Conservation of the endangered shrub Myricaria germanica in regulated Alpine rivers of North-East Italy

Overview Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia

Myricaria germanica 15th International Alpine Workshop Tagliamento Ecohydrological processes 2017 4th River Conference Myricaria germanica in North-East Italy Region Negative impacts of human actions Positive impacts of human actions Overview Bruno Michielon & Tommaso & Tommaso Michielon Bruno Sitzia Kurt Kurt Stueber from Thomé 1905 How natural are Alpine mountain rivers? Evidence from the Italian Alps Francesco Comiti Overview

The Piave River just upstream of Belluno during the late 19th century. Only scattered trees cover the hillslopes and the Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 3 floodplain. A wood raft is floating down the course (painting by Alessandro Seffer, 1831–1905). Overview

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 4 Fassa Valley and Avisio River after the flood of 1882. Photo: Dantone F. Overview

Braided river, Sulden/Solda River, Prad am Stilfserjoch/Prato Braided river, Upper Rangitata or Rakaia, Rakaia River, allo Stelvio, Prader Sand, South Tyrol. Bruno Michielon & TommasoCanterbury Sitzia Region, South Island, New Zealand. 5 Photo: Unterberger F., ca. 1890 Photo: Hargreaves K., ca. 2010 Overview

Rhine River, a channelized European river, Germany. Tagliamento River, the only European braided river, Italy. Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 6 Photo: Abeling J. 2011 Photo: www.udine20.it ca. 2000 Overview

Ratschings/Racines, Ridnaun/Ridanna Valley, SouthBruno Michielon Tyrol. & TommasoRatschings/Racines, Sitzia Ridnaun/Ridanna Valley, South7 Tyrol. Photo: Athesiadruck Bozen, about 1970 Photo: Michielon B. 2016 Overview

Trafoi, Stilfs/Stelvio, Trafoi Torrent, South Tyrol. Trafoi, Stilfs/Stelvio, Trafoi Torrent, South Tyrol. No presence of Myricaria germanica. Presence of Myricaria germanica. Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 8 Photo: Photochromie ca. 1890 Photo: Michielon B. 2015 Natural braided river

bar bar bar bar Overview

Channelized river

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 9 modified from Chesapeake Quarterly. Vol. 14, n. 1 germanica Myricaria

Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Photo: Moro A.

Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv.Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 10 Characteristic species of braided alpine rivers in Europe and Asia, today highly endangered in all European countries. Enrico Gelmi (Trento, 1855-1901)

Specimens collected: Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv. • Piné [9833/3] - 18/8/1894 • Piné, Serraia [9833/4] - 11/8/1889 • Near Trento [9932/2]. germanica Myricaria

Often in the bed of streams and inBruno sandy Michielonplaces & Tommaso. Sitzia germanica Myricaria

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 12 Photo: Michielon B. 2009 germanica Myricaria

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 13 Photo: Michielon B. 2009 germanica Myricaria

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 14 Photo: Michielon B. 2009 Seed Germination: Seed production the critical process and dispersion

Senescence and death Seedling

germanica Myricaria germanica Stabilization: survival, cycle settlement Flowering, Fruiting and growth Myricaria Reproductive maturity Juvenile stage

Development: growth of young plants

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia Modified from Lener 2011 germanica Myricaria

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 16 Germination needs moist sand Photo: Gröger A. München germanica Myricaria

Prad am Stilfserjoch/Prato allo Stelvio, Prader Sand Biotope, Sulden/Solda River, 890 m a.s.l., South Tyrol. Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 17 Photo: Michielon B. 2012 Native Range germanica Myricaria

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 18 Lener Felicia Pia 2011 (from Meusel et al. 1978) Habitat 3230 in SCI areas 10 x 10 km squares germanica Myricaria

Bruno MichielonOfficial & Tommasodata, Sitzia but not updated. 19 Alien Range Myricaria germanica Myricaria

