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Conflict and Peace in India's Northeast: the Role of Civil Society

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Conflict and Peace in India's Northeast: the Role of Civil Society 42 About this Issue Previous Publications: Policy Studies 42 Policy Studies Policy This monograph examines the role of civil Policy Studies 41 society groups in peace building in three con- Muslim Perspectives on the Sri Lankan flict regions in India’s Northeast—Assam, Conflict Naga Hills/Nagaland, and Mizo Hills/Mizoram. Dennis B. McGilvray, University of Colorado These political conflicts are complex with each at Boulder conflict representing a cacophony of compet- Mirak Raheem, Centre for Policy Alternatives, ing, often zero-sum demands. Colombo In investigating the role of civil society Policy Studies 40 groups, the study distinguishes between “offi- Sinhalese Buddhist Nationalist Northeast in India’s Conflict and Peace cial” (between the Government of India and Ideology: Implications for Politics and certain insurgent organizations) and “unoffi- Conflict Resolution in Sri Lanka cial” peace processes at the local level that Neil DeVotta, Hartwick College makes coexistence of diverse communities Policy Studies 39 Conflict and Peace possible despite the continuing violence. Assessing Burma’s Ceasefire Accords These two processes reflect very different Zaw Oo, American University ways of addressing conflict and defining the Win Min, Independent Researcher, Thailand in India’s Northeast: role of civil society groups in peace building. In the official peace process, the role of Policy Studies 38 civil society groups is to bring warring parties The United Wa State Party: to the negotiating table, set forth potentially Narco-Army or Ethnic Nationalist Party? The Role of Civil Society agreeable ceasefire terms, and suggest possible Tom Kramer, Transnational Institute, Amsterdam settlements. The emphasis is on finding solu- tions at the macro level in the belief that set- Policy Studies 37 Samir Kumar Das tlement will also lead to resolution of micro The Islamist Threat in Southeast Asia: level problems. In contrast the role of civil A Reassessment society groups in the unofficial processes is John T. Sidel, London School of Economics to constantly negotiate across ethnic bound- and Political Science aries and make it possible for rival communi- Policy Studies 36 ties to live together in the same village, locali- State of Strife: The Dynamics of Ethnic ty, or neighborhood. Compromise is required Conflict in Burma at every level for conflict resolution. Popular Martin Smith, Independent Analyst, London initiatives also help insulate the general popu- lation from rebel groups. Policy Studies 35 Das Kumar Samir The official and unofficial peace processes Rebellion in Southern Thailand: often proceed on parallel tracks with mini- Contending Histories Thanet Aphornsuvan, Thammasat University mum impact on each other. It is important for the two processes to be connected. For civil society groups to be more effective in Forthcoming: peace building, they must be socially integrat- “Looking Back, Looking Forward: ed and develop synergy with other con- Centralization, Multiple Conflicts, and stituents and stakeholders. Democratic State Building in Nepal” East-West Center Washington Center East-West About the Author Samir Kumar Das is professor of political science at the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. East-West Center He can be contacted at [email protected]. Washington ISBN 978-1-932728-69-9 Policy Studies A publication of the East-West Center Washington Editor: Dr. Muthiah Alagappa Co-editor: Dr. Satu P. Limaye Publications Coordinator: Jeremy Sutherland Description Policy Studies presents scholarly analysis of key contemporary domestic and international political, economic, and strategic issues affecting Asia in a policy relevant manner. Written for the policy community, academics, journalists, and the informed public, the peer-reviewed publications in this series provide new policy insights and perspectives East-West Center based on extensive fieldwork and rigorous scholarship. The East-West Center is an education and research organization estab- Each publication in the series presents an 18,000- to 24,000-word investigation of a sin- lished by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to strengthen relations and under- gle topic. Often publications in this series will appear in conjunction with East-West standing among the peoples and nations of Asia, the Pacific, and the Center research projects and fellowships; stand-alone investigations of pertinent issues United States. The Center contributes to a peaceful, prosperous, and just will also appear in the series. Submissions should address a contemporary, broadly policy Asia Pacific community by serving as a vigorous hub for cooperative relevant issue, puzzle, or problem and provide