n an ontj eneur skameec i utro letnee pomnitsja jasno Mne n uatj,tkemtraybdtitrsydj c dlja interesny budut materialy takie dumaetsja, Mne ‘ edn rmtegt oteterrace. the to gate the from leading ‘ ‘ bet tyteefree week. a even for there stay to able journal. ‘ ihtn h optto nMoscow. in competition the withstand fl hnI When -A lal eebrRFtesme onn n h ec ntepath the on bench the and morning summer the remember-REF clearly I-DAT eDTdidn He-DAT -A hn-E htsc aeilwudb neetn o h edr fyour of readers the for interesting be would material such that think-REF I-DAT xv om oemna tt eb cu nti construction this in occur verbs state mental Some form. exive ’ sja – ’ . 19)adGoddard and (1992) s ’ ihmna eb n ihohritastv verbs. intransitive other with and verbs mental with ‘ ’ ’ otikitself think to ’ tlc m exotelos ne emu stolicu saottretmsmr rqetta h form the than frequent more times three about is fi 1,2 ssv.323ue)adteform the and uses) 3,293 vs. uses (10,824 s aet h tto -A didn I-DAT station the to came rst fi sadclua cit Yo,20) aei oih(irbca 2008), (Wierzbicka, Polish in case 2004), (Yoon, scripts cultural and cs ’ atRFt ev h aia,bth nesodta ecouldn he that understood he but capital, the leave to want-REF t ‘ osrcin akn eeeta subject referential a lacking constructions adumaju ja usa ainlCorpus National Russian ’ , verit ‘ aiere dative ff ’ sja rars hs agae.Ohrwl-eerhdexamples well-researched Other languages. these across er ’ ’ ‘ 20)wr.Eape ilb ore rmthe from sourced be will Examples work. (2003) s oo oia:msoso okrni m evyder ne emu konkurencii moskovskoj ponimal: on no , fatalism ‘ ‘ . Syntax 2.2 obleeitself believe to think I naGladkova Anna fl ’ exive ’ ’ fi , n xoc mne ˇ 40 si aaee(.. rdax 90 Loveday, 1970; Prideaux, (e.g., Japanese in cs ‘ an doro na ka irrationality ’ ’ , nxoc on ’ fl osrcin eas h oia subject nominal the because constructions xv om ewl osdrtotpsof types two consider will We form. exive ˇ etsja ’ ’ aa h form the data, ˇ ’ ,c eiv-E htIwudbe would I that believe-REF t , et ž ˇ ˇ ttljva itatelej pomnit ‘ oj mg yet zdes vynesti smogu ja to e idu ke, .A.Gwant.REF.PRES I.DAT.SG ‘ ’ ewants he and , fi axoc ja nomto medda the at embedded information c ’ š sja ‘ ˇ c unpredictability jo aik terrase. k kalitki ot ej š ego ‘ ormme itself remember to ˇ ’ , u m xoc emu ’ ž nti hpe ewill we chapter this In . apomnju ja ‘ urnala. nxoc on .O.Gwant.1SG. I.NOM.SG – ˇ etsja ˇ xotet et ’ ’ ‘ ‘ nedelju. i ewl rely will We . remember I ‘ he.NOM.SG ’ he.DAT.SG. sja fi at For cant. ’ ’ ‘ : owant to (21,318 ž Russian at ’ . fi ne ’ ’ t . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 iheautv deb.Blwaesm xmlso uhcntuto nnegation: in in or construction negation constructions in such dative either of constructions examples impersonal impersonal some in in are used are Below occur that adverbs. can verbs evaluative of verbs with range a other is There numerous Russian. acts, mental Besides esntemna vn simply event mental the reason hr r 3,0 curne of occurrences 232,607 are there curne of 550-million-word occurrences the in example, For construction. active nls loepoe aiecntutos uhas such constructions, dative employed also English expressions the be would me construction to Russian occurs the It of equivalent closest atrGdad20:417): 2003: Goddard (after use. of out elements towards semantic these preference contribute state clear the of The recipient it. a to as submission structure. case time the dative same to the the in at experiencer and the action the over responsibility re of denial the suggests luntary fl (17) (15) (14) (16) [J] odr 20:46 omnsta hsstructure this that comments 416) (2003: Goddard [I] follows as concepts human universal in represented is construction Russian the of meaning The a has English construction. such of equivalent exact no is there English contemporary In xv omo h eb h bec ftenmntv ujc n h rsnainof presentation the and subject nominative