Some Aspects of Hieroglyphic Luwian Terumasa Oshiro

SOME ASPECTS OF HIEROGLYPHIC LUWIAN

TERUMASA OSHIRO*

The language of Hittite Hieroglyphs is obviously a member of the Luwian branch in Anatolian,(1) but at the earlier stage of its decipherment, similar elements between this language and Hittite were plausibly pointed out, so that it was called Hieroglyphic Hittite. (2) In fact, however, it has a greater affinity with Cuneiform Luwian or Lycian than with Hittite. Furthermore, during the last twenty years, owing to the revision of phonetic values proposed by J. D. Hawkins,(3) it became more and more clear that this language had a much closer linguistic relationship with Cun.Luw. and Lyc., which allowed us to speak of a Luwian sub-group of Anatolian. Now we can properly call it Hieroglyphic Luwian.(4) It is none the less important that there are some peculiar features in this language, especially, concerning the linguistic features shared with or comparable to Hittite, such as the -hi conjugation, subordinate conjunctions, the local abverb and the -anta adverbial formation, which are discussed in this article.

I. The -hi Verbal Conjugation

A) 3rd sing. pres.: -i/-ia ending There are two verbal conjugations in Hittite: -mi conjugation and -hi conjugation.(5) The -mi conjugation, whose first sing, pres. ends in -mi, corresponds in general to the I. E, present system, but the -hi conjugation presumably corresponds in form to the I. E. perfect, and is considered as the innovated formation which was created on the basis of the perfect forms. The distinction of the ending forms between -mi and -hi conjugations can be attested merely in the 1, 2 and 3 person singular, and no distinction is found in the plural forms. In Hieroglyphic Luwian verbal endings, we can find -ti (cf. Hitt. -mi conj.: -zi <-*ti) and -i/-ia (cf. Hitt. -hi conj.: -i) in the third person sing. present. Further, the -i forms alternate in the same verbal stems with the -ia forms, which indicates, no doubt, that both -i and -ia forms equally denote the 3rd sing. pres.

* Associate Professor, Kyoto Sangyo University.

Vol. XXII 1986 73 ending, thus corresponding to the -i third person sing, pres. ending of the Hittite -hi conjugation.(6) Thus we can classify these instances as follows: a) Verbs with both -i and -ia forms (9 verbs):(7) a-sa5-za-i/d-sa5-za-ia 'speak; pi pa-sa-i/pi-pa-sa-ia 'give'; CAPERE-i, la-i/ CAPERE-ia(8) 'take; CRUS-i/CRUS-ia 'trample; CRUS. CRUS-is-za-i, CRUS. CRUS-i/CRUS. CRUS(-) ni-za-ia 'go across'; MALLEUS-i/MAL- LEUS-ia 'crush'; PONERE-wa/i-i/PONERE-wa/i-ia 'put'; REL-sa-i/REL- sa-i-ia 'fear'; SCRIBA+RA/I(-)ta-i/SCRIBA+RA/I(-)ta-ia '?' b) Verbs with -i forms only (15 verbs): a-la-sa-i '?'; ("*471") d-za-i '?'; i-zi-i-sa-ta-i respect; mu-wa/i-i strengthen'; pa-nu-wa/i-i '?'; pa-sa-REL-i neglect';(9) pa-za-i 'bring'; pi-ia-i, DARE-i 'give'; sa5-sa5(+ra/i)-la-i 'dedicate'; u-pa-i 'give ?'; LITUUS+pa-la-ni-ia-i 'look upon as'; LITUUS. LITUUS-na-i 'see'; MANUS. *218(-)la/i/u-ha-i 'i nfringe'; SOLIUM-MI-sa-i(10) 'occupy'; *261(-)ta-pa-i '?' c) Verbs with -ia forms only (5 verbs): a-la-na-za-ia 'hope'; (VAS)pa+ra/i-a+ra/i-ia 'seek'; sa5+ra/i-wa/i-ia '?'; wa/i+ra/i-ia-ia 'help'; *480+RA/I-ia '?' In addition, the number of -ti ending verbs sums up 28, and as A. Mor- purgo-Davies clearly indicates, the -ti forms alternate in parallel or identical contexts with the -i/-ia forms.(11) Thus we can say that -i/-ia forms never indicate an exceptional verbal formation, but are already fixed as the third person sing. pres. ending in this language. Further some scholars assert that the -i ending forms are also attested in Cun.Luw., Palaic and Lyc.,(12) but we are not yet in a position to make any positive statement, evidence being definitely scarce. B) 2nd sing. pres.: -ti-sa ending There are also -si and -ti-sa (-*tis) forms in the second person sing, pres. ending. The -si form will surely correspond to the Hittite -mi conj. ending: -si. But the -ti-sa ending is a perculiar form, which will be analyzed into -*ti and -*s(a). A. Morpurgo-Davies indicates that -*ti seems to be the inherited form from the Hittite -hi conjugational ending -ti.(13) (1) ASSUR g, 1 a-pi-wa/i-a+ra/i-i 11 ("*78") a-ru-ti-sa ni-pa-wa/i+ra/i-i NEG2-' wa/i-mi- LITUUS-si a-wa/i-i LITUUS+na-ti-sa REL-ta-ha 10 ("*78") a-ru-ti-na wa/i- mu-u VIA-wa/i-ni "To you there are 11 ARUTIS (?), dont you find them? and wherever

