@ MONOGRAPH CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 No. I VOLUME-I MONOGRAPH SERIES Part VI In vestigation Alemchiba Ao and Draft Research design, B. K. Roy Burman Supervision and Editing Foreword Asok Mitra Registrar General, InOla OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA WAROMUNG MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (an Ao Naga Village) NEW DELHI-ll Photographs -N. Alemchiba Ao K. C. Sharma Technical advice in describing the illustrations -Ruth Reeves Technical advice in mapping -Po Lal Maps and drawings including cover page -T. Keshava Rao S. Krishna pillai . Typing -B. N. Kapoor Tabulation -C. G. Jadhav Ganesh Dass S. C. Saxena S. P. Thukral Sudesh Chander K. K. Chawla J. K. Mongia Index & Final Checking -Ram Gopal Assistance to editor in arranging materials -T. Kapoor (Helped by Ram Gopal) Proof Reading - R. L. Gupta (Final Scrutiny) P. K. Sharma Didar Singh Dharam Pal D. C. Verma CONTENTS Pages Acknow ledgement IX Foreword XI Preface XIII-XIV Prelude XV-XVII I Introduction ... 1-11 II The People .. 12-43 III Economic Life ... .. e • 44-82 IV Social and Cultural Life •• 83-101 V Conclusion •• 102-103 Appendices .. 105-201 Index .... ... 203-210 Bibliography 211 LIST OF MAPS After Page Notional map of Mokokchung district showing location of the village under survey and other places that occur in the Report XVI 2 Notional map of Waromung showing Land-use-1963 2 3 Notional map of Waromung showing nature of slope 2 4 (a) Notional map of Waromung showing area under vegetation 2 4 (b) Notional map of Waromung showing distribution of vegetation type 2 5 (a) Outline of the residential area SO years ago 4 5 (b) Important public places and the residential pattern of Waromung 6 6 A field (Jhurn) Showing the distribution of crops 58 liST OF PLATES After Page I The war drum 4 2 The main road inside the village 6 3 The village Church 8 4 The Lower Primary School building .. ... 8 5 (a) Bamboo water containers being filled at one of the Stone-paved village tanks 8 5 (b)(e) Hollow bamboo containers for carrying water for household use 8 6 Unmarri::d girl's dormitory 22 7 Front entrance to a typical Ao house 32 8 Interior of typical Ao house •• 32 ~ 9 An Ao household splitting the palm-leaves for thatching the roof of his house t •• 34 lOAn Ao house under construction 34 11 Front entrance of the house of a well-to-do person 34 12 Wood and bamboo household utensils carved by the Ao villagers and an earthen pot produced by the stripping technique 36 13 A black cloth apron studded with cowrie-shells which was formerly worn by wealthy persons or those who were successful in head-hunting 40 14 Ornaments used by Ao women •• .. 42 IS Two Ao women wearing ornaments 42 16 Agricultural implements 56 17 A young Ao girl pounding paddy· 62 18 Granaries for storing paddy 62 19 Carrying basket (Akhi type) 72 20 Carrying basket (Akho type) 72 21 An Ao girl operating a single heddle "tension loom 74 22 Two gaonburas (members of village council) with a villager 96 LIST OF PEN AND INK ILLUSTRATION After Page 1 Ground Plan of the areju (bachelar's dormitory) 20 2 Exterior of a house 32 2 A. Ground plan of an ordinary Ao house 32 2 B. Elevation and Cross section of an ordinary Ao house 32 3 A house under construction 34 4 Procedure of thatching the roof with Sago Palm leaves 34 5 A rich man's house and its ground plan 34 6 Suma or angen (loin cloth) 38 LIST OF TABLES Pages 1 Clans and their numerical strepgth, 17 2 Status scores of clans 18 3 Change due to stoppage of head-hunting 21 4 Inventory of household objects 36 S Items of food taken during seven days 37 6 Seasonal variation in consumption of food 37 7 Particulars of male dress 39 8 Particulars of female dress 39 9 Industrial classification of the people 46 10 Workers and non-workers by age and sex (Based on study in 40 households) 46 11 Non-workers by sex, broad age-groups and nature of activity (Based on study in 40 households) 47 12 Distribution of households by main occupation (Based on study in 40 households) 47 13 Subsidiary occupations (other than basketry, weaving and fishing) associated with main occupation (Based on study in 40 households) •• 47 14 (a) Aspiration for sons with reference to occupation of father (Based on response from 26 persons) 49 14 (b) Aspiration for daughters with reference to occupation of father (Based on response from 24 persons) 49 15 Land utilisation pattern 50 16 Propoition of different types of ownership of land with reference to land utilisation pattern 50 17 Proportion of land owned by various 'clan 51 18 Distribution of households with reference to size group of holdings of various categories of ownership 51 19 Lands of different categories owned by the households surveyed and acreage under differellt types of use 52 20 Period of occupation of various categories