the of absence the verb, the of form exive ’ eas fti,Icno o atbleethis want/believe not don cannot I I this, of because me inside happens something eas fti,Iwn/eiv this don want/believe I I this, of because me inside happens something n exoc ne Mne n xoc Mne ‘ ‘ oso ia pis pisal Tolstoj aootsypat Nado rsoi c im Prosto rabotalos C hs ek o oereason. some for weeks those ‘ h-A didn she-DAT ‘ etlsae h hieo h aiecntuto vrtenmntv one nominative the over construction dative the of choice The state. mental hyDTsml don simply They-DAT edt le,btIDTsmwa don somewhat I-DAT but sleep, to need I ˇ oso rt etr n h ir u eDTdidn he-DAT but diary the and letters wrote Tolstoy sarte nsa esn h a rvnb h eiefrcag;frsm reason some for change; for desire the by driven was she person, unusual rather a As lvk osom eriang,e tomila ee neordinarnogo, po-svoemu eloveka ’ ’ nwwhy know t nwwhy know t ˇ oee,terfeunyi signi is frequency their However, . etsja/veritsja tocr ome to occurs it ’ ˇ etsja/veritsja do tom i odnom v ˇ g-on spitsja. ne ego-to ’ j,akkt espitsja. ne kak-to a sja, ’ ’ a ia nvi,n a c nad no dnevnik, pisal ma, okRFi n n h aetheatre. same the and one in work-REF t ‘ (lit. active (lit. ta s epciey 0 n 79tmsfwr.I h past, the In fewer). times 1749 and 103 respectively, is, (that ‘ tdoesn it ž ’ ’ ‘ sleep-REF. t teatre. e happens think I ‘ tdoesn it osrcin,sc as such constructions, ’ ’ atbleeisl ome to itself want/believe t n ny225ocrecsof occurrences 2,245 only and ’ Ethnosyntax ’ atbleeisl ome to itself want/believe t nieus inside ’ 41 ˇ mt rgmvt eeipoc nedeli te v drugim em-to fi ’ ‘ ’ xt eeeemest peremene k oxota sleep-REF. t atylwrta h rqec fthe of frequency the than lower cantly methinks n tsuggests it and want I ‘ mle htfrsm unknown some for that implies oln odak Online Wordbanks Collins Boha,20) u hyfell they but 2009), (Bromhead, ’ okRFo ntiges in else anything on work-REF t , ’ ’ ’ believe I ) ‘ ’ pnaeu n invo- and spontaneous a ) tsest me to seems it ’– ˇ in rabotalos ne ti , tsest me to seems It think I jpoc ej ˇ m-one emu-to t.The etc. , n 133 and , ’ . corpus and Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 ed od osnthpe.I anyocr ihvrsepesn nato n at ris or wants one action an ( expressing time verbs particular with or a occurs wants at mainly one It do that happen. to something not expected when does state do inexplicable to expresses needs negation with construction The h osrcinuigeautv deb sepiae sfollows: as explicated is adverbs evaluative using construction The xlcto sa olw atrWezik 92 425 1992: Wierzbicka inde (after of follows use as common is a explication by supported is construction adverbs this in embedded attitude hscntuto a lob sdwt deb fmanner: of adverbs with used be also can construction This Wezik,19;Gdad 03.TeeiespntaeRsinlxcna di at lexicon Russian penetrate ideas These 2003). Goddard, 1992; (Wierzbicka, re Russian of in ideas constructions the impersonal meaning More their in embed constructions These ttelvlo eio hyaeeieti h words the in evident are they lexicon of level the At niproa osrcin icse nti hpe swl si oepsieconstructions. passive some in as well as chapter this in appears discussed it syntax constructions of level impersonal the as well At in 2012). as Gladkova, 1999) (Wierzbicka, 2012; terms (Apresjan, constructions emotion Russian and some terms temporal of meaning the in integrated be to shown person a of course the mines mn which among (21) [L] [K] (20) (18) (19) thpesi oewy o naohrway it another in not don way, I some in happens now it something doing am I lives/works n xoro Mne n espitsja/rabotaetsja ne Mne poc ‘– ttesm ieIfe oehn eas hn iethis: like think I because something feel I time it same doing the am at I this, Y of something because do to want I ‘ ‘ ‘ tng sgaixdl aaat radost kakaja-to isxodila vsegda nego Ot – m lx rabotalos ploxo Emu a neen rabotalos interesno Nam eDTwre-E al htday. that badly