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The Boundary Stone Between Aquileia and Emona

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The Boundary Stone Between Aquileia and Emona Arheološki vestnik (Arh. vest.) 53, 2002, str. 373-382 373 The boundary stone between Aquileia and Emona Marjeta ŠAŠEL KOS Izvleček Abstract V strugi Ljubljanice pod Bevkami je bil poleti 2001 najden In the summer of 2001, a boundary stone between Aquileia mejnik med Akvilejo in Emono, izdelan iz nabrežinskega and Emona, made of Aurisina/Nabrežina limestone, was apnenca. Datacija mejnika je predklavdijska, najverjetneje discovered in the bed of the Ljubljanica River below Bevke, je iz avgustejske dobe. Sodeč po drugih znanih mejnikih sta some 13 km to the southwest of Ljubljana. It is most probably imeli na njem omenjeni mesti enakovreden pravni položaj dated to the Augustan period and is certainly pre-Claudian. in sta pripadali isti administrativni enoti. Mejnik torej dolazuje, According to other similar boundary stones, neither of the da Emona ni nikoli pripadala Iliriku oz. pozneje provinci two communities involved could be subordinate to the other Panoniji, temveč je bila v Italiji, pred tem pa v Cisalpinski and both belonged to the same administrative unit. This means Galiji. that both towns belonged to Italy and that Emona had never been part of Illyricum (or, later, of the province of Pannonia). THE SITE OF DISCOVERY or less in situ, almost at the meander which, had it existed in the Roman period, would have no doubt been a good In the early summer of 2001, a boundary stone was point of orientation in this part of the Ljubljana Marsh. discovered in the bed of the Ljubljanica River below Near the mentioned farmhouse there is a relatively Bevke (some 13 km to the southwest of Ljubljana), at important find-spot from the early Roman period the mouth of a supposed drainage ditch, some three (coins, a bronze statuette of Apollo,2 a medallion hundred metres east of the confluence of the with a Prima Porta Type portrait of Augustus,3 Ljubljanica River and the Borovniščica Stream. The fragments of weapons). Finds from there are also mentioned drainage ditch may have been an old bed known from the early Iron Age (pottery), while there of the Ljubljanica, or, more probably, the continuation are none that would indicate an epichoric Tauriscan of the Borovniščica Stream, since it is significant that settlement. This may be due to an incidental lack of right at that point the Ljubljanica makes an abrupt turn evidence, since the region of Bevke has not been into one of its few meanders.1 The point of discovery explored yet, or such a settlement had actually never of the boundary stone is merely 1 km east of a farmhouse existed, which indeed would seem to me less likely. called Kamin, which is situated between the Zrnica There are, however, sporadic late La Tène period finds.4 and Borovniščica Streams (fig. 1). It is important to Most probably a small Roman merchant station existed emphasize that the boundary stone was found more in the immediate vicinity, perhaps an emporium, which 1 My grateful thanks are due to Andrej Šemrov, who kindly asked me to publish the boundary stone and gave me all the data concerning the findspot and the hypothesized former river bed of the Ljubljanica. I would also like to thank Claudio Zaccaria for having kindly read this article. 2 J. Istenič, Un bronzetto di Apollo (Beleno?) dal fiume Ljubljanica (Slovenia), Aquil. Nos. 72, 2001, 57-70. 3 J. Istenič, A uniface medallion with a portrait of Augustus from the River Ljubljanica (Slovenia), Germania 81/1, 2003, forthcoming. 4 Roman coins, particularly the 19 Republican denarii, are published in: A. Šemrov, Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit SaselKos.pmd 373 18.11.2002, 14:40 374 Marjeta ŠAŠEL KOS therefore the letter N is badly damaged. Q has a stiff tail, which may indicate an early date. An early date is also suggested by the use of Aurisina limestone, which in the Emona Basin was used for the stone monuments of the late Republican and (early) Augustan periods. The building inscription of the magistri vici from Nauportus (CIL III 3777 = 10719 = CIL I2 2286)6 is made of the same stone, as is also the tombstone of T. Caesernius Diphilus in Emona (AIJ 176),7 which are both dated either to the last years of Caesar, or to the Triumviral period, or, at the latest, to the early Augustan Principate. Since local quarries had most probably not been operating yet, and consequently there were no stone-cutter workshops, it can be Fig. 1: The exact site of discovery of the boundary stone from supposed that the inscribed stone monuments had Bevke. been produced in Aquileia and brought directly from Sl. 1: Natančno najdišče mejnika iz Bevk. there to the Emona Basin. The reading Finis on the