Herbal Remedies Against Adipogenesis Hiu Y

Review Article Journal of Alternative Medical Research Open Access

Herbal Remedies against Adipogenesis Hiu Y. Kwan1,2*, Tao Su1,2, Xiuqiong Fu1,2, Anfernee KW Tse1,2, Wang F. Fong1,2 and Zhi L. Yu1,2* 1School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China 2Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China

Received Date: March 25, 2015, Accepted Date: June 24, 2015, Published Date: June 30, 2015. Corresponding authors: Hiu Yee Kwan, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China, Tel: (852) 34112016, E-mail: [email protected] Zhi-Ling Yu, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China, Tel: (852) 34112465; Fax: (852) 34112902; E-mail: [email protected]

has advantage over glycogen or protein as energy store because Abstract fat has high energy density and is very little hydrated. Indeed, a fat The epidemic of obesity is a public health crisis. Obesity contributes to reserve of 15kg contains 590MJ, which is enough to provide energy varied co morbid conditions including cardiovascular diseases, type II for over 50 days if the average daily energy expenditure is 10 MJ. The diabetes, hypertension, stroke and certain cancers. Obesity is mainly normal range of relative body fat mass is only 12-20% in men and characterized by an excess accumulation of white adipose tissues; therefore, inhibiting adipogenesis is an anti-obesity strategy. This 20-30% in women. However, adipose tissue can increase its mass by review aims to discuss the different stages of adipocyte development, hypertrophic as well as hyperplastic growth. In white adipose tissue, and the potentials of targeting adipogenesis with natural products or adipocytes accounts for 1/3 to 2/3 of the cells. The increase in the adipose tissue mass is mainly due to enlargement of the adipocytes products to target adipogenesis will also be discussed. (hypertrophy) or increased adipogenesis (hyperplasia) [4]. phytochemicals. Strategies to increase the efficacy of using the natural Keywords: Obesity; Adipogenesis; Herbal extract; Phytochemical Adipogenesis Adipogenesis refers to the process of formation of adipose aP2; Adipocyte Protein 2: C/EBP; CCAAT-En- Abbreviations: tissue. It is a multistep process starting with clonal expansion of hancer-Binding Proteins: CREB; cAMP Regulatory Element Binding mesenchymal cells and the differentiation of these mesenchymal Protein: FAS; Fatty Acid Synthase: FGFs; Fibroblast Growth Factors: GLUT; Glucose Transporter: Hh; Hedgehog: HSL; Hormone Sen- In human, the development of white adipose tissue occurs sitive Lipase: LPL; Lipoprotein Lipase: MSC; Mesenchymal Stem tocells a large into pre-adipocytesextent post-natally and finallyand continues into mature throughout adipocytes. life. Cells: PPAR; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: SREBP; Indeed, fat depots of very old mice contain cells that express Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Transcription Factor: STAT; Sig- early differentiation markers [5]. Adipocyte differentiation nal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription: TG; Triglyceride: involves changes in the levels of more than 100 proteins [5,6]. TGF; Transforming Growth Factor These proteins are involved in the specialized metabolic roles Introduction of mature adipocytes, including lipid transport and metabolism and hormone responsiveness. Therefore, differentiation of pre- Obesity has become a public health crisis. Incidence of obesity adipocytes to mature adipocytes involves striking biochemical has been steadily increasing over the past few decades. In 2013, as and morphological changes (Figure 1 and Table 1). Understanding reported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, no state had a prevalence of obesity less than 20%. Instead, 23 states had a prevalence of obesity between 25% and 30%; and 18 states Pluripotent stem cells had a prevalence of obesity between 30% and 35%. The obesity epidemic is not restricted to industrialized societies. Indeed, over 115 million people in developing countries are suffering from Multipotent mesenchymal precursors obesity-related problems. commits to the adipocyte lineage Obesity is mainly caused by an excess accumulation of white Preadipocytes adipose tissues [1]; these excess adipose tissues will lead to Morphological changes resistin, and reduced release of adiponectin, which eventually lead to Fibroblast-like theincreased development release of of insulin free fatty resistance acids, ortumor chronic necrosis hyperinsulinaemia factor α and [2]. Clinical and epidemiological studies revealed that the obesity- related problems included cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes, differentiate hypertension, stroke and many types of cancers [3]. World Health Organization reported that around 3.4 million adults die each year as a result of being overweight or obese. In addition, 44% of the Round, enlarge, diabetes burden, 23% of the ischaemic heart disease burden and triglycerides between 7% and 41% of certain cancer burdens are attributable to droplets accumulate overweight and obesity. Mature adipocytes in cytoplasm Adipose tissue Physiologically, white adipose tissue serves as a good triglyceride (TG) store in periods of energy excess. During energy Figure 1: Stages in adipocyte differentiation. deprivation, the TG stores will be used to provide energy. TG, or fat,