worked-REF He-DAT ’ eawy aitdjy twses olv-E ihhim. with live-REF to easy was It joy. radiated always He eDTwre-E ihtedpt ietro httm ihenthusiasm. with time that of director deputy the with worked-REF We-DAT o eas ati ob iethis like be to it want I because not s ˇ oavmploxo vam doma A emu-to i o-A ieRFbdya home? at badly live-REF you-DAT Did ’ nwwyi slk this like is it why know t sud ti o eas don I because not is it don I can I ’ ba š ‘ o/ploxo/interesno o oereason some for ’ sms utrlysigni culturally most is ’ ’ tdoit nwwhy know t ’ ’ ieadt hc esnms umt hs da lohv been have also ideas These submit. must person a which to and life s ve ž ’ ilos . o den tot togda s ( ‘ ’ om tdoesn it me to ? ’ , – ž spat kak-to ivetsja/rabotaetsja ’ an kzlb,c by, skazal ne Ja š . i aettlmdirektora. zamestitelem nim ’ att oit do to want t ’ naGladkova Anna fi ‘ sleep cant. fl ‘ somewhat c iia da ree oehn knto akin something even or ideas similar ect ’ 42 [ ’ ’ , Sud ’ … sleep/work t rabotat i legko nim S ] sud ’ – ba – 6): ˇ opoo udovletvoritel ploxo, to ’ wouldn I ’ , eest niaiayfrewihdeter- which force imaginary an to refers ‘ ba ’ om twell/badly/interestingly it me to ‘ ˇ o en ncontrol in being not c ‘ to-to work ‘ fate ’ ’ ) ‘ , ’ o oereason/somewhat some for , ’ rok a al,btsatisfactory. but badly, say t ž pet ilos ‘ ’ ’ fate ’ ‘ . sing ’ , avos ’ ’ .The ). no. ’ ’‘ fi and iepronominal nite perhaps/maybe ff ‘ ‘ inexplicable irrationality rn levels. erent ‘ fatalism ’ ’ Its . ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ . , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 nmn htteapcso enn fteEgihtrsaentmatt ersn the represent to meant not are terms English languages. the other of of meaning reality of pragmatic language. aspects another and in the semantic practices that speech di analyse mind The to linguistic in feelings. used in some ethnocentrism are of language also danger one but the Russian of her, highlights the terms well or when Therefore, terms him analysis English speaker. from and do expected the Russian to the are towards hearer between actions attitude the certain expects good that speaker of way the out that in her people or word two him being argues, between someone Zalizniak relationship for as time, a something perceived same of is the sort hearer At some the status. of hearer; in the speaker and the speaker above the between inequality of idea 283 (2005: Zalizniak to sms omn st s nitroaieo nergtv-u-odtoa om si the in as form, interrogative-cum-conditional or interrogative an use from to examples is following common, most as understandings. and ideas perform cultural will broader hearer with At the something. that di do hearer to the employ and hearer 1969). speaker the (Searle, the for circumstances both want normal to her under obvious or act not his is this expresses it speaker time, the same which the in act speech a is Russian in term closest the examples, For term. English the with meaning te agae ih aeatr ls to close term a have might languages other nflct odtos.Sal 17)pooe ute classi further a proposed classi (1979) value) rests his truth completion Searle to a successful according Austin whose conditions). assigned theory, actions be act some felicity speech may perform the that on that of utterances utterances part is, (that a is, performatives As (that and act. statements speech between of type distinguished a (1962) are Requests Russian. and English nti eto epoiea lutaino aito nteueo rmaia tutrsdue structures grammatical of use the in variation of illustration an in the provide to we section this In oeut l peho hstp ndi in type this of speech all equate to gw,21) hi ennscnb tde n oprdars agae sn h aeset same the using NSM. languages in across compared embedded and universals studied linguistic be of can meanings Their 2012). Ogawa, ewl s h term the use will We (27) (26) (25) (24) (23) (22) expressing for ways of variety