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The Status of Tribal Women in Northeast India: Responding to India's Social Challenges

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The Status of Tribal Women in Northeast India: Responding to India's Social Challenges ISSN: 2455-3220 International Journal for Social Studies Volume 03 Issue 11 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals October 2017 The Status of Tribal Women in Northeast India: Responding to India's Social Challenges. -Dr. ASHA SOUGAIJAM Department of Sociology Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Regional Campus, Chingmeirong, Adhimjati Complex, Imphal-795001, Manipur. INTRODUCTION Northeast India, considered as one of most interest in developing the living standards and culturally diverse regions of the world, is a tourism among these tribal occupied states. land inhabited by more than 200 fascinating tribes. It is no wonder the region has ever- Different ethnic groups and tribal groups since captured the imaginations of inhabit the region of northeast India. They all anthropologists from all over the world. have their own culture and tribal tradition and all speak their own tribal languages. This has The north eastern part of India shares its made Northeast India one of the most boundary with China, Nepal, Bhutan, culturally diverse regions of the world. The Myanmar and Bangladesh. Northeast India cuisines and attires also vary among the tribes. comprises of eight states. They are Mizoram, Each tribal community has their unique way of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, Manipur, living. Tribal people mostly live and earn Nagaland, Meghalaya and Tripura. Nagaland through the hills and forest areas. and Manipur share their boundary with Myanmar. Meghalaya and Tripura share it ORIGIN OF THE TRIBES with Bangladesh whereas Assam shares it‟s North East Indian tribes have originated with Bhutan. Sikkim shares its boundary with from the ethnic groups of Tibeto-Burmese, China, Nepal, and Bhutan. Mizoram shares proto Austrioloids and some groups of Indo with Bangladesh and Myanmar, and Arunachal Mongoloids. The trend can be seen in the Pradesh have their boundaries shared with looks, traditions that are visibly followed by China and Myanmar. The closeness of the these communities. They also show a cultural region so many international borders have left bridging with the neighbouring countries. And the region much unexplored due to its India has till now provided them with a safe sensitivity. haven, compared to living in neighbouring The entire area of northeast India is full of communist nations of China and Burma. lush green valleys, mountains, springs and TYPES OF NORTH-EAST INDIAN green vegetation. The land with its natural TRIBES beauty and cultural heritage has always topped the list of an ideal destination for travellers North-East tribes constitute a major part of from India and World. Vast research and Indian tribal community. They are all scattered studies are also done by scholars and research over all the states of North East. Arunachal groups who wish to learn about the life, food Pradesh consists of around 25 types of tribes. habits, culture, tradition, language and source Manipur consists of around 33 types of tribal of living among the tribes. The Indian community. Nagaland has around more than Government has also started taking keen 16 major tribes even. Some examples of Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 79 ISSN: 2455-3220 International Journal for Social Studies Volume 03 Issue 11 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals October 2017 prominent tribes are Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Adi, cotton and spun yarns. Using Nyishi, Angami, Bhutia, Kuki, Rengma, Bodo vegetable dye, beautiful and intricate and Deori. They are scattered throughout the designs are woven which are mostly region. Christian-ism is followed among many geometric in nature. Kuki men wear of the tribes and some also follow Hinduism colorful Sangkhol, a jacket and a and Buddhism. The rest still have their „Pheichawm‟ (short dhoti). Sometimes indigenous beliefs and practise animism. a Chaddar or a wrap is used. They also wear Tuhpah (head cover). Women Some major tribes of North Eastern India and wear a nih-san underneath a pon've or the position of their women are:- a wraparound. The dress is worn from above the chest. Ornaments include The Bodo Tribe is a vast tribe and earrings, bracelets, bangles, necklace shares a good number of populations in Assam. The tribal people have also and a typical ring shaped earring to migrated to other parts of India as well stretch the ear lobe. Smoking is enjoyed among these people. as to neighbouring countries. It‟s said Extensively crafted pipes are used for that Bodo tribes have introduced rice cultivation, tea plantation, poultry this purpose and are made up of stone farming, and silkworm rearing in the and brass-metal. They prefer