DOCSLIB.ORG

The 2000-Year Anniversary of the City of Emona: Urbanism, Ideology and Everyday Life

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The 2000-Year Anniversary of the City of Emona: Urbanism, Ideology and Everyday Life AQUILEIA NOSTRA ANNO LXXXVI 2015 Be r n a r d a Žu p a n e k THE 2000-YEAR Anniversary OF THE CITY OF EMONA: URBANISM, IDEOLOGY AND Everyday LIFE In 2014-15 Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, the Roman Empire, perhaps especially in areas which marked the 2000-year anniversary of the Roman were previously less urbanised or not urbanised at Emona, the first ever city in this area. Although all 3. The area that is now Slovenia can certainly be expert opinions as to exactly when and where Emona counted among these. Cities – Emona among the first emerged have differed widely for over a century 1, it of them – sprang up immediately after Roman occu- is nevertheless clear that Emona, the city on the left pation, i.e. from the early 1st century AD on. bank of the Ljubljanica River largely excavated by By the time the Roman colony at Emona had Walter Schmidt and Ljudmila Plesničar Gec, can be been built, the city had become the normative form considered Ljubljana’s earliest urban predecessor. of social, political and administrative organisation Emona has been an important point of reference across the Roman Empire; it was the basic unit, and a source of considerable prestige for Ljubljana whether accepted by the people living there or forced ever since the 17th century, if not earlier 2. Its signifi- upon them. City rulers governed the territory belong- cance is also recognised by the present city admin- ing to the city and its people on behalf of Rome. istration, which supported the formal marking of the This is why cities were seen as an essential part of anniversary. Mainly thanks to the efforts of the City imperial and military strategy: the Roman authori- Municipality of Ljubljana, the 2000-year anniver- ties used them as a means of holding and controlling sary was marked with numerous exhibitions, events, territory, transforming the political landscape of an concerts and performances, as well as a scientific area, collecting taxes, administering law and recruit- symposium: a proper Ludi Saeculares, in short. What ing soldiers 4. exactly were we celebrating so enthusiastically? The Roman cities such as Emona were places with first urban formation on the site of today’s Ljubljana, a special type of architecture and space, and a par- the benefits of far-reaching roots, classical antiq- ticular way of life. Both aspects were instrumental uity as the origin of civilisation, the city as civilised in achieving the Empire’s political and ideological space? What was Emona’s function in the past, and aims, especially once the Principate had been estab- what is its function today? What was Emona’s sig- lished. nificance during antiquity? And what was its legacy This was primarily due to the city’s particular form for Ljubljana? and architecture. Through public monuments and buildings, the layout of the city and arrangements for the territory surrounding it, the Empire displayed a c i t y i n a n e m p i r e o f c i t i e S its superiority and power to its subjects; and at the same time it offered the space and lifestyle that not The city is the most obvious expression of the only epitomised but actually defined civilisation 5. social, cultural and economic changes wrought by However, the Roman concept of urbanism did not 1 Cf. the overview in ša š e l ko S 2012, in particular pp. 100-103. 2 žu p a n e k 2011. 3 la u r e n c e , eS m o n d e cl e a r y , Se a r S 2011, p. xiii. 4 REVELL 2009, p. 49. 5 Strab. 4.1.5; Tac. Agr. 21; Germ. 16. 21 BeRNARDA Županek leave citizens free to choose their own way of life, colonisation programme, of course: the founding it insisted on the correct way of living in a city: par- of colonies was a key aspect of Roman history and ticipation in public affairs, political involvement and identity 11. It reached a new height in the aftermath responsibility, communal religious events and public of the civil wars of the late Republic when Julius spectacles 6. A Roman city was more than the sum of Caesar and Augustus founded colonies that occupied its bricks and mortar, its houses and public buildings key coastal sites and inland districts linking Italy – it was bound up with the whole idea of how to live to the Greek East 12. Augustus, especially, initiated the Roman way. Through a life lived in the city, the a huge and ambitious programme, mobilising and people re-enacted over and over again the structures relocating numerous Roman citizens to the east and of politics, social organisation, religion and ideology west, to colonies from Syria to Lusitania 13. At the which made up the shared cultural discourse holding same time urbanisation, imperial ideologies and the Empire together 7. state/political architectures were given strong legal Firmly embedded in an extensive road network, and financial support and encouragement, not only Roman cities (Emona among them) were hubs in the new colonies but also in the reconstruction of of power and privilege, centres of culture and existing cities 14. knowledge, spaces for interaction and trade, stages The construction of the colony at Emona was part of for spectacles and religious rituals, and places of Augustus’ colonisation programme. Emona emerged civilised life. Cities were thus an integrating