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Differentiation GATA family [8]. Study also showed that expression of GATA2 and Emerging Markers Stage GATA3 suppressed differentiation of 3T3-F442A preadipocytes through interaction between GATAs and CCAAT-enhancer-binding Lipoprotein lipase Adipoblasts Adipose differentiation-related protein activityproteins [11]. α (C/EBPα) Wnt is another or C/EBPβ, important resulting signaling in suppression pathway in of Pre-adipocytes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ2 (PPARγ2) promoter CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPβ) mesodermal development. Wnt-signaling suppresses adipogenic Clone 5 C/EBPδ differentiation and favors myogenic or osteogenic differentiation Krox20 [8]. Sustained activation of the Wnt signaling by overexpression of Wnt1, Wnt10 prevents adipogenic differentiation [8]. Besides, Insulin-like growth factor-1 α-2 chain of type VI collagen KLF5 decreased total fat mass and increased bone mass [12]. mice overexpressing Wnt10b specifically in adipose tissue exhibit Adipocyte genes The transition from pre-adipocytes to adipocytes involves ADD/SREBP1 4 stages; they are growth arrest, clonal expansion, early ATP citrate lyase differentiation and terminal differentiation. Growth arrest at Malic enzyme G1/S stage is necessary to trigger the process of cell commitment. Immature Acetyl-CoA carboxylase This commitment is associated with induction of genes such as clone 5 and adipose differentiation-related protein, or increased adipocytes Stearoyl-CoA desaturase lipoprotein lipase activity. Following growth arrest, cells undergo Glycerol-phosphate acyltransferase at least one round of DNA replication and cell doubling; this has Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Fatty acid synthase Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase differentiation.been proposed to lead to the clonal amplification of committed cells and post-confluent mitoses is a perquisites for subsequent Preadipocytes are the cells that express only early markers C/EBPα but have not yet accumulated TG stores. The only widely accepted Stat5A marker for preadipocytes is Pref-1 / DLK1, an epidermal growth Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARγ) Adipose-tissue specific products factor-repeat-containing protein [8], which acts by maintaining the preadipocyte state and preventing adipocyte differentiation [13]. Monobutyrin, Recently, a study showed that Pref-1 was required for adipose tissue Adipocyte-specific fatty acid binding protein 2 Serine protease complement factor D Adipsin development and expansion [14]. In a transgenic mouse model, Lipolysis mesenteric regions as early as embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) and these Perilipin cellsthe Pref-1-marked became lipid-laden florescent-labeled adipocytes at cells E17.5 appeared in the subcutaneous in the dorsal Hormone sensitive lipase region, whereas visceral white adipose tissue developed after birth Secretion [14]. Interestingly, ablation of Pref-1 prevented white adipose Leptin tissue development and also the adult adipose expansion upon Mature adipocytes Adipsin high-fat feeding [14]. Clone 5 is another early marker of adipocyte Angiotensinogen differentiation [5]. High cell density and treatment with adipogenic Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 agents increases clone 5 mRNA levels, and agents that inhibit clone 5 expression inhibit differentiation [15]. Some other pro-adipogenic Table 1: Markers in different stages of the adipocyte development (Reference: 1-7,12-23,26-27,32-35). program. For example, Krox20 is activated early in the adipogenic factors induce PPARγ and C/EBPβ expressions in the adipogenic the differentiation process might help to design potential anti- obesity strategies. program of 3T3-L1 cells and contributes to induction of C/EBPβ Adipocytes are derived from multipotent mesenchymal stem element-bindingexpression [16]. Thetranscription increase infactor C/EBPβ (SRBP1c/ and C/EBPδ ADD) willand insignal turn cells, which require the commitment of a pluriotent stem cell transducerinduce the and expression activator of of C/EBPα transcription and PPARγ. 5 (STAT5) Sterol also regulatory induce to the adipocyte lineage. The commitment will determine the conversion of the stem cell only to pre-adipocyte which cannot be distinguished morphologically from its precursor cells, but has lost PPARγ expression [17]. Over-expression of SREBP1 [18] or STAT5 the potential to commitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to [17] significantly enhances the adipogenic activity of PPARγ. It is adipocyte lineage. Bone morphogenetic proteins are a family with also suggested that SREBP1c contributes to the production of PPARγ 14 members, and bone morphogenetic proteins-4 has been shown importantligands, thereby for lipid facilitating storage the during action the of PPARγadipocyte [18]. differentiation Subsequently, to stimulate the differentiation of MSC to adipocytes [7]. Besides, C/EBPα and PPARγ will trigger the expression of genes that are transcription factors that play a critical role in adipocyte been implicated in adipose development [8]. Interestingly, FGF1 program. Indeed, C/EBPα and PPARγ are the two well-established notfibroblast only enhances growth factors adipogenesis (FGFs) suchof human as FGFs preadipocytes 1, 10, 16 and but19 havealso supports development of vascular tissue within the fat pad [9]. anddifferentiation 2 are induced [19-21]. during PPARγ adipogenesis had two isoform, [6]. However, 1 and 2,the which relative are Hedgehog (Hh) signaling and GATA transcription factors also play a generated by alternative splicing and promoter usage. Both PPARγ1 role in the commitment of MSC to adipocyte lineage. Activation of the Hedgehog pathway blocks formation of fat body in drosophila [10]. butrole is PPARγ also required 1 and 2 for in adipogenesismaintenance remainof the differentiated an open question state [6]. Activation of the mammalian homologs of Hh, Shh and Ihh, blocks Studies also suggest that PPARγ is not only crucial for adipogenesis the progression of the MSC to adipocyte lineage. The anti-adipogenic action of Hh appears to be mediated by transcription factors of the Interestingly, PPARγ can induce adipogenesis in C/EBPα-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblast, whereas C/EBPα is incapable of driving the adipogenic program in the absence of PPARγ [22], suggesting Citation: Kwan HY, Su T, Fu X, Tse AKW, Fong WF, et al. (2015) Herbal Remedies against Adipogenesis. J Alt Med Page 2 of 7 Res 1(1): 105. J Alt Med Res Vol. 1. Issue. 1. 4000105

