THE NAGA TRIBES of MANIPUR MACMILLAN and CO., Limited

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

THE NAGA TRIBES of MANIPUR MACMILLAN and CO., Limited ^ s^ ^ ^S5 <rii30NYS01^ '^Aa3AINn-3WV^ ^OFCALIFO/?^ ^OFCALIFO/?^ .^MEllNIVERS//, vvlOSANCEl5j> 4? (—1 >-"- =0 CJ ^^„. "^...•§' ^.r:'. v!? <rn3'}Nvsoi^'^ '^Aa]AiNn-3WV y CD u_ CALIFO% .^OF-CALIFOP ^• ?7 ^ ' iiiJ'JNV^Ul' A\AfUNIVER5-//,'/- '? i S ^ J^' ^OFCAIIFO/?^ — < V' ?3 <:::; «-£:-• 'i^^Ayvaaii-^^^ AWEUNIVFR'T//. ^ g1<i? CO .^MEUMIVERS/a vvlO'^AvrFir. *^PCAllFO/?;l^ ^.OF-CAi^Fn;,.., ^tllBRARYQ^ ^illBRARYQ-c \V\E UNIVERi/A vj<lOSANCElfj> 'Jr \ cxrT^ 8 ^viy M s^ ^. s^ ^Aa3,MN(l-3WV^ %dllV3J0>^ ^OFCAtlFO/?^ o ^AdiAlNH 3\\V .VlOSANCElfXy. AMFUNIVERS//, o %a3AIN(13\\V '^«!/0JllV3JO'<^ '^<!/0JllV3 JO"^ v>;lOSANCElfj> ^.OFCAIIFO/?^ .>;,OFCAllFOfi>iA ,\WEUNIVER57a >5^ •^. "^/^ajAiNn-jwv^ "^o-mnw^ '^ommy^' <rji]ONvsoi^^ ^ILIBRARYQ^^ AMEUNIVER% .vWSANCElfj> ^IIIBRARYO/^ •^(i/ojnvDjo^^ <rii30Nvsoi^ "^iieAiNfi-juv^ \s)i\mi^^ ^0FCAIIF0%. ^WEUNIVERi-/^ vvlOSANCElfj> ^.OFCAllFOff^ ^riijoNVsoi^"^ ^/^a3AiNn-3WV^ ^>&Aava8ii#^ .>;lOSANCElfj> -<^A^IIBRARY(9/^ ^^^LIBRARYQ/: AME UNIVERS"//, o %S3AINf)3UV ^.!/0JnV3J0^ '^.'/OJIIVJJO^' <Q130NVS01^^ .vWSANCElfx> ^OFCALIF0% ^•OF CALIFO/?^ ^^\AEUMIVERy/4 '^AJ13AINn-3W^' ^vSlLIBRARYQ^ . ^WE UNIVERV/, .VWSANCEI/J> ^^ILIBRARYO^ 3 1 rr" ^ >^\ § 1 ir-^ ^ THE NAGA TRIBES OF MANIPUR MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited LONDON . BOMBAY . CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK . BOSTON . CHICAGO ATLANTA . SAN FRANCISCO THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO TANGKHUL KHULLAKPAS CLOTH. Sec p. 22. Frontispiece. THE NAGA tribes OF MANIPUR T. C. HODSON Late Assistant Political Agent in Manipur and Superintendent ofthe State. Felltnv of the Royal Anthropological Institute and Member of the Folklore Society PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OP EASTERN BENGAL AND ASSAM BY MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET, LONDON 1911 Richard Clav and Sons, LuuTEn, BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK, DS M\ PREFACE I DESIRE to tender my sincere thanks to the President and Council of the Folklore Society for their courtesy in lending me the blocks from which the illustrations on pages 64, 120, 126, and 186 have been reproduced and in permitting me to make copious extracts from the paper on Head-hunting, published in FolMoo-e for June, 1909. I should also like to express my gratitude to Lieut.-Colonel J. Shakespear, CLE., D.S.O., Political Agent in Manipur, who read the manuscript through and made many valuable sug- gestions to me. The notes to which the initials J. S. are appended are by Colonel Shakespear, and form a remarkable addition to the book, the material for which was collected —without any idea of publication—ten years ago. T. C. HODSON. East London College, University of London. 88()D41 — CONTENTS SECTION I. PAGK - Habitat and Geographical Distribution 1 Appearance > 5 Physical and General Characteristics 6 Origin^~T~X 8 jyfinities -^ 17 Dress 21 Coiffure 27 Tattooing 30 Ornaments 31 Weapons 35 SECTION II. -DOMESTIC LIFE. ' Occupation ._ / 39 '" =cHouses and Villages . 41 — Furniture and Household Utensils and Implements .... 44 Manufactures 45 Agriculture 50 Crops 55 Hunting"7'~'X. ^® Fishing,,,-—t 58 Food and Drink 59 Games 62 SECTION III.—LAWS AND CUSTOMS. ^-^^^Tnternal Structure —|^^^ 70 C^^^Tribat OrganisaUoft -r"^ 80 <^^ Marriage__,.) 