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Formal Approaches to Dps in Old Romanian Brill’S Studies in Historical Linguistics
Formal Approaches to DPs in Old Romanian Brill’s Studies in Historical Linguistics Series Editor Jóhanna Barðdal (Ghent University) Consulting Editor Spike Gildea (University of Oregon) Editorial Board Joan Bybee (University of New Mexico) – Lyle Campbell (University of Hawai’i Manoa) – Nicholas Evans (The Australian National University) Bjarke Frellesvig (University of Oxford) – Mirjam Fried (Czech Academy of Sciences) – Russel Gray (University of Auckland) – Tom Güldemann (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) – Alice Harris (University of Massachusetts) Brian D. Joseph (The Ohio State University) – Ritsuko Kikusawa (National Museum of Ethnology) – Silvia Luraghi (Università di Pavia) Joseph Salmons (University of Wisconsin) – Søren Wichmann (MPI/EVA) VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bshl Formal Approaches to DPs in Old Romanian Edited by Virginia Hill LEIDEN | BOSTON Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Formal approaches to DPs in Old Romanian / Edited by Virginia Hill. pages cm. — (Brill’s Studies in Historical Linguistics; Volume 5.) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-28771-6 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-29255-0 (e-book) 1. Romanian language—Syntax. 2. Romanian language—To 1500. 3. Romanian language—History. 4. Discourse analysis—History. 5. Pragmatics—History. 6. Historical linguistics. 7. Romania—History—To 1711. I. Hill, Virginia, editor. PC713.F67 2015 459’.5—dc23 2015010249 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2211-4904 isbn 978-90-04-28771-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-29255-0 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. -
Romanian Language and Its Dialects
Social Sciences ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS Ana-Maria DUDĂU1 ABSTRACT: THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE, THE CONTINUANCE OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE SPOKEN IN THE EASTERN PARTS OF THE FORMER ROMAN EMPIRE, COMES WITH ITS FOUR DIALECTS: DACO- ROMANIAN, AROMANIAN, MEGLENO-ROMANIAN AND ISTRO-ROMANIAN TO COMPLETE THE EUROPEAN LINGUISTIC PALETTE. THE ROMANIAN LINGUISTS HAVE ALWAYS SHOWN A PERMANENT CONCERN FOR BOTH THE IDENTITY AND THE STATUS OF THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS, THUS SUPPORTING THE EXISTENCE OF THE ETHNIC, LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE MINORITIES AND REJECTING, FIRMLY, ANY ATTEMPT TO ASSIMILATE THEM BY FORCE KEYWORDS: MULTILINGUALISM, DIALECT, ASSIMILATION, OFFICIAL LANGUAGE, SPOKEN LANGUAGE. The Romanian language - the only Romance language in Eastern Europe - is an "island" of Latinity in a mainly "Slavic sea" - including its dialects from the south of the Danube – Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian. Multilingualism is defined narrowly as the alternative use of several languages; widely, it is use of several alternative language systems, regardless of their status: different languages, dialects of the same language or even varieties of the same idiom, being a natural consequence of linguistic contact. Multilingualism is an Europe value and a shared commitment, with particular importance for initial education, lifelong learning, employment, justice, freedom and security. Romanian language, with its four dialects - Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno- Romanian and Istro-Romanian – is the continuance of the Latin language spoken in the eastern parts of the former Roman Empire. Together with the Dalmatian language (now extinct) and central and southern Italian dialects, is part of the Apenino-Balkan group of Romance languages, different from theAlpine–Pyrenean group2. -
European Influences in Moldova Page 2