upper panel matches the Aquileienses on the “Aquileian” must have been of some importance in the broad side, while in relation to the Emonenses it is placed area of the Emona Basin, delimited by the triangle upside down. According to C. Zaccaria, the areas of Nauportus-Ig-Emona. Its importance is eo ipso of Duino/Devin and Aurisina/Nabrežina did not confirmed by the discovery of the boundary stone, belong to the ager of Tergeste, as has been supposed which makes it almost certain that somewhere in the by A. Degrassi,8 but rather to Aquileia. The Aurisina near vicinity a bridge or a ferry must have existed at quarries had first perhaps been under the jurisdiction least in the late Republican period, if not earlier - in of the res publica of Aquileia, but probably came addition to the inevitable road or path connecting early into imperial possession.9 Stone monuments the nearby settlements. made of Aurisina limestone are thus the best evidence The boundary stone is made of Aurisina/Nabrežina for direct contacts between Aquileia and the Emona limestone5 and has the shape of a cippus, most of Basin, and fully confirm the close trade contacts with which was roughly worked, as it was intended to be Nauportus, mentioned by Strabo (see infra). fixed relatively deep in the earth. Only its upper part is smoothly polished. It is wholly preserved, although the surface is badly damaged by erosion. Its dimensions FINIS are 130 x 50 x 16 cm; smoothly worked upper part: 32 x 43 cm. The narrow upper panel: 11 x 36 cm; The original meaning of the word finis is a line height of the letters: 8 cm. It was brought to the National delimiting the surface of a given area, i.e. its utmost Museum of Slovenia, where it is presently kept in margin; however, it is also used for the delimited region the lapidarium (inv. no. L 204; fig. 2). itself. Fines are lines which delimited the land and divided it into single estates. The entire ager publicus Inscription on the narrow upper panel: Finis was delimited, not merely those areas that were assigned Inscription on one of the sides: Aquileien/sium to somebody. Land which was delimited but not yet Inscription on the other side: Emonen/sium measured and divided was called ager arcifinius.10 This was a land acquired by occupation and, not yet The letters are regular, elegant and carefully cut, having been surveyed or assigned, had irregular the Emona side is damaged in its upper right corner, boundaries. Any other land within the Roman state in Slowenien IV (Berlin 1998) 109/1 and 109/2 (pp. 237 ff). For the data concerning other finds I am also indebted to Andrej Šemrov. 5 Petrographic analysis of the stone is presented in the same volume of the Arheološki vestnik by Anton Ramovš. 6 M. Šašel Kos, The Roman Inscriptions in the National Museum of Slovenia / Lapidarij Narodnega muzeja Slovenije, Situla 35 (Ljubljana 1997) no. 1. 7 Op. cit., no. 3. 8 C. Zaccaria, Regio X Venetia et Histria. Tergeste - Ager Tergestinus et Tergesti adtributus, in: Supplementa Italica, n.s. 10 (Roma 1992) 163. 9 Cit. ibid. 10 A. Schulten, s.v. Finis, in: Diz. ep. vol. III. F-H (Roma 1922) 89-92. SaselKos.pmd 374 18.11.2002, 14:40 The boundary stone between Aquileia and Emona 375 Fig. 2: The inscriptions on the boundary stone from Bevke. Sl. 2: Napisi na mejniku iz Bevk. SaselKos.pmd 375 18.11.2002, 14:40 376 Marjeta ŠAŠEL KOS had its owner, a physical or legal entity. There are the establishment of several new autonomous towns essentially three categories of fines (as well as (Tergeste, Forum Iuli, Iulium Carnicum) within the combinations of them): 1. fines fundi, i.e. boundaries boundaries of what it had once been its territory. of various private estates including grave plots, 2. Interesting and important for an interpretation fines civitatis, i.e. boundaries between towns and tribes, of the boundary inscription from Bevke are similar and 3. fines provinciae et populi Romani, i.e. boundaries boundary stones from northern Italy. The earliest between provinces and between the Roman empire are boundary stones, which fixed the borders between and barbaricum. The new boundary stone belongs Patavium and Ateste (CIL V 2492 = ILS 5944: L. to the 2nd category. Every autonomous town was Caicilius Q. f. / procos., / terminos / finisque ex / senati assigned its territory, which also included vici and consolto / statui iusit inter / Patavinos / et Atestinos).14 other small settlements; these, however, could not A boundary stone is also known between Ateste and have their own territory, because it was subordinated Veicetia (CIL V 2490 = ILS 5945: Sex. Atilius M. f. to that of the autonomous town, although vicani possessed Saranus, pro cos., / ex senati consulto / inter Atestinos estates similar to the prata publica of the towns.
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