87 Adoption 98 inheritance 98 _-—taws Regarding Land 105 Other Laws . 106 Decision of Disputes 109 War 113 Head-hunting 115 viii CONTENTS SECTION IV.—RELIGION. _^,- —__^^ PAOB ,. Popular Beliefs >^ 123 C__ Origiif and'l^atiire of Deities 125 Creation 127 Natural Phenomena 128 Dreams and Omens 129" Treatment of Sickness 135 Ancestor Worship 138 Nature Worship . 138 Rites and Sacrifices 139 Priesthood -^_, 140/ iBirth Ceremonies .~\ 142 Naming Ceremonies 143 Toga Virilis 144 Marriage 145 Death Ceremonies 146 General Ideas About Death 158 The Future Life .... 160 Genna 164 Stone Monuments 186 SECTION v.—FOLK TALES 192 Appendix 199 Index 201 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 Tangkhul Khullakpa's Cloth . Frontispiece 2 Map 3 Mao Nagas 4 The Maikel Stone .... 5 Marring Naga 6 Tangkhul Naga 7 Kabui Girls 8 Chirc Naga 9 Kabui Nagas, Dancing Costume 10 Boy "Putting the Stonk" . 11 Tangkhul Naga. ^ . 12 Maikel Khullakpa and his Son 13 Mao Naga in the Warrior's Dress 14 Monolith near Maram 15 Flat Stone near Maram 16 Stone Circle at Uilong 17 Plan of 16 LIST OF AUTHORITIES CITED Allen, Grant, "The Attis of Caius Valerius Catullus." 1892. "L'Ann^e Sociologique." Vols. I-X. Edited by M. E. Durkheim. 1898- 1907. Banerji, Babu Nithor Nath, MSS. Notes. Boulger, D., "Short History of China." 1893. Brown, Dr. R. (Politiccd. Agent in ifanipui-), " Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Foreign Department," No. LXXVIII. 1870. Burne, Miss C. S., Presidential Address, /^o^Hore, XXI. 1. 1910. Butler, Major J., "Travels and Adventures in the Province of Assam." 1855. " Clodd, E. , Tom Tit Tot. " 1 898. Crawley, E. A., " The Mystic Rose." 1902. " The Idea of the Soul." 1909. Dalton, Capt. E. T. (Principal Assistant Agent to the Governor General), " Selections from the Records of the Bengal Government," No. XXIII. 1855. Das, Sarat Chandra, C.I.E., " .Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet." 1904. Davis, A. W., " Assam Census Report," Vol. I., pp. 237-251. 1891. Durkheim, E., "La Prohibition de L'Inceste." L. A. S., Vol. I. 1898. Elias, N., " History of the Shans." 1876. " Farnell, Dr. L. R. , Transactions of the Third International Congress on the History of Religions." Vol. II. 1908. "Cults of the Greek States," Vol. V. 1909. Forbes, Capt. C. J. F. S., " British Burma." 1878. Frazer, Dr. James, "The Golden Bough." 2nd ed. 1900. "The Early History of the Kingship." 1905. " Totemism and Exogamy." 1910. Fuller, Sir Bampfylde, K.C.S.I. (late Lieutenant-Governor of Eastern Bengal and Assam), " Studies of Indian Life and Sentiment." 1910. Gait, E. A., CLE. (late Ghief Secretary to the Government of Assam), "History of Assam." 1906. Gomme, Sir G. L., "The Village Community." 1890. "Folklore as a Historical Science." 1908. Grierson, Dr. A., CLE. (Director of the Linguistic Survey of India), "Report of the Linguistic Survey of India." Vol. III. Parts ii. and iii. 1903. Gurdon, Colonel P. R. T. {Commissioner of the Assam Valley and Superin- tendent of Ethnography, Assam), " The Khasis." 1907. Harrison, Miss J., "Prolegomena to Greek Religion." 1903. xii LIST OF AUTHORITIES CITED Hartland, S., "Primitive Paternity." 1909. "The Cult of Executed Criminals at Palermo," Folklore, XXI., 2., pp. 168 et -seq. Henderson, Colonel G. F. R., C.B., "The Science of War." 1908. Henry, V., " La Magie dans L'Inde Antique." 1909. Hertz, R., "La representation collective de la Mort," L. A. S., Vol. X. 1907. Hobhouse, L. T., " Morals in Evolution." 1906. Hodson, T. C, " Thado Grammar." 