74 ORIENT SOME ASPECTS OF HIEROGLYPHIC LUWIAN

you see 10 ARUTI'S(?), send (them) to me." For a similar instance, see ASSUR c, 4. This ending is also attested in ASSUR c, 3 (u-si-ti-sa "you bring"); ASSUR e, 4 and g, 2 (*77+RA/I-ti-sa "you promise). And outside the ASSUR letters, we also find the -ti-sa form in the BOYBEYPINARI inscription. (2) BOYBEYPINARI IV D, 1 a-wa/i LITUUS+na-ti-sa hu-pi-ta-ta-ta-ti[-wa/i?] REL-a-ti sa-ka-ta-li-sa- wa/i In this case, if we assume that REL-a-ti is a relative conjunction and hupitatat-ati will be the abl./inst., sg./pl, noun (supplying a connective particle -wa), 'a-wa/i LITUUS+na-ti-sa' will probably form a separate clause. Thus sa- ka-ta-li-sa-wa/i is considered as the 1st sing. pres. verbal form (cf. -wa/i=-*wi; not a connective particle -*wa), which would mean 'damage' (cf. sakatala- ' damage': iterative verb=sakatali-sa-). Thus the present passage would mean tentatively "and you see when from/with HUPITATAT I damage ....", but the passage is too obscure to be discussed in detail.(14) As already mentioned above, Morpurgo-Davies analyzes -ti-sa into -*ti (cf. -hi conj.: -ti) and an additional element -*s(a). According to her opinion, the -*s(a) additional element is recognized as a reproductive form from the 2nd sing, pres. element attested in I. E. (-*si) or in Anatolian (-mi conj.: -si). But since such forms are not attested outside the ASSUR letters, we can not assume the coexistence of -si/-ti-sa forms comparable to the 3rd sing. pres. -ti/-i endings. The -ti-sa ending may be preferably assumed as a fragmentary, innovated form found in ASSUR letter inscriptions. C) 2nd sing, pret.: -ta ending A. Morpurgo-Davies also suggests that the -ta forms in Hieroglyphic Luwian denote the -hi conj. ending corresponding to the Hittite -hi conj. ending -ta (cf. Hitt. 2nd sing. pret.: -mi conj. -s: -hi conj. -ta).(15) According to her opinion, this form in Hier. Luw, would be the 2nd sing. pret ending, but again evidence is definitely scanty, and all the instances are attested only in the ASSUR letters. It is thus difficult to make any definite statement about the attestation of the -hi conj. -ta form in Hieroglyphic Luwian. We can merely cite three instances found in the following passages in ASSUR, a, letter. (3) ASSUR a, 1-3 a-sa5-za REL-pa-ti-wa/i+ra/i-ia ta-ka-sa-la-sa-wa/i-i ("LOQUI")ha-ri+i-ti-i sa-na-wa/i+ra/i PUGNUS. PUGNUS-si a-ZU-za-ha-wa/i-za a-pi ha-tu-a+ra/i Vol. XXII 1986 75 u-nu-ha-wa/i-to-u-ta u-za-ri+i ARHA-' pa+ra/i-a+ra/i-ha wa/i-mu-i ha-tu+ra/i-na NEG2-' ma-nu-ha ("LOQUI"-') pu pa-la-ta-' NEG2-' -wa/i tara/i-pa-i-mi-i-saca-na a-pa-ha "PES2"(-)a+ra/i-ta Ka+ra/i-mi-sa(URBS) (*78) a-tu-ni-na-wa/i-mu-u REL-za NEG2-' ma-nu-ha VIA-wa/i-ni-ta ARHA-ha-wa/i-mu-u REL-ri+i MORI-ha-na wa/i-mu-u u-za+ra/i-i "*476.*311"(-) a-li-ia-ta "Speak to Hwipatiwara, Taksala says: you will live well. We ourselves (are) to write again: Now I asked you (sg.) in your (pl.) (letter?). You didn't write a letter to me. Didn't Tarpami move this or that to Karkamis? Why didn't you send to me the ATUNI? As for me, as if we had died, you ALIYA-ed me in your (pl.) (letter?)." As assumed by Morpurgo-Davies, ("LOQUI")pu-pa-la-ta, VIA-wa/i-ni-ta and "*476.*311"(-)a-li-ia-ta may be surely considered as the 2nd sing. pret. verbal form, but we can also recognize -ta forms as the 3rd sing. pret. ending. Thus it should be noted that the -ta forms will be used either as the 2nd sing. pret. or as the 3rd sing. pret, in Hieroglyphic Luwian. Such a contaminated aspect is parallel to Hittite, especially Neo-Hittite texts.(16)