Master Thesis Human Geography Name : Marieke van Seeters Specialization : Europe; Borders, Governance and Identities University : Radboud University, Nijmegen Supervisor : Dr. M.M.E.M. Rutten Date : March 2010, Nijmegen Marieke van Seeters European influences in Moldova Page 2 Summary The past decades the European continent faced several major changes. Geographical changes but also political, economical and social-cultural shifts. One of the most debated topics is the European Union and its impact on and outside the continent. This thesis is about the external influence of the EU, on one of the countries which borders the EU directly; Moldova. Before its independency from the Soviet Union in 1991, it never existed as a sovereign state. Moldova was one of the countries which were carved out of history by the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact in 1940 as it became a Soviet State. The Soviet ideology was based on the creation of a separate Moldovan republic formed by an artificial Moldovan nation. Although the territory of the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic was a former part of the Romanian province Bessarabia, the Soviets emphasized the unique and distinct culture of the Moldovans. To underline this uniqueness they changed the Moldovan writing from Latin to Cyrillic to make Moldovans more distinct from Romanians. When Moldova became independent in 1991, the country struggled with questions about its national identity, including its continued existence as a separate nation. In the 1990s some Moldovan politicians focussed on the option of reintegration in a Greater Romania. However this did not work out as expected, or at least hoped for, because the many years under Soviet rule and delinkage from Romania had changed Moldovan society deeply. -
Recent Anglicisms in Romanian
207 RECENT ANGLICISMS IN ROMANIAN Hortensia Parlog, University of Timisoara In the years after the fall of the communist regime in 1989, when Ro• mania opened to the West, the influence of English on the Romanian lan• guage rose to an unprecedented level. Nowadays, English words can be found in all Romanian newspapers and journals, can be heard on any Romanian TV channel, and are frequently used as shop or business names (Parlog 2002); English has even become the language of Romanian graffiti. The phenomenon has been most recently charted in the three volumes on European Anglicisms edited by Manfred Görlach (2001; 2002a; 2002b). A previous article on English loanwords in Romanian, published twenty years ago (Parlog 1983), was based on a corpus in which only eighteen nouns referred to human beings. The current corpus, collected since 1990 from several newspapers and magazines of different orienta• tion, contains more than six times as many (see Annex).1 With some ex• ceptions, they denote human agents or members of a profession and many do not represent random usage but seem to occur regularly. Their gradual adaptation to Romanian is governed by formal and semantic cri• teria. From a formal point of view, borrowed names of human agents end• ing in a consonant or a semivowel may become either masculine or neuter in Romanian and the difference becomes obvious only in the plural forms; from a semantic point of view, however, such nouns usually become mas• culine while the neuter is reserved for nouns with non-animate referents. Many of the borrowed English words are used unmodified, without any change in their formal structure e.g.: 208 Nordic Journal of English Studies o pozitie de outsider ["a position of outsider"];2 angajeazä brand manager, creative director, account manager, art director, account executive, copywriter, designer ["wanted ..."]; locuri de muncäpentru baby-sitter ["jobs as baby-sitter"]; and A.N., hostess de night-club ["A.N., night-club hostess"]. -
(Daco-Romanian and Aromanian) in Verbs of Latin Origin
CONJUGATION CHANGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF ROMANIAN (DACO-ROMANIAN AND AROMANIAN) IN VERBS OF LATIN ORIGIN AIDA TODI1, MANUELA NEVACI2 Abstract. Having as starting point for research on the change of conjugation of Latin to the Romance languages, the paper aims to present the situation of these changes in Romanian: Daco-Romanian (that of the old Romanian texts) and Aromanian dialect (which does not have a literary standard). Keywords: conjugation changes; Romance languages; Romanian language (Daco-Romanian and Aromanian). Conjugation changes are a characteristic feature of the Romance verb system. In some Romance languages (Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, Sardinian) verbs going from one conjugation to another has caused the reduction of the four conjugations inherited from Latin to three inflection classes: in Spanish and