Effects of Phytochemicals on Adipogenesis that PPARγ is the dominant factor in the adipose development [23]. Plants have always been a source of drugs, and these natural PPARγ2 and C/EBPα expressions can also be induced by ectopic products have been used worldwide as traditional medicines for expression of C/EBPβ in NIH-3T3 fibroblast, alone or in combination thousands of years to treat various diseases. Interestingly, some ofwith which C/EBPδ directly [24-26]. bind to Besides, the Klf5 KLF5 promoter is also [27]. induced KLF15 in promotes the early of them have been reported to affect adipogenesis, which can be adipocytestage of adipocyte differentiation differentiation [28] and induces by C/EBPβ expression and C/EBPδ,of the insulin- both further developed as anti-obesity agent (Table 2A). sensitive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) [29]. There are many other Resveratrol (3,5,4’-trihydroxystilbene) is a natural phytoalexin transcription factors which promotes adipocyte differentiation such that can be found in red wines and grape juice [40]. Study showed as Krox20 [16] and cAMP regulatory element binding protein (CREB) that resveratrol potently inhibited adipocyte differentiation by [30]. In the contrary, other transcription factors may inhibit adipocyte differentiation such as CHOP10 which functions as a negative acid synthase (FAS), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and LPL [41]. Besides,down-regulating some other the expressionphytochemicals of PPARγ, also showC/EBPα, anti-adipogenesis SREBP1c, fatty Besides, GATA2/3, ETO/MTG8, GILZ, and delta-interacting protein Amodulator are expressed through in hetero-dimerizationpreadipocytes and their with expression C/EBPα mRNA is down- [5]. regulated during differentiation [23]. Ectopic expression of each effects. For examples, genistein, a major soy isoflavone, inhibits of these proteins in preadipocytes inhibits adipogenesis through 2lipid (aP2), accumulation FAS, SREBP1, and perilpin,down-regulates leptin, expressionsLPL and HSL of inPPARγ, primary C/ humanEBPα, glycerol-3-phosphateadipocytes [42]. Icaritin dehydrogenase, is a bioactive compound adipocyte in protein herb Epimedium, it inhibits adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cell antagonism of C/EBPβ activity thereby prevents the induction of PPARγIn andterminal C/EBPα differentiation, [31-35]. the pre-adipocyte takes on the characteristics of the mature adipocyte; it acquires the machinery acid in the herb liquorice inhibits adipogenic differentiation by by decreasing PPARγ, LPL and aP2 [43]. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic that is necessary for lipid transport and synthesis, insulin Oroxylum indicum, a downregulating the expressions of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and adiponectin provides a critical function during terminal adipogenesis since medicinal plant with multiple biological activities. It is found that sensitivity and secretion of adipocyte-specific proteins. C/EBPα oroxylin[44]. Oroxylin A enhanced A is lipolysis a flavonoid and founddecreased in Akt-phosphorylation in mature adipocytes, suggesting that it affects adipocyte life cycle models and an inability to develop white adipose tissue in vivo failure to express C/EBPα results in insulin resistance in cell culture at critical point of differentiation and maturity [45]. Curcumin is a well-known component of the cook seasoning and traditional [36-37]. Study showed that use of antisense C/EBPα to reduce C/ herb turmeric (curcuma longa). Curcumin inhibits FAS activity functionsEBPα expression in the terminalblocked TGphase accumulation of adipocyte but differentiation not the expression [38]. and differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells [46]. A sulfur-containing of early marker lipoprotein lipase (LPL), suggesting that C/EBPα compound from garlic, ajoene, also inhibits adipogenesis [47]. suppress adipogenesis through heterodimerization with and Interestingly, other C/EBP isoform, including CHOP and C/EBPγ, root of Cynanchum paniculatum Kitagawa (asclepiadaceae), which Antofine is a phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid isolated from the of transcription factors that coordinate the differentiation of preadipocyteinactivation of to C/EBPβmature adipocyte. [39]. Figure 2 demonstrates the network is used as herbal remedy for pain and inflammation. Study showed that chronic administration of antofine suppressed adipocyte