a employs English di how demonstrate will we Russian and English of basis the on section, this In hr scnieal aito niproa osrcin coslnugs(acuo and (Malchukov languages across constructions impersonal in variation considerable is There ti motn ont htteword the that note to important is It pros fl ol o es ida sotCmadn anrt h is Sister First the to Warner Commandant escort as kind so be me. you with Would come please you would Paterson, Captain please? on, moving mind you Would please. court, the tell you Will it! stop please you love? will my Look, father and mother give you Will rmaia tutrsadclua in cultural and structures Grammatical 3 ’ ec fclua atr.A aesuyw ilcnie aso wording of ways consider will we study case a As factors. cultural of uence ba ff rn rmaia tutrst xrs eussadhwti hiei consistent is choice this how and requests express to structures grammatical erent rspoe eti nrso noapiaeshr ftehae o nyi the in only not hearer the of sphere private a into intrusion certain a presupposes fi ain euss(ln ihcmad)bln otegopo directives. of group the to belong commands) with (along requests cation, – ) h usa oddi word Russian the 4), ‘ request oln odak Online Wordbanks Collins ’ salbldet xsigcnetos u tsol eborne be should it but conventions, existing to due label a as ff rn agae ihteEgihword English the with languages erent ‘ request Ethnosyntax ‘ request 43 ff ’ r rmisEgiheuvln n mle the implies and equivalent English its from ers sue satcncllbladi serroneous is it and label technical a as used is Wezik,19:32): 1991: (Wierzbicka, ‘ request ’ ‘ Request tmgtntncsaiyflyoelpin overlap fully necessarily not might it ’ fl n ftewy,otnconsidered often ways, the of One . ec nteruse their on uence ’ pros satcncltr tnsfor stands term technical a as fi aino efraie and, performatives of cation ’ ba mle nestablishment an implies ’ quarters? s pros ff rn languages erent ’ request ba According . ‘ requests While . ff erence ’ in Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 teacsweetesekrepesshso e rttd otehae ncs h eus is request the case in hearer the to gratitude her possible: or also his are expresses performed speaker the where Utterances speaker: the of wish hypothetical a expressing utterances declarative employ could One te ast xrs eussi oepo pae-retdutrne hc oti an contain which utterances speaker-oriented employ to is requests question: express indirect to ways Other nEgihrqet r loepesdb a questions: tag by expressed also are requests English In h s fa meaiefr sas osbewyo odn eus (e.g., request a wording of way possible a also modi is in form bare a imperative using an of use The (49) (48) (47) (46) (45) (44) (43) (42) (41) (40) (39) (38) (35) (34) (33) (37) (36) (32) (31) (30) (29) (28) fi r,ta swrslike words is that ers, ol prcaei fyumd omnino yexistence. my of mention no made you if it appreciate would I I me. for one sing to you ask to like would I e,btIwne fyucntl esmtigelse. something you me if tell wondered can I you moment. if a wonder for I me but excuse Yes, could you if wonder I Actually you? can explain, can You o couldn You o couldn You please. you would out, it Cut you? will here, him Meet guard. your on be Just a o asm towel? a me pass you please? Can front the in get you please? Can guidance some me give you Could asm ool,da o,I boy, dear monocle, my Pass please. minute, a on Hang ol o ealtl oespeci more little a be you Could ol o aet onm o drink? a don for Why me join to care you Would ol o idtligm htyou what me telling mind you Would me. with come you would Please ’ prcaei fyou if it appreciate d fi iiefr scniee ueadteiprtv soften is imperative the and rude considered is form nitive ’ o ooeo orfnyvie n he h i up? kid the cheer and voices funny your of one do you t ’ ’ iem i ae ol you? could name, his me give t osbycm ak ol you? could back, come possibly t ’ aet etm o rn rsomething. or drink a for me meet to care d please ’ ecrflwt