DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethnobotanical Study Among Ethnic Groups in the Shuiluo Valley, Southwest China: Local Knowledge of Ritual Plant Use

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethnobotanical Study Among Ethnic Groups in the Shuiluo Valley, Southwest China: Local Knowledge of Ritual Plant Use Ethnobotanical Study among Ethnic Groups in the Shuiluo Valley, Southwest China: Local Knowledge of Ritual Plant Use Master Thesis by Franziska Büeler 03-701-398 Submitted to Prof. Dr. Ulrike Müller-Böker Tutored by Dr. Caroline Weckerle and Prof. Dr. Ulrike Müller-Böker GEO 511 Master Thesis Department of Geography, University of Zurich October 2010 Contact: Franziska Büeler [email protected] Department of Human Geography, University Zurich Cover picture: Pumi woman holding the morning ritual on a flat roof, Siweng, Sichuan, China (Büeler 2010). TABLE OF CONTENTS FIGURES , TABLES , AND PHOTOGRAPHS ......................................................................... III ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. VI GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................. VII 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Framework of the study ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Objectives and Questions .......................................................................................... 2 2 THEORETICAL CONCEPTS ....................................................................................... 3 2.1 Ethnobotany.................................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Local Knowledge .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Local Knowledge versus Scientific Knowledge.................................................................. 5 3 SHUILUO VALLEY IN THE HENGUDAN MOUNTAINS , S OUTHWEST CHINA ...................... 7 3.1 Geographical Aspects.................................................................................................................. 7 3.1.1 Climate ............................................................................................................................... 8 3.1.2 Geology.............................................................................................................................. 8 3.1.3 Vegetation.......................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Population ................................................................................................................................... 10 3.2.1 Languages ....................................................................................................................... 10 3.2.2 Religion ............................................................................................................................ 11 3.2.3 Settlements ...................................................................................................................... 12 3.2.4 Agriculture and Livestock................................................................................................. 13 3.2.5 Goldwashing .................................................................................................................... 13 3.3 Ritual Plant Use........................................................................................................................... 15 3.3.1 Incense Plants ................................................................................................................. 15 3.3.2 Decoration Plants............................................................................................................. 16 3.3.3 Ritual Cleaning Plants...................................................................................................... 16 3.3.4 Uses by Ritual Specialists................................................................................................ 16 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 20 4.1 Data Collection............................................................................................................................ 20 4.1.1 CBD and Prior Informed Consent .................................................................................... 20 4.1.2 Access to the Field........................................................................................................... 20 4.1.3 Selection of the Villages, Households, and Experts ........................................................ 20 I 4.1.4 Interviews ......................................................................................................................... 22 4.1.5 Pile Sorts and Ranking or “Cultural Domain Analysis” .................................................... 23 4.1.6 Participatory Observation................................................................................................. 25 4.1.7 Plant Specimens .............................................................................................................. 25 4.2 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 26 4.2.1 Interviews and Observation Data..................................................................................... 26 4.2.2 Consensus Analysis of Pile Sorts .................................................................................... 