CHOP KLF2

C/EBP β PPAR γ

C/EBP δ Genes of terminal adipocyte C/EBP α differentiation

Early stage Late stage

Figure 2: The network of transcription factors that coordinate the differentiation of preadipocyte to mature adipocyte. PPAR: peroxisome

proliferator-activated receptorsγ; C/EBP: CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins Phytochemical Class Adipogenesis References Aglycone of the triterpenoid Glyccyrrhizic acid Inhibit 40 Ajoene Sulfur-containing compound Inhibit 43 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid Alkaloid Inhibit 44 Butein Chalconoid Inhibit 45 Antofine Curcumin Diarylheptanoid Inhibit 42 Genistein Inhibit 38, 69 Icaritin Hydrolytic product of icarin from Epimedium genus Inhibit 39 Isoflavone Oroxylin A Flavonoid Inhibit 41 Resveratrol Phytoallexin Inhibit 37 Rhein Glycoside Inhibit 58 Wedelolactone Furanocoumarin Inhibit 57

Table 2A: Phytochemicals affect adipogenesis.

Citation: Kwan HY, Su T, Fu X, Tse AKW, Fong WF, et al. (2015) Herbal Remedies against Adipogenesis. J Alt Med Page 3 of 7 Res 1(1): 105. J Alt Med Res Vol. 1. Issue. 1. 4000105 differentiation, inhibited lipid droplet formation and adipogenic the most popular Korean herbal medicine that is known to improve gene expressions [48]. An elegant study using activity-guided “well-being” by being restoring and enhancing qi separation of Rhus verniciflua same time. Veratrum nigrum, commonly known as Black False of butein which inhibited adipocyte differentiation through Hellebore, is a coarse highly poisonous perennialand herb fluid nativeat the transforming growth factor beta/ Stokes signal ledtransducer to the identificationand activator to Asia and Europe. Interestingly, a combined application of the extracts of both Panax ginseng and Veratrum nigrum the anti-adipogenesis effect of butein is more potent than genistein andof transcription-3 resveratrol [49]. (TGF-β/STAT3) Combination pathway of several [49]. phytochemicals More importantly, has accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells [56]. Zizyphus jujube is significantlya fruit used been used to inhibit adipogenesis. For example, a combined used of ininhibited traditional expressions Chinese of medicine PPARγ and for C/EBPα, treating and diseases reduced related the lipid to gastrointestinal health and digestion, as well as being a combination bone marrow adiposity in aged ovariectomized female rats [50]. sedative or anxiolytic or pain-killer. It is found that the extract of vitamin D, resveratrol, quercetin and genistein significantly reduces Zizyphus jujube fruit exerted anti-adipogenesis effect in 3T3-L1 Effects of Herbal Extracts on Adipogenesis Cyclopia have been consumed Herbal extracts contain many bioactive components and as herbal tea honeybush tea to treat various medical ailments therefore exert a diverse array of biological activates. Recent studies sincecells [57]. the 19Stemth century. leave and Interestingly, flowers of the total polyphenol contents showed that herbal extracts also affected adipogenesis (Table 2B). of Cyclopia maculaga and Cyclopia subternata inhibit adipogenesis Ulmus pumila L. is a deciduous trees found in many parts of Asia. in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes [58]. