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Burials in the Upper Palaeolithic

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Burials in the Upper Palaeolithic DP XLV.qxd 28/12/18 21:41 Page 1 a l t e n UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA FACULTY OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY DocumentaDocumenta PraehistoricaPraehistorica XLVXLV DP XLV.qxd 28/12/18 21:41 Page 3 a l t e n Documenta Praehistorica XLV EDITOR Mihael Budja ISSN 1408–967X (Print) ISSN 1854–2492 (Online) LJUBLJANA 2018 DP XLV.qxd 28/12/18 21:41 Page 4 a l t e n DOCUMENTA PRAEHISTORICA XLV (2018) Urednika/Editors: Dr. Mihael Budja, urednik/editor, [email protected] Bojan Kambič, tehnični urednik/technical editor, [email protected] Uredniški odbor/Editorial board: Maja Andrič, Institute of Archaeology, ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana, Slovenia Mihael Budja, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Slovenia Canan Çakirlar, University of Groningen, Faculty of Arts, Netherlands Ekaterina Dolbunova, The State Hermitage Museum, The department of archaeology of Eastern Europe and Siberia, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation Ya-Mei Hou, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropolgy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Dimitrij Mlekuž, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Slovenia Simona Petru, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Slovenia Žiga Šmit, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of mathematics and physics, Slovenia Katherine Willis, University of Oxford, United Kingdom Andreja Žibrat Gašparič, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Slovenia To delo je ponujeno pod licenco Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Deljenje pod enakimi pogoji 4.0 Mednarodna licenca / This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Založila in izdala/Published by: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete, Univerza v Ljubljani/ The Academic Publishing Division of the Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana ([email protected]; www.ff.uni-lj.si) Za založbo/For the publisher: Roman Kuhar, dekan Filozofske fakultete Naslov uredništva/Address of Editorial Board: Oddelek za arheologijo, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani, Aškerčeva 2, 1001 Ljubljana, p.p. 580, tel.: 386 12411570, fax.: 386 14231220 Spletni naslov/Website: http://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/DocumentaPraehistorica Prelom/DTP: Cambio d.o.o., Ljubljana Tisk/Printed by: Birografika BORI d.o.o., Ljubljana Naklada/Circulation : 500 izvodov/copies Cena/Price: 35,00 EUR Natisnjeno s podporo Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije. Funded by the Slovenian Research Agency. Documenta Prehistorica je vključena v Evropski referenčni seznam za humanistične vede (SCOPUS, ERIH PLUS in DOAJ) in sodeluje v omrežju CrossRef (http://www.crossref.org/), ki omogoča povezovanje referenc med založniki. The Documenta Praehistorica is indexed in the European Reference Index for Humanities (SCOPUS, ERIH PLUS and DOAJ). The journal participates in CrossRef (http://www.crossref.org/), the collaborative, cross-publisher reference linking service. Revija je tiskana v črno-beli tehniki; elektronska izdaja je barvna in dostopna na spletni strani http://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/DocumentaPraehistorica The printed publication is in black and white while the online publication is in colour and available at http://revije.ff.uni-lj.si/DocumentaPraehistorica 2 DP XLV.qxd 28/12/18 21:41 Page 5 a l t e n 3 DP XLV.qxd 28/12/18 21:41 Page 6 a l t e n CONTENTS Simona Petru 6 Identity and fear – burials in the Upper Palaeolithic Trevor Watkins 14 The Epipalaeolithic-Neolithic as the pivotal transformation of human history Çiler Çilingiroglu, Berkay Dinçer 30 Contextualising Karaburun> a new area for Neolithic research in Anatolia Donna de Groene Peter Zidarov, Nedko Elenski, Youri van den Hurk, Thijs van Kolfschoten, and Canan Çakırlar 38 Pigs and humans in Early Neolithic Southeastern Europe> new zooarchaeological and stable isotopic data from late 7th to early 6th millennium BC D/uljunica- Sma˘rde[, Bulgaria Mihai Dunca, Sanda Ba˘cuet Crisan 52 The ground stone industry at Pericei-Keller tag. A secondary production centre| Sharon R. Steadman, Benjamin S. Arbuckle, and Gregory McMahon 64 Pivoting East> Çadır Höyük, Transcaucasia, and complex connectivity in the Late Chalcolithic Mahnaz Sharifi, Abbas Motarjem 86 The process of cultural change in the Chalcolithic period in the highlands of Western Iran at Tepe Gheshlagh 4 Kamal Aldin Niknami, Mohammad Hossein Taheri, and Alireza Sardary 100 Evidence of an early accounting system found at Tal-e Mash Karim, a Chalcolithic site in Iran Alenka Toma∫ 108 An Eneolithic pottery hoard from Turni[;e, NE Slovenia Eszter Bánffy, Alex Bayliss, Anthony Denaire, Bisserka Gaydarska, Daniela Hofmann, 120 Philippe Lefranc, János Jakucs, Miroslav Mari≤, Krisztián Oross, Nenad Tasi≤, and Alasdair Whittle Seeking the Holy Grail> robust chronologies from archaeology and radiocarbon dating combined Luis