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Teză De Doctorat Grammatical Synonymy in English and Romanian IOSUD – UNIVERSITATEA „DUNĂREA DE JOS” DIN GALAȚI Școala doctorală de Științe Socio-Umane TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT GRAMMATICAL SYNONYMY IN ENGLISH AND ROMANIAN Doctorand, ANCA FLORINA SOREANU (LIPAN) Conducător științific, Prof. univ. dr. ELENA CROITORU Seria U1: Filologie - Engleză Nr.13 GALAŢI 2019 Anca Florina Soreanu (Lipan) Grammatical Synonyy in English and Romanain IOSUD – UNIVERSITATEA „DUNĂREA DE JOS” DIN GALAȚI Școala doctorală de Științe Socio-Umane TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT GRAMMATICAL SYNONYMY IN ENGLISH AND ROMANIAN Doctorand, ANCA FLORINA SOREANU (LIPAN) Conducător științific, Prof univ.dr.ELENA CROITORU Referenți stiințifici Prof univ.dr.MARIANA NEAGU Prof univ.dr.GABRIELA DIMA Lector. univ. dr. DANIELA ȘORCARU Seria U1: Filologie - Engleză Nr.13 GALAŢI 2019 2 Anca Florina Soreanu (Lipan) Grammatical Synonyy in English and Romanain ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my scientific advisor Professor Elena CROITORU PhD for her continuous support of my phd study and related research, for her patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped me throughout the research and writing of this thesis and her willingness to give her time so generously has been very much appreciated. I would also like to thank the members of my thesis scientific committee: Professor Gabriela DIMA PhD, Professor Mariana NEAGU PhD, and senior lecturer Elena Daniela SORCARU PhD for their insightful comments and enthusiastic encouragement, but also for the useful critiques which incented me to widen my research from various perspectives. Finally, I would like to thank my family: my parents and my husband for their patience and support. 3 Anca Florina Soreanu (Lipan) Grammatical Synonyy in English and Romanain Contents Introduction 8 CHAPTER 1: ON SYNONYMY 1. Preliminary Considerations 17 1.1. Attitudes towards Synonymy 17 1.2. Types of synonymy 22 1.2.1. Lexical synonymy 23 1.2.2. Grammatical synonymy 25 1.2.3. Syntactic synonymy 30 1.2.3.1. Constructions and transformations 32 1.2.4. Stylistic synonymy 33 1.2.5. Bilingual synonymy or translation equivalence 40 1.3. Sources of grammatical synonymy 52 1.3.1. User-related and use-related language varieties 53 1.3.2. The grammaticalisation process 57 1.4. Conclusions 61 CHAPTER 2: GRAMMATICAL SYNONYMY WITH NOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 2. Preliminary Considerations 64 2.1. Grammatical synonymy with nouns 65 2.1.1. Grammatical synonymy with nouns and verbs 66 2.1.2. Grammatical synonymy with nouns and adjectives 69 2.1.3. Grammatically synonymous noun patterns 70 2.1.4. An overall perspective on the grammatical synonymy 75 of the genitive constructions 4 Anca Florina Soreanu (Lipan) Grammatical Synonyy in English and Romanain 2.1.5. Remarks on translating nouns 79 2.2. Grammatical synonymy with adjectives 86 2.2.1. Remarks on translating adjectives and adjective 95 patterns 2.3. Grammatical synonymy with adverbs in english 99 2.3.1. Remarks on translating adverbs and adverbial patterns 112 2.4. Conclusions 114 CHAPTER 3: GRAMMATICAL SYNONYMY WITH VERBS: TENSE AND ASPECT 3. Preliminary considerations 116 3.1. General considerations on the English Tempo-Aspectuality 117 3.2. Grammatically synonymous ways of expressing present time in 122 English 3.2.1.Ways of translating present time 130 3.3. Grammatically synonymous ways of expressing past time in 134 English 3.3.1.Ways of translating past time 139 3.4. Grammatical synonymy with ways of expressing future time in 143 English 3.4.1.Remarks on translating future time 149 3.5. Grammatical synonymy with direct and indirect speech 159 constructions in English 3.5.1. Remarks on translating direct and indirect speech 167 constructions 3.6. Conclusions 171 5 Anca Florina Soreanu (Lipan) Grammatical Synonyy in English and Romanain CHAPTER 4: GRAMMATICAL SYNONYMY WITH VERBS: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE CONSTRUCTIONS 4. Preliminary considerations 173 4.1. Synonymy between the active and the passive voice constructions 173 in English 4.2. Grammatical synonymy with causatives 181 4.3. Remarks on translating active and passive voice constructions 186 4.4. Conclusions 192 CHAPTER 5: GRAMMATICAL SYNONYMY WITH VERBS: MOOD AND MODALITY 5. Preliminary considerations 194 5.1. Modality – a terminological precis 194 5.1.1. Factivity vs. non-factivity 198 5.1.2. Factual vs. non- factual 200 5.2. An overall perspective upon the grammatical synonymy between 201 the Indicative and Subjunctive moods in English and Romanian 5.3. Remarks on grammatically synonymous ways of expressing 214 hypothesis in English and Romanian 5.4. Grammatical synonymy with ways of expressing modal 224 concepts 5.4.1. Grammatical synonymy with modal expressions of 226 possibility, ability and permission 5.4.2. Grammatical synonymy with modal expressions of 235 logical necessity, obligation and prohibition 5.4.3. An overall perspective on the Romanian modal system 244 5.4.4. Modal and non-modal translations of modality 252 5.5. Conclusions 265 6 Anca Florina Soreanu (Lipan) Grammatical Synonyy in English and Romanain GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 268 REFERENCES 274 ANNEXES 283 LIST OF PAPERS published and presented 286 7 Anca Florina Soreanu (Lipan) Grammatical Synonyy in English and Romanain Introduction State of the art The subject of the grammatical synonymy has been rather little considered by grammarians and linguists and therefore, our choice to study it has been motivated by this intriguing aspect. The very existence of the lexical synonymy is debatable, considered as impossible by certain philosophers such as Quine (1953) and Goodnam (1952), or linguists such as Hirst, (1995) who believe in the uselessness of the existence of any two words with the same meaning within a language. On the one hand, the principle of language economy justifies the existence of polysemy, implying that a single unit can have several meanings, but on the other hand, language expressivity is enhanced by the existence of synonymy allowing the speaker to choose from a variety of words and constructions with a similar or almost similar meaning the one that suits the purposes of communication best. Cruse (1991) and Murphy (2003, 2006) share this point of view and their studies lay at the basis of the present research. Further studies on the same topic of Apresjan (1973), DiMarco, Stede (1993), Cruse (1991), Gutt (2000), Edmonds and Hirst, (2002), Glynn (2010), clarify the complex aspects implied by the notion of synonymy and discuss the semantic similarity as well as the differences implied by any two synonyms. They also bring to the foreground other related notions such as denotation, connotation, equivalence or paraphrase which are helpful in defining and describing synonymy. The Romanian authors Iordan (1975), Vințeler (1983), Levitchi (1994), Hoarţă Lăzărescu (1999), Zugun (2000), Bidu-Vrânceanu (2001), Leah (2010) also give a positive account on the notion of synonymy and their papers were also considered in our comparative research. 8 Anca Florina Soreanu (Lipan) Grammatical Synonyy in English and Romanain The first mention of the expression grammatical synonymy was due to O. Jaspersen (1964), but with no further explanations. A holistic perspective on the specialised literature would reveal that some English authors, such as Jerrold and Edwin (1967), Burge, (1978), Murphy, (2003), Mair, (2006), Glynn, (2010, 2014), and some Romanian authors such as Levitchi, (1994), Avram, (2001), Croitoru, (2002) use this expression as such. Nearly synonymous grammatical constructions are also mentioned by Quirk et al., 1985, but no explanations are provided for the existence of such constructions. Furthermore, in the reference books of Leech and Svartvik, (1975), Thompson and Martinet, (1986), Broughton, (1990), Leech, (1990, 1996, 2004, 2006,2009,), Biber et al., (1999), or in the grammar books of Carther and McCarthy (2002), Side and Wellman, (2002), Swan, (2015), Foley, (2012) most often the reference is to rephrasing structures, transforms or equivalent structures. Objectives When considering the subject of grammatical synonymy, we should start from the analysis of the concept of synonymy and then introspection in the way it develops would be required. Since it occurs at the lexical level, language researchers have wondered if the phenomenon occurs at the other levels of language, too. So far, references to phonologic, syntactic and stylistic synonymy have been made and further on, our main question is if we can discuss about synonymy at the level of morphology too. Since there is a gap as far as the studies of this particular linguistic aspect is concerned, our main purpose is to prove that grammatical synonymy is a branch of synonymy by analyzing linguistic facts from different perspectives. Our objective is to analyse synonymy from a double perspective: our first concern was to explore the grammatical synonymy at the level of the English 9 Anca Florina Soreanu (Lipan) Grammatical Synonyy in English and Romanain language with focus on the parts of speech and the constructions built around them; and secondly, we aimed at analysing the synonymy between two language systems as revealed in the process of translation. We concentrated on the translation from English into Romanian while the translation from Romanian into English came secondary. At the grammatical level, structures which have different forms may have similar semantic content and we chose to concentrate on analyzing the most striking aspects concerning the similarities as well as the differences implied. Since the grammar of a language is an almost infinite domain, we limited our analysis to the main morphological categories such as the noun, the verb, the adjective and the adverb. Out of these, the verb was given the most space due to its offering rich material of analysis. Data and methodology Although the theoretical approach relies heavily on the premises of the traditional descriptive grammar, but those of the cognitive grammar and those of the construction grammar have also been considered with a view to creating a strong theoretical background for the practical analysis of the grammatical synonymy.
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