26 4.2.3 Ranking Data ................................................................................................................... 27 4.3 Data Reliability and Validity....................................................................................................... 28 5 LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON RITUAL PLANT USE IN THE SHUILUO VALLEY ..................... 29 5.1 Ritual Plants and their Uses ...................................................................................................... 29 5.2 Ritual Plant Categories among the Villagers ........................................................................... 32 5.2.1 Dulu Village...................................................................................................................... 32 5.2.2 Xiwa Village...................................................................................................................... 38 5.2.3 Lanman Village ................................................................................................................ 40 5.2.4 Siweng Village ................................................................................................................. 43 5.2.5 Mianbang Village ............................................................................................................. 48 5.2.6 Qiubao Village.................................................................................................................. 51 5.3 Comparative Analysis of Ritual Plant Use in the Shuiluo Valley........................................... 52 5.3.1 Fresh Incense Plants ....................................................................................................... 54 5.3.2 Dried Incense Plants........................................................................................................ 56 5.3.3 Food Offering and Decoration.......................................................................................... 56 5.3.4 Ritual Cleaning Plants...................................................................................................... 59 5.3.5 Plants used by the Lama ................................................................................................. 61 5.3.6 Comparative Analysis among the northern and the southern Villages in the Shuiluo Valley ............................................................................................................................... 61 6 RITUAL PLANTS IN THE SHUILUO VALLEY : C ONCLUSION ......................................... 63 7 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 65 Online.................................................................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................. 76 Appendix I: Vegetation of the Hengduan Mountains....................................................................... 76 Appendix II: Wild and Cultivated Plants Contained in the Plant Set.............................................. 78 Appendix III: Cladograms of the Villages in the Shuiluo Valley ..................................................... 92 DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... 104 II FIGURES , TABLES , AND PHOTOGRAPHS Figures Figure 1: Location of the study area, visited villages are highlighted ................................................ 7 Figure 2: Hengduan Mountains altitudinal belt................................................................................... 9 Figure 3: Ranking data of fresh incense plants................................................................................ 55 Figure 4: Ranking
Load more

Recommended publications
  • L Catologue 14-15
    2014-2015 Catalogue Tel. 01454 310664 Opening times [email protected] Weekdays – 9.00am to 4.30pm – All year Saturday: 9.00am to 4.00pm Sep.– May www.landcaretrees.co.uk Other times by appointment. Landcare Catalogue for 2014-15 The catalogue has prices shown with VAT inclusive at time of going to press. Our website will have changes in stock and prices regularly updated throughout the year. We will use the website to bring you up to date stock of rootball and specimen plants as they arrive in the nursery. Ask about our horticultural trade accounts. About Landcare Landcare is an independent traditional nursery occupying an 8 acre site growing and caring for plants. We sell to the General Public, Landscapers and Garden Designers. We aim to provide healthy high quality plants, which we source from a number of growers or from our own field and nursery stock. We supply a wide range of trees and shrubs in containers, root balls or as bare root according to the season. We specialise in quality plants for hedging and trees up to 4m in height. We have a selection of herbaceous perennials, conifers, climbers and wildflowers. We are always making additions to our range of container grown plants. If you cannot see the plant you want in this catalogue, please ask as it may be available from our regular suppliers. Useful Information (H) denotes a plant that is “Harmful if eaten” (E) denotes a plant that is evergreen. Guide to tree sizes. We stock a large range of trees in 10 litre containers which are approximately 1.5-2.4m in height and readily transported in your car.