her. with careful be d , just ’ lne iwo this. of view a need ll fi , c? dear naGladkova Anna ’ : edighere? doing re 44 ‘ softened ’ htup! Shut yteueof use the by ,but ), Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 fdmntv om ntefrso drs nmso i em)(xmls5,5)adteueof use the and 57) 56, 59): (examples 58, terms) (examples kin or forms (names diminutive address or of forms minimizers the in forms diminutive of niei nls,ti tutr scniee eta n o ue oee,i a lobe also can it However, rude. not and neutral considered is structure ‘ this English, in Unlike laeps h salt the pass please Lrn,20) h olwn xmlsaetknfo the from taken are examples following The 2009). (Larina, di distribution ihteadto fteword the of addition the with Their requests: in used commonly most fMlorecnutdi 95 h i a to area eastern was the aim in business The in 1995. managers middle in of conducted survey a Melbourne on of report 20) (2009: Martin and Bowe softened usa loeposavreyo igitcsrcue oepesrqet u hi hieand choice their but request, express to structures linguistic of variety a employs also Russian (56) (55) (54) (53) (52) (51) (57) (50) f ol o astesalt? salt. the the pass pass you would Would you if (f) appreciate salt? would the I passing (e) mind you salt? Would the (d) reach you salt? Can the (c) pass you Can (please). (b) salt the Pass (a) fi dnssgetta h otfeunl sdrqetfrswr ainso b n (f) and (b) of variants were forms request used frequently most the that suggest ndings ’ yteueo h olwn eie:teword the devices: following the of use the by ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ Babul Ska a kakoe-nibud Daj eea salfetku. Peredaj Devu Pride Lenoc Rasska ieaysaucer? any Give astenapkin. the Pass il a,aeteenwra rules? road new there are say, Girl, We o)cm,call. come, you) (When el o thappened. it how Tell, el lae hs r the are whose please, Tell, eaDM elanywa rd o r in? are you grade what aunty tell Lena-DIM, rnm-I,oe,it open, Grandma-DIM, ff ž ˇ š t po ite r rmEgih h otcmol sdsrcuei hto imperative of that is structure used commonly most The English. from ers š a ska ka, ’ ’ . a ska ka, trj e otkroj, , pozvoni. , ž t,kke kak ite, ž ljt,aceyc cvety a alujsta, ž ž ee ao yklasse? ty kakom v tete, i t,nvxpai ulic pravil novyx ite, . oja. to ’ . ’ oproizo to ’ bljudec please ˇ ko? ’ ’ š hti,frslike forms is, that , ’ lo. ˇ me. s ’ i? fl owers? ’ Ethnosyntax ˇ oodvi nogo ’ 45 ’ ž nj net? enija fi dotwiho h olwn om are forms following the of which out nd a o astesl please salt the pass you Can po ž alujsta usa ainlCorpus National Russian ‘ please ’ eape5) h use the 55), (example and : ol you Would Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 eussi h omo meaie a lob intensi be 60), 63): also (example and can 59 imperatives in of (as form the in Requests sdi h uue(si 4.Mroe,teueo eaincnb eadda oepolite more a as regarded be can response: negation negative of a are use of forms the possibility interrogative Moreover, a the implies 64). 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C ieITm h aaieDM I magazine-DIM, the me Give-INT itn l a.Diet mlna ah? Smolenka, to Drive man. old Listen, him. call-INT Well, hour-DIM. an in Come Won itn eafin,hl et asmteaia analysis. mathematical pass to me help friend, a be Listen, el tell. Tell, ˇ rzc erez ‘ š š obeimperative double j trk gna aSoek,a? 