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Cults and Religious Integration in the Roman Cities of the Drava Valley (Southern Pannonia)

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Cults and Religious Integration in the Roman Cities of the Drava Valley (Southern Pannonia) CULTS AND RELIGIOUS INTEGRATION IN THE ROMAN CITIES OF THE DRAVA VALLEY (SOUTHERN PANNONIA) BY BLANKA MIŠIĆ A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS AND PHILOSOPHY ROYAL HOLLOWAY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON JANUARY 2013 1 DECLARATION OF AUTORSHIP I, Blanka Mišić, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Signed: ______________________ Dated: _______________________ 2 For my dearest parents. 3 ABSTRACT This work is a detailed examination of pagan cults and deities in three settlements along the Pannonian section of the Drava river (Aquae Iasae – modern Varaždinske Toplice; Iovia- Botivo – modern Ludbreg; and Mursa – modern Osijek) situated within the present-day territory of Croatia. The evidence examined consists primarily of inscribed votive dedications in stone, dating from the Roman conquest of Pannonia to the late third century A.D. Evidence is examined within the theoretical framework of cultural change, taking into account recent theoretical developments in the concepts of “Romanisation”, acculturation, identity- expression and syncretisation in order to determine the extent of cultural and religious integration along the Drava. A thorough examination of evidence reveals the emergence of differing and flexible religious identities specific to each settlement although united by the larger prevailing trend of nature-divinity worship. Our Drava evidence also reveals that economic, social, political and geographic factors all produced an impact on the process and extent of cultural and religious integration, thus helping to form local, regional, provincial and imperial expressions of identity(ies). 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS………………………………………......07 2. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………..08 3. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………10 4. CHAPTER I: THEORIES OF “ROMANISATION”, ACCULTURATION AND INTERPRETATIO ROMANA: CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS INTEGRATION IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE……………………………………………………………...12 5. CHAPTER II: AQUAE IASAE (VARAŽDINSKE TOPLICE, CROATIA)…….….52 6. CHAPTER III: IOVIA-BOTIVO (LUDBREG, CROATIA)……………………....116 7. CHAPTER IV: MURSA (OSIJEK, CROATIA)…………………………………...137 8. CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………....234 9. CATALOGUE OF MITHRAIC RELIEFS FROM MURSA…………………...….238 10. CATALOGUE OF JUPITER OPTIMUS MAXIMUS DEDICATIONS FROM MURSA......................................................................................................................240 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………..248 SUPPLEMENTS……………………………………………………………………284 I. RELIGION AND CULTS AT POETOVIO (PTUJ, SLOVENIA)…………….….285 II. CATALOGUE OF MITHRAIC DEDICATIONS FROM POETOVIO: FIRST MITHRAEUM………………………………………………………………….….397 III. CATALOGUE OF MITHRAIC DEDICATIONS FROM POETOVIO: SECOND MITHRAEUM………………………………………………………………….….402 IV. CATALOGUE OF MITHRAIC DEDICATIONS FROM POETOVIO: THIRD MITHRAEUM………………………………………………………………….….410 5 V. CATALOGUE OF MITHRAIC DEDICATIONS FROM POETOVIO: FOURTH MITHRAEUM………………………………………………………………….….418 VI. CATALOGUE OF NUTRICES DEDICATIONS FROM POETOVIO: SPODNJA HAJDINA SANCTUARY…………………………………………………………421 VII. CATALOGUE OF NUTRICES DEDICATIONS FROM POETOVIO: ZGORNJI BREG SANCTUARY……………………………………………………………...430 VIII. CATALOGUE OF NUTRICES DEDICATIONS FROM POETOVIO: PANORAMA SANCTUARY………………………………………………………………...……433 IX. CATALOGUE OF ISIS AND SERAPIS DEDICATIONS FROM POETOVIO…………………………………………………………………...……442 X. CATALOGUE OF JUPITER OPTIMUS MAXIMUS DEDICATIONS FROM POETOVIO…………………………………………………………………….......447 XI. CATALOGUE OF JUPITER DEPULSOR DEDICATIONS FROM POETOVIO…………………………………………………………………….......459 XII. CATALOGUE OF I.O.M.D. DEDICATIONS FROM POETOVIO…………........463 XIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………….…….467 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS 1. MAP OF THE PROVINCE OF PANNONIA……………………………………….51 2. MAP OF THE IASI TERRITORY…………………………………………………114 3. PLAN OF AQUAE IASAE THERMAE AND FORUM…………………………...115 4. SILVANUS ALTAR FIG.1……………………………………………………..….134 5. SILVANUS ALTAR FIG.2……………………………………………………..….134 6. SILVANUS ALTAR FIG.3……………………………………………………..….135 7. IOVIA-BOTIVO CITY MAP……………………………………………………....136 8. EGYPTIAN STELE OF OSIRIS, ISIS, NEPHTYS AND RE………………….….210 7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIJ – Hoffiller, V. and Saria, B. Antike Inschriften aus Jugoslawien. 1: Noricum und Pannonia Superior. Zagreb, 1938. AE – L’Année Épigraphique. Paris, 1888- CAG – Carte archéologique de la Gaule 66 : Les Pyrénées-Orientales. Paris, 2007. CBI - Schallmayer, E., Eibl, K., Ott, J., Preuss, G., and Wittkopf, E. Der römische Weihebezirk von Osterburken I: Corpus der griechischen und lateinischen Beneficiarier- Inschriften des Römischen Reiches. Stuttgart, 1990. CCID – Hörig, M. and Schwertheim, E. Corpus Cultus Iovis Dolicheni (CCID). Leiden, 1987. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum Pannonicarum - Kovács, P. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum Pannonicarum (CIGP). Budapest, 2007. CIJ – Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaicarum. Rome, 1936-1952. CIL – Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CILA - Corpus de Inscripciones Latinas de Andalucia HEp – Hispania Epigraphica. Madrid, 1989- HILD – Hild, F. Supplementum epigraphicum zu CIL III: das pannonische Niederösterreich. Burgenland und Wien, 1902-1968; Wien, 1968. ICUR - Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romae. Nova series. Rome, 1922- IDR – Inscriptiones Daciae Romanae. Bukarest, 1975- ILJug – Inscriptiones Latinae quae in Iugoslavia repertae et editae sunt. Ljubljana, 1963- 1986. ILS – Dessau, H. Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. Berlin, 1892-1916. 8 OPEL – Lőrincz, B. Onomasticon Provinciarum Europae Latinarum (OPEL). Wien, 1994- 2002. PIR – Prosopographia Imperii Romani. Berlin, 1897- RHP - Lörincz, B. Die römischen Hilfstruppen in Pannonien während der Prinzipatszeit. I: Die Inschriften. Wien, 2001. RIB – Collingwood, R.G. et al. The Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Oxford, 1990- RIU - Die römischen Inschriften Ungarns. Budapest, 1972- ThesCRA – Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum. Los Angeles, 2005. TitAq – Kovács, P. and Szabó, Á. Tituli Aquincenses. Budapest, 2009- 9 INTRODUCTION Over the last few years there has been a rising interest in the topic of cultural change in the Roman Empire, spurred perhaps by our own experiences of living in an ever-globalising world. Several of the more recent publications have attempted to reconcile modern theoretical concepts of cultural change with evidence of religious worship encountered in different provinces of the Empire. Such studies have been conducted most prominently for the provinces of Britain, Gaul, Spain and Egypt, and yet no substantial piece of work on this subject has come to light concerning the province of Pannonia, and especially southern Pannonia and the Drava valley.1 The present study provides an in-depth analysis of epigraphic dedications to pagan deities in three settlements along the Pannonian section of the Drava river belonging to the modern-day territory of Croatia: Aquae Iasae (Varaždinske Toplice), Iovia-Botivo (Ludbreg) and Mursa (Osijek). A supplement called “Religion and Cults at Poetovio” (with the accompanying catalogues) has been added to “round out” the Pannonian Drava evidence through comparisons and contrasts with our settlements, although this section does not form part of the thesis as Poetovio falls within the borders of modern- day Slovenia. Although Poetovio was originally planned to be included in our survey of the Pannonian Drava evidence, the sheer size of the religious epigraphic material encountered at Poetovio exceeded the word limitations of this thesis. Thus, the Poetovio evidence has been included separately for optional consultation. By anchoring the votive evidence from our three settlements in recent theoretical advancements on cultural change, specifically with respect to theoretical concepts of acculturation developed in the discipline of Psychology which, to the present author’s knowledge, have not been applied previously to material evidence in the Roman Empire, it is the author’s aim to display the extent of cultural and religious integration as well as the integrative nature of cults and the versatility of religious identities in the Drava region. Conclusions will be drawn on how cultural, professional and social affiliations of the worshippers affect religious integration and the development of religious identities within each settlement. 1 One recently-published (2012) collection of papers on southern Pannonia strives to put the archaeological evidence in a broader theoretical framework, although the issue of religion is not addressed. See: Migotti, B. (ed.). The Archaeology of Roman Southern Pannonia. The State of Research and Selected Problems in the Croatian Part of the Roman Province of Pannonia. BAR International Series 2393. Archaeopress, Oxford, 2012. 10 This study spans the period from the first century A.D. to the late third century A.D. Although the primary focus of this thesis will be on inscribed votive dedications in stone2, an attempt will be made to include other forms of votive evidence such as relief representations and statuary where available, in order to give an accurate representation of religious identities along the Drava. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter provides a theoretical background for the study of cultural and religious change in the Roman Empire, with a special focus on the concepts of “Romanisation”, cultural integration, identity and syncretisation. These concepts are examined from the psychological perspective of acculturation in the hopes
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