    [Show full text]
  • THE TONES of NUMERALS and NUMERAL-PLUS-CLASSIFIER PHRASES: on STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES BETWEEN NAXI, NA and LAZE* Alexis Michaud LACITO-CNRS
    Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Volume 34.1 — April 2011 THE TONES OF NUMERALS AND NUMERAL-PLUS-CLASSIFIER PHRASES: ON STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES BETWEEN NAXI, NA AND LAZE* Alexis Michaud LACITO-CNRS Abstract: Numeral-plus-classifier phrases have relatively complex tone patterns in Naxi, Na (a.k.a. Mosuo) and Laze (a.k.a. Shuitian). These tone patterns have structural similarities across the three languages. Among the numerals from ‘1’ to ‘10’, three pairs emerge: ‘1’ and ‘2’ always have the same tonal behaviour; likewise, ‘4’ and ‘5’ share the same tone patterns, as do ‘6’ and ‘8’. Even those tone patterns that are irregular in view of the synchronic phonology of the languages at issue are no exception to the structural identity within these three pairs of numerals. These pairs also behave identically in numerals from ‘11’ to ‘99’ and above, e.g. ‘16’ and ‘18’ share the same tone pattern. In view of the paucity of irregular morphology—and indeed of morphological alternations in general—in these languages, these structural properties appear interesting for phylogenetic research. The identical behaviour of these pairs of numerals originates in morpho- phonological properties that they shared at least as early as the stage preceding the separation of Naxi, Na and Laze, referred to as the Proto-Naish stage. Although no reconstruction can be proposed as yet for these shared properties, it is argued that they provide a hint concerning the phylogenetic closeness of the three languages. Keywords: tone; numerals; classifiers; morpho-tonology; Naxi; Na; Mosuo; Laze; Muli Shuitian; Naish languages; phylogeny. 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Interactions with Vascular and Non-Vascular Plants: an Investigation of Mutualisms and Their Roles in Heathland Regeneration
    Fungal interactions with vascular and non-vascular plants: an investigation of mutualisms and their roles in heathland regeneration JILL KOWAL A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON, DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES JUNE 16, 2016 1 Abstract Mycorrhizal mutualisms between aboveground vascular plant communities, which reward their belowground fungal associates with photosynthates in return for growth- limiting nutrients such as phosphate, are widely recognized as stable long-term interactions which helped plants colonize land. Pezoloma ericae (D.J. Read) Baral, an ascomycete mycorrhiza-forming fungus present amongst plants in the Ericales, such as heathers, also forms associations in several families of non-vascular leafy liverworts. Whether there is a mutually beneficial functional relationship between these leafy liverworts and the fungus growing in their rhizoids was previously unconfirmed. Furthermore, an ecological role of this ‘shared’ mycobiont and its link between vascular (Ericaceae) and non-vascular (liverworts) plants was also unknown. Thus the main questions asked in this dissertation are: 1) Is there a measurable mutually beneficial relationship between a liverwort and its fungal partner?; and, 2) Can liverworts harbouring the ericoid mycorrhiza P. ericae act as inoculum that facilitates the re- establishment of Ericaceae - and henceforth be proposed as a practical tool in a restoration ecology context. This is the first time British species of leafy liverworts are conclusively identified to harbour the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Pezoloma ericae using molecular identification. I have demonstrated a mutualism occurring between the leafy liverworts and their fungal symbiont in two independent microcosm growth experiments and confirmatory reciprocal trophic exchanges between phosphorus and carbon and the two organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Fungal Assemblages in Roots of Ericaceae in Two
    Diversity of fungal assemblages in roots of Ericaceae in two Mediterranean contrasting ecosystems Ahlam Hamim, Lucie Miche, Ahmed Douaik, Rachid Mrabet, Ahmed Ouhammou, Robin Duponnois, Mohamed Hafidi To cite this version: Ahlam Hamim, Lucie Miche, Ahmed Douaik, Rachid Mrabet, Ahmed Ouhammou, et al.. Diversity of fungal assemblages in roots of Ericaceae in two Mediterranean contrasting ecosystems. Comptes Rendus Biologies, Elsevier Masson, 2017, 340 (4), pp.226-237. 10.1016/j.crvi.2017.02.003. hal- 01681523 HAL Id: hal-01681523 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01681523 Submitted on 23 Apr 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315062117 Diversity of fungal assemblages in roots of Ericaceae in two Mediterranean contrasting ecosystems Article in Comptes rendus biologies · March 2017 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2017.02.003 CITATIONS READS 0 37 7 authors, including: Ahmed Douaik Rachid Mrabet Institut National de Recherche Agronomique
