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French Grammar Made Easy French Grammar Made Easy French Grammar Made Easy is the ideal introduction to the basics of French grammar for anyone new to the language or looking to refresh their knowledge. The Grammar features: • concise and jargon-free explanations supported by examples • exercises throughout to reinforce learning • a ‘fast-track’ option for more advanced learners • a full answer key, making the Grammar ideal for self- study. French Grammar Made Easy presents the essential patterns and rules of the French language in a clear and accessible manner. It is the ideal Grammar for those wishing to supplement their learning and move beyond the phrasebook level. Rosi McNab is an independent author and has published courses and grammars for French, Mandarin, Italian, Spanish, Polish and German. Grammar Made Easy Series Editor: Rosi McNab Titles in the series: German Grammar Made Easy by Lisa Kahlen Italian Grammar Made Easy by Allan Wesson and Mike Zollo Spanish Grammar Made Easy by Allan Wesson and Mike Zollo Rosi McNab second edition french grammar made easy Second edition published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 Rosi McNab The right of Rosi McNab to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Hodder Education 2005 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Edwards, Vanessa, 1965- author. Title: Research skills for journalists / Vanessa Edwards. Description: Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon : New York, NY : Routledge, 2015. Identifiers: LCCN 2015032848| ISBN 9780415734271 (hardback) | ISBN 9781408282977 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781315646275 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Journalism–Research. | Online journalism–Research. Classification: LCC PN4784.R38 E39 2015 | DDC 070.4/3072--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015032848 ISBN: 978-1-138-67214-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-94621-7 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-67095-9 (ebk) Typeset in Futura and New Baskerville CONTENTS Introduction 1 A simple guide to the parts of speech 2 1 Verbs 1.1 Verbs: talking about doing things 4 1.1.1 What is the infinitive? 5 1.1.2 Groups of verbs 6 1.1.3 Irregular verbs 8 1.1.4 The ‘persons’ of the verb 9 1.1.5 Fast track: Verbs 11 1.2 The present tense 11 1.2.1 Talking about yourself (‘I’): je 12 1.2.2 Talking to a child or someone you know well (‘you’): tu 22 1.2.3 Talking about someone or something else (‘he/she/ it’): il/elle 25 1.2.4 Talking about yourself and someone else (‘we’): nous 28 1.2.5 Talking to someone else (‘you’): vous 32 1.2.6 Talking about other people or things (‘they’): ils/elles 36 1.2.7 Fast track: Present tense 39 1.3 Negatives, interrogatives and imperatives 43 1.3.1 Negatives: how to say what doesn’t happen 43 1.3.2 Interrogatives: asking questions 44 1.3.3 Imperatives: giving orders, directions or instructions 47 1.3.4 Fast track: Negatives, interrogatives and imperatives 49 1.4 The past tenses 50 1.4.1 The perfect tense 52 1.4.2 How to form the past participle 53 1.4.3 Verbs which go with être 58 1.4.4 Past participle agreement: Verbs which go with être 60 vi 1.4.5 Reflexive verbs in the perfect tense 61 1.4.6 The imperfect tense 63 1.4.7 How to form the imperfect tense 64 1.4.8 Perfect or imperfect? 66 1.4.9 Fast track: The past tenses 67 Contents 1.5 The future tenses and conditional tense 69 1.5.1 The near future: ‘I am going to ...’ 70 1.5.2 The future tense: ‘I will ...’ 71 1.5.3 The conditional: ‘I would ...’ 73 1.5.4 Fast track: Future and conditional 76 1.6 The subjunctive 77 1.6.1 How to form the subjunctive 78 1.6.2 Expressions which take the subjunctive 79 1.6.3 Recognising the subjunctive 80 1.6.4 Fast track: The subjunctive 80 1.7 Fast track: Verbs 82 1.8 Useful expressions using verbs 84 1.8.1 Special uses of avoir 84 1.8.2 There is/there are: il y a 87 1.8.3 To know: connaître or savoir? 87 1.8.4 To take and to bring 88 1.8.5 To remember: se souvenir de 89 1.8.6 More negative expressions 89 1.8.7 Question words and word order: Comment? 