Accordingly, it is impossible to define whether the -ta is an inherited form from the 2nd sing. pret. ending of the -hi conjugation, or a contaminated form innovated analogically on the basis of the identical ending of sg.2/sg.3 in Hittite. In conclusion, the so-called -hi conj. forms outside -i/-ia forms in Hier. Luw. are only fragmentary or have much scanty evidence. As mentioned above, the -i/-ia form is clearly considered as a definite reliable ending which denotes the -hi conjugation, of which formation would trace back to Proto-Anatolian. However, we can not discuss here why the 3rd sing. pres. forms in Hieroglyphic Luwian merely preserve such -mi/-hi contrastive endings.

76 ORIENT SOME ASPECTS OF HIEROGLYPHIC LUWIAN

IL The Subordinate Conjunctions(17)

A) ku-ma-na The Hier. Luw. ku-ma-na is a subordinate conjunction, which in general denotes 'temporal'. This word is clearly parallel to the Hittite kuitman indicat- ing 'durative' or 'temporal', which we can translate into "while, as long as, when".(18) (4) Hitt. KBo III 4, Vs. I, 3-4 ku-it-ma-an-za-kan A-NA GISGU.ZA. A-BI-IA na-ui a-es-ha-at nu-mu a-ra-ah- ze-na-as KUR. KURMES LUKUR hu-u-ma-an-te-esku-u-ru-ri-ia-ah-hi-ir "When I had not occupied my father's throne yet, the surrounding enemy - countries came to attack me." (5) Hitt KBo VI 3, Vs. I, 26-27 nu [E-ri-is-si] an-ni-es-ki-iz-zi ku-it-ma-na-as SIG5-at-ta-ri "As long as he is healthy, he has to work at his (=sufferer) house." The Hittite kuitman will be analyzed into the conjunction knit and the conditional conjunction man. Similarly it is certain that the Hier. Luw. ku- ma-na is also understood as kuman<*kuiman <*kuitman. (19) (6) KARKAMI A. 11, a, 4-5(20) a-wa/i *325-mi-ia DEUS. DOMUS-sa ku-ma-na AEDIFICARE-MI-ha wa/i- mu-ta-' za-zi (SCALPRUM)ku-ta-sa5+ra/i-zi POST-ni PES-wa/i-ta "And when I built the foundation of the temple, they brought these orthostats for me." (7) ASSUR f, 2 u-nu-pa-wa/i-za NEG2-' tu-wa/i-ri+i ha-tu-a+ra/i wa/i-ri+i-i ku-ma-na ha-tu-a+ra/i wa/i-ca ni-i-' ma-nu-ha ARHA-' "*69" (-)sa-si-i "Now, to us (there is) nothing for writing from you. When you (are) to write for you, don't miss us again." For similar instances, see TELL AHMAR I, 3; A. 2, 1; A. 3, 3; A. 5, a, 1; A. 6, 3 etc. The phonetic change of the Hier. Luw. relative forms (*kw-) into hw- has been generally accepted,(21) but ku-ma-na remains a peculiar form, which didn't undergo this linguistic change. So we can safely assume that this word was formed or introduced after this change had occurred in all *kw- sounds of Hieroglyphic Luwian. At any rate, this form is in certain considered as Vol. XXII 1986 77 identical with the Hittite kuitman. B) REL-i (=*hwi) REL-i will be originally interpreted as *kuit (cf. Hitt, kuit <*kwid), but the final -t is perfectly omitted in Luwian languages. Accordingly, the Hier. Luw. REL-i will be in form parallel to kui in Cun. Luw., knit in Hitt. or in Palaic, and qid in Lydian. This form is originally a relative pronoun (N.