STEDT Monograph Series, No. 2 James A. Matisoff, General Editor LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF TIBETO-BURMAN James A. Matisoff with Stephen P. Baron John B. Lowe Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Center for Southeast Asia Studies University of California, Berkeley Cover: Tangut and Tibetan manuscripts from Khara-Khoto from Sir Aurel Stein’s Innermost Asia; a detailed report of explorations in ISBN 0-944613-26-8 Central Asia, Kan-su and eastern Iran. New Delhi : Cosmo, 1981. STEDT Monograph Series, No. 2 LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF TIBETO-BURMAN Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Monograph Series General Editor James A. Matisoff University of California, Berkeley STEDT Monograph 1: Bibliography of the International Conferences on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics I-XXI (1989) Randy J. LaPolla and John B. Lowe with Amy Dolcourt lix, 292 pages out of print STEDT Monograph 1A: Bibliography of the International Conferences on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics I-XXV (1994) Randy J. LaPolla and John B. Lowe lxiv, 308 pages $32.00 + shipping and handling STEDT Monograph 2: Languages and Dialects of Tibeto-Burman (1996) James A. Matisoff with Stephen P. Baron and John B. Lowe xxx, 180 pages $20.00 + shipping and handling STEDT Monograph 3: Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman Languages (1996) Ju Namkung, editor xxviii, 507 pages $35.00 + shipping and handling Shipping and Handling: Domestic: $4.00 for first volume + $2.00 for each additional volume International: $6.00 for first volume + $2.50 for each additional volume Orders must be prepaid. Please make checks payable to ‘UC Regents’. Visa and Mastercard accepted. California residents must include sales tax. To place orders or to request order forms, contact: IAS Publications Office University of California, Berkeley 2223 Fulton St. 3rd Floor #2324 Berkeley CA 94720-2324 Phone: (510) 642-4065 FAX: (510) 643-7062 STEDT Monograph Series, No. 2 James A. Matisoff, General Editor LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF TIBETO-BURMAN James A. Matisoff with Stephen P. Baron John B. Lowe Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Project Center for Southeast Asia Studies University of California, Berkeley 1996 Distributed by: Center for Southeast Asia Studies 2223 Fulton St. 6th floor #2318 University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-2318 The Center for Southeast Asia Studies of the University of California at Berkeley coordinates research, teaching programs, and outreach and special projects relating to Southeast Asia. The Center, in conjunction with the Center for South Asia Studies, publishes a Monograph Series, the Berkeley Buddhist Studies Series, and the Berkeley Working Papers on South and Southeast Asia. Abstracts of manuscripts for consideration should be submitted to the Publications Committee. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants BNS-86-17726, BNS-90-11918, DBS-92-09481 and FD95-11034, and by the National Endowment for the Humanities under Grants RT-20789-87, RT-21203-90, RT-21420-92 and PA-22843-96. ISBN 0-944613-26-8 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-83026 © 1996 The Regents of the University of California All Rights Reserved Second printing, with corrections, September 1996 Printed in the United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface............................................................................................. vii General Introduction James A. Matisoff Nomenclatural complexity ........................................................................ ix Ethnonyms and glossonyms...................................................................... ix Allonyms and allograms ............................................................................ ix Autonyms and exonyms ..............................................................................x Loconyms .................................................................................................... xii Paleonyms and neonyms .........................................................................xiii Variable scope of glossonyms .................................................................xiii Variable referent of glossonyms ............................................................. xiv Scope and mechanics of this list.............................................................. xiv A Typology of Chinese Stephen P. Baron Place-Naming Conventions ................................................... xvii Computerization of the Language List John B. Lowe History of the language list...................................................................... xix Sorting and forms of names..................................................................... xxi Types of entries......................................................................................... xxii Main entries .......................................................................................xxiii Cross references................................................................................. xxiii Symbols and Abbreviations Symbols used with names ...................................................................... xxv Abbreviations for sources .....................................................................xxvii Shafer’s genetic groupings.................................................................... xxvii Benedict’s genetic groupings................................................................. xxix THE DIRECTORY ................................................... 1 Bibliography.................................................................................. 119 Appendices I. Bibliography of STEDT Database Sources ....................133 II. Languages Used in the STEDT Database ......................143 III. Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman Languages.................. 177 Preface The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus project (STEDT), based at the University of California, Berkeley, began in the summer of 1987, funded by grants from the National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities. The basic goal of the STEDT project is to collect and evaluate as much lexical and etymological data as possible on the hundreds of Tibeto-Burman languages, the only proven relatives of Chinese. In order to make this vast task feasible — and more interesting — we are proceeding according to semantic field, trying to reconstruct the roots of the proto-lexicon in semantic groups. Ultimately we hope to end up with something approaching a thesaurus of Proto-Sino-Tibetan. The first volume of STEDT, Body-part Nomenclature, is well under way, and will come to some 1500 pages in hard copy. Now that our methodological problems have largely been solved, and our database software has been customized and made more sophisticated, future volumes should appear at an accelerated pace, and are being planned for such semantic areas as animal names, natural objects, kinship terms, numerals, psychological verbs, verbs of manipulation, etc. In addition to this primary etymological effort, the STEDT staff is producing a series of monographs intended to serve as useful reference tools for the field of Sino- Tibetan linguistics as a whole. The first monograph, an extensively indexed bibliography of papers delivered at the annual Sino-Tibetan Conferences, was published in a limited way in 1989 as the Bibliography of the International Conferences on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics I-XXI (LaPolla and Lowe 1989). Dr. John B. Lowe substantially revised and updated the work and a second “Silver Jubilee” edition, current to the 25th conference, was published in 1994 as Bibliography of the International Conferences on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics I-XXV (LaPolla and Lowe 1994). The present work is an update of “Languages and Dialects of Tibeto- Burman, an alphabetic/genetic listing, with some prefatory remarks on ethnonymic and glossonymic complications” in John McCoy and Timothy Light’s Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies (Leiden: Brill, 1986). A third monograph, Phonological Inventories of Tibeto-Burman Languages, is forthcoming. In the development of this monograph, the first wave of revisions, improvements and complications was carried out by Stephen P. Baron. Laurel Sutton and John B. Lowe also made substantial revisions. Most of the work involved in producing the present version was accomplished by Dr. Lowe during 1993-95, in windows of opportunity sandwiched among his multifarious commitments as student, programmer, and consultant. He received assistance at one time or another from Leela Bilmes, Jonathan Evans, Zev Handel and Matthew Juge. With all these additions and corrections, the language list has become an extraordinarily large and complex document. There surely remain omissions, imperfections and inconsistencies. It is our hope that colleagues will offer their criticisms and corrections so that we may continue to improve the list. We intend to publish a revised edition every few years, and will eventually make the data available for purchase on Macintosh disks and over the World Wide Web. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Center for Southeast Asia Studies at Berkeley for agreeing to sponsor this Monograph Series, as they have vii viii sponsored our journal, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, since 1987. Special thanks are due to the National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities, without whose support none of this would have been