Portuguese the 2nd conjugation extended (verbs with stressed theme vowel): véndere > Sp., Pg. vender; cúrere > Sp., Pg. correr; in Catalan 3rd conjugation verbs assimilated the 2nd conjugation ones, a phenomenon occurring in Sardinian as well: Catal. ventre, Srd. biere; Additionally, in Spanish and Portuguese the 4th conjugation also becomes strong, assimilating 3rd conjugation verbs: petĕre > Sp., Pg. petir, ungĕre> Sp., Pg. ungir, iungĕre> Sp., Pg. ungir (Lausberg 1988: 259). Lausberg includes Aromanian together with Spanish, Catalan and Sardinian, where the four conjugations were reduced to three, mentioning that 3rd conjugation verbs switched to the 2nd conjugation3. The process of switching from one conjugation to another is frequent from as early as vulgar Latin. Grammars experience changes such as: augĕre > augēre; ardĕre> ardēre; fervĕre > fervēre; mulgĕre> mulgēre; respondĕre> respondēre; sorbĕre> sorbēre; torquĕre > torquēre; tondĕre >tondēre (Densusianu 1961: 103, 1 “Ovidius” University, Constanţa, [email protected]. -
East European Languages
Latest Trends on Cultural Heritage and Tourism SEMANTIC CONCORDANCE IN THE SOUTH- EAST EUROPEAN LANGUAGES ANCUłA NEGREA, AGNES ERICH, ZLATE STEFANIA Faculty of Humanities Valahia University of Târgoviste Address: Street Lt. Stancu Ion, No. 35, Targoviste COUNTRY ROMANIA [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract: - The common terms of the southeast European languages that present semantic convergences [1], belong to a less explored domain, that of comparative linguistics. “The reason why the words have certain significations and not others is not found in the linguistic system or in the human biological or mental structures … it is the societies that, through their diverse history, determine the significations, and the semantics is found at the crossroads between the historical complexity of the reality it studies and the historical complexity of the culture reflecting on this reality… its object is the result and the condition of the historical character, thanks to the relations of mutual conditioning that relate the signification to the historic events of each human community.”[2] Key-Words: Balkan linguistics, terminology of the word “house”: Bg. kăšta, Srb., Cr. kuča, Maced. kuk’a, slov. koča < old sl. kotia meaning “what is hidden, what is sheltered”, Rom. casa < Lat. casa; Ngr. σπητη < Lat. hospitium; Alb. shtepi. 1 Introduction NeoGreek, and Albanese, present unanimous The “mentality” common to the Balkan world, concrdances for the terms having the meaning: having manifestations in the language, is the - “house”, “dwelling” and also historical product of the cohabitation in similar - ”room”, “place to live”, though these forms of civilization and culture. terms have different origins: Kristian SANDFELD, in his fundamental work - Bg. -
Dative Constructions in Romance and Beyond
Dative constructions in Romance and beyond Edited by Anna Pineda Jaume Mateu language Open Generative Syntax 7 science press Open Generative Syntax Editors: Elena Anagnostopoulou, Mark Baker, Roberta D’Alessandro, David Pesetsky, Susi Wurmbrand In this series: 1. Bailey, Laura R. & Michelle Sheehan (eds.). Order and structure in syntax I: Word order and syntactic structure. 2. Sheehan, Michelle & Laura R. Bailey (eds.). Order and structure in syntax II: Subjecthood and argument structure. 3. BacskaiAtkari, Julia. Deletion phenomena in comparative constructions: English comparatives in a crosslinguistic perspective. 4. Franco, Ludovico, Mihaela Marchis Moreno & Matthew Reeve (eds.). Agreement, case and locality in the nominal and verbal domains. 5. Bross, Fabian. The clausal syntax of German Sign Language: A cartographic approach. 6. Smith, Peter W., Johannes Mursell & Katharina Hartmann (eds.). Agree to Agree: Agreement in the Minimalist Programme. 7. Pineda, Anna & Jaume Mateu (eds.). Dative constructions in Romance and beyond. ISSN: 25687336 Dative constructions in Romance and beyond Edited by Anna Pineda Jaume Mateu language science press Pineda, Anna & Jaume Mateu (eds.). 2020. Dative constructions in Romance and beyond (Open Generative Syntax 7). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/258 © 2020, the authors Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-249-5 (Digital) 978-3-96110-250-1 -