-A, sing. neuter) of *kwi- forms, but it also gained the function of the subordinate conjunction, which would denote 'temporal'. Such a syntactic development is surely attested merely in Hittite and in Hieroglyphic Luwian.(22) (8) BOHCA, 3-4 a-mi-zi-ha<-wa/i> td-ti-zi AVUS-ha-zi-ha[-'] REL-i (ANIMAL) "EQUUS <">-su sa-ta la-u-na REL "PES2. PES2"(-)ta-ta REL-pa-wa/i (DEUS) CERVUS2-ti-ja-[sa] NEG2-' REL-ha-na wa/i+[ra/i-]a-ta "And when my fathers and grandfathers (=ancestor) came to take (such) horse(s) as (there) were, Runtiya didn't help at all." (9) A. 23, 4-5 wa/i-ta-' (CRUX)wa/i-la-ha REL-i wa/i-ta-' (DEUS)Ku+AVIS-pa-na Kar- ka-mi-si-za-na(URBS) MAGNUS. DOMINA-sa5+ra/i-na POST-ni SOLIUM- nu-wa/i-ha "When I fell ill, I set up Kubaba, the queen of Karkamis again." For similar instances, see A. 1, a, 3 and 4; A. 6, 6 and 7; TELL AHMAR I, 4; SULTANHAN 3; IZGIN A, 2; ASSUR e, 2. Furthermore, the Hittite kuit is also used as the 'causal' conjunction and, in addition, it gained even the function of the subordinate conjunction (cf. Eng. 't hat'; Ger. 'dass') leading a noun clause.(23) (10) Hitt. KB0 III 4, Vs. I, 16-17 A-BU-IA-ma-kan I-NA KUR URUMi-it-to-an-ni ku-it an-da a-sa-an-du-li-es-ki-it na-as-kan a-sa-an-du-li an-da is-ta-an-da-a-it "As my father stayed in Mitanni for a long time, so he was late on account of (his) stay." (11) Hitt. KB0 IV 4, Vs. II, 4-5 nu ma-ah-ha-an a-us-to [an-da]-kan ku-it ha-at-ki-es-nu-ua-an-te-es "And when he knew that they closed in upon him, ...." We can quote many similar instances in Hittite contexts. C) REL-a J. D. Hawkins assumes the word REL-a as the subordinate conjunction. 78 ORIENT SOME ASPECTS OF HIEROGLYPHIC LUWIAN If the writing -a in REL-a is validly a phonetic complement, we can consider this form as *hwa(t) corresponding to kuuat in Hittite, which will denote 'cau- cal'.(24) (12) Hitt. KB0 XIX, 112, Rs. 8 ku-ua-at-za U-UL e-za[-at-to-ni] "Why don't you (pl.) eat?" (13) A. 1, a, 2 SUB-na-pa-wa/i-ma-za-na REL-a LITUUS-na-ha wa/i-sa-' AV US-ha-ti mi-i-sa-' URBS-MI-ni-sa ...-na-.... This passage is too obscure to allow interpretation of the whole sentence, since regrettably this part of the inscribed evidence is partially broken. Haw- kins' tentative translation is: "And since I despised him for them, he - -ed ... of my city for ancestor."(25) In brief, it is more likely that ku-ma-na, REL-i and REL-a will be possibly parallel to kuitman, kuit and kuuat in Hittite.