1906. " Genna Amongst the Tribes of Assam." 7. .4. /., Vol. XXXVL " The Meitheis." 1908. "Mortuary Ritual and Eschatological Beliefs among the Hill Tribes of Assam." Archill fiir Religioniiwiiisenichaft, Vol. XII. 1909. "Headhunting among the Hill Tribes of Assam," Folklore, Vol. XX., 2. 1909. Jevons, Dr. F. B., "Plutarch's Romane Questions." 1892. "Introduction to the History of Religion," 3rd ed. 1904. Johnstone, Major-General Sir James, K. C.S.I. {Political Agent in Alanijjur), " My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills." 1896. King, I., "The Development of Religion." 1910. Lang, A., "Custom and Myth." Edition 1901. "Myth, Ritual, and Religion." 1899. Lewin, Colonel T. H. {Political Officer), "The Hill Tracts of Chittagong." 1869. " Wild Races of South-Eastern India." 1870. Ling-Roth, H., "Significance of the Couvade," /. A. I., Vol. XXII., pp. 204-241. Logan, J. N., "Journal of the Indian Archipelago," N.S., Vol. II., p. 82. Lorrain and Savidge, "A Grammar and Dictionary of the Lushai Language." 1898. Lyall, Sir Charles J., K.C.vS.L, CLE. {formerly Chief Commisnioner of Ansam), "TheMikirs." 1908. Maine, Sir Henry S., K.C.S.I., "Ancient Law." 1861, "Early Law and Custom." 1883. Marett, R. R., " The Threshold of Religion." 1909. McCuUoch, Colonel W. {Political Agent at Manipur), "Account of the Valley of Munnipore. Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Foreign Department," No. XXVII, 1859. McLennan, J. F., "Primitive Marriage." 1865, Neufville, Capt. J. B. {D.A.Q.M.G.), "Selections from the Records of the Bengal Government," No. XXIII. 1855. Owen, J., " Notes on the Naga Tribes in Communication with Assam." 1844. Payne, E. J., " History of the New World called America." 1892. " Peal, S. E. , On the Morong as possibly a Relic of Pre-marriage Communism," /. A. /., Vol. XXII. , pp. 244-261. Hlustrated. Pettigrew, Rev. W., " Kathi Kasham, the Soul Departure Feast, as Practised by the Tangkhul Nagas, Manipur, Assam," J. A. S. B. (N. S.), Vol. V,, No. 2, pp. 37-46, 1909. Playfair, Major A. {Deputy Commi<i.-<ioner, Garo Bills), " The Garos." 1909. Risley, Sir Herbert, K.C.I.E., C.S.L {Director of the Cenms of India), " Ethnography of India," 1903, Rivers, Dr. W, H. R., F.R.S., "The Father's Sister in Oceania," Folklore, XXL, 42-59. 1910, LIST OF AUTHORITIES CITED xiii Seligmanii, Dr. C. G., "The Vedda Cult of the Dead." Transactions of the Third International Congress of the History of Religions. Oxford, 1908. Soppitt, C. A., "Account of the Kachcha Nagas." 1885. Shakespear, Colonel J., CLE., D.S.O. {Political Agent in Manipur), "The Kuki-Lushai Clans,"' J.R.A.I., Vol. XXXIX., pp. 371-385. "Journal of the Society of Arts," Vol. XLIII. Tylor, Dr. E. B., " Early History of Mankind." 1865. " Primitive Culture," 4th ed. 1903. "Upper Burma Gazetteer." Edited by Sir George Scott, K.C.I. E., and J. P. Hardiman. 1900. Van Gennep, A., " Rites de Passage," 1909. " La Formation des L6gendes." 1910. Vetch, Major H. {Political Agent, Upper Assam), " Selections from the Records of the Bengal Government," No. XXIII. 1855. Webster, Dr. H., "Primitive Secret Societies." 1908. Westermarck, Dr. E. A., " The History of Human Marriage." 1901. " The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas." 1906 and 1908.
Recommended publications
  • A Study on Human Rights Violation of Tangkhul Community in Ukhrul District, Manipur
