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Archaeobotany in Croatia: an Overview

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Archaeobotany in Croatia: an Overview KELLY REED VAMZ, 3. s., XLIX (2016) 7 : Archaeobotany in Croatia: an overview, KELLY REED School of Life Sciences CV4 7AL UnitedUniversity Kingdom of Warwick [email protected] Archaeobotany in Croatia: An overview UDK / UDC: 561(497.5) Pregledni rad / Review INTRODUCTION The study of plant macro-remains from ar- Plants are, and have been, an integral part chaeological sites is an important method to study aspects of past societies such as diet, drunk, used for clothing, fuel, for medicinal agriculture, trade/economy and the local purposes,of our daily utilised lives in whether construction being or eaten,given environment. To date plant macro-remains cultural/ideological/ritual values. Archae- have been identified from 70 sites within - Croatia, spanning the early Neolithic (ca. 6000 cal BC) to the Middle Ages (16th century nutshells,obotany examines and fruit plantstones) remains recovered (primar from AD). Despite this number, poor recovery and ily macro-fossils such as grains, seeds, a bias towards the Neolithic period have led - to large gaps in our knowledge on the devel- archaeological excavations to reconstruct opment of agriculture in the region, which past agricultural systems, economies, en is further hindered by the low number of thevironments origin and and spread human of domesticactivity. crops,Common di- excavations that include archaeobotanical themes in European archaeobotany include recovery. This paper summarises the archae- - obotanical evidence available per period in etary breadth and variability,1 land use and Croatia, highlighting the potential for future production, as well as distribution, and so research, as well as providing suggestions cial access to specific foods. for the recovery of carbonised plant macro- research,In Croatia, due archaeobotanical in part to the lack analysis of trained is remains. rarely undertaken as part of archaeological 1 Neolithic, Eneolithic, Bronze Age, - Iron Age, Roman, Middle Age, Methodology Van Zeist, Wasylikowsa, Behre 1991; Bogaard 2004; Keywords: 2014.Colledge, Conolly 2007; Van der Veen, Livarda, Hill 2008; Zo hary, Hopf, Weiss 2012; Chevalier, Marinova, Peña-Chocarro VAMZ_3_49_2016.indd 7 02.05.2017 13:25:22 8 KELLY REED VAMZ, 3. s., XLIX (2016) : Archaeobotany in Croatia: an overview, debates is the transmission and adoption of the discipline and its potential contribu- - tion.archaeobotanists During the 20 andth a limited awareness search suggests did not spread as one ‘crop have published evidence of archaeobotani- package’of certain across domesticated Europe.6 Theplants, ‘crop which package’ re century only nine sites consisted of einkorn (Triticum monococ- multi-national projects.2 Since then there cum), emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dico- cal remains, with the majority being part of ccum Triticum dicoccum of archaeobotanical remains, including re- (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare), pea (Pisum has been a greater increase in the recovery sativum- formerly), lentil (Lens culinaris), chickpea), barley (Cicer arietinum), bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) informationcovery within about routine past rescuehuman excavations. plant econ- Linum usitatissimum).7 omiesThis provides from a rangefor the of firstarchaeological time important sites In Croatia, research suggests that farm- and flax ( ing settlements began to be established 8 - and periods across Croatia. How these - here,new discoverieshighlighting have the begunimportance to contribute of col- chaeobotanicalca. 