    [Show full text]
  • Livret Des Résumés Booklet of Abstracts
    34èmes Journées de Linguistique d’Asie Orientale JLAO34 34th Paris Meeting on East Asian Linguistics 7–9 juillet 2021 / July, 7th–9th 2021 Colloque en ligne / Online Conference LIVRET DES RÉSUMÉS BOOKLET OF ABSTRACTS Comité d’organisation/Organizing committee Raoul BLIN, Ludovica LENA, Xin LI, Lin XIAO [email protected] *** Table des matières / Table of contents *** Van Hiep NGUYEN (Keynote speaker): On the study of grammar in Vietnam Julien ANTUNES: Description et analyse de l’accent des composés de type NOM-GENITIF-NOM en japonais moderne Giorgio Francesco ARCODIA: On ‘structural particles’ in Sinitic languages: typology and diachrony Huba BARTOS: Mandarin Chinese post-nuclear glides under -er suffixation Bianca BASCIANO: Degree achievements in Mandarin Chinese: A comparison between 加 jiā+ADJ and 弄 nòng+ADJ verbs Etienne BAUDEL: Chinese and Sino-Japanese lexical items in the Hachijō language of Japan Françoise BOTTERO: Xu Shen’s graphic analysis revisited Tsan Tsai CHAN: Cartographic fieldwork on sentence-final particles – Three challenges and some ways around them Hanzhu CHEN & Meng CHENG: Corrélation entre l’absence d’article et la divergence lexicale Shunting CHEN, Yiming LIANG & Pascal AMSILI: Chinese Inter-clausal Anaphora in Conditionals: A Linear Regression Study Zhuo CHEN: Differentiating two types of Mandarin unconditionals: Their internal and external syntax Katia CHIRKOVA: Aspect, Evidentiality, and Modality in Shuhi Anastasia DURYMANOVA: Nouns and verbs’ syntactic shift: some evidences against Old Chinese parts-of- speech
    [Show full text]
  • THE FAROE ISLANDS SØREN ØDUM Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, ARBORETUM DK-2970 Hørsholm, DENMARK
    CHOICE OF SPECIES AND ORIGINS FOR ARBORICULTURE IN GREENLAND AND THE FAROE ISLANDS SØREN ØDUM Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, ARBORETUM DK-2970 Hørsholm, DENMARK Arter og racer af vedplanter egnet til dyrkning på Grønland og Færøerne. Key words: Abies lasiocarpa, Picea glauca, Pinus contorta, Larix sibirica, Nothofagus, treeline, subarctic, dendrology, plant geography, origin, provenance, acclimation, hardiness, afforestation, success, survival, climatic stress, Greenland, Faroe Islands. Contents Abstract 5 Introduction 6 The Faroe Islands 8 Nature conditions 8 Introduction and planting of exotics 8 Climatically matching areas providing well adapting material 10 Western North America 13 Eastern North America 17 Iceland 17 Europe 17 Kaukasus 19 East Asian cloud forests 19 South America 20 Tasmania 22 New Zealand 22 Exceptions 22 Species failing to adapt 22 Discussion and suggestions 23 Plant geographical aspects 23 Pioneer species 24 North America 26 Europe and West Asia 28 East Asia 29 Southern Hemisphere 30 Greenland 33 Nature conditions 33 Introduction and planting of exotics 35 Results in the South 37 North America 40 Species and origins failing to improve 48 Eurasia 48 Species and origins failing to improve 54 Results in the North 54 Discussion and suggestions 56 General conclusions 61 Acknowledgements 63 Dansk sammendrag 65 References 73 Abstract In the North Atlantic the climatic conditions close to the shores of the Faroe Isles (62°N) and at the interior fiords of SW-Greenland (60°-61°N) indicate potential boreal forest zones. The results of arboriculture and afforestation attempts during a century in the Faroe Isles and 30 years in Greenland illucidate the phytogeographical position of these areas and suggest from which regions further species and origins should be introduced.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant List for VC54, North Lincolnshire
    Plant List for Vice-county 54, North Lincolnshire 3 Vc61 SE TA 2 Vc63 1 SE TA SK NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE TF 9 8 Vc54 Vc56 7 6 5 Vc53 4 3 SK TF 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 Paul Kirby, 31/01/2017 Plant list for Vice-county 54, North Lincolnshire CONTENTS Introduction Page 1 - 50 Main Table 51 - 64 Summary Tables Red Listed taxa recorded between 2000 & 2017 51 Table 2 Threatened: Critically Endangered & Endangered 52 Table 3 Threatened: Vulnerable 53 Table 4 Near Threatened Nationally Rare & Scarce taxa recorded between 2000 & 2017 54 Table 5 Rare 55 - 56 Table 6 Scarce Vc54 Rare & Scarce taxa recorded between 2000 & 2017 57 - 59 Table 7 Rare 60 - 61 Table 8 Scarce Natives & Archaeophytes extinct & thought to be extinct in Vc54 62 - 64 Table 9 Extinct Plant list for Vice-county 54, North Lincolnshire The main table details all the Vascular Plant & Stonewort taxa with records on the MapMate botanical database for Vc54 at the end of January 2017. The table comprises: Column 1 Taxon and Authority 2 Common Name 3 Total number of records for the taxon on the database at 31/01/2017 4 Year of first record 5 Year of latest record 6 Number of hectads with records before 1/01/2000 7 Number of hectads with records between 1/01/2000 & 31/01/2017 8 Number of tetrads with records between 1/01/2000 & 31/01/2017 9 Comment & Conservation status of the taxon in Vc54 10 Conservation status of the taxon in the UK A hectad is a 10km.