    A STUDY ON HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION OF TANGKHUL COMMUNITY IN UKHRUL DISTRICT, MANIPUR. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDYAPEETH, PUNE FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SOCIAL WORK UNDER THE BOARD OF SOCIAL WORK STUDIES BY DEPEND KAZINGMEI PRN. 15514002238 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF DR. G. R. RATHOD DIRECTOR, SOCIAL SCIENCE CENTRE, BVDU, PUNE SEPTEMBER 2019 DECLARATION I, DEPEND KAZINGMEI, declare that the Ph.D thesis entitled “A Study on Human Rights Violation of Tangkhul Community in Ukhrul District, Manipur.” is the original research work carried by me under the guidance of Dr. G.R. Rathod, Director of Social Science Centre, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, for the award of Ph.D degree in Social Work of the Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune. I hereby declare that the said research work has not submitted previously for the award of any Degree or Diploma in any other University or Examination body in India or abroad. Place: Pune Mr. Depend Kazingmei Date: Research Student i CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “A Study on Human Rights Violation of Tangkhul Community in Ukhrul District, Manipur”, which is being submitted herewith for the award of the Degree of Ph.D in Social Work of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune is the result of original research work completed by Mr. Depend Kazingmei under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge and belief the work incorporated in this thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree or similar title of this or any other University or examining body.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Angami and Chakhesang Women
    A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM : A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANGAMI AND CHAKHESANG WOMEN THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SOCIOLOGY SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NAGALAND UNIVERSITY BY MEDONUO PIENYÜ Ph. D. REGISTRATION NO. 357/ 2008 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. KSHETRI RAJENDRA SINGH DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY NAGALAND UNIVERSITY H.Qs. LUMAMI, NAGALAND, INDIA NOVEMBER 2013 I would like to dedicate this thesis to my Mother Mrs. Mhasivonuo Pienyü who never gave up on me and supported me through the most difficult times of my life. NAGALAND UNIVERSITY (A Central University Estd. By the Act of Parliament No 35 of 1989) Headquaters- Lumami P.O. Mokokchung- 798601 Department of Sociology Ref. No……………. Date………………. CERTIFICATE This is certified that I have supervised and gone through the entire pages of the Ph.D. thesis entitled “A Sociological Study of Unemployment Problem: A Comparative Study of Angami and Chakhesang Women” submitted by Medonuo Pienyü. This is further certified that this research work of Medonuo Pienyü, carried out under my supervision is her original work and has not been submitted for any degree to any other university or institute. Supervisor Place: (Prof. Kshetri Rajendra Singh) Date: Department of Sociology, Nagaland University Hqs: Lumami DECLARATION The Nagaland University November, 2013. I, Miss. Medonuo Pienyü, hereby declare that the contents of this thesis is the record of my work done and the subject matter of this thesis did not form the basis of the award of any previous degree to me or to the best of my knowledge to anybody else, and that thesis has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other university/ institute.
