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National Identity at the Margins of Europe: History, Affect and Museums in Slovenia Robert Booth University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected]

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National Identity at the Margins of Europe: History, Affect and Museums in Slovenia Robert Booth University of Connecticut - Storrs, Rbooth.Uconn@Gmail.Com University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 5-8-2014 National Identity at the Margins of Europe: History, Affect and Museums in Slovenia Robert Booth University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Booth, Robert, "National Identity at the Margins of Europe: History, Affect and Museums in Slovenia" (2014). Doctoral Dissertations. 407. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/407 Abstract: National Identity at the Margins of Europe: History, Affect and Museums in Slovenia Robert Allen Booth, Ph.D. University of Connecticut 2014 This study examines the historical and idiographic aspects of national identity in Slovenia and brings empirical data to bear on the question of the effect of museums and their identity narratives on citizen museum attendees. Museums have often been portrayed as such sites of identity construction and as important state-making and state-maintaining institutions that educate citizens on the history and heritage of nationhood and nationality. This empirical data is coupled with ethnographic and discourse analytic approaches to demonstrate that the apprehension of identity is predicated on broader historical, socio-political, emotional, moral and economic aspects of society. This dissertation specifically engages four questions: (1) If museums are conduits for societal “memory work”, “place making” and identity building, as is often claimed, how is national identity transmitted by such “memory institutions”? (2) What are the implications of a conflicting valorization of the past with the cynicism of the present on national identity? (3) How does the treatment of “traumatic history” (such as that of World War Two) in national remembering affect national identity? And finally, (4) Do locally specific cognitive-emotional patterns serve as catalysts or as “reagents” for national identity construction? Findings suggest that World War Two era conflicts are salient in modern political and everyday discourse. Further, an agrarian past complicates nationalistic valorization of peasantry, due to narratives of subaltern resistance that imbue past social conflicts. I suggest a semiotic approach to understanding how these competing narratives find voice in the historical and ethnographic museums of Slovenia. These findings complicate the notion of the museum as Robert Allen Booth – University of Connecticut, 2014 a conduit of national identity and suggests novel cognitive and semiotic approaches to study questions of national identity, social memory and memory institutions such as museums. National Identity at the Margins of Europe: History, Affect and Museums in Slovenia Robert Allen Booth B.A. Thomas Edison State College M.S. Purdue University A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut 2014 Copyright Robert Allen Booth 2014 APPROVAL PAGE: Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation National Identity at the Margins of Europe: History, Affect and Museums in Slovenia Presented by Robert Allen Booth, B.A., M.S. Major Advisor __________________________________________ Richard A. Wilson Associate Advisor ________________________________________ Jocelyn Linnekin Associate Advisor ________________________________________ Samuel Martinez University of Connecticut 2014 Acknowledgements They say you aren’t a true Slovenian until you’ve climbed Triglav. -- Ljubljana, Marija, Office Manager, woman, 29. One of the key national symbols of Slovenia today is that of Triglav Mountain. This mountain is stylistically represented on currency, postage, national badges, the flag, etc. Like Marija suggested, climbing it is often referred to as an act of national identity production. While I have not climbed the actual mountain, figuratively I feel as I have climbed one with the production of this dissertation. This task would have been impossible if it had not been for the patience and tolerance for my constant questioning and inquiries by the many Slovenians I talked to over the last few years peppering them with questions about Slovenian-ness, history, et cetera. For their help and insightful input I am eternally grateful. For those I have quoted here, I have intentionally changed the names and other identifying characteristics in order to protect their privacy. Any mistakes are mine and mine alone. A special thanks to the Slovenski Etnografski Muzej, Narodni Muzej Novejše Zgodovine, Partisanska Bolnica Franja, and Kobariški Musej. At the Slovenski Etnografski Muzej, Maja Kostric, Sonja Kogej Rus and Nena Židov all deserve a very special “hvala lepa”. Thank you Klub Kind and its members for the club’s role in my fieldwork and for proving that there are some passions that transcend nation, creed, color, politics or even language. I would like to thank the University of Connecticut and the department of Anthropology for their generous financial support. Thanks also to the Human Rights Institute for support, both financial and academic. I would also like to thank the ACLS and FLAS for help in funding my efforts to learn Slovene. Regarding the unglamorous work of dissertation writing, editing and re-editing, I am grateful to my advisor, Richard Wilson. His support was vital to this project and I cannot begin to thank i him enough. I would also like to thank my committee, Jocelyn Linnekin and Samuel Martinez for their guidance. Further thanks go to Pamela Ballinger, Pamela Erickson, Peter Jurgec and Glen Mitoma. For inspiring me in the early days of my academic career I want to thank Lee Irwin and Luke T. Johnson. Their passion for their research interests kindled my own. Thanks also goes to my fellow colleagues in the Anthropology program, particularly to Rich Colon, Dan Finkel, Rita Offiaeli, Andre Swier, and, with a special thanks to Benjamin Purzycki for his informative conversations on our long commutes together, and for his friendship and considerable help. Thanks are warranted also to Rachel Jackson, coordinator of the Human Rights Institute and also thanks to my friends Michael Baker, Mario Cerame, Adam LaRue and John Spalding. I also want to thank my mother for believing in me, my father for teaching me to have sense of humor through the most trying of times. Three individuals in particular warrant my thanks. Departmental coordinator and central nervous system of the department, Tracey Andrews, always managed to help me in innumerable ways and I am very grateful. Barbara Gurr, I wish to also thank you for your friendship and camaraderie and most especially your emotional support. Eva Brajkovic, your assistance in Slovenia and your insightfulness helped me realize the seemingly impossible (this dissertation) and I thank you for all your hours of hard work. I am most indebted to my family and I wish to thank them, in particular my wife who supported me in far too many ways to recount here but they include her editorial input, her love, patience and support of all other kinds. She saw me through both my thesis (Booth 2006) and this dissertation. I am especially indebted to my daughter, who sacrificed a lot of time with her daddy so he could “write his book”; Thanks goes to the two of you, most of all. ii For Claire and Katie iii Table of Contents: Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................ i Table of Contents: ........................................................................................................................................ iv List of Figures: ........................................................................................................................................... xiii A Note on Slovenian Phonology ................................................................................................................ xiv Slovene Alphabet .................................................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1: ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1 The Context ........................................................................................................................................... 3 The Questions ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Question # 1: If museums are conduits for societal “memory work”, “place making” and identity building, how is national identity transmitted by such “memory institutions”? ...................................... 4 Invention of Tradition ........................................................................................................................... 7 Understanding tradition as Kastom ..................................................................................................... 10 Hawaiian Nationalism ......................................................................................................................... 11 Question #2: What are the implications of a conflicting valorization of the past with the cynicism of the present
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