Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Asian Geolinguistic Society of Japan June 14th, 2013 Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan The First Annual Meeting of the Asian Geolinguistic Society of Japan Date: June, 14th, Friday, 2013 Venue: Presentation Room, Institute of Economics, 6th floor, 8th Building, Aoyama Gakuin University 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, Japan http://www.aoyama.ac.jp/en/outline/aoyama_campus.html#access_map Program 13:00～14:30 Chair: Atsuko Utsumi Ryo Matsumoto, The Linguistic Relation between Cultures and Animals in Siberia ~The Words for "Crow" and "Raven"~………………………………………… 1 Mika Fukazawa, The Distribution of Interrogative or Indefinite Roots in Ainu: hem & ne……………………………………………………………………………… 12 Kondo Mika, The Geolinguistic Distribution of the Vietnamese Words for ‘to Tickle’ ………………………………………………………………………………… 22 14:45～16:15 Chair: Yoshio Saito Atsuko Utsumi, Preliminary Survey of Talaud Dialectal Differences……………… 33 Satoko Shirai, The Geolinguistic Approach to the Point-of-view Marking Systems in the West Sichuan Ethnic Corridor Languages…………………………… 43 Hiroyuki Suzuki, The words for ‘rain’ and ‘wind’ in Tibetic languages spoken in the Ethnic Corridor……………………………………………………………… 58 16:30～18:00 Chair: Ray Iwata Mitsuaki Endo, The words for “wind” in the Eastern Asian languages…………… 68 Yoshio Saito, A Preliminary Report on the Geographical Distribution of the Words for “Wind” in the Altaic Languages……………………………………………… 80 Chitsuko Fukushima, Inference Forms in Niigata Dialect: A Preliminary Report ………………………………………………………………………………… 86 The Linguistic Relation between Cultures and Animals in Siberia ~The Words for "Crow" and "Raven"~ Ryo MATSUMOTO 0. Languages in Siberia In Siberia – here taken to be the north part of Eurasia – live many peoples, the languages of whom belong to several language families, and also some isolated languages. The speakers of these languages are scattered widely in Siberia and these people live in sparsely populated areas. Their languages and cultures have been relatively less contaminated than in other areas in the world, such as the Balkans. This fact would lead one to expect that the historical migration of peoples in Siberia and the linguistic contact would be easier to reveal but in fact it is not so simple because there are few old documents available. I have a strong interest in Evenki and Nenets (and other Samoyedic). These languages are distributed across the Enisei river. It has been claimed that Evenki came from the east and Samoyedic came from the south but it has not been confirmed. Furthermore this is closely related to the problems of Altaic theory and the belonging of Samoyed to Uralic. It would be very interesting if their migration to the Enisei river can be supported or disproven linguistically. This presentation is on the first preparatory steps of a linguistic approach to study ethnic migration in Siberia. The languages treated here are (all the members of each language family are not shown): Slavic: Russian Uralic: Samoyedic: North: Tundra Nenets, Forest Nenets, (Enets,) Nganasan, South: Selkup Finno-Ugric: Komi, Khanti, Manshi, Mari, Udmurt, Finnish, Estonian, Veps Tungusic: North: Evenki, Ewen, Negidal, East: Udehe, Nanai, Oroch, Ulich, Uilta Turkic: Yakut, Tuva, Khakas, Altay, Kazakh, Tatar, Bashkir, Turkish Mongolic: Buryat, Mongol Other languages (also isolated languages): Yukaghir, Koryak, Chukchi 1 The distribution of these languages (including some dialects in Evenki and Nenets) are mapped in Map 1. Map 1. Distribution of languages by linguistic family in Siberia 1. Introduction: Lexicon of animals and culture How do we name a new animal when we see it for the first time? In the present day we might name it by onomatopoeia or after other animals which are similar in appearance. If any traces left by ethnic movements or language contacts are found in words, we have to pay attention to these points: 1. Coincidence 2. Language contact – Replacement or Borrowing With regards to animals, coincidence in form is possible because onomatopoeia is more likely. Such coincidences are always problematic in historical linguistics. Replacement of lexicon might occur if a people move to a new land and the ecological system there is different from the former place. The original meaning of a word might be changed or used for another object because of the similarity. Borrowing, then, could occur as a word for a newly encountered object may be more easily borrowed than created. 2 Language contact could also arise without ethnic movements. Cultural inflow could be a reason for replacement or borrowing because the animal lexicon is sometimes linked to a specific myth, the animism or the national epic poetry. 