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is a tropical The stem and root of this species have been used as traditional beverage material and medicinal plant, used as in folk medicines remedy for the management of edema, mastitis, gastric cancer and Ulmus pumila inhibits water extract inhibits adipocyte differentiation through PI3K and adipogenesis through regulation of cell cycle progression in 3T3- against hypertension, pyrexia, inflammation, liver disorders. Its L1inflammation. cell model Interestingly,[51]. Another thetraditional extract ofChinese medicinal herb, Rhizoma Polygonati falcatum is used as traditional Rehmannia glutinosa, has been used to increase physical strength. herbalMAPK medicine pathways, in andAsia alsofor its reduces anti-hyperglycemia, expressions ofanti-triglycemic C/EBPα and A study showed that the extract of Rehmannia glutinosa inhibited andPPARγ anti-tumor [59]. activities. Its extract and its component kaempferol inhibit adipocyte differentiation. Microarray analysis revealed that terminal marker protein 422/ap2 [52]. Polygonum cuspidatum has Rhizoma Polygonati beenadipogenesis used clinically by inhibiting for the expressions treatment ofof C/EBPβ,constipation, C/EBPα gallstones, and the treatment significantly decreased expression levels of adipogenic transcription factors including Pparγ, Cebpβ, hepatitis andSibiraea inflammation angustata in East is a Asian traditional countries; Chinese its extract herb used also [60].Srebp1, Wedelolactone, Rxrβ, Lxrβ a and major Rorα coumestan [60]. Kaempferol ingredient significantlyin Wedelia inhibitsfor improving adipogenesis digestive by function. reducing A study expressions demonstrated of PPARγ that andextract C/ chinensis,repressed is rosiglitazone-induced used to treat septic PPARγ shock, transcriptional hepatitis and activityvenom EBPαof Sibiraea [53]. angustata poisoning. Wedelolactone also inhibits adipogenic differentiation LPL and glucose transporter 4, it also blocked the cell cycle at G1-S of human adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells through transition phase and caused inhibited the expressioncells to remain of C/EBPβ, in the preadipocytes PPARγ, aP2, ERK pathway [61]. Radix et Rhizoma rhei has been used to alleviate state [54]. Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom is a traditional medicinal liver and kidney damage, its compound Rhein inhibits preadipocyte herb used for treatment of arthritis, rheumatism, hepatitis. Its extract inhibited adipocyte differentiation by regulating ERK1/2 and Akt pathway. Besides, expressions of FAS, LPL and aP2 were acetyl-CoAdifferentiation carboxylase by down-regulating and FAS in a PPARγ,cell model. C/EBPγ, More C/EBPβ,importantly, and Rhizomathe PPARγ Rhei target genes aP2, acyl-CoA oxidase, uncoupled protein 2, [55]. Root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Radix Ginseng) is one of fat diet-fed mouse model [62], which further suggests its clinical significantly reduced by the extract treatment during adipogenesis treatment also significantly reduced adiposity in high