    [Show full text]
  • The Status of Tribal Women in Northeast India: Responding to India's Social Challenges
    ISSN: 2455-3220 International Journal for Social Studies Volume 03 Issue 11 Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals October 2017 The Status of Tribal Women in Northeast India: Responding to India's Social Challenges. -Dr. ASHA SOUGAIJAM Department of Sociology Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Regional Campus, Chingmeirong, Adhimjati Complex, Imphal-795001, Manipur. INTRODUCTION Northeast India, considered as one of most interest in developing the living standards and culturally diverse regions of the world, is a tourism among these tribal occupied states. land inhabited by more than 200 fascinating tribes. It is no wonder the region has ever- Different ethnic groups and tribal groups since captured the imaginations of inhabit the region of northeast India. They all anthropologists from all over the world. have their own culture and tribal tradition and all speak their own tribal languages. This has The north eastern part of India shares its made Northeast India one of the most boundary with China, Nepal, Bhutan, culturally diverse regions of the world. The Myanmar and Bangladesh. Northeast India cuisines and attires also vary among the tribes. comprises of eight states. They are Mizoram, Each tribal community has their unique way of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, Manipur, living. Tribal people mostly live and earn Nagaland, Meghalaya and Tripura. Nagaland through the hills and forest areas. and Manipur share their boundary with Myanmar. Meghalaya and Tripura share it ORIGIN OF THE TRIBES with Bangladesh whereas Assam shares it‟s North East Indian tribes have originated with Bhutan. Sikkim shares its boundary with from the ethnic groups of Tibeto-Burmese, China, Nepal, and Bhutan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nagas: an Introduction
    The Nagas: An Introduction The Nagas: An Introduction The entry of the Nagas into the written history of the world can be dated to 24th February 1826. On that day representa- tives of the Kingdom of Burma and the British military signed the Treaty of Yandabo, in which Burma renounced all claims to Assam and Manipur. The westward policy of expansion pursued by Burma – at that time the most pow- erful kingdom in Southeast Asia – had begun in the 1780s when Burmese troops occupied the independent Kingdom of Arakan and reached for the first time the eastern border of the British Indian Empire, which corresponds fairly exactly with the present-day borders of Bangladesh and North Ben- gal. In 1817 the Burmese invaded Assam and in 1819 the in- dependent Kingdom of Manipur. In 1823 they also annexed the Kingdom of Cachar, a strategic area for invading Bengal. In March of the following year, Britain officially declared war on Burma, a war which ended two years later with the aforementioned Treaty of Yandabo. Gradually Britain occu- pied the whole of Assam and intensified its diplomatic and military relations with Manipur, which was intended to have a key position in monitoring and if need be defending the border between Burma and the British sphere of influence. British India had reached the foot of the Naga Hills – the southeastern foothills of the Himalayas in the present bor- der triangle of India, Burma and China, which at that time was covered in jungle. The first Nagas with whom the British came in contact were the Tengima (Hutton 1914: 476).
