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Formal Approaches to DPs in Old Romanian

Brill’s Studies in
Historical Linguistics

Series Editor

Jóhanna Barðdal

(Ghent University) Consulting Editor

Spike Gildea

(University of Oregon)
Editorial Board
Joan Bybee (University of New Mexico) – Lyle Campbell (University of Hawai’i Manoa) – Nicholas Evans (The Australian National University) Bjarke Frellesvig (University of Oxford) – Mirjam Fried (Czech Academy of
Sciences) – Russel Gray (University of Auckland) – Tom Güldemann
(Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) – Alice Harris (University of Massachusetts)

Brian D. Joseph (The Ohio State University) – Ritsuko Kikusawa

(National Museum of Ethnology) – Silvia Luraghi (Università di Pavia) Joseph Salmons (University of Wisconsin) – Søren Wichmann (MP I/ E V A )

VOLUME 5

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bshl

Formal Approaches to DPs in
Old Romanian

Edited by

Virginia Hill

LEIDEN | BOSTON

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Formal approaches to DPs in Old Romanian / Edited by Virginia Hill. ꢀꢀpages cm. — (Brill’s Studies in Historical Linguistics; Volume 5.) ꢀIncludes index. ꢀISBN 978-90-04-28771-6 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-29255-0 (e-book) 1. Romanian language—Syntax. 2. Romanian language—To 1500. 3. Romanian language—History. 4. Discourse analysis—History. 5. Pragmatics—History. 6. Historical linguistics. 7. Romania—History—To 1711. I. Hill, Virginia, editor.

ꢀPC713.F67 2015 ꢀ459’.5—dc23
2015010249

This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface.

issn 2211-4904 isbn 978-90-04-28771-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-29255-0 (e-book)

Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Contents

Abbreviationsꢀvii List of Contributorsꢀix

Introductionꢀ1

V irginia Hill

PART 1

The Internal Structure of the DP

The Parameter of Definiteness in Romanian: Diachronic and Synchronic
Evidenceꢀ17

Alexandru Nicolae

Polydefinite DPs in Old Romanianꢀ62

Daniela I sac

Classified Proper Names in Old Romanian: Person and Definitenessꢀ100

Alexandra Cornilescu and Alexandru Nicolae

Agreeing and Non-agreeing Genitives in Old Romanian and the History of
Romanian Genitive Constructionsꢀ154

I on Giurgea

Differential Object Marking in the First Original Romanian Textsꢀ200

Alexandru Mardale

Two DP Configurations for Supine-Based Nounsꢀ246

Adina Dragomirescu

Part 2

The DP and the Clause

Object Pronouns in the Evolution of Romanian: A Biolinguistic
Perspectiveꢀ269

Anna Maria Di Sciullo and Stanca Somesfalean

vi

Contents

DPs in Αdjectival Small Clauses in Romanian: A Diachronic
Perspectiveꢀ290

Monica Alexandrina I rimia

Restrictive and Appositive Relativesꢀ329

Anca Sevcenco

Indexꢀ365

Abbreviations

ABL ACC ADV

AUX

COND DAT DEF DEM DO

ablative accusative adverb auxiliary verb conditional dative definite article demonstrative direct object differential object marking ergative

DOM ERG ESS

essive

F

feminine

FUT GEN GER IMP IMPER INDEF INDIC INF

future genitive gerund imperative imperfective indefinite indicative infinitive

INF

infinitive instrumental irrealis

INST IRR IO

indirect object masculine neuter

MNNEG NOM NPI

negation nominative Negative Polarity Item partitive

PART PASS PFV PL

passive perfective plural
PLUPERF pluperfect

PPART PRES

past participle present

viii

abbreviations

PROG PS

progressive simple past reflexive

REFL

SEARB

SG

arbitrary se

singular

SUBJ

subjonctif
Note: ‘=’ attached to an item indicates its clitic/affixal status;
‘/’ between two abbreviations indicates syncretism (e.g., Case syncretism: NOM/ACC