III. The Local Adverbs

A) SUB-na-na and INFRA-ta(26) There is a clear difference between Luwian and Hittite in the formation of the so-called local adverbs with the meaning of "under": Cun. Luw. annan, Lyc. ene (<*annan); Hitt. katta(n), Lyd. kat-.(27) The Luwian forms would trace back to the Pre-Luwian form *annan, which will be considered as a peculiar innovated form in Pre-Luwian which we can not still explain from the viewpoint of I. E. comparative study. Further, of interest is the fact that in Hieroglyphic Luwian there are two words with the meaning of "under": SUB-na-na and INFRA-ta. SUB-na-na is clearly the word inherited from the Common Luwian form, which will be interpreted as *anan. (14) KARATEPE XXII a-mu-pa-wa/i-ma-ta (LITUUS+)A-za-ti-wa/i+ra/i-sa ("PES)pa-ta-za SUB-na-na PONERE-ha "And I, Azatiwata, put them under my feet." In this case, SUB-na-na has the function of a postposition, which governs the preceding noun ("PES") pa-ta-za of the dative singular. For similar instances of the postposition, see A. 13, d, 3; SULTANHAN 3. (15) A. 31/32, 3 Vol. XXII 1986 79 Kar-ka-mi-sa-pa-wa/i(URBS) CASTRUM Pi-na-ta-wa/i-na(URBS) SUB-na-na i-zi-i-ha "I subjected the Pinatean fortresses to Ka rkamis." SUB-na-na cited above is considered as a preverb, which is connected with the verb izi- 'make' and these words mean 'subject, entrust'. For similar instances, see TELL AHMAR I, 4 and 5; A. 1, a, 2; A. 11, a, 2 etc. As mentioned above, annan in Cuneiform Luwian is in form parallel to SUB-na-na in Hier. Luw., but we can merely cite one passage as follows: (16) Cun. Luw. KUB XXXV, 36, III, 29 a-du-ua-an an-na-a-an pa-a-ta-an-za du-u-ua-an-du "Let them put it under (their) feet for him." In this case, annan is apparently used as a preposition which governs patanza (dat. pl.), but this being the only attestation of such a function, we can not clearly understand the development of the preposition in this language. In marked contrast, we can cite various kinds of preposition in Lycian, such as epn/apn, ese, ene, eti, hrppi and ntewe. In particular, the word ene is parallel to annan in Cun. Luw. and SUB-na-na in Hier. Luw. (17) Lyc. TL, 67 ebenne prnnawa me ti prnnawate χluwanimi hrppi ladi ehbi se tideime [e]hbije ene