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While common, attention. and limited grammar are received more between has linguistics phenomena that in area research grammatical an of remains direction of it new ago, a years as thirty established was than ethnosyntax that fact the Despite more with outsiders cultural equip can ideas or meanings these psyche collective of the in Knowledge e salient a people. particularly of are a areas that elaborated ideas of Grammatically or processes. meanings societal embed and commonly cultural language to sensitive highly is Language ed ob mlydi uhsuist vi ethnocentrism. avoid to studies such in employed be to needs speci cultural of issues the needed. on htIwn od rfre et owa don I what do to me forces or do person to another want be I cannot what it to want doing that they what say doing from they people preventing legitimately Rather, rules no do. be can there that or do to follows: want as scripts these on comments She si nls.I eti om fRsinrqet,priual hndmntv om r used, are forms diminutive when particularly of requests, idea Russian of the forms is certain it In English. in is at usa osnthv odta ul orsod oteEgihword English the to corresponds fully that word of idea a the have not does Russian fact, ff cieadscesu ol fcmuiainwt h ersnaie fteculture. the of representatives the with communication of tools successful and ective rae netgtoso agaeadclueaerqie.Ehoytxsuisaeclosely are Language-speci studies Ethnosyntax required. are culture and language of investigations Broader hscatrhspoie oeeape fsuisilsrtn utrlsigni cultural illustrating studies of examples some provided has chapter This N pol hn iethis:] like think [people [N] this:] like think [people [M] ehdlgclapcso tnsna tde edt edvlpdaduieslmetalanguage universal and developed be on to light need studies further ethnosyntax of shed aspects Methodological will structures grammatical of studies cross-cultural and Cross-linguistic nRussian In ooecnsyt nte person: another to say can one no person: another to say can one no ‘ distancing ‘ esnlautonomy personal ‘ xrsiggo feelings good expressing “ this of because it do to have you “ o can you fi don I this do to you want I tde fgamtclsrcue tdi at structures grammatical of studies c ’ nasec c like act speech a in ’ atyut othis do to you want t ’ oi eas fthis of because it do t fi city. fi rmohrivsiain flxcnadgamrta i to aim that grammar and lexicon of investigations other from t ’ uuedirections Future 5 and Conclusions 4 ‘ privacy ‘ ‘ ’ request hs cit don scripts These hti cit[] htbcmsdominant. becomes that [E], script is that , Ethnosyntax ’ 47 ” ’ r o eadda motn utrlvle.In values. cultural important as regarded not are sntraie nRsint h aedge sit as degree same the to Russian in realized not is ” ’ xrsino ilta rvnsm from me prevents that will of expression s ’ att do to want t ’ ff a htpol a oayhn they anything do can people that say t rn eesi eaint utr are culture to relation in levels erent ’ Wezik,20:52). 2006: (Wierzbicka, privacy Therefore, . fi ac of cance Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 odr,C e. (2006) (ed.) C. Goddard, pejn .(2012) V. Apresjan, www.gri homepage, NSM En scripts cultural and culture, language language, semiotics; ethnopragmatics; cultural ethnosemantics; politeness; revisited; and hypothesis relativity linguistic the irbca .(1988) A. Wierzbicka, (1956) B. Whorf, agaeadcluelearners. culture language-speci and make can language they as values. training cultural cross-cultural to relation in change and variation grammatical of oul odak Online Wordbanks Cobuild (2009) H. Bromhead, (2009) Martin K. and H. Bowe, (1962) L. J. Austin, En —— erz .(1973) C. Geertz, ldoa .(2007) A. Gladkova, —— I oercn S cit,srpso hskn r sal omltdas formulated usually are kind this of scripts scripts, NSM recent more In 1 rs.(nldssvrlsuiso tnsna nabodvreyo agae mlyn diverse employing languages of variety approach.) broad the of a explanation on theoretical good ethnosyntax a as on well studies as methodologies several (Includes Press. tnsna ihilsrtosfo di from illustrations with ethnosyntax sense.) broad a in ethnosyntax represent that studies of collection (A Gruyter. abig,M:MTPes Ams-edcasc nterltosi ewe agaeadthought.) and language between relationship the on classics must-read (A Press. MIT papers.) MA: downloadable Cambridge, several it, and of explanation publications, basic of a list with exhaustive approach an NSM the on resource (Online semantic-metalanguage-homepage cosLnugsadClue.Vl I agae utr n Cognition and Culture Language, II: Vol. Cultures. 