List of Contributors

Alexandra Cornilescu

[email protected] University of Bucharest

Anna Maria Di Sciullo

[email protected] Université du Québec à Montréal

Adina Dragomirescu

[email protected] The I.Iordan-Al.Rosetti Institute of Linguistics

I on Giurgea

[email protected] The I.Iordan-Al.Rosetti Institute of Linguistics

V irgina Hill

[email protected] University of New Brunswick - Saint John

Monica Alexandrina I rimia

[email protected] University of York & University of Toronto

Daniela I sac

[email protected] Concordia University

Alexandru Mardale

[email protected] INALCO de Paris

Alexandru Nicolae

[email protected] The I.Iordan-Al.Rosetti Institute of Linguistics

x

list of contributors

Anca Sevcenco

[email protected] University of Bucharest

Stanca Somesfalean

[email protected] Université du Québec à Montréal

Introduction

Virginia Hill

This volume provides a number of studies that bring a formal perspective to the discussion of diachronic changes the noun phrases underwent from Old to Modern Romanian. It is the first time that a collection of such studies is published in English, outside Romania, so the respective data and tests become accessible to linguists all over the world.
Why would the Old Romanian DP be interesting for cross-linguistic studies?1
In order to answer this question, I will briefly summarize the main points of contention in the current DP theory, and then point out how the studies included in this volume contribute to a better understanding of the relevant issues. In a nutshell, the data from Old Romanian increase the empirical basis needed to revise or refine current analyses of DPs with respect to their internal structure and to the constraints such phrases impose on the structure and interpretation of clauses. The empirical observations lead to precise theoretical proposals that benefit from the diachronic perspective adopted across the board in this volume.

  • 1
  • Data and Methodology

Old Romanian texts have been preserved starting with mid16th century. Thus, what we call old for Romanian grammar corresponds to the early modern stages in other languages (see also Hill & Alboiu 2015). Thus, Old Romanian is the language of the texts created, translated or printed from the 16th century up to the end of the 18th century (Gheție et al. 1997).
The Institute of Linguistics in Bucharest compiled a digital corpus comprising most of these texts. All the contributors to this book used texts included in this corpus, in their digital or original versions, with the occasional addition of other documents. The search is manual and, for the digital version, it relies on the word search key in the software. The formal analyses proposed on the basis of these data are couched in the framework of generative grammar, in particular, the minimalist theory (Chomsky 1995 et seq).

1ꢀ The term Determiner Phrase (DP) refers to the complex structure generated by a noun; that is, the argumental structure of the noun plus its functional domain.

  • ©
  • koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2015ꢀ|ꢀdoi 10.1163/9789004292550_002

2

hill

  • 2
  • Typology

It is well known that the Romanian morphosyntax displays a typological mix of Romance and Balkan parametric settings: while the morphological items are essentially inherited from Latin (Iordan & Manoliu 1965), the structure in which they merge is derived according to Balkan patterns (Mladenova 2009). For nouns, this typological mix is best illustrated by the definite article, which has a Latin etymon, but it is enclitic on the noun stem in Romanian—following the Balkan pattern—whereas in other Romance languages it is prenominal (e.g., Rom. f i ul ‘son=DEF’ versus It. il f i glio ‘DEF son’). This parametric setting remains constant in Old and Modern Romanian, and is responsible for a wide range of cross-linguistic variation concerning the word order within the DP. For example, among Romance languages, only Romanian may display definite articles in true vocatives (e.g., f i ule ‘son.DEF.VOC’; Hill 2014);2 and may allow adjectives to carry the article (e.g. bunul f i u ‘good=DEF son’; Giusti 1993). Diachronic changes affect only the micro-parameters, and they make the topic of the articles included in this volume. That is, further ramifications of the parametric setting for the definite articles are discussed (among other properties of the DP), and changes are pointed out in the area of: multiple agreement, where both adjectives and nouns carry the definite article; definiteness marking with proper nouns; the development of prenominal genitive markers; and the syntax of wh-phrases that had enclitic articles in Old Romanian.