Periklehe χntawata(28) "χluwannimi set up this building (=grave) for his wife and children under- strategus of Perikie." For similar instances, see TL, 43, 2; TL, 77, 2; TL, 83, 5; TL, 103, 2; TL, 132, 1. On the contrary, INFRA-ta is apparently compared with katta in Hittite, so this word will be safely interpreted as *kata. (18) KARATEPE XXX INFRA-ta-ha-wa/i-ta (SOLIUM) i-sa-nu-ha (DEUS) ORIENS-mi VERSUS- na a-mi-ia-za-ta (FINES)i+ra/i-hd-za "I moved them down towards the east on my frontiers." (19) KARABRUN, 3 Si-pi-ia-pa-wa/i-ta Ni-is-sa-na Ha+ra/i-na-wa/i-ni-sa(URBS) (DEUS)Ku+AVIS-ia ku-ma-pi to-wa/i INFRA-ta a-za-tu "for Sipi, Nis' son, let the Haranean people swallow down his eyes with Kubaba." It should be noted that INFRA-ta is merely used as a preverb. In addi- 80 ORIENT SOME ASPECTS OF HIEROGLYPHIC LUWIAN tion, this word would signify the 'directional' or 'dynamic' nuance in the contexts. In contrast, it is clear that SUB-na-na is the local adverb which signifies the 'locative' or 'static' nuance in the contexts. This statement was already pointed out by E. Laroche, but not discussed in detail.(29) B) -a(n)ta adverbial formation There are some -anda adverbs in Hittite: appanda 'after', kattanda 'under', arahzanda 'around', parranda 'behind', parijanda 'behind'. These words are surely created on the basis of such local adverbs as appa, katta, arahza, pard, and parija. In Hier. Luw., we can also cite some -anta adverbs,(30) of which formation is parallel to the Hittite -anda adverbs: INFRA-ta-ta (*kata(n)ta: Hitt. kattanda), POST+RA/I-ta (*apa(n)ta: Hitt. appanda)(31) and SUPER+RA/I-ta (*sara(n)ta). In particular, SUPER+RA/I-ta in Hier. Luw. appears to be a peculiar, isolated form among Anatolian. And of interest is the fact that this word will surely signify the 'locative' or 'static' nuance in the contexts, and is functionally compared with ser 'on, over' in Hittite. (20) Hitt. StBoT 8, II, 34-35 MUSENha-a-ra-n[a-an] ERINMES-an[-n]a LUGAL-a[s] SAL. LUGAL-as-sa se-e[-ir-se-me-it] ua-ah-nu-me-ni "We swing the eagle and the troop over them, the king and the queen." (21) KARATEPE VIII-X (ANIMAL. EQUUS) (a)-su-ha-wa/i-ta (EQUUS)a-su-wa/i SUPER+RA/I-ta i-zi-i-ha EXERCITUS-la/i-za-pa-wa/i-ta EXERCITUS-la/i-ni SUPER+RA/I- ta i-zi-i-ha ("*272")har-li-pa-wa/i-ta ("*272")har-li SUPER+RA/I-ta i-zi-i- ha "I made horse upon horse, and I made army upon army, and I mad e shield upon shield." For similar instances, see KARATEPE LII; A. 6, 7. It would be likely that the -ants elements in Hieroglyphic Luwian are also 'productive' for the adverbial formation, as attested in Hittite.

In conclusion, we are not in a position to emphasize merely the relationship between Hittite and Hieroglyphic Luwian, since we can not ignore a much greater affinity between Hieroglyphic Luwian and the other Luwian languages. However, of interest is the fact that Hier. Luw. indicates a peculiar linguistic position among the Luwian languages, as pointed out above, in particular by the comparative study of the features shared with Hittite. Thus, we can assume Vol. XXII 1986 81 these similar features either as the borrowing elements from Hittite, or as the conservative elements tracing back to Proto-Anatolian, which Hittite also preserves. Further, there are some personal names in Hier. Luw. inscriptions, which derive from Hittite royal names:(32) 1) BOYBEYPINARI: PURUS. FONS-mi (Kummuh country, husband's name of the author)=Hitt.: Suppiluliuma or KU. TUL-ma 2) BOYBEYPINARI: HA+LI-i-sa (son's name of the author)=Hitt.: Hattisili or I GISPA.DINGIRLIM 3) MARAS I, 2: Mu-wa/i-ta-li-sa (prince's name of Mara)=Hitt.: Muuatali. 4) IZGIN A, 8-9: A+ra/i-nu-wa/i-ti-ia(dat.) (prince's name of Malatya)= Hitt.: Arnuuanda 5) ISPEKCUR I: A+ra/i-nu-wa/i-ti-sa (king's name of Malayta)=Hitt.: Arnuuanda In addition, we can cite Sa-pa-lu-ul-me, Lu-bar-na and Li-bur-na of Hattina or Patina land (Unqi country) in Assyrian texts.(33) These countries mentioned above were under the influence of Hittite, as assumed by Hawkins.(34) In fact, it is probable that most countries of the Luwian people were influenced by the Hittite cultural remains, thus it is not unthinkable that the language of Hieroglyphs would be also influenced by the waves of 'Hittitism', though this language did link up closely with the other Luwian languages.