    [Show full text]
  • The Naga Language Groups Within the Tibeto-Burman Language Family
    TheNaga Language Groups within the Tibeto-Burman Language Family George van Driem The Nagas speak languages of the Tibeto-Burman fami­ Ethnically, many Tibeto-Burman tribes of the northeast ly. Yet, according to our present state of knowledge, the have been called Naga in the past or have been labelled as >Naga languages< do not constitute a single genetic sub­ >Naga< in scholarly literature who are no longer usually group within Tibeto-Burman. What defines the Nagas best covered by the modern more restricted sense of the term is perhaps just the label Naga, which was once applied in­ today. Linguistically, even today's >Naga languages< do discriminately by Indo-Aryan colonists to all scantily clad not represent a single coherent branch of the family, but tribes speaking Tibeto-Burman languages in the northeast constitute several distinct branches of Tibeto-Burman. of the Subcontinent. At any rate, the name Naga, ultimately This essay aims (1) to give an idea of the linguistic position derived from Sanskrit nagna >naked<, originated as a titu­ of these languages within the family to which they belong, lar label, because the term denoted a sect of Shaivite sadhus (2) to provide a relatively comprehensive list of names and whose most salient trait to the eyes of the lay observer was localities as a directory for consultation by scholars and in­ that they went through life unclad. The Tibeto-Burman terested laymen who wish to make their way through the tribes labelled N aga in the northeast, though scantily clad, jungle of names and alternative appellations that confront were of course not Hindu at all.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LANGUAGES of MANIPUR: a CASE STUDY of the KUKI-CHIN LANGUAGES* Pauthang Haokip Department of Linguistics, Assam University, Silchar
    Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Volume 34.1 — April 2011 THE LANGUAGES OF MANIPUR: A CASE STUDY OF THE KUKI-CHIN LANGUAGES* Pauthang Haokip Department of Linguistics, Assam University, Silchar Abstract: Manipur is primarily the home of various speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages. Aside from the Tibeto-Burman speakers, there are substantial numbers of Indo-Aryan and Dravidian speakers in different parts of the state who have come here either as traders or as workers. Keeping in view the lack of proper information on the languages of Manipur, this paper presents a brief outline of the languages spoken in the state of Manipur in general and Kuki-Chin languages in particular. The social relationships which different linguistic groups enter into with one another are often political in nature and are seldom based on genetic relationship. Thus, Manipur presents an intriguing area of research in that a researcher can end up making wrong conclusions about the relationships among the various linguistic groups, unless one thoroughly understands which groups of languages are genetically related and distinct from other social or political groupings. To dispel such misconstrued notions which can at times mislead researchers in the study of the languages, this paper provides an insight into the factors linguists must take into consideration before working in Manipur. The data on Kuki-Chin languages are primarily based on my own information as a resident of Churachandpur district, which is further supported by field work conducted in Churachandpur district during the period of 2003-2005 while I was working for the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, as a research investigator.
    [Show full text]
  • Reform, Identity and Narratives of Belonging This Page Intentionally Left Blank Reform, Identity and Narratives of Belonging the Heraka Movement of Northeast India
    Reform, Identity and Narratives of Belonging This page intentionally left blank Reform, Identity and Narratives of Belonging The Heraka Movement of Northeast India Arkotong Longkumer Continuum International Publishing Group The Tower Building 80 Maiden Lane 11 York Road Suite 704 London SE1 7NX New York, NY 10038 www.continuumbooks.com © Arkotong Longkumer, 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB: 978-0-8264-3970-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Longkumer, Arkotong. Reform, identity, and narratives of belonging: the Heraka movement in Northeast India/Arkotong Longkumer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8264-3970-3 (HB) ISBN-10: 0-8264-3970-5 (HB) 1. Zeme (Indic people)–India–North Cachar Hills–Religion. 2. Heraka movement. 3. Group identity–India–North Cachar Hills–History–20th century. 4. Nationalism–India–North Cachar Hills–History–20th century. I. Title. DS432.Z46L66 2010 2009025023 299.5'4–dc22 Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by the MPG Books Group Temeim Oja aser Oba atema This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations xi Acknowledgements xii
    [Show full text]
  • Some Anti-Diarrhoeic and Anti-Dysenteric Ethno-Medicinal Plants of Mao Naga Tribe Community of Mao, Senapati District, Manipur
    Available online at www.ijpab.com ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 2 (1): 147-155 (2014) Research Article International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience Some Anti-diarrhoeic and Anti-dysenteric Ethno-medicinal Plants of Mao Naga Tribe Community of Mao, Senapati District, Manipur 1* 2 Sunita Gurumayum and Jiten Singh Soram 1Dept. of Botany, Asufii Christian Institute, Mao, Senapati District, Manipur-795150 2Dept. of Zoology, Asufii Christian Institute, Mao, Senapati District, Manipur-795150 *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Diarrhoea and dysentery are the important causes of mortality in the developing countries till today. On the other hand, Manipur state as a whole lies in the Indo-Burma Biodiversity hot spot owing to which harbours diverged plants supporting about 50% of India’s biodiversity. Mao Naga tribe inhabits the Mao area, located at a unique geographic, climatic and topographical area in Senapati district of Manipur. The people of Mao Naga tribe think themselves to have migrated from China through oral storytelling and have a distinct colourful culture and tradition in which traditional system of medicine forms a large part. However, this vast body of ethno-botanical knowledge has remained largely unexplored. Thus, an ethno-medicinal survey has been conducted with the help of local volunteers and accordingly this paper has a record of 45 plant species being used in traditional medicine belonghing 41 genera and 28 families for treating diarrhoea and dysentery. The family Asteraceae has maximum species representation of six followed by the family Zingiberaceae with five recorded species. Leaves were the maximum parts used compared to the other parts with their 34.3% usage, followed by fruit (15%) and bark (12%).The study also showed an immense potential for ethno-botanical research in the area.