  • 3
  • Formalization: The Internal Structure of DPs

Since the formalization of nominal phrases as DP structures (Brame 1982; Abney 1987), the linguistic theory strived to identify the finer articulations of these configurations, in a way that would capture the morphosyntactic and interpretive variations observable intra- and cross-linguistically. For example, variations arise regarding the codification of phi-features (i.e., number and gender), the expression of possession, the definiteness marking, the word order within the DP and so on. Typically, the theoretical approach to these issues relies on a finer articulation of the functional field (e.g., Cinque 1990; Cornilescu 1992; Giusti 1993 a.o.) and/or a reassessment of the DP internal

2ꢀ French direct addresses of the type les amis! ‘friends!’ are not true vocatives (i.e., where the
D field must be absent), in terms of Espinal (2013), but contain the D field and qualify as DPs.

introduction

3displacements (Kayne 1994; Ștefănescu 1997; Corver 2003 a.o.), in terms of A or A’-movement (see an overview in Coene & D’Hulst 2003). In both cases, most analyses rely on the mapping of semantic features as functional features which, in turn, act as triggers for movement.

3.1

Functional Features

As far as the articulation of the functional domain is concerned, noun phrases have been argued to map number (NumP; Ritter 1988; Carstens 1991 a.o.), agreement (AgrP; Kayne 1994), possession (PossP; Valois 1991), Case (KP or FP; Valois 1991; Giusti 1993), gender/classification (ClassP; Ndayiragije & Nikema 2011), and definiteness (Danon 2010). Accordingly, the internal structure of the DP may consist of one of the hierarchies in (1), where the features listed above are not necessarily mapped to a functional head distinct from D (i.e., there is no one-to-one mapping requirement).

(1) a. DP > NumP > CaseP > NP (Valois 1991) b. FP/KP > DP > NP c. DP > NumP > NP d. DP > PossP > NP* > NP
(Giusti 1993) (Ritter 1988) (Valois 1991) e. DP > NumP > ClassP > NP (Picallo 2008)

Crucially, there is wide disagreement as to the exact representation of the functional domain of a noun phrase, as the variations in (1) indicate. Practically, the representations differ according to the empirical data that motivate them. However, the inventory of functional features is generally agreed upon, variation arising with respect to their ordering and their substantiation.
Modern Romanian noun phrases have been shown to display all the projections in (1), the DP exhibiting morphological Case (e.g., Cornilescu 1992), agreement endings (e.g., Ștefănescu 1997), evidence for the number feature (Dobrovie-Sorin 2012), special morphology for expressing possession (Cornilescu 1992; Ștefănescu 1997; Dobrovie-Sorin & Giurgea 2011 a.o.), as well as morphosyntactic sensitivity to the contrast between count and mass nouns (e.g., Iordăchioaia & Soare 2008), and expletive articles (Nicolae 2013).
Old Romanian noun phrases are shown in this volume to follow the same pattern, but with non-trivial variations. In particular, Old Romanian displays multiple agreement within DPs, which is not the case in Modern Romanian, as shown in (2). That is, the syncretic ending for the definite article (–lu-) and the Genitive Case (-i) appears on three items in (2a) but only on one item in (2b).
4

hill

(2) a. păntru su f letul răposatului jupânului

Predei

OR

‘for the soul of the late master Preda’ (DÎ.1600: LVI)

b. pentru su f letul

for soul.DEF late.DEF.GEN master Preda ‘for the soul of the late master Preda’