6000 cal BC; remains however, (Tab. only 1, a Mapfew ex1). to Croatian archaeology are summarised lecting archaeobotanical samples and the cavations have yielded early Neolithic ar potential for future research. This paper have evidence of carbonised plant mac- does not aim to provide a detailed and com- In coastal Croatia, five early Neolithic sites 9 ro-remains: Pokrovnik, Crno vrilo, Tinj- prehensive history of Croatian archaeology Podlivade, Krćina and Kargadur-Ližnjan.- and archaeobotany. To aid future research also outline suggestions for best practice. While in continental Croatia, only two early in archaeobotany in Croatia this paper will Neolithic10 sites have so far yielded archaeo botanical remains: Sopot and Tomašanci- PREHISTORY Palača. All seven sites show evidence of- Neolithic (ca. 6000 to 4500 cal BC) ingthe the‘crop establishment package’ in varyingof crop degreesagriculture (all except chickpea and bitter vetch) confirm The Neolithic period has received a great - in the early Neolithic. This evidence along in regards to the spread of agriculture and with the presence of other Neolithic mate deal of attention over the years, especially3 The Croatia,rial culture11 although has been evidence suggested of by continued some to hunterbe confirmation gatherer ofactivities populations suggest moving a more into seenits social as the and introduction economic consequences. of a farming econ- spread of a ‘Neolithic package’, which is - gion.12 At present, the absence of archaeo- items of material culture, including pol- complex diffusion of farming across the re omy, relates to the appearance of specific botanical evidence from Mesolithic sites - evidence in Croatia limit our understanding ished stone axes, ceramics, a new suite of4 and the restricted range of early Neolithic domestic animals and plants, as well as spe cific architecture and religious activities. at this time. of how human-plant relationships changed colonisingHow these farmers items arrived to local in hunter Europe gatherer is still 6 groupshighly debated, adopting with farming theories piecemeal ranging from 7 5 their neighbours. 8 Conolly, Colledge, Shennan 2008. Zohary 1996;et Zohary, al. Hopf, Weiss 2012. 2 A key aspect of these 9 Chapman, Müller 1990; Bogucki 1996; Forenbaher, Miracle 2005; Davison 2009. 2006; Forenbaher, Kaiser, Miracle 2013. 3 Gnirs 1925; Hopf 1964; Karg, Müller 1990; Chapman, 10 Müller Reed 2015. 1994; Huntley 1996; Komšo 2006; Legge, Moore Shiel, Batović 1996. 2011; Šoštarić 11 Legge, Moore 2011. Harris, Hillman 1989; Harris 1996; Whittle 1996; Perlès 12 2001;4 Bogaard 2004; Colledge, Conolly 2007; Hadjikoumis, Robinson, Viner 2011; Zohary, Hopf, Weiss 2012. 5 Chapman, Müller 1990; Biagi 2003; Forenbaher, Miracle Ҫilingiroğlu 2005. 2005; Bass 2008. Vlachos 2003; Borić 2005; Forenbaher, Miracle 2005. VAMZ_3_49_2016.indd 8 02.05.2017 13:25:22 VAMZ_3_49_2016.indd 9 KELLY REED KELLY Table 1. List of Croatian sites with archaeobotanical remains per period (C = carbonised, IM = impression, M = mineralised, W = waterlogged, P = Pseudo-fresh). *Note: Identifications based on a cumulative table and may not be accurate. : Archaeobotany in Croatia: anoverview, inCroatia: Archaeobotany SITE NAME SITE TYPE DATE REFERENCE CEREALS PULSES OIL PLANTS VEGETABLES / HERBS / FRUITS NUTS WILD / WEED SEEDS Neolithic Crno vrilo Settlement (Impresso culture) C Settlement (Impresso culture) C C ŠoštarićKomšo 2006, 2009. 