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 20 Myricaria germanica Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia & Tommaso Michielon Bruno Bruno Michielon & Tommaso & Tommaso Michielon Bruno Sitzia 21 Tagliamento River and European rivers New Zealand Most important river factors and (except braided rivers or with features Tagliamento River) braided sections (over 300 rivers) Type of river system channelized L braided Hydro-morphological processes altered L almost natural River gravel dynamics low L great germanica Natural river flows altered L almost natural Active channel width narrow L wide Habitat characteristics degradated L disturbed Myricaria European native New Zealand alien Myricaria germanica range range Myricaria germanica population trend declining L increasing L Endangered Alien invasive Myricaria germanica status Bruno Michielon & TommasoVulnerable Sitzia L Naturalized L Myricaria germanica • • • • • • • • • • Myricaria 2012 “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ a a un indicatore an an a an der an una specie sentinella, per il suo valore quale indicatore ecologico good keystone charismatic indicator indicator indicator indicator Leitart ) indicator / ”

( flagship plant species species of high Landmann di successodi interventiriqualificazione di di morfologica riparian germanica germanica of a wide of of alpine for alpine biotic species natural species 2013 active integrity Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia & Tommaso Michielon Bruno for rivers ” Alpine Alpine ) rivers

( riverine Werth channel ” ”

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with with river ( Halada Gostner & important landscape river natural Scheidegger systems et al. 2012 et ” et al. 2010 et

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( Kofler ) ) is 2013 23 … ) et al. et

) germanica Ecosystem: German tamarisk-pioneer vegetation Year: 2016 EN Category: EN Region: Europe Myricaria Country: Various Ecosystem: German tamarisk-pioneer vegetation Year: 2016 Category: EN Region: Europe Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 24 Country: Various German tamarisk - pioneer vegetation (GTPV)

• GTPV is characterized by low to very low vegetation cover composed of herbs and shrubs, large fractions of bare gravel and sandy substrate, and high spatio-temporal heterogeneity between microsites regarding flooding regime, substrate grain size, and vegetation cover. • The dominating vascular plant species is the low shrub German tamarisk (Myricaria germanica). • GTPV colonizes periodically flooded gravel and sand banks, predominantly along braided rivers which germanica transport high sediment loads and show pronounced hydro-morphological dynamics. • Suitable sites are subject to periodically heavy flooding, which relocate the substrate and reset the succession to vegetation free bare gravel and sand banks. • Most of GTPV has been lost due to wide-spread alterations of hydro-morphological processes of

Myricaria running waters in Europe. • From the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries, losses were mainly driven by the effects of river channelization. In the last decades, the construction of hydro- electric power plants has emerged as a second main threatening factor. Both threats alter vital hydro-morphological processes, reduce river gravel dynamics and affect flood pulses, all being essential features for this ecosystem to develop and persist. Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 25 • This ecosystem has been classified as Endangered. Estimated share of global distribution of GTPV in European countries, estimated decline in GTPV distribution per country during the last 50 years and since 1750. germanica Myricaria

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 26 Myricaria germanica Bruno Michielon & Tommaso & Tommaso Michielon Bruno Sitzia The drivers of riparian plants

Flow regime Propagule pressure • disturbance (flooding) • human land-cover • drought (low flows) • native land-cover • size and proximity of exotic / native plants propagule sources processes Climate • temperature • precipitation Human influence • road and track development Floodplain • size and proximity of human population • gravel / sediment size • time of human settlement Ecohydrological • substrate-moisture availability • level of human disturbance • isolation from active channels • flow regulation of rivers

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 28 Modified from Brummer T. 2016 Gesamtlänge Fließgewässer: 9.680 km / Lunghezza totale dei corsi d’acqua: 9.680 km davon Gesamtlänge Fischgewässer: 2.040 km / di cui popolati da pesci: 2.040 km

Ufer Gesamtlänge: 19.360 km, davon nicht verbaut: 8.620 km, Anzahl Querbauwerke (z. B. Sperren): 26.600 Lunghezza totale delle rive: 19.360 km, di cui prive di strutture artificiali: 8.620 km, numero di strutture trasversali: 26.600

Check dams about 26,600 Bank protections about 10,740 km processes Ecohydrological

Today Myricaria germanica surviveBruno Michielonin 0,15%& Tommaso banks Sitzia of South Tyrol river courses 29 processes Ecohydrological