Aleksey A. ROMANCHUK ROMANIAN a CINSTI in the LIGHT of SOME
2021, Volumul XXIX REVISTA DE ETNOLOGIE ȘI CULTUROLOGIE E-ISSN: 2537-6152 101 Aleksey A. ROMANCHUK ROMANIAN A CINSTI IN THE LIGHT OF SOME ROMANIAN-SLAVIC CONTACTS1 https://doi.org/10.52603/rec.2021.29.14 Rezumat определенное отражение следы обозначенного поздне- Cuvântul românesc a cinsti în lumina unor contacte праславянского диалекта (диалектов). В частности, к româno-slave таким следам, возможно, стоит отнести как украинские Pornind de la comparația dintre cuvântul ucrainean диалектные чандрий, шандрий, чендрий, так и диалект- частувати ‚a trata’ și românescul a cinsti‚ a trata (cu vin), ное (зафиксировано в украинском говоре с. Булэешть) / a bea vin, se consideră un grup de împrumuturi slave cu мон|золетеи/ ‘мусолить; впустую теребить’. /n/ epentetic în limba română, căreia îi aparține și a cin- Ключевые слова: славяне, румыны, лексические sti. Interpretând corpul de fapte disponibil, putem presu- заимствования, этническая история, украинские диа- pune că convergență semantică dintre cuvintele честь и лекты, Молдова, Буковина. угощение a apărut în perioada slavică timpurie. Cuvântul românesc a cinsti este un argument important pentru da- Summary tarea timpurie a apariției acestei convergențe semantice. Romanian a cinsti in the light of some Așadar, cuvântul ucrainean частувати, ca și cuvântul po- Romanian-Slavic contacts lonez częstowac, apar independent unul de celălalt, la fel A group of Slavic loanwords with epenthetic /n/ in the ca și de cuvântul românesc a cinsti. Cuvântul românesc a Romanian language, to which a cinsti belongs, is consid- cinsti, ca și, în general, grupul menționat de împrumuturi ered. Interpreting the existing set of facts, the author sup- slave cu /n/ epentetic în limba română, reprezintă un rezul- poses that the semantic convergence between the Slav- tat al contactelor timpurii ale limbii române cu un dialect ic честь ‘honour’ and угощение ‘treat’ appeared as far back (dialecte) slav vechi, pentru care era caracteristică tendința as the Late Slavic period. -
The Balkan Vlachs/Aromanians Awakening, National Policies, Assimilation Miroslav Ruzica Preface the Collapse of Communism, and E
The Balkan Vlachs/Aromanians Awakening, National Policies, Assimilation Miroslav Ruzica Preface The collapse of communism, and especially the EU human rights and minority policy programs, have recently re-opened the ‘Vlach/Aromanian question’ in the Balkans. The EC’s Report on Aromanians (ADOC 7728) and its separate Recommendation 1333 have become the framework for the Vlachs/Aromanians throughout the region and in the diaspora to start creating programs and networks, and to advocate and shape their ethnic, cultural, and linguistic identity and rights.1 The Vlach/Aromanian revival has brought a lot of new and reopened some old controversies. A increasing number of their leaders in Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Albania advocate that the Vlachs/Aromanians are actually Romanians and that Romania is their mother country, Romanian language and orthography their standard. Such a claim has been officially supported by the Romanian establishment and scholars. The opposite claim comes from Greece and argues that Vlachs/Aromanians are Greek and of the Greek culture. Both countries have their interpretations of the Vlach origin and history and directly apply pressure to the Balkan Vlachs to accept these identities on offer, and also seek their support and political patronage. Only a minority of the Vlachs, both in the Balkans and especially in the diaspora, believes in their own identity or that their specific vernaculars should be standardized, and that their culture has its own specific elements in which even their religious practice is somehow distinct. The recent wars for Yugoslav succession have renewed some old disputes. Parts of Croatian historiography claim that the Serbs in Croatia (and Bosnia) are mainly of Vlach origin, i.e. -
Dragons in Slavic and Romanian Cultures
