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Is romanian slavic language

Continue I don't like it when people think that Romnaian is a Slavic language. This is an insult. It makes me quite !!!!! Romanian is the easternest remnant of the language. In fact, 's name itself re-re-establishes rome of the . That's why are also considered Latino, as they share a similar linguistic culture to other sister languages in the West. Something I'm not sure is their people's origin, maybe someone can help me with this one. Thank you Romanian is not Latin, you wish Romanians are Slavic, Slavs are Greek, Greeks are Albanians, Albanians are Turks, Turks are Italian, Italians are Arabs, Arabs are Jews are human Jews and you are guests, only someone else is full of hate, lacks education and... Everything related to it... tehn ofcourse, not busy enough 'cause you are not able to do anything but clamping the mouth on languages forums. You're pathetic! @Alba: I don't want Slavic influence, but that's the truth. Romanian has more common words with Slavic languages than Albanians. But that doesn't mean Romanian is Slavic. Romanian has more common words, such as Italian, than any Slavic language. Grammar is also very important. Disregard for vocative there is no Slavic influence on . @Amalampere: Still your bucuresti capital in Albanian Bukkuri means beautiful so you can't say there's no connection. Some of them are. In fact I wouldn't be surprised if Albanians also have Italian influence since we have a lot of common words like tavolina, makina, etc. and their easy plus for Albanians to learn Italian. I agree with you about Bucuresti from a proper Bucur name related to bucurie (joy), a se bucura (for pleasure), which albanians also have, but with other meanings. Every Romanian at school understands that there are some so-called dacian words in the language, in common with Albanians, such as mazare, manz, varza etc, but they are little. There are other common words with Albanians, but Albanians took them directly from Latin or from Romanian. What about the names of animals how do you say in Albanian to urs(bears), lup (wolves), vulpe(foxes) etc? Like iepure, peste, cal they are also from Latin but I'm sure albanians don't have these words... Es indudable que la lengua rumana es latina, pese a las numerosas palabras eslavas, turcas y griegas que contiene. En cuanto a la gente, tienen algo de teatral y de sensual como los italianos, ya sea en política, en su vida cotidiana o simplemente en la forma de hablar y gesticular, el viajero no hallará este tipo de rasgos en ninguna otra parte de Europa oriental. Xavier's translation: The is undoubtedly Latin, despite the numerous Slavic, Turkish and Greek words it has. For people, they have something dramatic and sensible about them like Italians, whether it's in politics, daily life, or simply in a manner of talking and gesturing. A passenger in no other part of Eastern Europe will face such features, he said. (One part of my translation I'm not 100% sure about is that they have something dramatic and sensible about them like Italians, but the general sense must be clear.) - Kef most people see Romanian as a Slavic language because it is in Eastern Europe, where all other Slavic languages are spoken. It is a fact that before the mid-19th century, people of what is now called Romania spoke in predominantly Slavic language with about 20 to 25% of the words derived from Latin. Since the 1850s, significant efforts have been made to re-Latinize Romanians to make it somewhat similar to western romantic languages. Do you have a source to back off? In the 1000s, Romanians and Bulgarians also had the same state. The Emperor of Eastern Rome called it the Vlacho- and for a period of time regularly recognized as the rebellious emperor Ivan Essen, the Vlach person, and called him an advocate of the Orthodox Christian cause. Bulgarians also introduced official texts of religion, forcing Romanians to use Slavic words for an institutionalized church. In this case, the so-called Re-Latinization of the Romanian language of the XIX century was, in fact, a restituito practice in the Integrim, about the romantic language of Romanians just the people of the country's association with its geographical status in Eastern Europe, while all other Latin countries are in Western Europe. the so-called re-latinization of Romanian language from XIX century was, actually, a restituito in integrum act, regarding the Romance language o Romanians. go instead . You just confessed the truth was coming out. Romanian WAS, in fact, became Latin again. A Latin language, romance in Eastern Europe is like having a Slavic, or Asian language spoken in Western Europe. thats not gio . it doesnt make any sense . It's like ketchup on ice cream. Can't. A romantic language certainly existed in ancient Dassaya. However, history has been around too long since the Romans pulled out the way back in remote antiquities. Anyone who tells me that a romantic language naturally evolved from Latin (like it in Western Europe) anywhere in Eastern Europe is full of feces. As discussed in previous entries in our Acrobi linguistic history series, Latin had a major impact on a number of modern languages. One of the most frequently overlooked romantic languages is Romanian. Romanian is a Latin language that is closely related to Spanish, French, Italian and Portuguese. Despite being a romantic language, the Romanian often exits romantic language degree programs despite her interesting background and beauty. It is the only romantic language developed in Eastern Europe. Surrounded by Slavic languages and influence, the Romanian managed to stay relatively Roman throughout his long history. At the third entry of the Acarby linguistic history series we will discuss the history of the Romanian language and why such a curious example of linguistic development. Related: Akorbi explains: How romantic languages dominated the Western Roman occupation of to understand the Romanian language, it is important to understand the history of the people who spoke it. In the 2nd century AD, the Roman Emperor Tagean conquered the People of Ducks in what would later become present-day Romania. After the conquest of Dacia, the Romans successfully colonized the area with immigrants from all over Rome who married and settled with the local population. Unlike many other lands near Dacia, the local population quickly bed Roman and accepted Roman culture as their own. Ironically, historians are unsure of how or why this process will take place. In fact, much of the information about Romanian development remains a mystery as there are no texts found in Romanian before 1521. Regardless of how this happened, one of the results of this Romanization was the spread of Latin as the preferred language of Roman Dasian. Despite the Romans remaining in Dacia for only 165 years, the influence of their culture remained an influence on the people of this region. However, it did not develop without influence. Between the 7th and 9th centuries, eastern European Slavic populations migrated to the Baltics. This migration brought the Slavic language in close contact with Dasian, resulting in the mutual influence of both cultures. To date, Romanian uses many Slavic words and pronunciations and makes it different from other romantic languages. Re-Latinization in the 1800s during the 1800s, Romanian linguists tried to re-Latinize their language. A well-known Romanian writer, Negrozi Slavonism found in Romanian, described a cloth ruined by ugly yarns. However, the Slavic influence was to stay here. Linguists estimate that about 10% of Romanian words have Slavic origins. Romanians have begun to appreciate and embrace the unique beauty of their language. Romanian continues to evolve and borrows from a long list of other languages. Thanks to Romania's unique history and the circumstances surrounding the development of their language, Romanian remains one of the most unique languages in the world. Related: Things you should call about Croatia with Akorbi for Romanian language services despite the small population that speaks Romanian today (~24 million), Akorbi can provide excellent translation services in Romanian, or any of the other 170 languages in which we work. If you need a professional Services, contact Akorbi or call free 1-877-425-6724 for more information. Romance is not confused with Roman language, Roman language, Roman language, Roman language, or Aeranian language. Limba română and Limba Română redirect here. Look at Limba Român (magazine) for the magazine. RomanianDaco-Romanianlimba român amPronunciation[roˈmɨnə]Native toRomania, MoldovaEthnicityRomanians (incl. )Native speakers24–26 million (2016)[1]Second language: 4 million[2]L1+L2 speakers: 28–30 millionLanguage familyIndo-European It AlicRomanceEastern RomanceBalkan RomanceRomanianEarly form Proto-Romanian Transylvanian Crișana Moldavian Wallachian Maramureș Bukovinian Writing SystemLatin ()Cy Romanian BrailleOfficial statusOfficial language in Romania Vojvodina () Recognized minoritylanguage in Hungary Serbia Bosnia and Herzegovina[3]Regulated by Science UniversityRomanian Academy codes ISO 639-1roISO 639-2rum (B) Ron (T)ISO 639-3ronGlottologroma1327[ 4]Linguasphere51-AAD-c (varieties: 51-AAD-ca to -ck)Blue: region where Romanian is the dominant language. Green: Areas with a significant minority of Romanian-speaking languages. Distribution of Romanian languages in Romania, Moldova and the surroundings. This contains apitic symbols of IPA. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a basic guide on IPA icons, see Help:IPA. Rumanian () is a 2017 American film about the Same Name of the Same Name, which was published in 2013. autonym: limba română [limba roˈmɨnə] (listen), the Romanian language, or românește, lit. in Romanian) is a Balkan Romance language spoken by approximately 24–26 million people[5][6] as a native language, primarily in Romania and Moldova, and by another 4 million people as a second language. [7] According to another estimate, there are about 34 million people worldwide who can speak Romanian, of which 30 million speak a native language. [9] The official and national languages of both Romania and Moldova are official languages of the European Union. Romanian is part of the sub-branch of Romance Oriental Romantic Languages, a linguistic group that evolved from several dialects that separated from Western romantic languages during the period from the 5th to 8th centuries. [10] To differentiate it within Eastern romantic languages, in comparative linguistics, it is called Daco-Romanian versus its closest relatives, Amani, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian. Romanians in Moldova are also known as Moldova, although moldova's constitutional court ruled in 2013 that it was the official language of the Romanian Republic. [nb 1] Numerous Romanian migrant speakers live scattered throughout many others And countries around the world, with large populations in Italy, Spain, Germany, Britain, Canada, and the USA. Original article History: Prehistoric Romanian History Original Articles: Eastern Romantic Languages, Romanian Proto Language, Eastern Romantic Substratom, Slavic Abrastratom in Romanian, List of Romanian Words of Possible Origin of Dacian, and Romanian Origin of Vulgar Latin Speaking in southeastern European Roman provinces. [11] Roman inscriptions show that Latin was primarily used to the north of the so-called Jireček line (a hypothetical border between the predominantly Latin-speaking and Greek-speaking territories of the Balkan Peninsula in the Roman Empire), but the exact territory in which proto-Romanian (or romanian common) was developed cannot certainly be determined. [11] [12] Most of the areas where Romanians are now widely spoken -, Buquina, Crișana, Maramureș, Moldova, and significant parts of — were not incorporated into the Roman Empire. [13] Other regions—Banat, Western Mantnia, Ultnia and —formed the Roman province of Dacia Triana for about 170 years. According to The Theory of Continuity, the site of the Proto-Romanian development included the territories that now make up Romania (north of the Danube), the opposing theory of migrationist says that proto-Romanian was spoken in lands south of the Danube, and Romanian-speaking people settled in most parts of modern Romania only centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire. [11] [13] [Disputed – Discussed] Most researchers agree that the two major dialects developed by the 10th century were common Romanians. Daco-Romanian (official language of Romania and Moldova) and Istro-Romanian (the language spoken by more than 2,000 people in Stria) were from the northern . [11] Two other languages, Amani and Megleno-Romanian, have been developed from the southern version of . [11] These two languages are currently spoken in the southern territories of the Jireček line. [13] The initial history of this section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The particular problem is this: this section offers modern Romanian translations as if it were historical sources. Please help improve this section if you can. (Jan 2018) (Learn how and when to delete this template message) use the Romanian name (român) for the language and use Romanian Demons (Români) for speakers of this language ahead of the foundation of the modern Romanian state. Romanians always used the generic term rumân/român or regional terms such as Ardalni (or ungureni), moldoveni or montene to determine themselves. Both the name rumân or rumâniasc for the Romanian language and the self-determined rumân/român certified as early as the 16th century, by various foreign travelers to take Carpathian Romance-speaking space, as well as in other historical documents written in Romanian at the time, such as Cronicile Țării Moldovei (The Chronicles of the land of Moldova) by Gregor Urche. The certified reference to Romanian comes from the Latin title swear made in 1485 by Moldovan Prince Stefan the Great to the Polish king Casimir, where it is reported that haec Inscriptio former Valacico in Latin reverses est sed Rex Ruthenica Lingua scriptam accepta—this inscription is translated from Valacian (Romanian) into Latin, but the king has written it in Rothney (Slavic) [15] In 1534, Trankiello Andernico notes, Valachi Nunch three Romanos Vokent (the Valachis now call themselves Romans). Francesco della Valle writes in 1532 that Romanians call themselves Romans in their own language, and he subsequently quotes the phrase, Estie Rominst? for Știi Românește? (Romanian you know?). [18] After traveling through Valacchia, Moldova and Transylvania Ferrante Capecci reckoned in 1575 that the indigenous population of these regions was romanesci (românești). In 1574, Pierre Leskaloper writes that those living in Moldova, Valachia and the vast part of Transylvania call themselves true descendants of the Romans and call themselves Romanchete, which is Roman. [20] In 1542, Johann Lebell wrote that Vlachi called himself Romwini,[21] and the Polish chronicles of Stanislav Orzovius in 1554, writing in their language that they call themselves Rumini from the Romans, while we call them the Valacchis of the Italians. [22] The Croatian prelate and diplomat Antun Vrančić recorded in 1570 that in Transylvania, Moldova and Valachia designate themselves as Romans [23], and Encerilvani's Hungarian Martin Szentiványi in 1699 quoted the following: Si noi sentem Rumeni (We too are Romanians) and Noi sentem di sange Rumena (we are Romanian blood). [24] In particular, Szentiványi used Italian-based spellings to try to write Romanian words. Posted in Palia de la Orăștie (1582) stands. [...] că văzum cum toate limbile au și înfluresc întru cuvintele slăvite a lui Dumnezeu numai noi românii pre limbă nu avem. Pentru aceia cu mare muncă scoasem de limba jidovească si grecească si srâbească pre limba românească 5 cărți ale lui Moisi prorocul si patru cărți și le dăruim voo frați rumâni și le-au scris în cheltuială multă... și le-au dăruit voo fraților români,... și le-au scris voo fraților români[25] and in Letopisețul Țării Moldovei written by the Moldavian chronicler Grigore Ureche we can read: «În Țara Ardialului nu lăcuiesc numai unguri, ce și sași peste seamă de mulți și români peste tot locul...» (In Transylvania there live not Hungarians or Saxons, but overwhelmingly many Romanians everywhere.). However, the oldest extinct document, written in Romanian, remains the letter Neacșu (1521) and is written using the letters Cyriling (which remained in use until the late 19th century). In his de neamul moldovenilor (1687), while noting that Moldova, Valachis and Romanians living in the Kingdom of Hungary have the same origin, He says that although moldovans call themselves Moldova, they call their language Romanian (românește) instead of Moldova (moldovenește). [27] In his description of Moldova (Berlin, 1714), Dmitry Kantemir points out that the inhabitants of Moldova, Valachia and Transylvania spoke the same language. But he points to some differences in accents and vocabulary. [28] Kantmeier's work provides one of the earlier histories of the language, in which he, like Urche before him, notes the evolution of Latin and notices Greek and Polish borrowings. In addition, he introduces the idea that some words should have had dashian roots. Cantmeyer also points out that while the idea of the Latin origin of the language was prevalent in his time, other scholars saw it as derived from Italian. The slow Romanian process of establishing itself as an official language, used in the public sphere, in literature and ecclesiastically, began in the late 15th century and ended in the early decades of the 18th century, by which time Romanians had begun regular use by the church. The oldest Romanian texts of literary nature are religious manuscripts (Codicele Voroneţean, Psaltirea Scheian), translating essential Christian texts. These are either propaganda results of confessional rivalries, for example between Lutheranism and Calvinism, or as initiatives by Romanian monks based in the Fairy Monastery in Maracrash to distance itself from the influence of the Mukacheh monarchy in Ukraine. [29] Modern Romanian history in Bessarabia More info: Romania's national awakening was the first Romanian grammar published in Vienna in 1780. After the annexation of Becerabia by Russia (after 1812), Moldova was founded as the official language in the state institutions of Becrabia, publishing works founded by Archbishop Gavriel Bnulescu of Bodoni were able to produce books and surgical works in Moldova between 1815 and 1820. The linguistic status of Besserbia from 1812 to 1918 was the gradual development of bilingualism. Russian continued to develop as the official language of privilege, while Romanian remained the main language of the original. The period from 1905 to 1917 was one of the increasingly linguistic conflicts, with romania's national consciousness awakening. In 1905 and 1906, Zamsta Bessa'ian demanded from Romanian in schools as a compulsory language, and the freedom to teach in native speakers (Romanian languages). At the same time Romanian-language newspapers and magazines began to appear, such as Basarabia (1906), Viața Basarabi (1907), Moldavanol (1907), Lumintorul (1908), Quent Moldovansk (1913), Glasol Basarabi (1913). Since 1913, the Synod allowed churches in Becrabia to use Romanian language. Romanian eventually became the official language with the 1923 constitution. Romanian historical grammar has retained part of the Latin , but while Latin had six, from a morphological perspective, Romanian has only five: engagement, pronct, genital, datio, and marginalized. Romanian also retain Neuter's gender, although Neuter became a blend of masculine and feminine instead of functioning as a separate gender with its own forms in testimonials. The rifology of the Romanian has shown the same move towards a full-compound and future symmetry as other romantic languages. Compared to other romantic languages, Romanian simplified the original Latin tension system in extreme ways during its evolution,[33][unreliable source?], especially the absence of a sequence of tensions. [34] Geographical distribution also see: List of countries where Romanian is the official language and Romanian American geographical distribution of Romanian country languages (%) Speakers (native) of the world population 0.33% 23,623,890 7,035,000,000 official: Countries where Romanian is the official language of Romania 90.65% 17,263,561[35] 19,04 3,767 Moldova 2 76.4% 2,588,355 3,388,071 Transistria (East Moldova) 3 31.9% 177,050 555,500 Vojvodina (Serbia) 1.. 