32 Hydroelectric power plants with nominal power greater than 3.000 kW 144 Hydroelectric power plants with nominal power between 220-3.000 kW 827 Hydroelectric power plants with nominal power below 220 kW Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 30 Avisio River, Lago di Tesero, Fiemme Valley, Trentino Region

processes 1973 Ecohydrological

2012 Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 31 Adults 2009 Adults 2010 5150000 5150000 5140000 5140000 5130000 5130000

690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000

Adults 2009 Adults 2010

5150000 Adults 2009 5150000 Adults 2010 Adults 2009 Adults 2010 5150000 5150000 5150000 5150000 Adults 2011 Adults 2012 5150000 5150000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000

5130000 Long-term population dynamic5130000 in a regulated river 5130000 5130000 690000690000695000695000700000700000705000705000710000710000 690000690000695000695000700000700000705000705000710000710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000

Adults 2011 Adults 2012

5150000 Adults 2011 5150000 Adults 2012 Adults 2009 Adults 2010 5150000 5150000 5150000 Adults 2011 5150000 Adults 2012 5150000 5150000 Adults 2013 Adults 2014 Coordinate Y Coordinate 5150000 5150000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000

690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000690000690000695000695000695000700000700000700000705000705000705000710000710000710000 690000690000690000695000695000695000700000700000700000705000705000705000710000710000710000 processes

Adults 2011 Adults 2012 5150000 Adults 2013 5150000 Adults 2014 AdultsAdults 2013 2013 AdultsAdults 2014 2014 Coordinate Y Coordinate 5150000 Adults 2015 5150000 Coordinate Y Coordinate 5150000 5150000 Coordinate Y Coordinate 5150000 5150000 5150000

Coordinate reference 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 system: ETRS89 /UTM zone 32N, EPSG: 25832. 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000

Ecohydrological 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000690000690000695000695000695000700000700000700000705000705000705000710000710000710000 690000690000695000695000700000700000705000705000710000710000 Coordinate X

LoggedAdults 2013number of adult M. germanAdultsica 2014 plants plotted against geographic coordinates in the Avisio River Coordinate Y Coordinate 5150000 Adults 2015 5150000 5150000 Adults 2015

5150000 Adults 2015 catchment. 5150000 The larger the circle, the higher the logged abundance at that site. The yearly plots show that the logged abundance of adult plants at a particular site is strongly influenced by the logged 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 abundance of adult plants in the previous year. BrunoIn contrast Michielon there& Tommasoisn’t5140000 Sitziaspatial autocorrelation within each year. 32 From Sitzia et al. 2016 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000690000695000695000700000700000705000705000710000710000 Coordinate X CoordinateCoordinate X X Adults 2015 5150000 5140000 5130000

690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 Coordinate X Juveniles 2009 Juveniles 2010 5150000 5150000 5140000 5140000 5130000 5130000

690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000

JuvenilesJuveniles 2009 2009 JuvenilesJuveniles 2010 2010 5150000 5150000 Juveniles 2009 Juveniles 2010 5150000 5150000 5150000 5150000 Juveniles 2011 Juveniles 2012 5150000 5150000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5130000 5130000 Long-term population dynamic in a regulated river 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 690000690000 695000695000 700000700000 705000705000 710000710000 690000690000 695000695000 700000700000 705000705000 710000710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000

Juveniles 2009 Juveniles 2010 JuvenilesJuveniles 2011 2011 JuvenilesJuveniles 2012 2012 5150000 5150000 5150000 5150000 Juveniles 2011 Juveniles 2012 5150000 5150000 5150000 5150000 Juveniles 2013 Juveniles 2014 Coordinate Y Coordinate 5150000 5150000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000690000 695000695000 700000700000 705000705000 710000710000 690000690000 695000695000 700000700000 705000705000 710000710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 processes

Juveniles 2011 Juveniles 2012 JuvenilesJuveniles 2013 2013 JuvenilesJuveniles 2014 2014 5150000 5150000 Coordinate Y Coordinate 5150000 5150000 Juveniles 2013 Juveniles 2014 Y Coordinate 5150000 5150000

Coordinate Y Coordinate 5150000 5150000 Juveniles 2015 5150000

5140000 5140000 Coordinate reference 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000 system: ETRS89 /UTM zone 32N, EPSG: 25832. 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000