Dragons in Slavic and Romanian Cultures Nicolae STANCIU, Ph.D. University of Belgrade, Serbia [email protected] Abstract Due to its geographical position, the Romanian ethnic territory is at the confluence of various languages, cultures and civilizations and the Romanian culture shares many features with the Slavic cultures because of the linguistic and cultural contact and the similar historical conditions under which they flourished. The issue of Slavic influence on Romanian culture has appealed to many researchers that have sought to explain the mystery of how a Romance culture survived in a territory surrounded by Slavs. Similar customs and folk representations circulated in both directions – from common Romanian to the Slavic languages and cultures and vice versa. Some motifs concerning the demons should demonstrate a broad area of common or similar representations in both types of cultures. This work will thus offer a new approach to the study of the Romanian-Slavic and Romanian-Balkan relationship and we hope a synthetic and unified vision of their common elements, and it will try to give some new ideas about an unresolved, debated, and contentious topic. Keywords: dragons, Slavic, Romanian, similarities, mythology, common cultural inheritance. Cultural Context and Goals ROMANIAN CULTURE IN BALKAN CONTEXT Romania’s geographical position nowadays, as an “oasis of Latinity in a sea of Slavs”1 favoured different influences along history on the Romanian culture in all its components (mentalities, customs, habits, linguistics), so that today it can present a different kind of Latinity (l’altra latinita),2 having the appeareance of an immense “leopard skin”, a palimpsest whose layers are slowly discovered by researchers. -
The Moldavian and Romanian Dialectal Corpus
MOROCO: The Moldavian and Romanian Dialectal Corpus Andrei M. Butnaru and Radu Tudor Ionescu Department of Computer Science, University of Bucharest 14 Academiei, Bucharest, Romania [email protected] [email protected] Abstract In this work, we introduce the Moldavian and Romanian Dialectal Corpus (MOROCO), which is freely available for download at https://github.com/butnaruandrei/MOROCO. The corpus contains 33564 samples of text (with over 10 million tokens) collected from the news domain. The samples belong to one of the following six topics: culture, finance, politics, science, sports and tech. The data set is divided into 21719 samples for training, 5921 samples for validation and another 5924 Figure 1: Map of Romania and the Republic of samples for testing. For each sample, we Moldova. provide corresponding dialectal and category labels. This allows us to perform empirical studies on several classification tasks such as Romanian is part of the Balkan-Romance group (i) binary discrimination of Moldavian versus that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Romanian text samples, (ii) intra-dialect Latin, which separated from the Western Ro- multi-class categorization by topic and (iii) mance branch of languages from the fifth cen- cross-dialect multi-class categorization by tury (Coteanu et al., 1969). In order to dis- topic. We perform experiments using a shallow approach based on string kernels, tinguish Romanian within the Balkan-Romance as well as a novel deep approach based on group in comparative linguistics, it is referred to character-level convolutional neural networks as Daco-Romanian. Along with Daco-Romanian, containing Squeeze-and-Excitation blocks. -
Romanian Grammar
1 Cojocaru Romanian Grammar 0. INTRODUCTION 0.1. Romania and the Romanians 0.2. The Romanian language 1. ALPHABET AND PHONETICS 1.1. The Romanian alphabet 1.2. Potential difficulties related to pronunciation and reading 1.2.1. Pronunciation 1.2.1.1. Vowels [ ǝ ] and [y] 1.2.1.2. Consonants [r], [t] and [d] 1.2.2. Reading 1.2.2.1. Unique letters 1.2.2.2. The letter i in final position 1.2.2.3. The letter e in the initial position 1.2.2.4. The ce, ci, ge, gi, che, chi, ghe, ghi groups 1.2.2.5. Diphthongs and triphthongs 1.2.2.6. Vowels in hiatus 1.2.2.7. Stress 1.2.2.8. Liaison 2. MORPHOPHONEMICS 2.1. Inflection 2.1.1. Declension of nominals 2.1.2. Conjugation of verbs 2.1.3. Invariable parts of speech 2.2. Common morphophonemic alternations 2.2.1. Vowel mutations 2.2.1.1. the o/oa mutation 2.2.1.2. the e/ea mutation 2.2.1.3. the ă/e mutation 2.2.1.4. the a/e mutation 2.2.1.5. the a/ă mutation 2.2.1.6. the ea/e mutation 2.2.1.7. the oa/o mutation 2.2.1.8. the ie/ia mutation 2.2.1.9. the â/i mutation 2.2.1.10. the a/ă mutation 2.2.1.11. the u/o mutation 2.2.2. Consonant mutations 2.2.2.1. the c/ce or ci mutation 2.2.2.2.