    [Show full text]
  • 12. RHODODENDRON Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 392. 1753
    Flora of China 14: 260–455. 2005. 12. RHODODENDRON Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 392. 1753. 杜鹃属 du juan shu Fang Mingyuan (方明渊), Fang Ruizheng (方瑞征 Fang Rhui-cheng), He Mingyou (何明友), Hu Linzhen (胡琳贞 Hu Ling-cheng), Yang Hanbi (杨汉碧 Yang Han-pi); David F. Chamberlain Shrubs or trees, terrestrial or epiphytic, with various hairs, and/or with peltate scales or glabrous, indumentum sometimes detersile (the hairs tangled and coming away as a layer). Leaves evergreen, deciduous or semideciduous, alternate, sometimes clustered at stem apex; margin entire, very rarely crenulate, abaxial indumentum sometimes with a pellicle (a thin skinlike layer on the surface). Inflorescence a raceme or corymb, mostly terminal, sometimes lateral, few- to many-flowered, sometimes reduced to a single flower. Calyx persistent, 5–8-lobed, sometimes reduced to a rim, lobes minute and triangular to large and conspicuous. Corolla funnelform, campanulate, tubular, rotate or hypocrateriform, regular or slightly zygomorphic, 5(–8)-lobed, lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 5–10(–27), inserted at base of corolla, usually declinate; filaments linear to filiform, glabrous or pilose towards base; anthers without appendages, opening by terminal or oblique pores. Disk usually thick, 5–10(–14)-lobed. Ovary 5(–18)-locular, with hairs and/or scales, rarely glabrous. Style straight or declinate to deflexed, persistent; stigma capitate-discoid, crenate to lobed. Capsule cylindrical, coniform, or ovoid, sometimes curved, dehiscent from top, septicidal; valves thick or thin, straight or twisted. Seeds very numerous, minute, fusiform, always winged, or both ends with appendages or thread-like tails. About 1000 species: Asia, Europe, North America, two species in Australia; 571 species (409 endemic) in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Approaching the Prosodic System of Shixing∗
    LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 10.3:539-568, 2009 2009-0-010-003-000299-1 Approaching the Prosodic System of Shixing∗ Katia Chirkova Alexis Michaud CNRS, CRLAO CNRS, LACITO This article focuses on the prosodic organization of Shixing, a tonal Sino- Tibetan language spoken in the South-West of China. It is essentially based on an experiment that explores the derivational relationship between the three contrastive tones on monosyllables, /H/, /L/ and /HL/, and the three contrastive tones on phonological words of two syllables or more, likewise /H/, /L/ and /HL/. The process of tone derivation in phonological words of two syllables or more is determined by the presence or absence of lexical tone on the initial element of the phonological word (a morpheme or a word) as well as by the length and compo- sition of the phonological word. The observed phenomena of tone derivation are here explained under the assumption that a prosodic domain in Shixing is characterized by metrical stress, which is the location for the insertion of either of the three lexical tones. The default location of stress is domain-initial. The lexical tone of a stressed syllable in initial position spreads onto the remaining syllables, followed, in the case of the lexical /L/ tone, by the addition of a postlexical [H] tone. In tonal domains that begin with a toneless syllable (e.g. prefix or proclitic), stress is shifted to the first stressable syllable to its right; the contrast between /L/ and /HL/ neutralizes to /L/, while /H/ remains unchanged. When the first stressable syllable is two syllables apart from the domain-initial position, all three tones are neutralized to /L/.
    [Show full text]
  • The Red List of Rhododendrons
    The Red List of Rhododendrons Douglas Gibbs, David Chamberlain and George Argent BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI) is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100 countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation, sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI) , founded in 1903 and the International, Richmond, UK world’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conserve © 2011 Botanic Gardens Conservation International threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that are sustainable, are based on sound science and take account of ISBN: 978-1-905164-35-6 human needs. Reproduction of any part of the publication for educational, conservation and other non-profit purposes is authorized without prior permission from the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN is undertaken through a partnership between FFI and BGCI, working with a wide range of other The designation of geographical entities in this document and the presentation of the material do not organizations around the world, to save the world’s most threatened trees imply any expression on the part of the authors and the habitats in which they grow through the provision of information, or Botanic Gardens Conservation International delivery of conservation action and support for sustainable use.