răposatului

  • jupân
  • Preda

MR

Alexandru Nicolae argues that the distribution of the definite article in structures such as (2) justifies an analysis whereby the definiteness feature is mapped as a functional feature in both Old and Modern Romanian. This has been proposed for other languages (e.g., Danon 2010; Kibort 2010) and finds confirmation in the Romanian data. In Old Romanian, this parameter combines with the Long Distance Agree operation, which has been lost across the board towards Modern Romanian, where only Local Agree is possible. Hence, multiple agreement is possible (but not obligatory) in Old Romanian, as in (2a), but impossible in Modern Romanian (2b).
For a subset of the same type of constructions, Daniela Isac argues that the mapping of definiteness is split in Old Romanian, over a definiteness [def] feature and a reference [Ref] feature, both unvalued and associated with D. The definite article is spelled out disjointly both on items that probe D to check/ value the [def] feature, and on items that check/value the [Ref] feature on D. Modern Romanian lost this distinction (i.e., it lost [Ref]), which explains the contrast between (2a) and (2b). This analysis keeps the diachronic change within one parameter and dispenses with the parametrization of the Agree operation.
To complicate the picture, proper nouns may display the definite article in
Old Romanian, as in (3a), but not in Modern Romanian, as shown in (3b), for equivalent versions of the same example.

  • (3) a. f ăcu
  • nuntă
  • nepotului
  • său, Vladul

vodă OR

made.3 wedding nephew.DEF.DAT his Vlad.DEF king ‘he threw a wedding for his nephew, King Vlad’

  • b. f ăcu
  • nuntă
  • pentru nepotul
  • său, Vlad vodă  MR

‘he threw a wedding for his nephew, King Vlad’

Aiming to account for the structure of proper nouns as in (3), Alexandra Cornilescu & Alexandru Nicolae adopt Longobardi’s (2008) proposal that such

introduction

5
DPs map a [Person] feature (which is not present on the D of common nouns). Their contribution is to show the effects arising from the mapping of [Person] to a D that is positive for the definiteness parameter. It is argued that this featural make-up is distributed over Picallo’s (2008) hierarchy shown in (1e). The diachronic change in the use of the definite article shown in (3) would then follow from the same change in the parameter for the application of Agree (i.e., Long Distance in Old Romanian but Local in Modern Romanian).
Numerous studies on the DP domain focus on the structure of possessive phrases. In fact, the mapping of a [possessive] feature has been a major argument for the proposal of D as a functional head in Abney (1987). Valois (1991) proposes a PossP within a DP structure that replicates Larson’s (1988) VP shell. That is, in the hierarchy DP > PossP > NP* > NP, PossP is assigned the external th-role of N. Kayne (1994) also treats possessive phrases as having an argument structure from which the items move to the functional domain to satisfy agreement requirements. Romanian provides important empirical support in this respect, especially due to the fact that possessiveness is marked both on the prenominal definite article and on the noun, as [definite] and genitive, as in (4).

  • (4) un
  • f rate

  • al
  • f emeii

a.MSG brother GEN.MSG woman.DEF.FSG.GEN

‘a brother of the woman’
Within the group of Romance languages, the genitive possessive article al has no counterpart, as these languages developed a partitive pattern, based on de, which did not spread to Romanian (Iordan & Manoliu 1965). Understanding the emergence and the properties of al is crucial for confirming or infirming theoretical generalizations regarding the mapping of possessiveness within DP.
Ion Giurgea treats al-phrases as agreeing genitives and argues that they emerged in a system that allowed for the existence of two definite articles, a suffix and an independent (DP-initial) one: the DP-initial article became a genitive K in attested Romanian, but kept its agreement properties. This K bears, besides the adnominal structural Case feature (treated as uPoss), uPhi-features that are valued by the case licensor (the item that checks uPoss). The challenging aspect of this configuration is that it indicates upward probing (since the probe is K and the goal is the case licensor, external to the KP), instead of the standard downward probing assumed in the grammatical theory (Chomsky 1995, 2000). Upward probing has been noticed for other configurations, crosslinguistically (see Christodoulou & Wiltschko 2012 and references within), so this paper contributes as well to that theoretical debate.
6