103 pp. and Languages across eln otnd Gruyter. de Mouton Berlin: Press. University Cambridge Cambridge: 2012). rma n Culture and Grammar uesadPes p 139 pp. Press, Queensland (eds), Wierzbicka A. iears agae n utrs o.I:Lnug,ClueadCognition and Culture Language, II: Vol. 167 Cultures. pp. and Languages across Time fi fi h eut fehoytxsuishv nrosptnilfrlnug eaoyand pedagogy language for potential enormous have issues studies the ethnosyntax on research of the results to contribute The can perspective historical a in ethnosyntax in Studies seCatr n 3ti volume). this 23 and 5 Chapters (see l,N .(d)(2002) (ed.) J. N. eld, l,N .(2002) J. N. eld, e. (2002) (ed.) (2012) – – 120. 88. ‘ nvrasadSpeci and Universals tnsna:Epoain nGamradCulture and Grammar in Explorations Ethnosyntax: h nepeaino utrs eetdEsy yCli by Essays Selected Cultures: of Interpretation The agae huh n elt:Slce rtnso ejmnLeWhorf Lee Benjamin of Writings Selected Reality: and Thought Language, ‘ o oD hnswt Words with Things Do to How The h eg fTuhadFih psei xrsin n1t n 7hcnuyEnglish century 17th and 16th in expressions Epistemic Faith: and Truth of Reign The xod xodUiest rs,p.3 pp. Press, University Oxford Oxford: , ‘ ‘ h ore fSl-icvr nAohrLanguage Another in Self-discovery of Journey The h eatc fGrammar of Semantics The tnsna:Introduction Ethnosyntax: rnltn ie:Lvn ihToLnugsadCultures and Languages Two with Living Lives: Translating “ w.olnlnug.o/otn-ouin/odak acse December (accessed www.collinslanguage.com/content-solutions/wordbanks , Russian tnpamtc:UdrtnigDsorei utrlContext Cultural in Discourse Understanding Ethnopragmatics: tnsna:Epoain nGamradCulture and Grammar in Explorations Ethnosyntax: ffi – th.edu.au/humanities-languages/school-languages-linguistics/research/natural- 49. fi ” sof cs omncto cosClue:Mta nesadn naGoa World Global a in Understanding Mutual Cultures: across Communication tiuet Time to Attitude “ ff ute reading Further Time rn languages.) erent eae topics Related References naGladkova Anna ” nRussian in Note xod xodUiest Press. University Oxford Oxford: , mtra:Jh ejmn.( ineigsuyin study pioneering (A Benjamins. John Amsterdam: , ’ ,inN.J.En 48 ’ nL iioi n .Jscot(eds), Jaszczolt K. and Filipovic L. in , ’ nL iioi n .Jscot(eds), Jaszczolt K. and Filipovic L. in , fi tutrsmr la n cesbeto accessible and clear more structures c – 30. xod xodUiest Press. University Oxford Oxford: , fi ff l (ed.), eld r Geertz ord mtra:Jh Benjamins, John Amsterdam: , mtra:Jh Benjamins, John Amsterdam: , xod xodUniversity Oxford Oxford: , ‘ aypol hn iethis like think people many tnsna:Epoain in Explorations Ethnosyntax: odn Hutchinson. London: , ’ t ui:Uiest of University Lucia: St. , nM eeee and Besemeres M. in , eln otnde Mouton Berlin: , d .Carroll, J. ed. , pc n Time and Space pc and Space ’ , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 acuo,A n .Oaa(2011) Ogawa A. and A. Malchukov, ejlo,V .(d)(2007) (ed.) P. V. Nedjalkov, —— —— —— —— —— rdax .(1970) G. 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Gómez-Gonzáles, M. in , mtosars agae n utrs iest n Universals and Diversity Cultures: and Languages across Emotions hr et irbca aito n nvrasi agaeadThinking and Language in Universals and Variation Wierzbicka: Meets Whorf ‘“ nls astv osrcin na tnsnatcPrpcie ouigo LET on Focusing Perspective: Ethnosyntactic an in Constructions Causative English ‘“ pca su,smnisadi oilcgiin d .Gdad 33:322 33(3): Goddard, C. ed. cognition, social and/in semantics issue, special , sH n fOurs? of One He Is Intimate eetdWiig fEwr ai nLnug,ClueadPersonality and Culture Language, in Sapir Edward of Writings Selected ‘ urn rnsi otatv igitc:Fntoa n ontv Perspectives Cognitive and Functional Linguistics: Contrastive in Trends Current aeoiave Kategorija tnpamtc:UdrtnigDsorei utrlContext Cultural in Discourse