force at the start of the Principate, just when Roman impe- behind a heterogeneous empire: by facilitating and rial ideology was being strongly impressed upon the encouraging the expansion of the typical Roman cities’ urban forms – themselves the projections of lifestyle, they created and recreated the ideology of Rome’s cultural-political and ideological concepts. the Empire 8. The creation of Roman citizens and Thus, the Roman city can be seen as a systematic Romanness itself was an urban process. Although and crucial element in Roman imperialism, from much has been written about the cultural change Augustus on, at least 15. The replication of the ide- usually referred to as “Romanisation”, relatively ologies of architecture and myth found in the rebuilt little attention has been paid to the role of cities in Augustan capital seems to have been a core feature bringing this change about, even though the two were of the colonies of the Augustan period; it is not found closely connected. in pre-Augustan colonies 16. Colonisation at the time of Caesar and Augustus no longer consisted in merely dispatching a group th e c i t y o f em o n a : a n e w c o l o n y a n d t h e au G u S t a n of Roman citizens to a specific location, but rather u r B a n i d e a l involved building a town with rites similar to those that were traditionally believed to have been used Despite dissenting opinions about the date of the for the founding of Rome 17. Augustan colonies founding of the Roman colony at Emona 9, the build- were created to a uniform model, including the ritual ing of the city on the left bank of the Ljubljanica ploughing of the borders of the city’s pomerium, and River can be indisputably dated to the late Augustan their topography and infrastructure were relatively and early Tiberian periods. An inscription referring standard. The city was filled with political imagery to a major imperial grant in the autumn of the year 14 manifestly promoting what was called res publica or summer of the year 15 is the earliest reference we restituta (in reality, the monarchy): forum, theatre, have to the existence of the city. The archaeological amphitheatre, porticoes, statuary and architectural record confirms that the colony on the left bank of ornamentation 18. Monumental public architecture the Ljubljanica was being built during the last years conveyed powerful iconographic and symbolic mes- of the reign of Emperor Augustus 10. sages that emphasised Rome’s power and superior- Roman colonies had been in existence for cen- ity. The similarity to Rome was intended to give turies before Augustus embarked on his large-scale the Empire’s central government a visible presence 6 REVELL 2009, p. 76. 7 REVELL 2009, p. 36. 8 Cf. žu p a n e k 2014, pp. 61-62. 9 Cf. ša š e l ko S 2012; Sl a p š a k 2014. 10 Ga S p a r i 2010. 11 Cf. la u r e n c e , eS m o n d e cl e a r y , Se a r S 2011, 37f. 12 de Gi o r G i 2011, p. 135. 13 de Gi o r G i 2011, p. 135. 14 hä u ss l e r 1998, p. 11. 15 Cf. wh i t t a k e r 1997; hä u ss l e r 1998; REVELL 2009, p. 49ff. 16 la u r e n c e , eS m o n d e cl e a r y , Se a r S 2011, p. 55. 17 la u r e n c e , eS m o n d e cl e a r y , Se a r S 2011, p. 55. 18 wh i t t a k e r 1997, p. 145; Za n k e r 1990, p. 101ff. 22 THE 2000-YEAR Anniversary OF THE CITY OF EMONA: URBANISM, IDEOLOGY AND Everyday LIFE and strengthen the ties between individual cities and Tribuna – to some extent at least, the successor to a the centre 19.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Boundary Stone Between Aquileia and Emona
    Arheološki vestnik (Arh. vest.) 53, 2002, str. 373-382 373 The boundary stone between Aquileia and Emona Marjeta ŠAŠEL KOS Izvleček Abstract V strugi Ljubljanice pod Bevkami je bil poleti 2001 najden In the summer of 2001, a boundary stone between Aquileia mejnik med Akvilejo in Emono, izdelan iz nabrežinskega and Emona, made of Aurisina/Nabrežina limestone, was apnenca. Datacija mejnika je predklavdijska, najverjetneje discovered in the bed of the Ljubljanica River below Bevke, je iz avgustejske dobe. Sodeč po drugih znanih mejnikih sta some 13 km to the southwest of Ljubljana. It is most probably imeli na njem omenjeni mesti enakovreden pravni položaj dated to the Augustan period and is certainly pre-Claudian. in sta pripadali isti administrativni enoti. Mejnik torej dolazuje, According to other similar boundary stones, neither of the da Emona ni nikoli pripadala Iliriku oz. pozneje provinci two communities involved could be subordinate to the other Panoniji, temveč je bila v Italiji, pred tem pa v Cisalpinski and both belonged to the same administrative unit. This means Galiji. that both towns belonged to Italy and that Emona had never been part of Illyricum (or, later, of the province of Pannonia). THE SITE OF DISCOVERY or less in situ, almost at the meander which, had it existed in the Roman period, would have no doubt been a good In the early summer of 2001, a boundary stone was point of orientation in this part of the Ljubljana Marsh. discovered in the bed of the Ljubljanica River below Near the mentioned farmhouse there is a relatively Bevke (some 13 km to the southwest of Ljubljana), at important find-spot from the early Roman period the mouth of a supposed drainage ditch, some three (coins, a bronze statuette of Apollo,2 a medallion hundred metres east of the confluence of the with a Prima Porta Type portrait of Augustus,3 Ljubljanica River and the Borovniščica Stream.