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    SCRISORI DE BOIERÎ Şl NEGUSTORI OLTENI ŞI MUNTENI CĂTRE CASA DE NEGOŢ SIBIIANĂ HAGI POP 13 111 CAI ti LU NOTE GENEALOGICE ASUPRA MAI MULTOR FAMILII N. IORGA Profesor la Universitatea din Bucureşti (FORMINO VOLUMUL IUI DM „STUDII SI DOCUMENTE CU PRIVIRE U ISTORII ROMlNILOR") BUCUREŞTI Atelierele grafice SOCEC & Comp., Societate anonimă 59, STRADA BERZEÎ, SD 1906. SCRISORI DE BOIERI Şl NEGUSTORI OLTENI ŞI MUNTENI CĂTRE CASA DE NEGOŢ SIBIIANĂ HAGI POP PUBLICATE CU NOTE GENEALOGICE ASUPRA MAI MULTOR FAMILII N. IORGA Profesor la Universitatea din Bucureşti (FORMINO VOLUMUL VIU DM „STtRttt $1 DOCUMENTE CU PRIVIRE Li ISTORIA ROMiMLOR ) BCU Cluj-Napoca RBCFG201300233 BUCUREŞTI Atelierele grafice SOGEC & Comp., Societate anonima 59, STRADA BERZEI, 59 1906. STUDII ŞI DOCUMENTE CD PRIVIRE LA ISTORIA R0MÎNIL0R VIII. Cîteva note asupra famililor oltene şi muntene, ce se întîmpină în corespondenţa Caseî Pop din Sibiifl. 5216. Voi. VIII. I Scrisorile cuprinse în acest volum fac parte cu toatele din corespondenţa familiei de negustori Pop din Sibiiu. De şi am maî dat ştiri asupra eî înnaintea altor scrisori publicate, supt titluri speciale, în «Analele Academiei Romîne» («Contribuţii la istoria literaturii romîne în veacul al XVIII-lea : scriitori bisericeşti, scriitori mireni, scriitori greci», «Contribuţii Ia istoria învăţămîntului în ţară şi în străinătate» şi «Un boier oltean la Karlsbad»), cred că e bine să amintesc şi aicî care a fost dezvoltarea şi însemnătatea eî. Hagi Petru Luca, zis maî pe scurt Hagi Luca, a fost unul din tovarăşii Companiei Grecilor din Sibiiu, înfiinţată încă de la începutul veaculuî al XVII-lea1, Luca neguţa de prin anul 1747, cînd el nu făcuse încă drumul la Locurile Sfinte, care-î adause cucernica poreclă de Hagiu2.
  • The Real Estate of the Moldavian Boyar Dumitru Buhuş

    The Real Estate of the Moldavian Boyar Dumitru Buhuş

    Anişoara IONAŞCU∗ THE REAL ESTATE OF THE MOLDAVIAN BOYAR DUMITRU BUHUŞ Abstract: This study presents the role played by the boyar Dumitru Buhuş in the political life of Moldavia during the first half of the 17th century, as a result of the important positions he held within the princely council (cubicularius, logothete, treasurer, great treasurer, pârcălab/castellanus of Hotin and Neamţ, great spatharios) and his nobiliary estates gathered throughout his life, representing his wealth and power. The study underlines, on the basis of chancery documents, his lands, the way they were acquired, the counties where his domains were scattered. It also identifies the boyar’s real estates, as well as the courts he built. Keywords: Moldavia, Dumitru Buhuş, Real Estate, Romanian Nobility, 17th century. * This paper aims to succinctly analyse the role that the boyar Dumitru Buhuş played in the political life of Moldavia during the first half of the 17th century, when he held major public dignities – cubicularius, logothete, treasurer, great treasurer, castellanus of Hotin and Neamţ, great spatharios1 –, and was, thus, member in the princely council. In the same time, the presentation follows the implications that these high political–administrative offices had at a material, patrimonial level, regarding the fortune he gathered, which served as the foundation of his high social status. The paper reconstructs, on the basis of chancery documents, the configuration and consolidation of Dumitru Buhuş’ real estate, with emphasis on main acquisition methods, the localisation of his estates, data on other real estates and the courts he possessed. ∗ Ph.D. Candidate, History Department, The Lower Danube University of Galaţi (Romania); the research was conducted within the project POSDRU 88/1.5/S: “Improving the activity of the Ph.D.
  • New Europe College Yearbook 2008-2009