of land by 35 households surveyed 52 21 Method of acquiring right over land by various households 52 22 Terms and conditions on which land is leased by various households 53 23 Number of plots field by the various households 53 24 Number of plots as related to number of adult male members 53 25 Method of acquiring right over homestead land 53 26 Reason for practising shifting cultivation 55 27 Type of land preferred for shifting cultivation 56 28 Tools and implements used in connection with shifting cultivation 57 29 Normal time of activities connected with shifting cultivation 58 29 (a) Actual time of activities connected with shifting cultivation 58 30 Number of days required for jungle clearing operations 58 31 Crops sown in old fields and new fields 59 32 Time required for sowing per acre 60 (viii) LIST OF TABLES-contd_ Pages 33 Seed yield ratio ,- 60 34 Damage of crops 61 35 Yield of crops > • 63 36 Money value of expenditure (in rupees) 64 37 Livestock statistics for the village .. 66 38 Livestock found in 38 households 67 39 Method of acquiring livestock in households 67 40 Number of basketry objects produced 74 41 Tools and implements used in connection with basketry work 74 42 Articles produced through weaving 76 43 Articles produced by an ironsmith during 1962 78 44 Indebtedness by income 81 45 Income and expenditure pattern ~per month) in 38 households 81 46 Contribution of different sources of livelihood to the economy of the households 82 47 Association of income group and different sources of livelihood 82 48 Expenditure pattern in four households 82 49 Distribution of population of waromung by sex and age-group 83 50 Distribution of population of Nagaland by age-group 83 51 Marital status of Waromung 83 52 Marital status in 40 households 84 53 Age at first marriage 85 54 Difference between age of husband and wife 8S 55 Disease and treatment 86 56 Age and sex-wise distribution of literacy 86 57 Association between income and literacy .. 87 58 Distribution of households with reference to the number of members 88 59 Association between number of members per household and age of head of the household 88 60 Distribution of households by the number of closely connected households 89 61 Particulars of (closely) connected households , ~ 89 62 Villages under same range council 98 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful to the viJIagers of Waromung, for their generous cooperation in connection with the present studY.. The following persons of Waromung deserve special thanks, for the valuable information furnished by them on various items : Name Age Occupation Nature of assistance Sri Therangehilak 82 Cultivator Gave information of general nature on the Aos, as also on the past and the present of the village Waromung. Sri Sakulemba 80 -do- -do- Sri Lanuloba 50 Gaonbura Gave information on matters connected with village administration. Sri Tekaba 45 Pastor Gave information on matters connected with the Church, and indebtedness in the village. Sri Jukgemsulu 40 Secretary Village -do- Church Sri Rangsemsashi 50 Teacher Helped in collecting information on occupational structure in the village. Sri Benjung 22 Student Helped in collecting information on , livestock and indebtedness in the Sri Moang 19 Student Ivillage. B. K. Roy Burman FOREWORD In my general Foreword to the Village Survey series of the 1961 Census publi­ cations, I have briefly explained how the idea of the Survey unfolded itself and developed between 1959 and 1961. Towards the end of 1961 several distinguished scholars were invited to write special monographs for the Village Survey series. At the same time, the Social Studies Section of the Registrar General's Office, headed by Dr. B. K. Roy Burman, undertook experiments in various types of social study Dr. Roy Burman stimulated his colleagues and assistants to go into great depth over specific problems of social change. His object was, apart from striking new lines in methodology and designs of schedules, new methods of tabulation and cross-tabulatio~ new lines of correlating apparently unrelated fields of social phenomenon, to train his colleagues and assistants rigorously in the science of social investigation. He took a wide range of problems and even a wider geographical distribution of them, through­ out India. This Socio-Economic Survey of Waromung, an Ao Naga village in Nagaland, is a testimony to Dr. B. K. Roy Burman's abilities in directing research and to the staunchness and probity with which the investigation was conducted, analysed and reported upon by Shri Alemchiba Ao. This has been the first socio-economic study of a village in Nagaland by a person born and belonging to this great State and is therefore a landmark in its own right, I am looking forward to even more penetrating and interpretative work by Shri Alemchiba Ao.