32% 29,512 1,931,809 Regional Common Language Minority: Ukraine 5 0.8% 327,703 48,457,000 Not Official: Other Neighboring Countries of Europe (except CIS which is not Official Romanian) Hungary 0.14 % 13,886[36] 9,937,628 Central Serbia 0.4% 35,330 7,186,862 Bulgaria 0.06% 4,575[37] 7,364,570 Other countries in Europe (except CIS) Italy 1.86% 1,131 ,839[38] 60,795,612 Spain 1.7% 798,104[39] 46,661,950 Germany 0.2% 300,000[40] 81,77 99,600 Britain 0.0 115% 67,586[41] 58,789,194 Portugal 0.50% 52,898[42] 10,561,614 France 0.07% 50,000[43] 65,350 000 Belgium 0.45% 45,877[44] 10,296,350 Austria 0.45% 36,000[45] 8,032,926 Greece 0.36% 35,295[46] 9,903,26 8 Cyprus 2.2 91% 24,376[47] 838,897 Ireland 0.45% 20,625[48] 4,588,252 Rest of Europe 0.07% 75,000[49] 114,050,000 CIS is not official : Russia 10.000 12% 159,601[50] 142,856,536 Kazakhstan 1 0.1% 14,666 14,953,126 Asia Israel 2.86% 208,400 7,412,200 UAE 0.1% 5,000 0 4,106,427 Singapore 0.02% 1,400 5,535,000 Japan 0.002% 2,185 126,659,683 South Korea 0.0006% 300 50,004,441 China 0.. 0008% 12,000 1,376,049,000 U.S. Is Not Official: U.S. 0.10% 340,000 315,091,138 Canada 110,000 32,207,113 Argentina 0.03% 13,000 40,117,096 Venezuela 0.036% 1 0,000 27,150,095 Brazil 0.002% 4,000 190,732,694 Oceania not official: Australia 0.09% 10 897[51] 21,507,717 New Zealand 0.08% 3,100 4,027,947 Africa is not official: South Africa 0.08% 007 % 3,000 44,819,778 1 Many of them are Moldova, with 2 data dismissed only for areas in the right bank of Denister (without Transnistria and the city of Tighena). In Moldova, it is sometimes called Moldova language 3 in Transnistria, officially called Moldova language and written in the Moldovan alphabet of Cyrillia. 4 officially divided into Vlachs and Romanians 5 more in Boquina North and South Bessarabia; According to a Noastr study (based on the latest Ukrainian census). [52] Romanians are mostly spoken in the central region and the in southern Europe, although spokesmen of the language can be found around the world, mostly due to the migration of Romanian nationals and the return of migrants to Romania to their home countries. Romanians account for 0.5% of the world's population and 4% of the world's romantic-speaking population. [54] Romanian is the official and national language of the unit in Romania and Moldova, although it shares official status at the regional level with other languages in the Moldovan etonomials of Gagauzia and Transnistria. Romanian is also an official language from the Autonomous Province of Ovodina in Serbia, along with five other languages. Romanian minorities are encountered in Serbia (Timuk Valley), Ukraine (Cherniotsi and Odessa Oblasts), and Hungary (Gyola). Large immigrant communities are found in Italy, Spain, France, and Portugal. In 1995, the largest Romanian-speaking community in the Middle East was found in Israel, where Romanians spoke 5% of the population. [55] Romanian is also spoken as a second language by people from Arabic-speaking countries who studied in Romania. It is estimated that almost half a million Middle Eastern Arabs studied in Romania during the 1980s. [57] Small Romanian-speaking communities are to be found in Kazakhstan and Russia. Romanians are also spoken within romanian and Moldovan immigrant communities in the United States, Canada and Australia, although they do not form a large homogeneous community across the state. The legal status in Romania under the Romanian Constitution of 1991, as revised in 2003, is the official language of the Republic. [58] Romania mandates the use of Romanians in official government publications, public education and legal contracts. Advertisements as well as other public messages must tolerate a translation of foreign words,[59] while trademarks and logos are mainly written in Romanian. [60] Romanian Language Institute (Institutul Limbii Române), founded by the Romanian Ministry of Education, promoted And supporting people who wish to study languages, working with the State Department for Romanians abroad. [61] In moldova's main article: Romanian Moldova is the official language of the Republic of Moldova. The Declaration of Independence in 1991 calls the official Romanian language. [62] The Moldovan Constitution calls moldova the name of the country's state language. In December 2013, a decision by Moldova's Constitutional Court ruled that the Declaration of Independence had precedence over the constitution and that the state language should be called Romanian. [64] Researchers agree that Moldovan and Romanian are one language, with the gluttonium Moldavan, which is used in certain political contexts. Since moldova's SSR state language law was passed in 1989, it has been the only official language. [66] The law tasks the use of Moldovan in all political, economic, cultural and social spheres, as well as the emphasis on the existence of a Moldo-Romanian linguistic identity. [67] It is also used in schools, mass media, education, and in conversational speech and writing. Outside the political arena this language is often called Romanian. In the breakaway territory Transistoria cooperates with Ukrainian and Russian. In the 2014 census, of the 2,804,801 people living in Moldova, 24% (652,394) declared Romanian as their most common language, while 56% expressed Moldova. While in urban centres speakers are evenly divided between two names (with the capital Chișinău showing a strong preference for the Romanian name, i.e. 3:2), in the suburbs barely a quarter of Romanian/Moldavan Romanian speakers are revealed as their native speakers. [68] The unofficial results of the census for the first time showed a stronger preference for the Romanian name, however initial reports were later rejected by the Statistics Institute, leading to speculation in the media about the impersonation of census results. [69] In Vojvodina, Serbia Main article: Official status of Romanian language in Vojvodina Official usage of Romanian language in Vojvodina, The Romanian language of Serbia in the whole of Serbia (see Romanians of Serbia as well), the 2002 census of 1–5% 5–10% 10–15% 15–25% 25–35% more than 35% of the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia determines that in the regions of the Republic of Serbia residing in the national minorities, their languages and scripts should be officially used as well. [70] The statutes of the Autonomous Province of Vidina determine that, along with Serbian language and Cyrillic line and Latin line as law, Croat, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian and Russian languages and lines, as well as languages and lines of other nationalities, are officially officially in Work of the bodies of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, in a manner established by law. [71] Bodies of The Autonomous Province of Ovivedna: Assembly, Executive Council and Provincial Administrative Institutions. [72] Romanian language and line are officially used in eight municipalities: Alibunar, Bela Crkva (Romanian: Biserica Alb), Žitište (Zitiște), Zrenjanin (Zrenianin), Kovačica (Kovăcița), Kovin (Cuvin), Plandište (Plandiște) and Sečanj. In the municipality of Vršac (Vârșeț), Romanians are only in the villages of Vojvodinci (Voivodinț), Markovac (Marcovăț), Straža (Straja), Mali Žam (Jamu Mic), Malu Središte (Srediștea Marcovăț <2> <1> Mic), Mesić (Mesici), Jablanka, Sočica (Sălcița), Ritiševo (Râtișor), Orešac (Oreșaț) and Kuštilj (Coștei). [73] In the 2002 census, the last done in Serbia, 1.5% of Romanian Vojvodinians declared themselves their native speakers. The status of the regional language in Ukraine in parts of Ukraine where Romanians make up a significant share of the local population (areas in the Cherniotsi, Odessa and Zakarpattia) Romanian oblasts are taught in schools as a primary language, and there are Romanian-language newspapers, televisions, and radio broadcasts. [74] [75] Cherniotsi University in western Ukraine educates Romanian school teachers in the fields of Philology, Mathematics and Physics in Romania. [76] In Hertsa Reyon, Ukraine, as well as in other villages of Cherniotsi Oblast and Oblast Zakarpattia, Romanians have been declared regional languages alongside Ukrainians such as the 2012 legislation on languages in Ukraine. See also in other countries and organizations: is an official or administrative language in various communities and organizations such as the Latin Union and the European Union. Romanian is also one of five languages where religious services are performed in the autonomous monks state of Mount Athos, which is spoken in the communities