Understanding Ethnopragmatics: h tnpamtc fteDmntv nCnestoa ooba Spanish Colombian Conversational in Diminutive the of Ethnopragmatics The – ‘ agae huh n elt:Slce rtnso ejmnLeWhorf Lee Benjamin of Writings Selected Reality: and Thought Language, Culture 432. ‘ xlrtosi aaeeSociolinguistics Japanese in Explorations pehActs Speech rmCmo rudt ytci osrcin soitdPt nWarlpiri in Path Associated Construction: Syntactic to Ground Common From h ytxo aaeeHonori Japanese of Syntax The eln otnd rye,p.1 pp. Gruyter, de Mouton Berlin: , ‘ tnsna,Ehorgais Sign Ethnopragmatics, Ethnosyntax, tnsna:Epoain nGamradCulture and Grammar in Explorations Ethnosyntax: tnsna:Epoain nGamradCulture and Grammar in Explorations Ethnosyntax: – ‘ w.ucroar acse eebr2012). December (accessed www.ruscorpora.ru , ” tnsna n h hlspyo Grammar of Philosophy the and Ethnosyntax 74. usaagamtk Rsingrammar] [Russian grammatika Russkaja aki usa:HmnRltosisadFl Psychotherapy Folk and Relationships Human Russian: in Talk xod xodUiest rs,p.151 pp. Press, University Oxford Oxford: , ’ – nG ef,J smn n .Vrcurn(eds), Verschueren J. and Östman, J. Senft, G. in , 26. ž iot stil i livosti eirclConstructions Reciprocal abig:CmrdeUiest Press. University Cambridge Cambridge: , 5 180 55: , ’ tur. ” mtra:Jh Benjamins. John Amsterdam: , h utrlSmnisadEhorgaiso oilCtgre in Categories Social of Ethnopragmatics and Semantics Cultural The ‘ oad yooyo mesnlCntutos eatcMap Semantic A Constructions: Impersonal of Typology a Towards – – ’ od n enns eia eatc cosDmis agae and Languages Domains, across Semantics Lexical Meanings: and Words xod xodUiest Press. University Oxford Oxford: , 54. 104. – ietosi oilnusis h tngah fCommunication of Ethnography The Sociolinguistics: in Directions ‘ kommunikacii nvra ua ocpsa ai o otatv Linguistic Contrastive for Basis a as Concepts Human Universal 94. enn n nvra rma:Ter n miia Findings Empirical and Theory Grammar: Universal and Meaning ’ Ethnosyntax nC odr (ed.), Goddard C. in , fi cs xod xodUiest rs,p.52 pp. Press, University Oxford Oxford: , 49 h au:Mouton. Hague: The , mtra:Jh Benjamins. John Amsterdam: , Ctgr fpltns n tlso communication], of styles and politeness of [Category mtra:Jh Benjamins. John Amsterdam: , mesnlCntutos rs-igitcPerspective Cross-linguistic A Constructions: Impersonal – 30. – ucin n Culture and Function, ’ nA acuo n .Secr(eds), Spencer A. and Malchukov A. in , ocw ak (http://rusgram.narod.ru/ Nauka Moscow: , abig:CmrdeUiest Press. University Cambridge Cambridge: , tnpamtc:UdrtnigDiscourse Understanding Ethnopragmatics: ’ , – xod xodUiest Press, University Oxford Oxford: , xod xodUiest Press, University Oxford Oxford: , tde nLanguage in Studies 69. eln otnd Gruyter. de Mouton Berlin: , abig:Cambridge Cambridge: , utr n agaeUse Language and Culture ’ ,inN.J.En d .Mandelbaum, D. ed. , ’ , fi () 313 3(3): , utainJournal Australian d .Carroll, J. ed. , Con c – 44. Amsterdam: , – ’ 73. , ’ , fi Intercultural fi l (ed.), eld gurations Language – 83. ’ ’ ,in The ,in , , , , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 21:50 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781315793993, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315793993.ch3 on .J (2004) K.-J. Yoon, —— aina,An (2005) Anna Zalianiak, Language Pragmatics ob ocw ayisajnkjkul slavjanskoj Jazyki Moscow: š (2009) ˇ c enie , otno 31:103 33(1): , () 189 1(2): , ‘“ Reciprocity š enie , pros ‘ o utWrs oenSca oesadteUeo Honori of Use the and Models Social Korean Words: Just Not – – 210. ‘ ’ 74. aek slovax o Zametki ba ” , nNMApoc oLnusi yooyadSca Universals Social and Typology Linguistic to Approach NSM An : ˇ c uvstva ’ tury. , e . mocii ,i .Zalizniak A. in ], ob š ˇ c naGladkova Anna enie , otno 50 š enie , tal et pros . ’ ba Kljuc , ˇ c ˇ uvstva veie uso ayoo atn mira. kartiny jazykovoj russkoj idei evye , e . mocii ’ Ntsaottewords the about [Notes fi cs ’ , ’ , Intercultural tde in Studies