Notes * The transliteration of Hieroglyphic Luwian used in this paper is as tabulated in J. D. Hawkins, A. Morpurgo-Davies and G. Neumann, "Hittite Hieroglyphs and Luwian: new evidence for the connection," Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Gottingen, Phil.-Hist. Klasse, Nr. 6, 1973, esp. pp. 192-193 (abbreviated HHL). Further, note a series of supplementary tables or indicationsby Hawkins. (1) N. Oettinger, "Die Gliederung des anatolischen Sprachgebietes," KZ, 92, 1978, pp. 74-92; F. Starke, "Die Kasusendungen der luwischen Sprachen," Fs. fur G. Neumann, 1982, pp. 407-425; T. Oshiro, "On the subgrouping of the Anatolian languages," (in Japanese) Collected Papers for the 30th Anniversary of the Establishment of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan, Tokyo, 1984, pp. 97-114. (2) Cf. P. Meriggi, Hieroglyphisch-Hethitisches Glossar, Wiesbaden, 1962, Vorwort: "Ich habe mir langer uberlegt, ob ich nicht lieber "hieroglyphisch-luvisch" verwenden sollte, da diese von mir schon 1934 vorgeschlagene Benennung neuerdings besonders von Guterbock verfochten wird. Da aber bis vor kurzem niemand meinen Vorschlag angenommen hatte, so fahre ich fort, die alte weniger passende Bezeichnung zu gebrauchen."; H. G. Guterbock, "Toward a defini- tion of the term Hittite," Oriens, 10, 1957, pp. 233-239: linguistic=Hieroglyphic Luwian; writing=Hittite Hieroglyphs;cultural=Late Hittite. (3) Cf. HHL; further,J. D. Hawkins,"The Negativesin HieroglyphicLuwian," AnSt, 25, 82 ORIENT SOME ASPECTSOF HIEROGLYPHIC LUWIAN