    [Show full text]
  • Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 109 (1995) 227–244
    M. ŠAŠEL KOS THE 15TH LEGION AT EMONA – SOME THOUGHTS aus: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 109 (1995) 227–244 © Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 227 THE 15TH LEGION AT EMONA – SOME THOUGHTS Dedicated to Géza Alföldy on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday The theory that the legio XV Apollinaris (the epithet most probably having been acquired after the battle at Actium)1 had a camp at Emona (the present-day Ljubljana, Slovenia) is not supported by convincing arguments. The existence of a legionary camp at Emona would simultaneously support the concept that the settlement was not established as a colony before Tiberius. A fragmentary imperial inscription citing Augustus (already noted as divus) and Tiberius (ILJug 303) is dated to early 15 AD: although it is badly damaged, the remain- ing words, carved in monumental letters, clearly indicate that the emperors had enabled the city to undertake some major construction, most probably city walls with towers, as the text ends with the word [--- d]ederunt. The early Tiberian date was considered by B. Saria as a terminus ad quem for the establishment of a colony in Emona, and he argued that a legiona- ry camp existed at the site of the later city until the beginning of Tiberius’ reign. Although W. Schmid had immediately afterwards expressed doubts about this thesis,2 it was nonethe- less widely accepted in the subsequent literature.3 It should be emphasized that Saria’s main 1 Cf. L. Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army, London 1984, 210; E. Ritterling, Legio, in: RE 12, 2 (1925), 1474.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cambridge Companion to Age of Constantine.Pdf
    The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine offers students a com- prehensive one-volume introduction to this pivotal emperor and his times. Richly illustrated and designed as a readable survey accessible to all audiences, it also achieves a level of scholarly sophistication and a freshness of interpretation that will be welcomed by the experts. The volume is divided into five sections that examine political history, reli- gion, social and economic history, art, and foreign relations during the reign of Constantine, a ruler who gains in importance because he steered the Roman Empire on a course parallel with his own personal develop- ment. Each chapter examines the intimate interplay between emperor and empire and between a powerful personality and his world. Collec- tively, the chapters show how both were mutually affected in ways that shaped the world of late antiquity and even affect our own world today. Noel Lenski is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Colorado, Boulder. A specialist in the history of late antiquity, he is the author of numerous articles on military, political, cultural, and social history and the monograph Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century ad. Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S Edited by Noel Lenski University of Colorado Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo Cambridge University Press 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521818384 c Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Map 20 Pannonia-Dalmatia Compiled by P. Kos and M. Šašel Kos, 1995
    Map 20 Pannonia-Dalmatia Compiled by P. Kos and M. Šašel Kos, 1995 Introduction The map covers very heterogeneous landscapes ranging from the Adriatic coast to the Alps, and from the mountainous interiors of the provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia with their rich ore sources to the Pannonian plain. The current state of research–to some degree reflected by the map–is uneven. Thus the Carinthian province of Austria (Piccottini 1989), Slovenia (ANSl 1975), and Bosnia and Herzegovina (ALBiH) are better explored topographically than other regions where no compilations of archaeological sites have been published. The results of topographical research conducted over the past thirty years by Bojanovski (1988) are of great importance. Much antiquarian and topographic information has been collected for Histria and Venetia by Vedaldi Iasbez (1994), with particular attention to Greek and Latin writers. Similarly substantial collection and assessment of data for the Dalmatian coast and islands are provided by Kozličić (1990). TIR Tergeste (1961), TIR Aquincum (1968) and TIR Naissus (1976) are also of value for the areas they cover, though not always reliable. Mócsy’s work (RE Suppl. 9 Pannonia) remains fundamental for the province of Pannonia. As Kozličić (1986) has shown, since antiquity geomorphological changes along the Dalmatian and Istrian coasts have been minimal, if only because no very large rivers flow into the Adriatic; the map therefore retains the modern coastline. The coast of the eastern Adriatic is, however, sinking at a minimal rate annually (Šegota 1976). Geographic names by no means always appear in the nominative in the Greek and Latin sources; the point applies especially to ItAnt, ItBurd, TabPeut and GeogRav, which often represent the only evidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Illyrian Policy of Rome in the Late Republic and Early Principate