Herbal Extract Extraction Adipogenesis References Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom Water Inhibit 51 Cyclopia maculate Water Inhibit 54 Cyclopia subternata Water inhibit 54 Hibiscus sabdariffa L Water Inhibit 55 Hwangryunhaedok-tang Water Inhibit 61 Hypericum perforatum Water Promote 59 Mai Tong Fang (Radix astragali, Radix salviae, Fructus mori) Water Inhibit 60 Water Inhibit 62 Water Inhibit 52 Morus alba, Melissa officinalis, Artemisia capillaris Fractions of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, PanaxPolygonum ginseng cuspidatum & Veratrum nigrum Inhibit 49 n-butanol, water of the ethanol extract Rehmannia glutinosa Ethanol Inhibit 48 Rhizoma Polygonati falcatum & Kaempferol Methanol Inhibit 56 Sibiraea angustata Water Inhibit 50 Ulmus pumila Methanol Inhibit 47 Zizyphus jujube Fractions of chloroform, ethyl acetate, Inhibit 53 butanol, water of the water extract Trigonella foenum-graecum (seeds) 70% Ethanol Inhibit 64 Securigera securidaca (seeds) 70% Ethanol Inhibit 65

Table 2B: Herbal extracts affect adipogenesis.

Citation: Kwan HY, Su T, Fu X, Tse AKW, Fong WF, et al. (2015) Herbal Remedies against Adipogenesis. J Alt Med Page 4 of 7 Res 1(1): 105. J Alt Med Res Vol. 1. Issue. 1. 4000105 application in anti-obesity therapy. Conclusion Indeed, some of the herbal extract promotes adipogenesis. For Obesity has become a worldwide public health crisis. example, St. John’s wort, or Hypericum perforatum, is a perennial Consumption of herbal extracts or phytochemicals that can herb used to treat depression in several countries; it promotes inhibit adipogenesis should be an attractive anti-obesity strategy. Development of these herbal extracts or phytochemicals to an [63]. Besides, extracts of fenugreek [64] and Securigera securidaca [65]adipogenesis also inhibit by adipogenesis,increasing expressions respectively. of PPARγ and adiponectin obese population. effective anti-obesity therapeutic agent should be beneficial to the Effects of traditional Chinese formulas on adipogenesis Acknowledgements In clinical setting, traditional Chinese medicine formulas are This work was partially supported by GRF grants HKBU262512 commonly prescribed to treat various diseases. Interestingly, and HKBU260613 from Research Grant Council of Hong Kong, many of these traditional Chinese formulas also possess anti- FRG1/14-15/061, FRG2/14-15/056, and FRG2/13-14/030 from adipogenesis properties. Mai Tong Fang is a Chinese herbal Hong Kong Baptist University. combination that is used to treat diabetic hephropathy. Its key ingredients include Radix astragali, Radix salviae, and Fructus References mori. Study showed that Mai Tong Fang treatment inhibited 1. 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Corresponding authors: Hiu Yee Kwan, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China, Tel: (852) 34112016, E-mail: [email protected] Zhi-Ling Yu, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China, Tel: (852) 34112465; Fax: (852) 34112902; E-mail: [email protected] Received Date: March 25, 2015, Accepted Date: June 24, 2015, Published Date: June 30, 2015. Copyright: © 2015 Hiu Yee Kwan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which ermits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Kwan HY, Su T, Fu X, Tse AKW, Fong WF, et al. (2015) Herbal Remedies against Adipogenesis. J Alt Med Res 1(1): 105.

Citation: Kwan HY, Su T, Fu X, Tse AKW, Fong WF, et al. (2015) Herbal Remedies against Adipogenesis. J Alt Med Page 7 of 7 Res 1(1): 105.