212–214. Kargadur-Ližnjan Cave (Impresso culture) C KrčinaSopot cave Settlement 6060 – 5890 cal BC C C C C MüllerReed 2015. 1994, 64. 3.s.,XLIX(2016) VAMZ, Tinj-Podlivade Settlement 5815 – 5185 cal BC C C Settlement 5660 – 5300 cal BC C C C C C HuntleyReed 2015. 1996. Tomašanci-PalačaPokrovnik Settlement 5900 – 5100 cal BC C C C C C Danilo Settlement 5300 – 4800 ca BC C C C C C Karg, Müller 1990; Legge, Moore 2011. Settlement (Danilo culture) C C C HopfGnirs 1964;1925, Reed24–25. 2006; Legge, Moore 2011. Gromače-BrijuniVirovitica-Brekinja Settlement 5400 – 5200 cal BC C C Reed 2015. Bapska-Gradac Tell 4680 – 4460 cal BC C Brezovljani Settlement 4900 – 4600 cal BC IM BurićReed 2015.2007, 45–46. Velištak Settlement 4900 – 4700 cal BC C C C C Reed 2015. Cave 5226 – 4167 cal BC C C C et al. 2008. GrapčevaIvandvor-Gaj Settlement 5050 – 4490 cal BC C C Borojević Otok Tell 4540 – 4040 cal BC C Ɖukić 2014; Reed 2015. Ravnjaš-Nova Kapela Tell (Sopot culture) C C C C Obelić,Reed 2015. Horvatinčić, Krajcar Bronić 2002. Tell ca. 4990 – 4200 cal BC C C C C C Reed 2015. 9 02.05.2017 13:25:23 SlavćaSopot Tell 5050 – 3940 cal BC C C C C C Reed 2015. VAMZ_3_49_2016.indd 10 10 SITE NAME SITE TYPE DATE REFERENCE CEREALS PULSES OIL PLANTS VEGETABLES / HERBS / FRUITS NUTS WILD / WEED SEEDS Settlement 4300 – 3900 cal BC C Reed 2015. Tomašanci-Palača Cave (Hvar culture) C C C C Reed 2015. TurskaEneolithic Peć Cave 3637 – 3097 cal BC C C et al. 2008. Grapčeva Tell ca. 4200 – 2800 C C C C Borojević Jurjevac-Stara Vodenica Settlement 4320 – 3960 cal BC C C Slavća Reed 2013; 2016 REED KELLY Pajtenica-Velike Livade Settlement 4300 – 3900 cal BC C C Reed 2013; 2016; Ɖukić 2014. Settlement 4203 – 4040 cal BC C C C Reed 2013; 2016; Ɖukić 2014. : PotočaniLasinja Settlement 4040 – 3950 cal BC C C C Reed 2013;2016. 2016. anoverview, inCroatia: Archaeobotany Barbarsko Settlement 4320 – 3360 cal BC C Reed 2016. Settlement ca. 3750 – 3600 cal BC C C C Reed 2016. Čeminac-Vakanjac Settlement ca. 4200 – 2900 cal BC C C Reed 2016. Čepinski Martinci-Dubrava Settlement 4340 – 3240 cal BC C C C Tomašanci-PalačaVirovitica-Batelije Settlement 3510 – 3330 cal BC C Reed 2013; 2016. Settlement 3370 – 2940 cal BC C C Reed 2013; 2016. Buković-Lastvine Settlement 3340 – 2830 cal BC C C C C C Huntley 1996a. Đakovo-FranjevacVinkovci, 14 Matije Gupca Settlement 2880 – 2480 cal BC C C C C Reed 2011; 2013; 2016; Ɖukić 2014. 3.s.,XLIX(2016) VAMZ, Tell 3490 – 2790 – 2600 cal BC C C C C C Reed 2013; 2016. VučedolBronze Age Reed 2013; 2016. 2565 – 2144 cal BC / Cave C C C et al. 2008. 1879 – 1529 cal BC Grapčeva Settlement (early) C C C ReedBorojević 2013. Tomašanci-Palača 02.05.2017 13:25:23 VAMZ_3_49_2016.indd 11 KELLY REED KELLY SITE NAME SITE TYPE DATE REFERENCE : Archaeobotany in Croatia: anoverview, inCroatia: Archaeobotany CEREALS PULSES OIL PLANTS VEGETABLES / HERBS / FRUITS NUTS WILD / WEED SEEDS Monkodonja Hillfort ca. 1800 – 1200 cal BC C C C Settlement (late) C C Hänsel, Mihovilić, Teržan 1997. ĈauševicaCrišnjevi-Oštrov Necropolis (late) C C HuntleyReed 2013. 1996b. Settlement ca. 14th – 12th C C C C Reed 2013. Mačkovac-CrišnjeviNova Bukovica-Sjenjak Settlement (late) century BC C C Kalnik-Igrisce Settlement (late) C C C C Šoštarić 2001.
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