    [Show full text]
  • Shǐxīng, a Sino-Tibetan Language
    Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Volume 32.1 — April 2009 , A SINO-TIBETAN LANGUAGE OF SOUTH-WEST CHINA: SHǏXĪNG ∗ A GRAMMATICAL SKETCH WITH TWO APPENDED TEXTS Katia Chirkova Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l’Asie Orientale, CNRS Abstract: This article is a brief grammatical sketch of Shǐxīng, accompanied by two analyzed and annotated texts. Shǐxīng is a little studied Sino-Tibetan language of South-West China, currently classified as belonging to the Qiangic subgroup of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Based on newly collected data, this grammatical sketch is deemed as an enlarged and elaborated version of Huáng & Rénzēng’s (1991) outline of Shǐxīng, with an aim to put forward a new description of Shǐxīng in a language that makes it accessible also to a non-Chinese speaking audience. Keywords: Shǐxīng; Qiangic; Mùlǐ 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Location, name, people The Shǐxīng 史兴语 language is spoken by approximately 1,800 people who reside along the banks of the Shuǐluò 水洛 river in Shuǐluò Township of Mùlǐ Tibetan Autonomous County (WT smi li rang skyong rdzong). This county is part of Liángshān Yí Autonomous Prefecture in Sìchuān Province in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Shuǐluò Township, where the Shǐxīng language is spoken, is situated in the western part of Mùlǐ (WT, variously, smi li, rmi li, mu li or mu le). Mùlǐ is a mountainous and forested region of 13,246.38 m2 at an average altitude of 3,000 meters above sea level. Before the establishment of the PRC in 1949, Mùlǐ was a semi-independent theocratic kingdom, ruled by hereditary lama kings.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of Southeast Asia
    Jiarong Horpa Zhaba Amdo Tibetan Guiqiong Queyu Horpa Wu Chinese Central Tibetan Khams Tibetan Muya Huizhou Chinese Eastern Xiangxi Miao Yidu LuobaLanguages of Southeast Asia Northern Tujia Bogaer Luoba Ersu Yidu Luoba Tibetan Mandarin Chinese Digaro-Mishmi Northern Pumi Yidu LuobaDarang Deng Namuyi Bogaer Luoba Geman Deng Shixing Hmong Njua Eastern Xiangxi Miao Tibetan Idu-Mishmi Idu-Mishmi Nuosu Tibetan Tshangla Hmong Njua Miju-Mishmi Drung Tawan Monba Wunai Bunu Adi Khamti Southern Pumi Large Flowery Miao Dzongkha Kurtokha Dzalakha Phake Wunai Bunu Ta w an g M o np a Gelao Wunai Bunu Gan Chinese Bumthangkha Lama Nung Wusa Nasu Wunai Bunu Norra Wusa Nasu Xiang Chinese Chug Nung Wunai Bunu Chocangacakha Dakpakha Khamti Min Bei Chinese Nupbikha Lish Kachari Ta se N a ga Naxi Hmong Njua Brokpake Nisi Khamti Nung Large Flowery Miao Nyenkha Chalikha Sartang Lisu Nung Lisu Southern Pumi Kalaktang Monpa Apatani Khamti Ta se N a ga Wusa Nasu Adap Tshangla Nocte Naga Ayi Nung Khengkha Rawang Gongduk Tshangla Sherdukpen Nocte Naga Lisu Large Flowery Miao Northern Dong Khamti Lipo Wusa NasuWhite Miao Nepali Nepali Lhao Vo Deori Luopohe Miao Ge Southern Pumi White Miao Nepali Konyak Naga Nusu Gelao GelaoNorthern Guiyang MiaoLuopohe Miao Bodo Kachari White Miao Khamti Lipo Lipo Northern Qiandong Miao White Miao Gelao Hmong Njua Eastern Qiandong Miao Phom Naga Khamti Zauzou Lipo Large Flowery Miao Ge Northern Rengma Naga Chang Naga Wusa Nasu Wunai Bunu Assamese Southern Guiyang Miao Southern Rengma Naga Khamti Ta i N u a Wusa Nasu Northern Huishui
    [Show full text]