Ecohydrological 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000690000 695000695000 700000700000 705000705000 710000710000 690000690000 695000695000 700000700000 705000705000 710000710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 Coordinate X

Juveniles 2013 Juveniles 2014 JuvenilesJuveniles 2015 2015 Coordinate Y Coordinate 5150000 5150000 5150000 Juveniles 2015 5150000 Logged5150000 number of juvenile M. germanica plants plotted against geographic coordinates in the Avisio River catchment. The larger the circle, the higher the logged abundance at that site. The yearly plots show that the logged abundance of 5140000 5140000 5140000 5140000

juveniles5140000 at a particular site is strongly influenced by the logged abundance of juvenile plants in the previous year. In contrast Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 33 there isn’t spatial autocorrelation between sites within years. From Sitzia et al. 2016 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 5130000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 690000690000 695000695000 700000700000 705000705000 710000710000 690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 Coordinate X CoordinateCoordinate X X

Juveniles 2015 5150000 5140000 5130000

690000 695000 700000 705000 710000 Coordinate X 6 6 Adults Juveniles 4 4 2 (log) 2 0 processes 0 dimension -2 Predicted (log) number of individuals of number (log) Predicted -4 -2 Population Ecohydrological

20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100 ActiveActive channel channelwidth width (m)(m) The effect of active channel width on number of adult and juvenile M. germanica plants (log values) in a Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 34 regulated alpine river. Avisio River catchment, Trentino Region, Italy. From Sitzia et al. 2016 About 15,000 plants Red List: ENDANGERED Trend (last 5 years): increasing East Italy Region - in North

Belluno About 550 plants

germanica germanica Red List: ENDANGERED Trend (last 5 years): declining

About 15,000 plants Myricaria Myricaria germanica Red List: VULNERABLE Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 35 presence in 2017 Trend (last 5 years): stable East Italy Region - in North germanica germanica

Reported after 1980, it can still be present 33 red circles Reported between 1920-1979, but not after

Myricaria 2 orange circles Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 36 15 yellow circles Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia Reported before 1920, but not after East Italy Region - in North

germanica germanica Plants number Type of population

Overall 11--1010 pianteplants viable 12.000 adult plants 11-100 plants viable reintroduced + 5000 juvenile plants declining Myricaria ≥ 101 plants Presence in 2017 Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia extint 37 Myricaria germanica in North-East Italy Region Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia & Tommaso Michielon Bruno 38 East Italy Region - in North

germanica germanica Plants number Type of population 1-10 plants viable 11-100 plants declining

Myricaria ≥ 101 plants extint Presence in 2017 Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 39 Plants number Type of population 1-10 plants viable 11-100 plants decreasing ≥ 101 plants disappeared East Italy Region - ? presence to be detected in North germanica germanica Myricaria Presence in 2017 Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 40 Removal of all riparian shrubs actions of human impacts Negative Negative

Pozza di Fassa, Avisio River, 1300 m a.s.l., Trentino Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 41 Photo: Michielon B. 2009 Photo: Michielon B. 2011, 2014 Tourist recreational use of the banks actions of human impacts Negative Negative

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 42 Mazzin, Fassa Valley, Avisio River, 1360 m a.s.l.Trentino. Photo: Michielon B. 2010 Subtraction of river space, embankments and manuring to obtain more meadows for grazing actions of human impacts Negative Negative

Sulden/Solda, Sulden/Solda River, SCI Ulten/Ultimo-Sulden/Solda, National Park Stilfser Joch/Stelvio, 1850 m, South Tyrol. Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 43 Photo: Michielon B. 2013, Michielon B. 2013 Sediment handling in the river active channel actions of human impacts Negative Negative

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 44 Taufers im Münstertal/Tubre, Rifair/Rivaira locality, Ram River, 1060 m, South Tyrol. Photo: Michielon B. 2016 River navigability for rafting actions of human impacts Negative Negative

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 45 Avisio River, Trentino River navigability for rafting actions of human impacts Negative Negative

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 46 Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia Avisio River, Trentino Cross-country skiing on river active channel actions of human impacts Negative Negative