a new insight or argument. research, education, and dialogue on critical issues of common concern to Submissions the Asia Pacific region and the United States. Funding for the Center Submissions may take the form of a proposal or completed manuscript. comes from the U.S. government, with additional support provided by Proposal. A five-page proposal indicating the issue, problem, or puzzle to be analyzed, its private agencies, individuals, foundations, corporations, and governments policy significance, the novel perspective to be provided, and date by which the manu- script will be ready. The series editor and two relevant experts will review proposals to in the region. determine their suitability for the series. The manuscript when completed will be peer reviewed in line with the double-blind process. East-West Center Washington Complete Manuscript. Submission of a complete manuscript should be accompanied by a Established on September 1, 2001, the primary function of the East- two- to three-page abstract that sets out the issue, problem, or puzzle analyzed, its policy West Center Washington is to further the East-West Center mission and significance, and the novel perspective provided by the paper. The series editor and two the institutional objective of building a peaceful and prosperous Asia relevant experts will review the abstract. If considered suitable for the series, the manu- script will be peer reviewed in line with the double-blind process. Pacific community through substantive programming activities focused on the themes of conflict reduction, political change in the direction of Submissions must be original and not published elsewhere. The East-West Center will have copyright over all material published in the series. A CV indicating relevant quali- open, accountable, and participatory politics, and American under- fications and publications should accompany submissions. standing of and engagement in Asia Pacific affairs. Notes to Contributors The manuscript should be formatted per the guidelines laid out in the Policy Studies stylesheet, which can be made available upon request. Manuscripts should be typed, dou- ble-spaced, with notes double-spaced at the end. Citations should be embedded in text with minimum endnotes and a complete bibliography. Use of double quotes, and single spacing after punctuation is desirable. All artwork should be camera ready. Authors should refrain from identifying themselves in their proposals and manuscripts. Submissions should be sent to: Editor, Policy Studies East-West Center Washington 1819 L St., NW, Suite 200 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel: 202-293-3995 Fax: 202-293-1402 Submissions can also be forwarded by e-mail to [email protected] Conflict and Peace in India’s Northeast: The Role of Civil Society Policy Studies 42 ___________ Conflict and Peace in India’s Northeast: The Role of Civil Society _________________________ Samir Kumar Das Copyright © 2007 by the East-West Center Washington Conflict and Peace in India’s Northeast: The Role of Civil Society by Samir Kumar Das ISBN: 978-1-932728-69-9 (online version) ISSN: 1547-1330 (online version) Online at: www.eastwestcenterwashington.org/publications East-West Center Washington 1819 L Street, NW, Suite 200 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel: (202) 293-3995 Fax: (202) 293-1402 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.eastwestcenterwashington.org The Policy Studies series contributes to the East-West Center’s role as a forum for discussion of key contemporary domestic and international political, economic, and strategic issues affecting Asia. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Center. This publication is a product of the East-West Center Washington project on Internal Conflicts and State-Building Challenges in Asia. For details, see pages 63–79. The project and this publication are supported by a generous grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. Contents List of Acronyms v Executive Summary vii Introduction 1 Background to the Conflicts in India’s Northeast 5 Conflicts in Assam 8 From Assam Movement to Insurgency 12 Peace with the United Liberation Front of Assam 15 The Naga Case 22 Peace in Mizoram State 35 Civil Society in the Northeast 42 Civic Representatives 42 Peace Groups 45 Bridge-builders 47 Popular Initiatives 49 Conclusion 53 iv Samir Kumar Das Endnotes 57 Bibliography 59 Project Information: Internal Conflicts and State-Building Challenges in Asia 63 • Project Purpose and Outline 65 • Project Participants List 69 • Background of the Conflicts in Northeast India 75 • Map of Northeast India 79 Policy Studies: List of Reviewers 2006–07 81 Policy Studies: Previous Publications 83 List of Acronyms AAGSP All-Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (All Assam Council of People’s Movement) AASU All-Assam Students Union AGP Asom Gana
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