    [Show full text]
  • GOVT. SCHOOLS Type of School Rural/ Sl
    LIST OF SCHOOLS ( As on 30th September, 2015 ) GOVT. SCHOOLS Type of School Rural/ Sl. Class Managemen Name of School Boys/ Address Urban Constituency Block Remarks No. Structure t Girls/ (R/U) Co-Edn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 HIGHER SECONDARY Schools in CPIS ( ZEO - Bishnupur ) 1 Bishnupur Higher Secondary School VI-XII Edn Dept Co-Edn. Bishnupur Ward No.6 Urban Bishnupur BM Bishnupur Hr./Sec Nambol Hr./Sec, Nambol 2 Nambolg Higherp Secondary p School IX-XII Edn Dept Co-Edn. Nambol Ward No. 3 Urban Nambol NM 3 Higher Secondary School IX-XII Edn Dept Co-Edn. Moirang Lamkhai Urban Moirang MM Moirang Multipurpose Hr./Sec Schools in CPIS ZEO Imphal- East 1 Ananda Singh Hr.Sec. School IX-XII Edn Dept Co-Edn. khumunnom Urban Wangkhei IMC Ananda Singh Hr./Sec Academy 2 Churachand Hr.Sec. School IX-XII Edn Dept Boys Palace Gate Urban Yaiskul IMC C.C. Higher Sec. School 3 Lamlong Hr.Sec. School VI-XII Edn Dept Co-Edn. Khurai Thoudam Lk. Urban Wangkhei IMC Lamlong Hr./Sec 4 Azad Hr.Sec. School VI-XII Edn Dept Co-Edn. Yairipok Tulihal Rural Andro I- E -II Azad High School, Yairipok 5 Sagolmang Hr.Sec. School VI-XII Edn Dept Co-Edn. Sagolmang Rural Khundrakpam I- E -I Sagolmang Govt. H/S. ( ZEO-Jiribam) 1 Jiribam Higher Secondary IX-XII Edn Dept Co-Edn. Babupara Jiribam Urban Jiribam JM Jiribam Hr./Sec 2 Borobekara Hr.Sec. III-XII Edn Dept Co-Edn. Borobekara Rural Jiribam Jiribam Borobekra Hr.