Sulden/Solda, Sulden/Solda River, SCI Ulten/Ultimo-Sulden/Solda, National Park Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 47 Stilfser Joch/Stelvio, 1850 m, South Tyrol. Photo: Michielon B. 2013, 2015, 2016 Manure discharge along river banks actions of human impacts Negative Negative

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 48 Stilfser/Stelvio, Gomagoi, Trafoi Torrent, South Tyrol. Photo: Michielon B. 2016 Grazing on river active channel actions of human impacts

Negative Negative Pfitsch/Val di Vizze, St. Jakob/S. Giacomo, Sanderau Biotope, Pfitsch/Vizze Torrent, 1450 m a.s.l., Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 49 South Tyrol. Photo: Michielon B. 2016 Restoration, Rehabilitation or Revitalization?

Perrow (1999) and Perrow and Wightman (1993) proposed the following definitions, which are similar to the definitions given by the CIPRA (Martinet and Dubost 1992):

• Restoration / Renaturalization “The complete structural and functional return to a pre-disturbance state.” actions • Rehabilitation / Revitalization “The partial structural and functional return to a pre-disturbance state.”

• Enhancement “Any improvement of structural or functional attribute”. of human In recent years traditional “improvements” (flood protection and land reclamation through canalization and regulation) have come to be recognized at least in part as losses and river Improvement is now associated with reestablishing formerly lost, more natural riparian habitats and processes. Rohde Sigrun 2004 impacts

In reality “River Restoration” has become an industry term which encompasses virtually any work on a river which aims to improve something about the river. Positive Perhaps “river restoration” should therefore properly be referred to as “river improvement”, but this raises a further semantic question; improvement from who’s point of view? Dixon Simon 2013

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 50 Die Deutsche Tamariske (Myricaria germanica (L.) DESV.) Bepflanzung und Pflege von verbauten

actions Bachböschungen in Südtirol

Hanspeter Staffler

“Im April 1997 wurden von den Tamariskenpopulationen im Avignatal und in Prad Steckhölzer von of human unterschiedlicher Länge gewonnen.” … “Wenn es aber, wie im vorliegenden Falle, möglich ist, mit relativ wenig Aufwand die Tamariske an den Bachläufen einzubringen und zu pflegen und sie sogar für ingenieurbiolgische Zwecke zu verwenden, so impacts Scheint dies sinnvoller, als kleine Populationen dem sicheren Untergang zu überlassen. Mit dieser Maßnahme kann das lokale Erlöschen dieser Art um Jahrzehnte hinausgeschoben werden. Irgendwann jedoch muß die Vermehrung auf generativem Wege stattfinden können, ansonsten droht die

Positive Überalterung des Bestandes. Dafür sind Überschwemmungsund Überschotterungs biotope notwendig, welche sich bis dahin hoffentlich wieder gestalten lassen.”

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 51 Prad am Stilfserjoch/Prato allo Stelvio Nursery cuttings of M. germanica. 700 Photo: Michielon B. 2016

600 600 550

actions 500 500 500 455

400 385 of human 300 300 275 225 200 impacts Numero di piante piantate 200 150 115 100 50 Positive 25 25 0 0 0 0 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Department of Hydraulic Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 52 Engineering 4,055 plants planted in 38 hydraulic sites. 54 interventions carried out. 4,055 plants planted in 38 hydraulic sites. 54 interventions carried out. actions of human impacts Positive

Department of Hydraulic Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 53 Engineering River Revitalization and Planting Projects

Racines/Ratschings, Mareit/Mareta River 435 plants planted, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 “Development plan for the Unterer Mareit River in the Upper Eisack/Isarco River“ actions

Gais, Gatzaue, Ahr/Aurino River Schluderns/Sluderno, Saldur/Saldura Torrent 25 plants planted, 2014 100 plants planted, 2013 “Management plan of the lower course of the Ahr/Aurino River” “Protection against floods at Schluderns Sluderno” of human

Prad am Stilfserjoch/Prato allo Stelvio, Prader Sand impacts Biotope, Sulden/Solda River 2002-2010 “River restoration of Prader Sand due to channel widening” River Revitalization Project Positive Viable self sustaining populations

Department of Hydraulic Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 54 Engineering Spondinig-Prad am Stilfserjoch Prader Sand, Suldenbach actions of human impacts Positive