    New Europe College Yearbook 2008-2009

    New Europe College Yearbook 2008-2009 EVELINE CIOFLEC ŞTEFAN COLCERIU CHRISTIAN FERENCZ-FLATZ NICOLAE GHEORGHIŢĂ ALEXANDRU GICA ADRIAN MURARU ALEXANDRU SIMON ANCA ŞINCAN ATTILA SZIGETI ADELA TOPLEAN Editor: Irina Vainovski-Mihai Copyright – New Europe College ISSN 1584-0298 New Europe College Str. Plantelor 21 023971 Bucharest Romania www.nec.ro; e-mail: [email protected] Tel. (+4) 021.307.99.10, Fax (+4) 021. 327.07.74 NICOLAE GHEORGHIŢĂ Born in 1971, in Constanţa Ph.D., National University of Music Associate Professor at the National University of Music in Bucharest Music Officer at the Military Music Service Conductor of the Byzantine Music Choir Psalmodia at the National University of Music in Bucharest Member of The Union of Composers and Musicologists of Romania Fellowships in Athens (1997-98), Thessalonica (2003-04), Cambridge (UK: 2006, 2009) and in St Petersburg (2009) Author of five volumes Author of 25 studies in Romanian, English and Greek languages, most of them submitted to national and international Musicology and Byzantine Studies symposia (in Romania, Greece, Netherlands, Finland, Austria, England, Italy) SECULAR MUSIC AT THE ROMANIAN PRINCELY COURTS DURING THE PHANARIOT EPOCH (1711 – 1821) Introduction Having commenced as early as the latter half of the fifteenth century, the process of “vassalisation”,1 which was later to become one of Ottoman domination over Wallachia and Moldavia,2 led to the princes of the two north-Danube provinces being appointed and deposed at short intervals, either according to the wishes of the Sultan,3
  • Forschungsbereich Rumänisch

    Forschungsbereich Rumänisch

    Forschungsbereich Rumänisch PETREA LINDENBAUER, MICHAEL METZELTIN, HOLGER WOCHELE / WIEN DER ZIVILISATIONSWORTSCHATZ IM SÜDOSTEUROPÄISCHEN RAUM 1840–1870 DER RUMÄNISCHE VERFASSUNGSWORTSCHATZ ABSTRACT Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Bedeutung der Einführung der modernen Verfassungen für die Entwicklung des Zivilisationswortschatzes im südosteuropäischen Raum. Eingangs wird eine Skizzierung des Gesamtpro- jekts in seinen historischen und methodologischen Aspekten geliefert. Es folgt ein Überblick über die Geschichte der politischen, ökonomischen und sozialen Entwicklungen Rumäniens, insbesondere im 19. Jahrhundert, die eine Voraus- setzung für das Verständnis der komplexen Modernisierung der rumänischen Sprache bildet. Desgleichen wird eine Übersicht über die Geschichte der Ge- setzgebung und der staatlichen Verwaltung in den rumänischen Ländern ge- geben. Diese Kontextualisierungen führen zur Aufstellung einer größeren Reihe von modernen staatsrechtlichen Begriffen, die als Kernbegriffe für die vorliegende sprach- und mentalitätsgeschichtlich orientierte Studie dienen. Als Beispiel für die Gestaltung der so intendierten Wortgeschichten, wie sie im Gesamtprojekt auszuführen wären, dient die ausführliche Ausarbeitung der Geschichte des Begriffes ‚Freiheit‘ in den rumänischen Ländern in all seinen semantischen Ausdifferenzierungen. I. SKIZZE EINES FÄCHERÜBERGREIFENDEN PROJEKTES ÜBER DEN SÜDOSTEUROPÄISCHEN RAUM I.1. Einleitung Im Zuge der nationalstaatlichen Entwicklungen im 19. Jahrhundert er- fährt die Entwicklung vieler Sprachen
  • Ignoring Language Barriers: Romanian-Serbian Code-Switching