of monks Pedromos and Laco. In the unrealized state of Transnistria, Moldovan is one of the official languages. However, unlike all other , this Moldovan diversity is written in Cyrillic script. The distribution of the first language of the Romanian indigenous language by country—Voivodina is an autonomous province in northern Serbia bordering Romania, while Altelli means other than being taught as a second, foreign Romanian language in some areas that have Romanian minority communities, such as Vojvodina in Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine and Hungary. Since 1992, the Romanian Cultural Institute has organized summer courses in Romanian for language teachers. [77] There are also non-Romanians who study Romanian as a foreign language, for example Blcescu High School in Gyola, Hungary. Romanian is taught as a foreign language in extraordinary institutions, mostly in European countries including Germany, France, Italy and the Netherlands as well as in the United States. In total, it is taught as a foreign language in 43 countries. [78] Romanians have been popularized as a second language and/or foreign in native Central/Eastern Europe above 3% between 1–3% below 1%n/Romanian folklore in other countries through films and songs performed in the Romanian language. Examples of Romanian acts that had great success in non- Romanophone countries, O-Zone bands (with their No.1 single Dragostea Din Tei/Numa Numa worldwide in 2003–2004), Oxnet (popular in the Netherlands, Poland and other European countries), Activ (successful in some Eastern European countries), DJ Project (popular as club music). bing) SunStroke Project (known by viral video epic Son Sachs) and Alexandra Stan (world no.1 hit with Mr. Saxobiat) and Ina as well as top-rated films such as 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days, The Death of Mr. Lazarescu, 12:08 East Bucharest or California Dreamin' (all of them with awards at the Cannes Film Festival). Some artists also wrote songs dedicated to Romanian. The multi-platinum pop trilogy O-Zone (originally from Moldova) released a song called Nu m las de limba noastr (I won't forsake our language). The final verse of the song, Eu nu m las de limba noastr, de limba noastr, cea român, has been translated into English, I will not leave our language, our Romanian language.. Moldovan musicians Deina and Ion Aldea Teodorovici also performed a song called Romanian Language. Dialects of the original article: Romanian Dialects of Romanian[79] have four varieties: Romanian (Daco-) Romanian, Amani, Megelno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian with Daco-Romanian being standard diversity. The origin of the term Daco-Romanian can be seen as the first Romanian grammar printed book in 1780,[30] by Samuel Miko and Șincai. There, the Romanian dialect, spoken north of the Danube, is called Lingua Daco-Romagna to emphasize its origin and its use area, which includes the former Roman province of Dacia, although also spoken in the south of the Danube, in Dobrudja, central Serbia and northern Bulgaria. This article deals with Romanian language (called Daco-Romanian) and thus only its diical changes are discussed here. The differences between small regional species are limited to regular avatic changes, several aspects of grammar, and lexical specials. There is a standard Romanian (literary) written single language that is used by all speakers regardless of the region. Like most natural languages, Romanian dialects are part of a continuity of the dialect. Romanian dialects are also called sub-dialects and are primarily distinguished by avatic differences. Romanians themselves speak of differences as accents or speeches (in Romanian: accent grai). [80] Depending on the criteria used to classified these dialects, fewer or more are found, ranging from 2 to 20, although the most extensive approaches are a number of five dialects. These are grouped into two main southern and northern types, mostly divided in this way: the southern type has only one member: the Valachi dialect, spoken in the southern part of Romania, is also spread in the historical regions of Montnia, Ultnia and the southern part of northern Dobroja, but also in the southern parts of Transylvania. The northern type is composed of several dialects: the Moldovan dialect, which is spoken in the historical region of Moldova and is now divided between Romania, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine (Buquina and Besarabia), as well as the northern part of northern Dubroja; Bant, which is spoken in the historic Region of Banat, including parts of Serbia; a group of finely divided and transitioned varieties such as Transylvanian, among which the two are often distinctive, those of Crișana and Maramureș. But over the past century regional accents have been weakened by mass communication and greater mobility. See also the classification of romantic languages: Romanian romantic languages in the Romanian romantic language family is a romantic language, belonging to the Itattic branch of the European Heindo language family, having many commonalities with languages such as French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. [81] However, the closest languages to Romanian are other Balkan romantic languages spoken in the south of the Danube: Amani, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian. An alternative name for Romanians used by linguists to disambiguation with other romantic Balkan languages is Daco-Romanian, a reference to the area where it is spoken (which is roughly related to the once Roman province of Dacia). Compared to other romantic languages, the closest Romanian relative is Italian. [81] Romanians have had a greater share of foreign influence than some other romantic languages such as Italian in terms of vocabulary and other aspects. A 1949 study by Mario Pay analyzed the degree of languages from their parents' languages (on romantic languages with latin comparison, , inflection, , vocabulary, and intonation) produced the following percentages (the higher percentage, the greater the distance from Latin):[82] Sardinian: 8% Italian discourse: 12% Spanish : 20% Romanian: 23.5% Occitan: 25% Portuguese: 31% French: 44% Romanian lexical similarity with Italian is estimated to be 77%, followed by French 75%, Sardinean 74%, Catalan 73%, Portuguese and Rhaeto- Romance 72%, Spanish 71%. [83] Romania's vocabulary became largely influenced by France and, to a lesser extent, Italian in the 19th and early 20th centuries. [84] Balkan language area Dacian A European spoken by ancient Dassians is mostly spoken north of the Danube River but also in Mosaia and other areas south of the Danube. It may have been the first language to influence latin spoken in Dacia, but little is known about it. Decian is usually a northern branch of the Terakieh language, and like Thrachieh, the Dakan was a satam language. About 300 words found only in Romanian or with knyat in may have been inherited from the Duckians (for example: barz stork, dragon balaver, beach mall, brânz cheese). [Citation required] Some of these words are probably sickle related to peasant life (for example, brânz cheese). Some linguists and historians have emphasized that Albanians are Dasianians who have not been Romanized and have migrated south. [85] The different view is that these non-Latin words with Albanian kenyat are not necessarily Decith, but were brought to a land that is modern Romania by romantically speaking Amani shepherds who migrate from Albania, Serbia and northern Greece to the north and be romanian people. [86] While most Romanian grammar and rhymology are based on Latin, there are some features that are shared only with other Balkan languages and cannot be found in other romantic languages. Common features of Romanian and other languages in the Balkan language region (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Albanian, Greek, and Serbo-Croatia) include a definitive suffix paper, genital and daunting case synchronous and future formation and infinite change with subsidiary construction. [87] [88] According to a well-established scientific theory, most Balkanisms can be traced back to the development of romantic Balkan languages; [89] Slavic influence Main article: Slavic influence on Romanian Slavic influence on Romanian is especially noticeable in its vocabulary, with words of Slavic origin constituting about 10–15% of modern Romanian lexicon,[90][91] and with further influences in its phonetics, morphology and syntax. Most of its Slavic vocabulary comes from the old church's slavics,[92] official written language of Valacchia and Moldova from the 14th to the 18th centuries AD (although not understood by most people), as well as the surgical language of the Romanian Orthodox Church. [94] As a result, many Romanian words dealing with religion, religion and hierarchy are Slavic. [96] [94] The number of high-frequency Slavic derived words is also believed to indicate contact or cohabitation with southern Slavic tribes from around the 6th century, though it is disputed where this took place (see Romanian origin). [94] Words borrowed in this way tend to be more to the word (compare sfârși, to the end, with săvârși, to commit). [96] The extent of this borrowing is such that some scholars once mistakenly saw Romanian as a Slavic language. [97] [98] [99] It has also been argued that Slavic borrowing was a key factor in the development of [ɨ] (î and â) as a separate one. [100] Even before the 19th century, Romanian was associated with several other languages. Some notable examples include: German: < Kartoffel Potatoes, bere & Bier beer, șurub & Schraube screw, turn < Turm tower, ram & lt; Rahmen frame, muștiuc < Mundstück mouth piece, bormașină < Bohrmaschine drilling machine, cremșnit < Kremschnitte cream, șvaițer < Schwe Swissizer cheese, șlep < Schleppkahn barge, șpriț < Spritzer wine with soda water, abțibild < Abziehbild decal , șnițel < (Wiener) Schnitzel a battered cutlet, șmecher < Schmecker taster (not interested inbuying),șuncă < dialectal Schunke (Schinken) ham, punct < Punkt point, maistru < Meister master, rundă < Runde round. Furthermore, during Habsburg and later, the Austrian government of Bengat, Transylvania and Buquina borrowed a large number of words from excellent Austrian German, especially in areas such as military, administration, social welfare, economics, etc.