1975, pp. 153-155; KZ, 92, 1978, p. 123; Florilegium Anatolicum, Paris, 1978, p. 156; Studia Mediterranea, Pavia, 1979, p. 405. (4) See J. Friedrich, "Zu den Kleinasiatischen Personennamen mit dem Element MUWA," KIF Bd. 1, Weimar, 1930, pp. 359-318; I. J. Gelb, Hittite Hieroglyphs I, Chicago, 1931, p. 82; P. Meriggi, "Sur le dechiffrement et la langue des Hieroglyphes Hittites," RHA, Tome 2, 1932, pp. 1-57, esp. p. 55 (60a): 'luvien hieroglyphique.' Further, note a series of investigations by E. Forrer, H. Th. Bossert, E. Laroche and J. D. Hawkins. (5) W. Cowgill, "Anatolian hi-Conjugation and Indo-European Perfect," Hethitisch und Indogermanisch,Innsbruck, 1979, pp. 25-39; J. H. Jasanoff, "The Position of the hi-Conjugation," ibid., pp. 79-90; J. Kurylowicz, "Die hethit. hi-Konjugation," ibid., pp. 143-146; J. Tischler, "Entstehung der -hi-Konjugation," Gedenkschriftfur H. Kronasser, Wiesbaden. 1982, pp. 235- 249. (6) Cf. A. Morpurgo-Davies, "The Luwian languages and the Hittite -hi conjugation," Fs. Szemerenyi, Amsterdam, 1979, pp. 577-610. (7) Ibid., pp. 584-586, further, we can attest PES2. PES2(-)td-ti-i 'walk' in ALEPPO II, 2, which denotes -ti ending of the -mi conjugation outside "PES2"(-)td-i/"PES2. PES2"(-)ta- ia. This verb will be considered as the -mi/-hi contaminated verb. So I omit this verb from the present group. (8) The phonetic value of CAPERE-i in Hier. Luw. will be considered as *la-i (cf. the syllabic value of the logogram CAPERE is originally ta), but we can not attest the syllabic writing form (*la-ia) outside the logogram writing, CAPERE-ia. (9) pa-sa-REL-i in Hier. Luw. parallels paskuuai- in Hittite, which indicates the -mi conjugation. (10) SOLIUM-MI-sa-i (*isai) in Hier. Luw. parallels eszi in Hittite, which denotes the -mi conjugation. (11) See Morpurgo-Davies, op. cit., pp. 583-587. (12) -i forms in Cun. Luw.: mu-u-ua-i, ar-pa-sa-a-i (cf. E. Laroche, Dictionnaire de la langue louvite, Paris, 1959); -i forms in Palaic: hu-ua-ar-ni-na-i, mu-u-ui, si-pa-u-i-na-i (cf. O. Carruba, Das Palaische Text, Grammatik, Lexikon, Wiesbaden, 1970); -i forms in Lycian: sijeni, TL. 78, 3, sijeni, TL, 49; TL, 58, 3; TL, 106, 1; TL, 107, 1; TL, 111, 5 (cf. H. Pedersen, Lykisch und Hittitisch, Kopenhagen, 1949), but G. Neumann, Lykisch in Altkleinasiatische Sprachen, Hd. Or. I, 2, p. 389: Unklar ist noch die Form sijeni.", so the Lycian sijeni/sijeni is obscure. (13) A. Morpurgo-Davies, "The personal endings of the Hieroglyghic Luwian verb," KZ, 94, 1980, pp. 86-108, esp. 104-107. (14) Cf. J. D. Hawkins, "The logogram "LITUUS" and the verbs "TO SEE" in Hierog- lyphic Luwian," Kadmos, 19, 1980, p. 134. (15) Morpurgo-Davies, op. cit., pp. 101-104. (16) J. Friedrich, Hethitisches Elementarbuch (1), Heidelberg, 1960, p. 77; Ibid., p. 108. (17) See T. Oshiro, "The Relatives in Hieroglyphic Luwian," Orient, XIX, Tokyo, 1983, pp. 51-61 and "The Relative Conjunctions in Hieroglyphic Luwian," (in Japanese) The Bulletin of the International Institute for Linguistic Sciences Kyoto Sangyo University, VI, 2, 1985, pp. 54-66. (18) J. Friedrich, op. cit., p. 164; E. Laroche, "Comparaison du louvite et du lycien," BSL, 55, 1960, p. 175; T. Oshiro, ibid., 1985, pp. 62-63. (19) Cf. the final -t is omitted in Luwian, *kuit>kui and-*ui->-u-(see Laroche, 1959, p. 134.) (20) Henceforth, "Karkamis" is omitted as adopted by E. Laroche, Les hieroglypheshittites, Paris, 1960. (21) E. Laroche, ibid,. pp. 173-174 and BSL, 55, p. 175; J. D. Hawkins, op. cit., 1975, p. 119; A. Kammenhuber, "Hethitisch, Palaisch, Luwisch und Hieroglyphen-luwisch," Hd. Or. II/2 1969, p. 171. (22) T. Oshiro, op. cit., pp. 58-59. (23) J. Friedrich, op. cit., 1960, p. 163. Vol. XXII 1986 83 (24) Cf. kot(-), koτ(-)in Lydian and quod in Latin. (25) J. D. Hawkins, op. cit., 1980, p. 132, citation 10. (26) E. Laroche, BSL, 53, pp. 180-182, esp. 180; T. Oshiro, "Some Notes on INFRA-ta and SUB-na-na in Hieroglyphic Luwian," (in Japanese) Cultura Antiqua, 38/9, Kyoto, 1986, pp. 16-22. (27) See R. Gusmani, Lydisches Worterbuch, Heidelberg, 1964, p. 145. kat- in Lydian is in general a proclitic element, and is functionally used as a preverb. (28) Cf. A. Heubeck, "Lyk, χntawata", Studia Mediterranea P. Meriggi dicata, Pavia, 1979, pp. 247-259; R. Gusmani, "Kleinasiatische Miszellen", IF, 68, 1963, pp. 284-289. (29) E. Laroche, BSL, 53, pp. 180-182. (30) Cf. writing -a-ta: preconsonantal -n- is never written in Hieroglyphic Luwian. (31) Cf. Cun. Luw. EGIR-anda, and Lyc. epnte. (32) J. D. Hawkins, "Assyrians and Hittites", Iraq, 36, 1974, pp. 67-83, and "Hieroglyphic Hittite Inscriptions of Commagene", AnSt, 20, 1970, pp. 69-110; E. Laroche, Les Noms des Hittites, Paris, 1966. (33) K. Tallqvist, Assyrian Personal Names, Hersingfors, 1918: Sa pa-lu-ul-me No. 193; Lu-bar-na, Lu-bur-na No. 122. (34) Hawkins, op, cit., pp. 67-83.

This article was originally published in Japanese in Oriento, 28/1, Tokyo, 1985, pp. 24-36.

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