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia River revitalization

Etsch /Adige River actions

Biotope of human Sand

Prader

Torrent impacts

/Solda

Sulden Positive

. Prad am Stilfserjoch/Prato allo Stelvio, Prader Sand Biotope, Sulden/Solda River, South Tyrol. Department of Hydraulic Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 56 Engineering Kofler et al. 2013 Prader Sand: River revitalization due to channel widening actions of human impacts Positive Map of the measurements improving natural dynamics at the Sulden/Solda River (Prader Sand)

Department of Hydraulic Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 57 Engineering Kofler et al. 2013 Prader Sand: River revitalization actions of human impacts Positive

Prad am Stilfserjoch/Prato allo Stelvio, Prader Sand Biotope, Sulden/Solda River

Department of Hydraulic Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 58 Engineering Kofler et al. 2013 actions of human impacts Positive

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 59 Prad am Stilfserjoch/Prato allo Stelvio, Prader Sand Biotope, Sulden/Solda River, 890 m a.s.l., Photo: Michielon B. 2016 actions of human impacts Positive

Prad am Stilfserjoch/Prato allo Stelvio, Prader Sand Biotope, Sulden/Solda River, 890 m a.s.l., South Tyrol. Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 60 Photo: Michielon B. 2016 River Revitalization and Planting actions of human impacts Positive

Revitalization and reintroduction of Myricaria germanica, Mareit/Mareta River, Stanghe/Stanga (Sterzing/Vipiteno), 960 m a.s.l., South BrunoTyrol Michielon. & Tommaso Sitzia 61 2009 before the revitalization Operational fase 2011 after the first flood actions of human impacts Positive

Revitalization and reintroduction of Myricaria germanica, Mareit/Mareta River, Stanghe/Stanga (Sterzing/Vipiteno), 960 m a.s.l., South Tyrol. Department of Hydraulic Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 62 Engineering actions of human impacts Positive

Department of Hydraulic Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 63 Engineering actions of human impacts Positive

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 64 Stanghe/Stanga, Sterzing/Vipiteno, Mareit/Mareta River, 960 m a.s.l., South Tyrol. Photo: Michielon B. 2016 Revitalization Enhancement, Enhancement,

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 65 Stanghe/Stanga, Sterzing/Vipiteno, Mareit/Mareta River, 960 m a.s.l., South Tyrol. Photo: Michielon B. 2016 River Revitalization and Planting actions of human impacts Positive Gais, Gatzaue, Ahr/Aurino River, 830 m a.s.l., South Tyrol. 25 plants planted, 2014

Department of Hydraulic Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 66 Engineering Photo: Michielon B. 2016 Sediment storage area and Planting actions of human impacts

Positive Schluderns/Sluderno, Saldur/Saldura Torrent, 970 m a.s.l., South Tyrol. 100 plants planted, 2013

Department of Hydraulic Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 67 Engineering Photo: Michielon B. 2015 Sediment storage area actions of human impacts Positive

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 68 Predazzo, Travignolo Torrent, 1050 m a.s.l., Trentino. Photo: Michielon B. 2010 Gravel excavation within the river corridor actions of human impacts Positive

Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 69 Alleghe, Cordevole River, 990 m a.s.l., Belluno Province. Photo: Michielon B. 2016 Revitalization and Myricaria germanica planting 2016 actions of human impacts

Sarntal/Sarentino, Weißenbach/Rio Bianco, Talfer/Talvera Torrent, Positive South Tyrol. Photo: Michielon B. 2016

Department of Hydraulic Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 70 Engineering Revitalization 2016 actions of human impacts Positive

Sarntal/Sarentino, Weißenbach/Rio Bianco, SCI Gisser Auen Biotope,

Department Talfer/Talvera Torrent, 1300 m a.s.l., South Tyrol. of Hydraulic PhotoBruno: MichielonMichielon & Tommaso B. 2016 Sitzia 71 Engineering Revitalization 2016 actions of human impacts Positive

Department Mühlwald/Selva dei Molini, Unterlappach/Lappago di sotto, Zösen/Cesa Torrent, of Hydraulic Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 72 Engineering 1300 m a.s.l, South Tyrol. Photo: Michielon B. 2016 Bruno Michielon & Tommaso Sitzia 73