[101] subsequently the German terminology has been withdrawn from science and technique, such as: șină & lt; Schiene rail, știft < Stift peg, liță < Litze braid , șindrilă < Schindel shingle, ștanță < Stanze punch, șaibă < Scheibe washer, ștangă < Stange crossbar, țiglă < Ziegel tile, șmirghel < Schmirgelpapier emery paper; Greek: folos < ófelos use, buzunar & lt; buzunára pockets, proaspt & lt; fresh prósfatos, cutie & cution boxes, portocale < orange portokalia. While Latin borrowed words of Greek origin, the Romanian obtained a loan of Greek words. The Greek entered Romania through the Apoikaya (colonies) and Emporia (commercial stations) founded in and around Dubroja, through the presence of the Byzantine Empire in the north of the Danube, through Bulgarian during the Bulgarian Empires that converted Romanians into Orthodox Christianity, and after the Greek Civil War when thousands of Greeks fled Greece. Hungarian: a cheltui < költeni to spend, a făgădui < fogadni to promise, a mântui < menteni to save, oraș < város city; Turkish: papuc < pabuç slipper, ciorb & lt; çorba wholemeal soup, sour soup, bacșiș < bahşiş tip (ultimately from Persian baksheesh); In addition, the Roman language has offered a series of slang words to Romanians such as: mișto good, beautiful, cool & mišto,[102] gagic girly, girlfriend < gadji, holly to devour halo <, mandia yours really < stayed, mangli to pilfer < manglo. French, Italian and English borrowed words More info: Romanian re-Latinization from the 19th century, many literary or learned words were borrowed Romantic languages, especially from French and Italian (e.g. birou desk, office, Avivene aircraft, exploata exploit). It was estimated that about 38% of words in Romanian are of French and/or Italian origin (in many cases both languages); The use of these learned French and Italian Romanian loans has tended to increase the cost of Slavic loan words, many of which have become rare or have fallen out of use. As a second or third language, French and Italian themselves are more well known in Romania than in Romania's neighbors. Along with the switch to the Latin alphabet in Moldova, the reinvimeration of vocabulary has tended to reinforce the Latin-speaking character. In the process of lexical modernization, much of the native Latin stock has gained doubles from other romantic languages, thus forming a more modern and literary lexical layer. Typically, the native word is a , and the learned loan is a mohen. Some examples of doublets: Latino duets and natives in Romanian Native Latin stock learned agilis loan 'fast' ager 'astute' agile 'agile' (< French, Italian perky) water ap 'water' aquatic 'aquatic' (< Fr aquatique) density, dent teeth 'teeth' dentist 'dentist' (< oven dentist, it's a dentist) directus drept 'straight; Right' direct 'straight' (< Fr direct) frigidus 'cool' (adj.) frig 'cool' (noun) frigid 'frigid' (< Fr frigide) rapidus repede 'fast' fast 'fast' (< Fr rapide, anne rapide) in the 20th century, a growing number of English words have been borrowed (e.g.: gem < jam; introview interview <; meci <match;manager <head coach;football <; sandwiches sandviș <; business bișniță <; czech cake <; veceu < WC; tram < tram These words are devoted to the Romanian language of grammatical sex and are dealt with according to Romanian law; Some borrowings, e.g. in the field of computers, seem awkward (perhaps contrived and ludicrous) 'Romanisation,' such as cookie-avery that sums up internet term cookies. Lexis Romanian's core lexicon (2,581 words); Marius Sala, VRLR (1988) A statistical analysis sorting Romanian words by etymological source carried by Macrea (1961)[92] based on the DLRM[103] (49,649 words) showed the following makeup:[93] 43% recent Romance loans (mainly French: 38.42%, Latin: 2.39%, Italian: 1.72%) 20% inherited Latin by 11.5% Slavic (Old Church Slavic: 7.98%, Bulgarian: 1.78%, Bulgarian-Serbian: 1.51%) 8.31% Unknown/Uncertain Origin 3.62% Turkish 2.40% Modern Greek 2.17% Hungarian 1.77% German (including Austria High German)[101] 2.24% Onomatopoeic if analysis limited to the nuclear vocabulary of 2500 frequent, semantically rich and productive words, then Latin inheritance comes first, followed by romance Classical Latin neologists, while Slavic borrowings come third. Romanian has a lexical similarity of 77% with Italian, 75% with French, 74% with Sardney, 73% with Catalan, 72% with Portuguese and Reto-Romance, 71% with Spanish. [104] Romanian according to the root of the word[90][105] Romance and Latin 78% Slavic 14% Germanic (German-based influence, English loanwords) 2.54% Greek 1.7% Others 5.49% Grammar Main article: Romanian Romanian grammar nouns are characterized by gender (feminine, masculine, and neuter), and declined by number (singular and ) and case (nominative/accusative, dative/genitive and vocative). Articles, as well as most pronouns in gender, number and case, agree with the name they correct. Romanian is the only romantic language in which definitive articles enclitic: that is, attached to the end of the noun (as in Scandinavia, Bulgarian and Albanian), rather than in contrast (proclitic). [106] Like other romantic languages, they were formed from Latin dramatic pronouns. As in all romantic languages, Romanian are aggressively infested for the individual, number, tension, mood, and sound. The usual order of the word in sentences is –verb– (SVO). The Romanian has four verbal conjugations that are further divided into ten conjugation patterns. Verbs can be placed in five moods that infest the individual (indicating, conditional/epthonym, essential, minor and default) and four imppersonal moods (infinite, georgend, sleeping, and particles). The main article's morphology: Romanian Andology Romanian has seven vacies: /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, /e/, /ý/, /o/ and /a/. In addition, /ø/and/y/may appear in some borrowed words. Admittedly, diphthongs /e̯ a/ and/o̯ a/ are also part of the one collection. There are twenty-two hedons. Two almost /j/ and /w/ can appear before or after each vowet, creating a lot of vowa slipping sequences that speak strongly, not diphong. In the final positions after alignment, a short /i/ can be removed, which is only seen as the previous alignment palatalization (such as, [mj]). Similarly, deleted/u/may prompt labialization of the previous bandmate, though this has stopped to carry any morphological meaning. Changes in the original article: Latin changes to Romanian by pointing to their isolation from other romantic languages, the evolution of Romanian Audi was quite different, but the language shares a few changes with Italian, such as [kl] → [kj] (Lat). clarus → Rom. chiar, Ital. chiaro, Lat. clamare → Rom. chemare, Ital. chiamare) and [ɡl] → [ɡj] (lat. glacia (glacies) → Rom. gheață, Ital. ghiaccia, ghiaccio, Lat. *ungla (ungula) → Rom. unghie, Ital. unghia), although this did not go as far as it did in Italian with other similar clusters (Rom. place, Ital. piace); Another similarity with Italian change is [ke] or [ki] to [tʃe] or [tʃi] (Lat. pax, pacem → Rom. and Ital. pace, Lat. dulcem → Rom. dulce, Ital. dolce, Lat. circus → Rom. cerc, Ital. circo) and [ɡe] or [ɡi] to [dʒe] or [dʒi] (Lat. gelu → Rom. ger, Ital. gelo, Lat. marginem → Rom. and Ital. margine, Lat. gemere → Rom. geme (gemere), Ital. gemere). There are also a few changes shared with Dalmatian, such as /ɡn/ (possibly adatik [ŋn]) → [mn] (Lat. cognatus → cumnat, delm. comnut) and /ks/→ [ps] in some situations (Lat. coxa → tame coaps, my heart. copsa). Among the notable variations of Avand: diphthongization e and o → ea and oa, i (or e also, about o) in the next syllable: Lat. cera → um. cear (wax) lot. Only →. Soaring (sun) iotation [e] → [ie] at the beginning of the word lat. herba → Rom. iarbă (grass, herb) velar [k ɡ] → labial [p b m] before alveolar consonants and [w] (e.g. ngu → mb): Lat. octo → Rom. opt (eight) Lat. lingua → Rom. limbă (language, language) Lat. signum → Rom. semn (sign) Lat. coxa → Rom. coapsă (thigh) rhotacism [l] → [r] between Lat. caelum → Rom. cer (sky. ) Alveolars [d t] assibilated to [(d)z] [ts] when before short [e] or long [iː] Lat. deus → Rom. zeu (god) Lat. tenem → Rom. ține (hold) Romanian has entirely lost Latin /kw/ (qu) , turning it either into /p/ (Lat. quattuor → Rom. patru, four; cf. It. quattro) or /k/ (Lat. quando → Rom. când, when; Lat. quale → Rom. care, which). In fact, in modern borrowing, it sometimes takes German shapes like /kv/, as in aquatic, aquatic. Notably, it also managed to develop palatalised /ɲ/ and /ʎ/, sounds that exist at least historically in all other great romantic languages, and even in non-romantic neighboring languages such as Serbia and Hungary. The writing Neacșu is the oldest surviving document written in Romanian, the first record written about a romantic language spoken in the Middle East in the Balkans since 587. A Multiwatch escorting the Byzantine army noticed that the bar was falling from one of the animals and shouted along with Torna, Torna Ferrate (meaning Come back, brother come back!) And, Scola (out of bed). Theophanes