2. Data of Words for “Crow” and “Raven” In this presentation, I take the words for “Crow” and “Raven” for a tentative study. For Siberian people the raven (or crow) occupies a very important place in myth, folklore and legends. The raven and crow resemble each other in their black color and wise character. They differ mainly in their size; the raven is larger than the crow. The Crow family includes several species that are distributed distantly. The distributions of the raven and crow overlap in most cases but the crow generally does not migrate. In Siberian folklore the raven appears most often; the crow is rarely mentioned. Map 2. Distribution of the dialects of Evenki (in Russia) Evenki language is divided into 3 groups by Василевич (1958) from the point of phonology, morphology and other grammatical phases and basically it is commonly accepted. The distribution of their dialects is shown in the Map 2. Evenki has different words for “crow” and “raven” as in English. On the other hand, in Russian there is only one root for them: vorona “crow” and voron “raven”. Japanese has the 3 same system: karasu “crow” and watari-garasu “raven” using the word formation of compounding. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. In common (literary) Evenki turaki means crow, and oli means raven. The dictionary of Василевич (1958) contains some forms of dialects. Fig. 1 shows “turaki” and Fig. 2 shows “gaki”. As the example of “gaki” (Fig. 2), several abbreviations of dialects come after the headword but in case of “turaki” (Fig. 1) there is no abbreviation. The form “turaki” is regarded as the common (literary) form, so I consider that the form should be attested also in other dialects which are not stated in this case. It is shown in a parenthesis in the list. Fig. 3 is the list of the words in Evenki collected in this way. 1 Fig. 3: Words for “crow” and “raven” in several dialects of Evenki by Василевич (1958) English crow raven Russian voróna (galka, grach) vóron Common Evenki turaki oli П-Т (turaki) oli Н (turaki) oli Втм, Бнт, Нрч (turaki) oli С (turaki) (oli) Southern group Southern С-Б (turaki) (oli) Ткм, В-Л (turaki) (oli) 1 The abbreviations of dialects are as follows (abbreviation in bold followed by the area and the mapping point): П-Т: Подкаменно-тунгусский (р.Подкаменная-Тунгуска), Н: Непский (Катанга), Втм/Бнт/Нрч: Витимо-нерчинский (оз.Баунт), С: Сымский (р.Сым), С-Б: Северо-байкальский (Северомуйск), Ткм/В-Л: Токминско-верхоленский (Усть-Кут), И: Илимпийский (Тура), Е/Вл: Ербогочёнский (Ербогачен), Олкм/Тнг: Витимо-олёкминский (Олёкма), Алд/В-Ам/З/Хнг: Верхнеалданско-зейский/Чульманско-гилюйский (Томмот), Учр: Учурско-зейский (Зея), Урм: Буреинско-урмийско-амгунский (Чегдомын), Чмк: Чумиканский (Чумикан), А: Аянский (Аян), Сх: Сахалинский (Оха), Брг: Баргузинский (Усть-Баргузин) 4 И (turaki) uli, oli Е, Вл (turaki) oli Northern Олкм, Тнг (turaki) oli Алд, В-Ам, З, Хнг (turaki) oli Учр (turaki) oli, sor Урм gaki (oli) Eastern Чмк gaki oli, sor А (turaki) oli Сх gaku (oli) The words in other Altaic languages and east Siberian are shown in Fig. 4. Uralic languages, including a few dialects of Nenets, are shown in Fig. 5. Data are taken from dictionaries in which dialectal forms are not listed. “-” means that the corresponding word has not been found though its existence has not been discounted. Fig. 4: Other Tungusic, Altaic and East-Siberian languages crow raven Evenki in China Orochon turaki - Ewenke ule, ole/oli,torlaki/toraki - Solon - oli Other Tungusic Ewen turaki oli Negidal torahi oli Udehe ga'i, g'au vali Nanay gāki oli Uilta gaaji tuga Oroch gaki - Ulich gai oli Sibe ɢaχ - Paleosiberian Yukhagir parnā čomparnā Koryak wellǝ wellǝ Chukch welwǝn welwǝn Mongolic Buryat turlaax xiree Mongol xeree xar 5 Turkic Sakha turaax suor Dolgan - huor Tuva kaargan kuskun Altay karga kuskun Khakas xarɣa - Kazakh ala KarGa Kara KarGa Tatar ala qarɣa qosqon Bashkir qarɣa - Turkish karga kuzbun Fig. 5: Samoyedic and other Uralic languages crow raven Nenets (Tundra) Большеземельский varnge(s) xarnge(s) Ириуральский βarŋäe χarŋē, χùłłī, Таймырский βorŋe χarnēs Nenets (Forest) Ляминский vaɬny kuɬy Нялинский aɬŋī - Nganasan kulaʔa kulaʔa Selkup kǝrä külä Komi kirniš рака, raka Khanty vurŋi kölǝŋk Mansi urinekva xulax Mari korak - Udmurt kuaka, čana kyrnyž Finnish korppi varis Estonian ronk, kaaren vares Veps varshi kroikoi 4. Distribution and Analysis ① Same word for both “crow” and “raven” or two different words for them The map below shows whether or not the language uses one word for “crow” and “raven” (same form, derived form or a compounding form from a common word). 6 Map 3. How many words are used for “crow” and “raven”? Across the central area of Euroasia there are nearly always two different words used for “crow” and “raven”. On the other hand in the northern and southern rim areas there is only one word, though some of the languages distinguish the two kinds in form through word formation. This result is consistent with the distribution of the crow and raven but a few languages are exceptional. ② Phonological feature As for the initial sound of the words, the distribution is a little discriminatory. Most of the words have labial or laryngeal consonant in the onset position.