cross- North Eastern parts of India. Bodos cousin marriage. Mimkuut Festival is the major festival celebrated by Kukis are non vegetarians and rice is and falls in the month of January. considered a staple food, and the traditional favourite drink of the Adi Tribe (have two divisions namely Bodos is Zu Mai (rice wine). Rice is Bogums and Bomis) are found in Arunachal Pradesh. They live on the usually accompanied by a non hills and have their own village vegetarian dish such as fish, meat or pork. Weaving and silkworm rearing council. This group is again divided is another part of Bodo culture. Many into various small sub tribes. The families rear their own silkworms. The dress for women and men are naturally weaved by the women folk of the cocoons of the silkworms are spun tribes. Men wear helmets made from into silk. Bodo women teach their girls the art of weaving from a young age. cane, bear and deer skin, depending on One can always find a Bodo courtyard the region. Older women wear yellow necklaces and spiral earrings. Beyop is with a loom. Women weave and wear worn by unmarried girls (ornament their own Dokhnas, which is the traditional dress of the Bodo women consisting of five to six brass plates with shawls. The Bodos are also fixed under their petticoats). Tattooing expert in making beautiful crafts from of hands, arms and face is very popular among the older women of the bamboo. neighboring Apatani Tribe. Rice Kuki Tribe or the migrant ones can be found all over the northeastern states. cultivation is practiced by this The language of the tribe varies but community and rice serves as the staple foods for the Adi. Trapping and are all similar in a way, and can hunting is also popular and the Adi broadly be termed as the Kuki Language. They prefer to live on people keep pigs, chickens and grow hilltops. The villages of Kuki tribes vegetables in their home. are a cluster of closely constructed Nyishi or Nishi Tribe has originated from the Indo-Mongoloid stock. They houses. The tribe cultivates dwarf Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJSS/ P a g e | 80 ISSN: 2455-3220 International Journal for Social Studies Volume 03 Issue 11 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals October 2017 are mainly inhabited in the lower other. Men wear shawls and women region of the Subansiri district in wear Mechala. It‟s a wrap around skirt Arunachal Pradesh. They are and shawls with unique designs and considered a large tribe according to patterns. Both men and women enjoy the area and population in Arunachal wearing beautiful ornaments which Pradesh. Their spoken language is comprise of beads, pendants, bangles different from the other tribes, which and bracelets. Angamis are popular for is a part of the Tibeto-Burman their woodcraft and artwork and are language family. The hairstyles of the famous among Indian people as tribe‟s are unique. They plait their hair producer of bamboo work, cane and tie it neatly at the forehead using a furniture, beds and shawls. Music is a Tibetan thread. Skewer made up of part of this group and is played with brass is passed horizontally through the help of drum and flute. This art is the tied hair. Rings made up of cane passed on from one generation to the are worn around the waist, arms and other. Music plays the important role legs. Additional decorations vary from in their rituals and festivals. a person to person. Men wear Traditional dancing is also performed sleeveless shirts made from thick by the tribe during festivals and cotton cloth. Striped gaily with blue occasions. Angami women also and red together with a mantle of practice pottery and basket making. cotton or wool are worn around the Pork with bamboo shoot is considered throat and shoulders. Strings made of one of the common dishes among the beads are also worn, mainly for Angamis. decoration purpose. The Nyishi Rengma Tribe are a Naga tribal women generally wear a sleeveless community, and are found in both mantle of striped or plain cloth. The Nagaland and Assam. The total upper part is tucked tightly over the population is more than 50,000 in breast. It allows the body to envelop entire Nagaland. The community is from the armpits to the center of the further divided into two categories - calves. A ribbon is tied at the waist. A Eastern and Western Rengma‟s. They girdle and cane garters are worn at the are considered experts in terrace waist. Hair is parted in the middle, cultivation. The traditional Rengma plaited and tied. The ornaments for the clothing consists of various types of females include colorful bead clothes and is worn according to the necklaces, brass chains, metal bells, status and position of the weavers. silver earrings and heavy bracelets of Rhikho is worn by a man who has various metals. never been able to offer a great feast One of the major tribal communities or has never killed and enemy. Rhikho of Nagaland is the Angami Tribe.
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