    Ignoring Language Barriers: Romanian-Serbian Code-Switching

    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 5-1-2020 Ignoring Language Barriers: Romanian-Serbian Code-Switching Vanessa Petroj University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Petroj, Vanessa, "Ignoring Language Barriers: Romanian-Serbian Code-Switching" (2020). Doctoral Dissertations. 2473. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/2473 Ignoring Language Barriers: Romanian-Serbian Code-Switching Vanessa Petroj, PhD University of Connecticut, 2020 This dissertation focuses on the syntactic aspects of Romanian-Serbian code-switching (CS). It explores a number of issues concerning several domains and theoretical mechanisms, especially the structure of the nominal domain, the structure and derivation of coordinated structures, cliticization (both second-position and verbal clitics), the nature of affixal articles, phases, and the mechanisms of Agree and case-licensing. In addressing these questions, a fundamental assumption is Bošković’s (2008, 2012) dichotomy which divides languages into NP (languages without articles) and DP (languages with articles). This distinction is especially relevant here, as the languages involved differ in this respect – Romanian having, and Serbian lacking articles. Chapter 2 focuses on the TNP-internal CS, examining the interaction between Romanian definite articles, Serbian nouns, and Serbian adjectives. By examining the requirements
  • Craioveşti - Brâncoveni Barbu Paharnic 1431, 1436; Réalisation, Graphisme Et Mise En Page: Mona & Florian BUDU-GHYKA & Vlada

    Craioveşti - Brâncoveni Barbu Paharnic 1431, 1436; Réalisation, Graphisme Et Mise En Page: Mona & Florian BUDU-GHYKA & Vlada

    la Généalogie des Craioveşti - Brâncoveni Barbu Paharnic 1431, 1436; Réalisation, graphisme et mise en page: Mona & Florian BUDU-GHYKA & Vlada ............. Sources: I.C. Filitti; Ştefan Grecianu; Ştefan Ştefănescu; M.D. Sturdza; décembre 2007 Copyright © Mona & Florian Budu-Ghyka www.ghika.net Neagoe de Craiova dit ”STREHĂIANUL” Mise à jour Sept.2019, sources: Ban 1450-1475, 1482....; M.D.Sturdza, Familii boierești din Moldova și Țara Românească, &1 Stana ...… de Florești pour Craiovești : vol.V, p. 432-486 f. de Vâlsan de Florea pour Brâncoveni : vol. II, p. 246-354 &2 Vinia ..... Noble de Serbie Barbu I Pârvu I Danciu Radu Mușa dit "Craievschi" † 3.VI.1512 (Gogoaşe) † Gura Tinoasei (Teleorman) 1507 Réligieuse Magdalina Membre du Divan 1482, 1487-1494 ╪ Mon. Snagov Stolnic 1482-1488; Mare Postelnic 1489-93, &1 ..... CÂRJEU, Mare Ban 8.IX.1495-10.I.1520 Vornic 1482, 1486-1493, Comis 1489-1503; 1493-1501, 1505, 1507; Vistier de Corbi (Muscel); Moine Pahomie; 1495-1501, 1508-1509, 1512 Spătar 1505-1507; 1510; & Velica FLORESCU de Șitoaia &2 HAMZA .... & Negoslava (Neguţa) ...... & Neaga ...... de Hotărani Vornic 1510; f. de Vintilă Florescu Mare Vornic † après 1503 Noble de Serbie; † ...1514 & Hrusana ...... (Gogoşoaia) ╪ Mon.Argeș Réligieuse Salomia; ╪ Mon. Glavacioc, f. de ...Gherghina - Pârcălab, frère de Rada, puis Mon. Argeș (1520 ?) épouse de VLAD Călugărul Vodă Neagoe BASARAB Preda Marga Barbu II fille Drăghici Pârvu Maria Vlădaia Hamza II † 15.IX.1521 † Târgoviște …1524 ? † Viișoara ..VIII.1530 (Oancioaia) (Gogoaşe) † 14.IV.1529 de Obislav ╪ Mon.Argeș tué par les boyards de & Marcea ...... Mare Postelnic 1523; & ....... OANCEA † Cple. 1530 pendu Mare Postelnic 1511; & Şerban ...