    [Show full text]
  • Sumi Tone: a Phonological and Phonetic Description of a Tibeto-Burman Language of Nagaland
    Sumi tone: a phonological and phonetic description of a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland Amos Benjamin Teo Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters by Research (by Thesis Only) December 2009 School of Languages and Linguistics The University of Melbourne Abstract Previous research on Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the extreme northeast of India, has found it to have three lexical tones. However, the few phonological studies of Sumi have focused mainly on its segmental phonology and have failed to provide any substantial account of the tone system. This thesis addresses the issue by providing the first comprehensive description of tone in this language. In addition to confirming three contrastive tones, this study also presents the first acoustic phonetic analysis of Sumi, looking at the phonetic realisation of these tones and the effects of segmental perturbations on tone realisation. The first autosegmental representation of Sumi tone is offered, allowing us to account for tonal phenomena such as the assignment of surface tones to prefixes that appear to be lexically unspecified for tone. Finally, this investigation presents the first account of morphologically conditioned tone variation in Sumi, finding regular paradigmatic shifts in the tone on verb roots that undergo nominalisation. The thesis also offers a cross-linguistic comparison of the tone system of Sumi with that of other closely related Kuki-Chin-Naga languages and some preliminary observations of the historical origin and development of tone in these languages are made. This is accompanied by a typological comparison of these languages with other Tibeto-Burman languages, which shows that although these languages are spoken in what has been termed the ‘Indosphere’, their tone systems are similar to those of languages spoken further to the east in the ‘Sinosphere’.
    [Show full text]
  • Manual of Instructions for Editing, Coding and Record Management of Individual Slips
    For offiCial use only CENSUS OF INDIA 1991 MANUAL OF INSTRUCTIONS FOR EDITING, CODING AND RECORD MANAGEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL SLIPS PART-I MASTER COPY-I OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR GENERAL&. CENSUS COMMISSIONER. INOI.A MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS NEW DELHI CONTENTS Pages GENERAlINSTRUCnONS 1-2 1. Abbreviations used for urban units 3 2. Record Management instructions for Individual Slips 4-5 3. Need for location code for computer processing scheme 6-12 4. Manual edit of Individual Slip 13-20 5. Code structure of Individual Slip 21-34 Appendix-A Code list of States/Union Territories 8a Districts 35-41 Appendix-I-Alphabetical list of languages 43-64 Appendix-II-Code list of religions 66-70 Appendix-Ill-Code list of Schedules Castes/Scheduled Tribes 71 Appendix-IV-Code list of foreign countries 73-75 Appendix-V-Proforma for list of unclassified languages 77 Appendix-VI-Proforma for list of unclassified religions 78 Appendix-VII-Educational levels and their tentative equivalents. 79-94 Appendix-VIII-Proforma for Central Record Register 95 Appendix-IX-Profor.ma for Inventory 96 Appendix-X-Specimen of Individual SHp 97-98 Appendix-XI-Statement showing number of Diatricts/Tehsils/Towns/Cities/ 99 U.AB.lC.D. Blocks in each State/U.T. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS This manual contains instructions for editing, coding and record management of Individual Slips upto the stage of entry of these documents In the Direct Data Entry System. For the sake of convenient handling of this manual, it has been divided into two parts. Part·1 contains Management Instructions for handling records, brief description of thf' process adopted for assigning location code, the code structure which explains the details of codes which are to be assigned for various entries in the Individual Slip and the edit instructions.
    [Show full text]
  • Call for Papers
    NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT & PANCHAYATI RAJ (Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India) North Eastern Regional Centre, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022 CALL FOR PAPERS National Seminar on Tribal Local Self-government System in North Eastern States: Issues, Challenges and the Way Forward 30-31 March 2020 CONCEPT NOTE Local Self-government in any form (non- statutory or statutory) has been the prime institution of governance of village affairs in all the communities of world including tribal societies. The North East States of India are known for predominance of tribal communities and their distinctness. These distinctness can be observed in every walk of life such as the landscape, the array of communities and their socio-cultural practices, prevalence of traditional institution and ecological diversity. All these distinctness make the states different from other parts of the country. Underlining the distinctness of tribal communities and safeguarding of their identity, many of the North Eastern States are named after the name of the communities or languages. Within states distinctness are also observable or significant. The North East States are inhabited by diverse communities with different ethno- linguistic origins, religious beliefs, traditional practices and cultural ethos. The predominantly hilly terrain in all the States except Assam is host to an overwhelming proportion of scheduled tribes’ population ranging from 19.3 per cent in Assam to 94.5 per cent in Mizoram. The states have over 160 scheduled tribes and over 400 other tribal & sub-tribal communities and groups. Each tribe is distinct and unique in character from the others in terms of village administrations, customs, languages and attires.
    [Show full text]