92 1.8.8 Since (depuis); to have just (venir de) 93 1.8.9 Fast track: Useful expressions with verbs 94 2 Nouns and Determiners 2.1 Nouns and gender 97 2.2 Nouns and the word for ‘the’: le and la 98 2.3 Nouns and the word for ‘the’ in the plural: les 99 2.3.1 Common irregular plurals 100 2.4 Nouns and the word for ‘a’: un and une 101 vii 2.5 How to tell if a noun is masculine or feminine 103 2.6 How to say: my, your, his, her, etc. 104 Contents 2.6.1 My (mon, ma, mes) 105 2.6.2 Your (ton, ta, tes) 106 2.6.3 His, her and its (son, sa, ses) 106 2.6.4 Our (notre/nos) 107 2.6.5 Your (votre/vos) 107 2.6.6 Their (leur/leurs) 108 2.6.7 Fast track: Nouns and determiners 108 2.7 More determiners 109 2.7.1 This, that, these: ce, cet, cette and ces 110 2.7.2 Which? Quel, quelle, quels and quelles 110 2.7.3 Some, other, certain, every etc. 111 3 Pronouns 3.1 Je, tu, il/elle, etc.: Subject pronouns 113 3.1.1 Je – I The first person singular 113 3.1.2 tu – you The second person singular 114 3.1.3 il/elle – he/she/it The third person singular 114 3.1.4 nous – we The first person plural 114 3.1.5 vous – you The second person plural 115 3.1.6 ils/elles – they The third person plural 115 3.1.7 Fast track: Subject pronouns 116 3.2 Le, la, les, etc.: Direct object pronouns 117 3.2.1 Le, la and les: Him, her, it, them 118 3.2.2 Me, te, nous and vous: Me, you, us 119 3.2.3 Past participle agreement with object pronouns 119 3.2.4 Fast track: Direct object pronouns 120 3.3 Me, lui, leur, etc.: Indirect object pronouns 121 3.3.1 Word order when using the indirect object 122 3.3.2 Word order of pronouns: Direct and indirect 123 3.3.3 Fast track: Indirect object pronouns 124 viii 3.4 Y: there 124 3.5 En: of it/of them 125 Contents 3.6 More about word order 127 3.6.1 Pronouns with devoir, pouvoir, savoir, vouloir and falloir 128 3.7 Moi! etc.: Emphatic pronouns 129 3.7.1 Using pronouns for emphasis 129 3.7.2 Emphatic pronouns and prepositions 130 3.8 Pronouns and the imperative 131 3.8.1 Pronouns with reflexive verbs 131 3.8.2 Order of pronouns in the imperative 131 3.9 Qui? Que? Interrogative pronouns 132 3.9.1 Qui or que? 133 3.10 Le mien, la mienne: Possessive pronouns 133 3.11 Qui, que, dont: Relative pronouns 135 3.11.1 Qui, que, dont: Who, which, whose 135 3.12 Lequel? Which one? 137 3.13 Celui, celle: The one which/whose/etc. 137 3.13.1 Celui-ci, celui-là: This one, that one 138 3.14 Fast track: Pronouns 138 4 Adjectives 4.1 Adjectival agreement: grand(e) et petit(e) 142 4.1.1 Regular adjectives 143 4.1.2 Irregular adjectives 144 4.1.3 Colours 148 4.1.4 Colours that don’t change 149 4.2 The position of adjectives 150 ix 4.3 Fast track: Adjectives 150 4.4 Adjectives with two meanings 152 Contents 4.5 Big, bigger, biggest: The comparative and superlative 152 4.5.1 Comparing two people or things 153 4.5.2 The superlative: ‘the most . .’ and ‘the least . .’ 154 4.5.3 Saying ‘as (big) as’ 155 4.5.4 Good, better, best: Irregular comparisons 155 4.5.5 Meilleur and mieux 156 4.6 Fast track: Comparative and superlative 157 5 Adverbs 5.1 Formation of adverbs 159 5.1.1 Regular adverbs 159 5.1.2 Adjectives ending in -ent and -ant 159 5.1.3 Irregular adverbs 160 5.2 Adjectives used as adverbs 160 5.3 Other useful adverbs 161 5.4 Fast track: Adverbs 161 6 Prepositions 6.1 The preposition à 162 6.1.1 à and the definite article 163 6.1.2 Where? Ou? 163 6.1.3 What kind of? Quel genre de? 164 6.1.4 When? Quand? 165 6.1.5 Whose? C’est à qui? 165 6.1.6 What’s wrong? Qu’est-ce qu’il y a? 165 6.1.7 Fast track: à 166 x 6.2 The preposition de 167 6.2.1 de and the definite article 167 6.2.2 de meaning some or any 168 6.2.3 de and how to say ‘not any’ 168 6.2.4 Other expressions with de 169 6.2.5 de in expressions of quantity 170 Contents 6.3 Prepositions of position 170 6.4 The prepositions en and chez 172 6.5 Useful prepositional phrases 172 6.6 Expressions of time 173 7 Conjunctions and other useful words 7.1 Conjunctions 174 7.2 Useful phrases 174 7.3 Help with understanding spelling and numbers 175 Verb tables 177 Answers 186 INTRODUCTION French Grammar Made Easy is a French grammar workbook aimed at adult non-linguists, that is adults with some rudimentary knowledge of French, who do not necessarily know anything about grammar, but need to learn about it so they can progress beyond phrasebook French.
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