Arboledas-Martínez, Eva Alarcón-García 138 Redefining the role of metal production during the Bronze Age of south-eastern Iberia. The mines of eastern Sierra Morena Javier Rodríguez-Corral 154 Hillforts, rocks and warriors> breaking boundaries with the past, building boundaries with the present Adrienne C. Frie 166 Insignia of power> bird imagery on artefacts of hierarchy and ritual in Iron Age Dolenjska (SE Slovenia) Andreja Ωibrat Ga∏pari≠, Manca Vinazza, and Matija ∞re∏nar 180 Characteristics of Early Iron Age pottery from north-eastern Slovenia through the prism of ceramic technology and petrography 5 Documenta Praehistorica XLV (2018) Identity and fear – burials in the Upper Palaeolithic Simona Petru Deparment of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, SI [email protected] ABSTRACT – Ritual burials probably appeared when human beings became aware of their existence not only at a given moment, but also in the future. Death then became something to be feared, since it annihilated the identity of the deceased. Consequently, a belief appeared that rituals at the time of death and proper handling of the corpse could preserve the identity of the dead, so that they only enter a different ‘world’, an afterlife, where life and personality continue in some way. Since finds of deformed and damaged skeletons in Upper Palaeolithic graves are relatively frequent, it may be possible to conclude that people at that time were particularly cautious with the bodies of those who, for a variety of reasons, had deviated from normal in their lifetime. KEY WORDS – Upper Palaeolithic; burial practices; identity; relics Identitete in strah – pokopi v mlaj[em paleolitiku IZVLE∞EK – Ritualni pokopi so se verjetno pojavili, ko se je ≠lovek zavedel, da ne obstaja samo v da- nem trenutku, temve≠ tudi v prihodnosti. Smrt je takrat postala nekaj, ≠esar se je potrebno bati, saj je izni≠ila identiteto umrlega. Zato se je pojavilo verovanje, da zaradi obredov v ≠asu smrti in pri- mernega ravnanjem s truplom, smrt ≠loveka ne izni≠i, temve≠ oseba le preide v druga≠en ‘svet’, v onostranstvo, kjer se ∫ivljenje in osebnost na nekak∏en na≠in nadaljujeta. Ker so najdbe deformira- nih in po∏kodovanih skeletov v mlaj∏epaleolitskih grobovih relativno pogoste, bi morda lahko sklepa- li, da so posebej previdno ravnali s trupli oseb, ki so v ≠asu ∫ivljenja iz razli≠nih razlogov odstopale od normale. KLJU∞NE BESEDE – mlaj∏i paleolitik; pokopne prakse; identiteta; relikvije Introduction Upper Palaeolithic burials are rare events (Riel-Sal- If we generalise, we could say that deceased indivi- vatore, Gravel-Miguel 2013.304), which could indi- duals who were ‘normal’ and lived ‘normally’ (there- cate that they were not the main practice of dispos- fore in accordance with the norms of a group) were ing of corpses. It seems that it was primarily those treated differently from those who ‘stood out’. individuals who had visible physical deformities who were buried (Formicola 2007; Trinkaus, Buzhilova A good ethnological illustration is the contemporary 2018.7) or were treated in some other way special, East African Samburu tribe, who treat their deceased while corpses of ‘normal’ people were probably treat- in different ways (Straight 2013.119–124). Some ed differently. There are many strategies and man- people, e.g., murderers, ‘smell’ bad, so their perso- ners of treating the dead; they originate from diffe- nality has to be annihilated, and even in death, com- rent ideological, religious, social, and other factors. pletely eliminated from human society. On the other 6 DOI> 10.4312\dp.45.1 Identity and fear – burials in the Upper Palaeolithic hand, with those who ‘smell’ good, these are pri- was also red. The middle skeleton also had ochre marily the elders of the tribe, some aspects of their sprinkled over its pelvis. In addition to the red pig- personality can be preserved. Death is more dange- ment, the grave included pendants of pierced teeth rous for the living if a person dies in a particular pe- and beads made of mammoth ivory (Klima 1988. riod of life, in particular circumstances or in a parti- 834–835). All three persons, who might have belong- cular place. Considering the level of danger that the ed to the same family (Alt et al. 1997), were proba- death of an individual gives rise to, they decide in bly buried simultaneously (Klima 1988.835). The which manner the corpse, to which death clings like middle person was laid in the grave first, followed an infectious disease ready to spread, needs to be by the persons to the left and right. Pieces of charred separated from the living. The majority of people, wood were found on the skeletons and around the with the exception of old people and infants, are laid grave, which led to the conclusion that the grave out under the trees. To prevent death from spread- was covered with branches that were burned dur- ing to the living, the corpses have to be eaten, or at ing the ritual burial. Since the skeletons were not least thoroughly gnawed by hyenas. If these preda- burned, the fire had to be put out quickly (Klima tors ignore the body, a goat is slaughtered nearby to 1988.835).
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