Confessor recorded it as part of a 6th- century military expedition by Commentiolus and Priscus against the Avars and Slovenes. [107] Libri III de moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum by Dudo of Saint-Quentin states that Richard I of Normandy was sent by his father William I Longsword to learn the Dacian language with Bothon because thehabitants of Bayeux spoke more Dacian than Roman. [108] The oldest written text of the survivor in Romanian is a letter from late June 1521 in which Neacșu Câmpulung wrote to Brașov mayor about the imminent attack by the Turks. It was written using the Cyrilling alphabet, like most early Written. The first surviving writing in Latin was a late 16th-century transformer text written by the Hungarian alphabet conventions. An example of Romanian written in the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet still in use in the early 19th century in the 18th century, Transilvani researchers pointed to the Origin of Romanian Latin and adapted the Latin alphabet to the Romanian language and be recognized as the closest Romanian relative using some orthographic rules from Italian. The Cyrilling alphabet remained in use (gradually declining) until 1860, when Romanian writing was first officially set. In the Soviet Republic, a special version of the Cyrillic alphabet was used from the Russian version until in 1989 the Romanian language spoken there officially returned to the Romanian Latin alphabet, although it is used in the fugitive transistorria territory of the Cyrillic alphabet to date. [110] Romanian alphabet main articles: Romanian alphabet and Romanian braille Romanian alphabet is as follows: uppercase letters a  B C D E F G H I Î J K L N O P Q R S Ș T Ț U W X Y Z Lower case letters a â b c d e f g h i î j k l n n o p q r s ș t ț u v w x y z Phonemes /a/ /ý/ /ɨ/ //b/k/,/ ͡tʃ//d/e/,/e̯ /,/je/f//ɡ/,/d͡ ʒ//h/,mute/i/,/j/j//j//ɨ//ɨ//ɨ ʒ ɨ/j 44//k//l/m//n///o/,/o̯ /p//k//r/s///ʃ//t//͡ts//u//w//v//v/ ,/w/,/u//ks/,/ɡz//j/,/i//z/K, Q, W and Y, not part of the native alphabet, were officially introduced in the Romanian alphabet in 1982 and are mostly used to write borrowed words such as kilograms, quasars, watts, and yoga. The Romanian alphabet was based on the Latin Ș Ț with five additional letters, Â, Î, Î, Î, and 12 additional letters, but some were canceled in subsequent amendments. Also, until the early 20th century, a tail marker was used, which was only in 2010. However, the letters â and î both represent the same close central vowk without a ɨ/ .  Only used within words; î is used at the beginning or end of non-compound words in the middle of compound words. Another exception to a completely ahoistic writing system is the fact that their respective walkies and half towels are not distinct in writing. In dictionaries, the distinction is marked by separating the word entering the syllable for words containing interruptions. Stressed waks are also not specified in writing, except very rarely in cases where by improperly changing the stress of a word may change its meaning and if the meaning of the context is not obvious. For example, trei copíi means three children, while trei cópii means three versions. Pronounce a close shot of some keys with Romanian characters on the laptop keyboard see also: Romanian alphabet § Î vs.  h silence like in other Languages such as Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Catalan and French, but represent one/h/, except in other ch/k/ and gh/g/ (see below) j represent /ʒ/, as in French, Catalan or Portuguese (spelling voice with s in English words vision, pleasure, treasure). There are two letters with commas below, Ș Ț, which represent sounds /ʃ/ and/͡ts/. However, altographies with a sideilla instead of commas, Ş and Ţ were widespread when preunicode and early Unicode character sets did not include standard form. The final orthography i after a alignment often represents aligned palatalization (e.g., lup/lup/wolf vs. lupi/lupj/wolves) - it is not pronounced like italian lupi (which also means wolf), and is an example of Slavic influence over Romanian. It represents schwa, /ý/. î and â both represent sound/ɨ/. In fast speech (e.g. in the name of the country) the â sound may be similar to that of a casual listener to the short schwa sound (in fact, aromanian does merge the two, write them ã) but will differentiate the exact sound speakers. The closest equivalent is the walk in the last syllable of the word Rose for some Englishmen. It is also roughly equivalent to European Portuguese /ɨ/, y Polish or Russian. The letter e generally represents a walke without the front middle line [e], somewhat like in the English word set. However, the letter e is pronounced as [je] ([j] sounds like 'y' in 'you') when it is the first letter of any form of fi verb to, or from the , e.g. /este/jeste/ and el/jel/he. [111] [112] This addition of semivowel/j/ does not occur in more recent loans and their derivatives, such as era er, electric electric, etc. Some words (such as iepure hare, previously spelled epure) are now written with the initial i to show semivowel. x represents either the one/ks/as sequence in expresie = expression, or/ɡz/as in the sample = example, as in English. As in Italian, the letters c and g represent affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ before i and e, and /k/ and /ɡ/ elsewhere. When /k/ and /ɡ/ followed by /e/ and /i/ (or half of their corresponding towels or final /j/) ch and gh degraphs are used instead of c and g, as shown in the table below. But unlike Italian, Romanian uses ce- and ge- to write /͡tʃ/ and /d͡ ʒ/ before the back walk instead of ci- and gi-. Phonological group pronounces samples ce, ci /tʃ/ch in the chest, cheeky way (circle), ceașcă (cup), cell (earrings), cin(dinner), siukan (hammer) che, chi/k/k in kettle, kiss cheie (key), chelner (waiter), chioșc (kiosk), chitar (guitar), ureche (ear) ge, gi/dʒ/j in jelly, jigsaw ger (frost), gimnast (gymnast), gem (jam), giraf (giraffe), geant (bag) ghe, ghi /ɡ/g in get, give ghețar ghid (guide), ghind (acorn), ghidon (handle bar), stingher (only) pudding and investment use are exotic to Romanian: quotation marks use polish format in the form of quotes inside quotes, that is,. For a typical quote, and double angle symbols for quotes inside a quote. Proper quotes that span multiple paragraphs each paragraph do not start with quotation marks; A pair of quotation marks are always used, regardless of how many paragraphs are quoted. Dialogs are identified by quotation dashes. Comma Aford before and considered incorrect (red, yellow and blue is the right format). Pudding marks that follow a text in parentheses always follow the final bracket. In titles, only the first letter of the first word is invested, the rest of the title is invested using the sentence investment (by all its rules: the appropriate names are invested as usual, etc.). The names of months and days are not invested (January ianuarie, thursday joi). The items derived from the right names are not invested (Germania, German, but German German). The Academy's spelling recommendations were proposed in 1993 by the . In 2000, Moldavan Academy recommended the adoption of the same spelling laws,[113] and in 2010 the Academy launched a program to move to new laws that were to be completed by publications in 2011. [114] On October 17, 2016, Education Minister Corina Fosu signed Order No. 872, passed revised spelling laws on the recommendation of the Moldavan Academy of Sciences and went into effect on the day of the signing of the contract (the school is scheduled to be completed within two years). From this spelling day used by the subsidiaries of the Ministry of Education, it is in line with the Romanian Academy's 1993 recommendation. But the order makes no appeal to other government agencies, and the 1989 3462 Law (provided for Cyriling's means of transporting to Latin) has not been amended to reflect these changes, so these institutions, along with most Moldovans, prefer to use the spelling adopted in 1989 (when the language became official in Latin). Examples of romanian text of all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They tend with reason and conscience and must act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other. (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) sentence to contemporary Romanians. The words inherited directly from Latin stand out: Toate ființele umane se nasc libere și egale în demnitate și în drepturi. Ele sunt înzestrate cu rațiune și conștiință și trebuie să se comporte unele față de altele în spiritul fraternității. The same sentence, with loan french and Italian borrower words featured instead: Toate ființele umane se nasc libere și Dignity and rights. They tend with reason and conscience and must act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other. It feels rewritten to exclude french and Italian loan words. Slavic borrowing words stand out: All human beings are born in Oslo and in both destiny and rights. They are esfeed with understanding and thought and must act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other. Rewritten feeling to exclude all borrowed words. Meaning was somewhat compromised because of the indentity of indigenous vocabulary: all human beings are born of disobedience as well as in value and rights. They are suitable for understanding and thinking and considering the nature of brotherhood to behave towards each other. See also the Romanian Portal Of Moldova Language Portal Albanian Romanian Linguistic Relationship Heritage Roman Empire Romanian Vocabulary Romanian Language Babel Speech Corpus Moldova Romania Relations Notes ^ Constitution of the Republic of Moldova refers to the country's language as Moldova, while the Declaration of Independence 1991 is the official Romanian language name. In December 2013, he decided from moldova's Constitutional Court that the Declaration of Independence had precedence over the constitution and that the state language was therefore Romanian, not Moldova. Moldovan court rules official language is 'Romanian,' replacing Soviet-flavored 'Moldovan' References ^ Romanian at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016) ^ Union Latine. unilat.org. ^ . Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). Rheumatic Glutologist 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. ^ Romanian language | Effective language teaching. ^ Romanian. ^ The Latin Union reports 28 million speakers for Romanian, whom 24 million are native speakers of the language: Latin Union – The odyssey of languages: en, es, fr, it, pt; Also see Ethnologue's report for Romanian ^ language spoken by more than 10 million people. Microsoft Encarta 2006. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2007. ^ Petit Futé: Romania. Editions/Ausgabe 2004–2005, ISBN 2-7469-1132-9, S. 37. ^ History of the Romanian Language, II, Academy Romanian, Bucharest, 1969 ^ a b c d e f Petrucci 1999, p. 4. ^ Andreose & Renzi 2013, pp. 285–287. ^ a b c d Andreose & Renzi 2013, p. 287. ^ Ştefan Pascu, Foreign Documents about Romanians, ed. State Archives, Bucharest 1992, ISBN 973-95711-2-3 ^ Gerhard p. 40. ^ Tranquillo Andronico in Endre .ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﭽﻪ ﮐﺘﺎب روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ از آﻏﺎز ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎل ۱۹۱۸. اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﺑﺨﺎرﺳﺖ .(pp. 738–. ISBN 978-3-11-019412-8. ^ Mircea Tomescu (1968 زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ از روﻣﺎﻧﯽ. ۱- ﺗﯿﺒﻨﺪ. واﻟﺘﺮ دي ﮔﺮوﻳﺘﺮ / Ernst; Martin-Dietrich Gleßgen; Kristian Schmidt; Wolfgang Schweiccard (14 July 2008). Romanische Sprachgeschichte se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano ?... in: Claudiu ...و دﯾﻤﻨﺪاﻧﻮ در ﻟﯿﻨﮕﻮا ﻟﻮرو روﻣﺌﯽ ... ^ Veress, Fontes rerum transylvanicarum: Erdélyi történelmi források, Történettudományi Intézet, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, Budapest, 1914, S. 204 Isopescu, Notizie inorno ai romeni nella letteratura geographical italiana del Cinquecento, in Bulletin de la Section Historique, XVI, 1929, p. 1- 90 ^ Andi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandatei quì quei che eranon dan ana cavarli... in: Maria Holban, Foreign Travellers about the Romanian Countries, Bucharest, in Voyage made by moy, Pierre ... روﻣﯽ اﺳﺖ nomment le parler romanechte، c'est-à-dire و Romains رﻧﮓ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮر ﻣﻮﻓﻘﯿﺖ واﻗﻌﯽ ...Scientific Publishing House, 1970, vol. II, pp. 158–161 ^ Toout this pays: la Wallachie, la et la plus part de la Transylvania, a esté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Trajan l'emperor Lesalopier l'an 1574 de Venice a Constantinople, in: Paul Cernovodeanu, Studies and materials of medieval history, IV, 1960, p. 444 ^ Ex Vlachi Valechi, Romaneses Italiani,/Quorum reliquae Romanensi lingua utuntur.../Solo Romanos nomine, sine re, repraesentants./Idesirco vulgariter Romuini are appelanti, Ioannes Lebelius, De opido Thalmus, Carmen Istoricum, Cibinii, 1779, p. 11 – 12 ^ qui eorum lingua Romini ab Romanis, nostra Walachi, ab Italis appallantur St. Orichovius, Annales polonici ab excessesu Sigismundi, in I. Dlugossus, Historiae polonicae libri XII, col 1555 ^ ... Valacchi, who se Romanos nominant... Gens quae ear terras (Transsylvaniam, Moldaviam et Transalpinam) ourtra aetate incolitis, Valacchi are, eaque a Romania ducit originem, tametsi nomine longe alieno... De situ Transsylvaniae, Moldaviae et Tranplinae, in Monumenta Hungariae Historica, Scriptores; II, Pest, 1857, p. 120 ^ Valachos... dicunt enim communi modo loquendi: Sie noi feelrumeni: etiam nos sumus Romani. Item: We sentem di sang Rumena: Nos sumus de sanguine Romano Martinus Szent-Ivany, Dissertatio Paralimpomenica rerum memorabilium Hungariae, Tyrnaviae, 1699, p. 39 ^ Palia de la Orastie (1581–1582), Bucharest, 1968 ^ Grigore Ureche, Letopiset of the Country of Moldova, pp. 133–134 ^ Constantiniu, Florin, An honest history of the Romanian people (An honest history of the Romanian people), Encyclopedic Universe, Bucharest, 1997, ISBN 97-392 4-307-X, p. 175 ^ From Descriptio Moldaviae: Valechiae et Transylvaniae incolis eadem est cum Moldavis lingua, pronocinatio tamen ut dziur, Vlachus proferet zur, jur, per z polonicum sive j gallicum; Dumnedzeu, Deus, val. Dumnezeu: akmu, nunc, val. akuma, aczela hic, val: ahela. ^ Eugen Munteanu. Dinamica istorică a cultivării instituţionalizate a limbii române, în Revista română, Iași, anul IV, nr. 4 (34), decembrie 2003, p. 6 (I), nr. 1 (35), martie 2004, p. 7 (II); nr. 2, iunie 2004, p. 6 (III); nr. 3, octombrie 2004, p. 6 (IV); nr. 4 (38), decembrie 2004, p. 6 (V). Retrieved 11 May 2016 from C4%83_a_cultiv%C4%83rii_institu%C5%A3ionalizate_a_limbii_rom%C3%A2ne_%C3%AEn_Revista_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83_Ia%C5%9Fi_anul_IV_nr._4_34_decembrie_2003_p._6_I_nr._1_35_martie_2004_p._7_II_nr._2_iunie_2004_p._6_III_nr._3_octombrie_2004_p._6_IV_nr._4_38_decembrie_2004_p._6_V_. ^ a b Samuil Micu, Gheorghe Șincai, Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae, Vienna, 1780. ^ (in Russian)Charter for the organization of the Bessarabian Oblast, 29 April 1818, in Печатается по изданию: Полное собрание паконов Россискод империи. Собрание первое., Vol 35. 1818, Sankt Petersburg, 1830, pg. 222–227. Available online at ,.Romanian simplified the original Latin tense system in extreme ways. ^ Yves D'hulst et al ،در ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ آن» :hrono.info ^ King, Charles, The Moldovans, Hoover Press, 2000, ISBN 08-1799-792-X, pg. 21–22 ^ Yves D'hulst, Martine Coene, Larisa Avram, Syncretic and analytic tenses in Romanian, in Balkan Syntax and Semantics, pag. ۳۶۶ Instituto Nacional de Estadística – Population and Housing Censuses 2011. [2] Archived 4 April ^ .ﺧﺮداد Syncretic and analytic tenses in Romanian, in Balkan Syntax and Semantics, p. 355: general absence of consecutio temporum. ^ [1] ^ Hungarian Census 2011 ^ Ethnologue.com ^ Bilancio demografico nazionale. www.istat.it ۲۵ ۱۳۹۴ Departamentul Romanilor de Pretutindeni – Franta. [5]. ^ non-profit Data [6]. ^ Departamentul Romanilor de Pretutindeni – Austria [7]. ^ General Secretariat of National Statistical Service of ^ .ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎل ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﻫﺎ. at the Wayback Machine. ^ Auslaend Bevoelkerung Destatis. [3]. ^ Office for National Statistics 2011 Census. [4]. ^ 2011 2013 .ou=Australian Bureau of ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎی ﻣﺸﺘﺮک اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﯿﺎ؛=Retrieved 9 October 2012. ^ 2010 Russia Census Perepis 2010 ^ Statistics, c=AU; o .ﺑﺎﯾﮕﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪه از اﺻﻠﯽ در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ 21 دﺳﺎﻣﺒﺮ Greece [8]. ^ Cyprus 2011 census [9]. ^ Irish 2011 census [10]. ^ TĂRILE NORDICE « DRP – Departamentul pentru Romanii de Pretutindeni. 2012 Retrieved 23 May 2010. ^ MSN Encarta – Languages Spoken by More than 10 Million People Archived 29 2009 at the .ژاﻧﻮﯾﻪ ۲۰۱۱ از اﺻﻞ ﺑﺎﯾﮕﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪ Redirect to Census data page. www.abs.gov.au ^ RDSCJ.ro Archived 22 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ Latin Union – Languages and cultures online 2005. Dtil.unilat.org ۲۸ .Retrieved 23 May 2010. ^ Evenimentul Zilei .آرﺷﯿﻮ از اﺻﻠﯽ در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ 31 اوت Wayback Machine ^ According to the 1993 Statistical Abstract of Israel there were 250,000 Romanian speakers in Israel, of a population of 5,548,523 in 1995 (census). ^ Reports of about 300,000 Jews that left the country after WW2. Eurojewcong.org 2006 Evz.ro. 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ISBN 07-4753-117-X. ^ Legea cu privire la functionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenesti Nr.3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr.9/217, 1989 Archived 19 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine (Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova .زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ. اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺑﻠﻮﻣﺰﺑﺮی Moldavian RSS supports the desire of the Moldavian that live across the borders of the Republic, and – considering the existing Moldo-Romanian linguistic identity – of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their maternal language. ^ National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova: Census 2014 ^ Biroul Național de Statistică, acuzat că a falsificat rezultatele recensământului, Independent, 29 March 2017. 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Retrieved 23 May 2010. ^ Cursuri de perfecționare Archived 25 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Ziua, 19 August 2005 ^ Data concerning the teaching of the Romanian ^ .آرﺷﯿﻮ از اﺻﻠﯽ در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ 14 ﻣﻪ Internetový časopis človek a spoločnosť. www.clovekaspolocnost.sk 2009 language abroad Archived 7 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Romanian Language Institute. ^ Romanian language, in Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Delyusto, Maryna (25 July 2016). Multi-Lingual Atlas of Dialects Spread Between the Danube and the Dniester Rivers: Sources and Tools of Creation. Journal of Danubian Studies and ISBN 03-9700-400-1. ^ Ethnologue, Romanian ^ Sandiuc, Corina (1 November 2014). Languages and cultures in contact: The French language and the . داﺳﺘﺎن زﺑﺎن .(p. 50. ^ Pei, Mario (1949 .ﭘﯿﺘﺴﺒﻮرگ: ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﭼﺎپ ﭘﯿﺘﺴﺒﻮرگ .Research. 6 (1). ^ a b Stoica, Vasile (1919). The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands .Die römische Donaugrenze und die Invasionen des 5–7 . اﻳﻦ ﻟﻌﻨﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﭽﺖ .(maritime terminology. Diversitate Si Identitate Culturala in Europa. 11 (2). ISSN 2067-0931. ^ Vladimir Georgiev (Gheorghiev), (in Romanian) Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă și frigiană, Studii Clasice Journal, II, 1960, 39–58 ^ Schramm, Gottfried (1997 د ﮔﺮوﻳﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺗﻮن . .Tadmor, Uri (eds.). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook در ﻫﺎﺳﻠﻤﺚ، ﻣﺎرﺗﯿﻦ؛ .p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4020-4487-8. ^ Schulte, Kim (2009). Loanwords in Romanian .اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮕﺮ .Jahrhunderts in Lichte der Namen und Wörter. ^ Mišeska Tomić, Olga (2006). Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features Amsterdam & Atlanta, GA: Rodopi. p. 235. ISBN 90-4201-322-2. ^ a b Marius Sala (coord), Mihaela .زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ در ﺗﻤﺎس. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت در زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﺳﻼوی و ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ، ISBN 978-3-11-021843-5. ^ Lindstedt, J. (2000). Linguistic Balkanization: Contact-induced change by mutual reinforcement. In D. G. Gilbers; et al. (eds.). 28 .ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ۲۳۰–۲۵۹ Bîrlădeanu, Maria Iliescu, Liliana Macarie, Ioana Nichita, Mariana Ploae-Hanganu, Maria Theban, Ioana Vintilă-Rădulescu, Vocabularul reprezentativ al limbilor romanice (VRLR) (Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1988). ^ Schulte, Kim. Loanwords in Romanian. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[dead link], published in ,Științifică. ^ a b Pană Dindelegan ﺑﻪ روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ). ﺑﺨﺎرﺳﺖ: ادﯾﺘﻮرا) p. 243. ISBN 978-3-11-021844-2. ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie (1961). Originea și structura limbii româneb (7–45). Probleme de lingvistică română واﻟﺘﺮ دي ﮔﺮوﻳﺘﺮ .Martin Haspelmath; Uri Tadmor (22 December 2009). Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook Oxford University .ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺑﻨﺪ در روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽ .(ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780199644926. ^ a b c Keith Hitchins (20 February 2014). A Concise . Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-521-87238-6. ^ Virginia Hill; Gabriela Alboiu (2016 دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ (اول .(Gabriela, ed. (2013 p. 292. ISBN 9781317541776. The Romance language Romanian has borrowed so many Slavonic words that . زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﺗﺮاﺳﮏ. روﺗﻠﺞ .(p. 266. ISBN 978-1-134-26156-7. ^ Millar, Robert McColl; Trask, Larry (2015 . زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎی ﺑﺰرگ ﺟﻬﺎن. روﺗﻠﺞ .(Press. p. xv. ISBN 978-0-19-873650-9. ^ a b Bernard Comrie (13 January 2009 scholars for a while believed it was a Slavonic language. ^ Boia, Lucian (2001). Romania: Borderland of Europe. Reaktion Books. ISBN 9781861891037. ^ Еmil Fischer (1904). Die Herkunft Der Rumanen: Eine Historisch-Linguistisch-Etnographische Studie. p. 132–3. ^ Margaret E. L. Renwick (12 September 2014). The Phonetics and (ISBN 978-3-11-036277-0. ^ a b Hans Dama, Lexikale Einflüsse im Rumänischen aus dem österreichischen Deutsch (Lexical influences of 'Austrian'-German on the Romanian Language) Archived 18 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in German .د ﮔﺮوﻳﺘﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ Phonology of Contrast: The Case of the Romanian System. ۵–۴۴ ﺑﺎ' mit Stock وﺟﻮد دارد، اﻣﺎ رﯾﺸﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺮدﻣﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده و اﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﻬﺮی ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت آﻟﻤﺎﻧﯽ mișto ﺷﮑﯽ در ﻣﯿﺎن زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن در ﻣﻮرد رﯾﺸﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ روﻣﯽ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ .Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018 .ﺷﻤﺎره literară. 6 روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎ .Zafiu, Rodica (2009). Mișto și legenda bastonului ^ Vocabularul reprezentativ diferă de vocabularul fundamental (VF) și de fondul principal lexical (FP). Cf. SCL (Studii și cercetări lingvistice), an ^ . اﺗﻨﻮﻟﻮگ .Română. Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Romanian ﺑﺨﺎرﺳﺖ: آﮐﺎدﻣﯽ .(Macrea, Dimitrie, ed. (1958). Dictionarul limbii române moderne (in Romanian ^ .ﭼﻮب' ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎه واﻗﻌﯽ آن ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد XXVII (1976), nr. 1, p. 61-66 și SCL (1974) nr. 3, p. 247. Cf. Theodor Hristea, Structura generală a lexicului românesc, Sinteze de limba română, eds., Theodor Hristea (coord.), Mioara Avram, Grigore Brâncuș, Gheorghe Bulgăr, Georgeta Ciompec, Ion Diaconescu, Rodica Bogza-Irimie & Flora Șuteu (Bucharest: 1984), 13. ^ .p .ادﯾﻨﺒﻮرگ: ای و ﺳﯽ ﺑﻠﮏ .(.International Journal of Latin and Romance Linguistics. 24 (2): 233. ^ Baynes, Thomas Spencer, ed. (1898). Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature. XXIV (9th ed .وﻗﺘﯽ ﺳﻨﮑﺮﺗﯿﺴﻢ ﻧﻈﻢ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ را ﺑﺮآورده ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ. در ﻧﻈﻢ آب و ﻫﻮاﯾﯽ در روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ .(Savescu, Oana (November 2012 .p. 15. ISBN 9789522868985. ^ Dyer, Donald L. (1999). Some Influences of Russian on the Romanian of Moldova during the Soviet Period. The Slavic and East European Journal. 43 (1): 85–98 .ﻫﻠﺴﯿﻨﮑﯽ: ﮐﺘﺎب ﻫﺎی ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ .(.nd edدﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ (page 221 ^ Sarlin, Mika (2014). 2 ^ (ﮔﻢ ﺷﺪه ﯾﺎ ﺧﺎﻟﯽ |ﻋﻨﻮان= (راﻫﻨﻤﺎ . 269 doi:10.2307/309907. JSTOR 309907. ^ (in Romanian) Several Romanian dictionaries specify the pronunciation [je] for word-initial letter e in some personal pronouns: el, ei, etc. and in some forms of the verb a fi (to be): este, eram, etc. ^ (in Romanian) Mioara Avram, Ortografie pentru toți, Editura Litera, Chișinău, 1997, p. 29 ^ The new آﮐﺎدﻣﯽ از 17 ﻓﻮرﯾﻪ 1993 ، در ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻣﺠﺪد edition of Dicționarul ortografic al limbii române (ortoepic, morfologic, cu norme de punctuație) – introduced by the Academy of Sciences of Moldova and recommended for publishing following a conference on 15 November 2000 – applies the decision of the General Meeting of the Romanian June 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 3 January آﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪوا . Introduction, Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova) ^ Gheorghe Duca: Trebuie schimbată atitudinea de sorginte proletară față de savanți și în genere față de intelectuali (in Romanian). 4) .در ارﺗﻮﮔﺮاﻓﯽ زﺑﺎن روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ sunt و â ﺑﻪ ISBN 978-0-521-80073-0.CS1 .ﺻﻔﺤﻪ Ledgeway, Adam (eds.). The Cambridge History of the , Volume II: Contexts. Cambridge University Press. ۳۳۴–۲۸۳ اﺳﻤﯿﺖ، ﺟﺎن ﭼﺎرﻟﺰ؛ ;Renzi, Lorenzo (2013). Geography and distribution of the Romance languages in Europe. In Maiden, Martin ﮐﺘﺎب ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ آﻧﺪرﺋﻮز، اﻟﻮﯾﺲ؛ .2011 maint: ref=harv (link) Giurescu, Constantin, The Making of the Romanian People and Language, Bucharest, 1972. Kahl, Thede (ed.), Das Rumänische und seine Nachbarn, Berlin, 2009. Paliga, Sorin, The Earliest Slavic Borrowings in Romanian, Romanoslavica vol. XLVI, nr. 4, Editura Universității din București, Bucharest, 2010. Petrucci, ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎی ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ وﯾﮑﯽ ﭘﺪﯾﺎ، داﻧﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ آزاد .Peter R. (1999). Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian. LINCOM EUROPA. ISBN 38-9586-599-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Rosetti, Alexandru, Istoria limbii române, 2 vols., Bucharest, 1965–1969. Uwe, Hinrichs (ed.), Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik, Wiesbaden, 1999 داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﺨﺎرﺳﺖ (183 ﺻﻔﺤﻪ) -- 4.6 ﻣﮕﺎﺑﺎﯾﺖ -- ﭘﯽ دی اف اﯾﺎﻻت ، Cojocaru ﺑﺮای روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن، ﺗﻮﺳﻂ داﻧﺎ Curlie SAMPA از وﯾﮑﯽ واژه رﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ از وﯾﮑﯽ ﻣﺪﯾﺎ ﮐﺎﻣﻨﺰ ﮐﺘﺎب ﻫﺎی درﺳﯽ از وﯾﮑﯽ ﺑﻮک ﻫﺎی راﻫﻨﻤﺎی ﺳﻔﺮ از وﯾﮑﯽ وﯾﻮﯾﺞ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ از وﯾﮑﯽ واژﮔﯽ داده ﻫﺎ از وﯾﮑﯽ داده ﻫﺎ زﺑﺎن روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ در Definitionsزﺑﺎن روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎی ﺧﻮاﻫﺮ وﯾﮑﯽ ﭘﺪﯾﺎ ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﺑﯽ از .Romanoslavica vol. XLVI, No. 4 .ﺳﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﻟﻴﮕﺎ .(PDF) روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ دوره اﺳﺎﺳﯽ روﻣﺎﻧﯿﺎﯾﯽ واژﮔﺎن اﺳﺎﺳﯽ در ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎه داده ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ واژﮔﺎن آﻣﺎری ﭼﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ 'اوﻟﯿﻦ اﺳﺘﻘﺮاض اﺳﻼوی در (FSI) ﻣﺘﺤﺪه آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ

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