    ILLYRIAN POLICY OF ROME IN THE LATE REPUBLIC AND EARLY PRINCIPATE Danijel Dzino Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics University of Adelaide August 2005 II Table of Contents TITLE PAGE I TABLE OF CONTENTS II ABSTRACT V DECLARATION VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES VIII LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS IX 1. Introduction, approaches, review of sources and secondary literature 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Rome and Illyricum (a short story) 2 1.3 Methodology 6 1.4.1 Illyrian policy of Rome in the context of world-system analysis: Policy as an interaction between systems 9 1.4.2 The Illyrian policy of Rome in the context of world-system analysis: Working hypothesis 11 1.5 The stages in the Roman Illyrian relationship (the development of a political/constitutional framework) 16 1.6 Themes and approaches: Illyricum in Roman historiography 18 1.7.1 Literature review: primary sources 21 1.7.2 Literature review: modern works 26 2. Illyricum in Roman foreign policy: historical outline, theoretical approaches and geography 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Roman foreign policy: Who made it, how and why was it made, and where did it stop 30 2.3 The instruments of Roman foreign policy 36 2.4 The place of Illyricum in the Mediterranean political landscape 39 2.5 The geography and ethnography of pre-Roman Illyricum 43 III 2.5.1 The Greeks and Celts in Illyricum 44 2.5.2 The Illyrian peoples 47 3. The Illyrian policy of Rome 167 – 60 BC: Illyricum - the realm of bifocality 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Prelude: the making of bifocality 56 3.3 The South and Central Adriatic 60 3.4 The North Adriatic 65 3.5 Republican policy in Illyricum before Caesar: the assessment 71 4.
    [Show full text]
  • How the Perception of Identity in Roman Funerary Archaeology Developed in Slovenia
    Stemberger, K. 2020. Identity Through the Looking Glass: How the Perception of Identity in Roman Funerary Archaeology Developed in Slovenia. Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal, 3(1): 7, pp. 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.16995/traj.423 RESEARCH ARTICLE Identity Through the Looking Glass: How the Perception of Identity in Roman Funerary Archaeology Developed in Slovenia Kaja Stemberger Independent researcher, SI [email protected] This paper addresses how the changes in Slovenian politics have been influencing the inter- pretation of identity in the sphere of Roman mortuary archaeology. The paper starts with an overview of the political history of Slovenia, separated into three phases: the period until 1945, the Yugoslav period (1945–1990), and independent Slovenia (1991–present). The second part of the paper focusses on theoretical studies directly discussing identity of the deceased in Roman period Slovenia. The majority of such studies is centred on the material from larger cemeteries, notably those of Colonia Ulpia Traiana Poetovio (modern Ptuj) and Colonia Iulia Emona (modern Ljubljana), of which the latter is better documented and researched. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential for future studies. Keywords: Roman archaeology; History of archaeology; Identity Introduction This article aims to examine how the context—political, cultural, ethnic, historical, personal—of the researcher as an individual human being influences their work. The idea sprouted from a study on the role of communication and linguistic theory in archaeology (Stemberger Flegar 2020), which discussed the ways in which language and communication can influence understanding of the theory. It soon became clear that language is only one of the factors which affect our understanding of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Archaeological Audiences Along the Roman Route Aquileia
    Developing archaeological audiences along the Roman route Aquileia-Emona-Sirmium-Viminacium Ljubljana, July 2016 WP3, Task 3.1 – Historiographic research update on the Roman route Index 3 Bernarda Županek, Musem and Galleries of Ljubljana Roman road Aquileia-Emona- Siscia-Sirmium-Viminacium: the Slovenian section 21 Dora Kušan Špalj and Nikoleta Perok, Archaeological Museum in Zagreb Roman road Aquileia-Emona-Siscia-Viminacium: Section of the road in the territory of present-day Croatia 37 Biljana Lučić, Institute for protection of cultural monuments Sremska Mitrovica Contribution to the research of the main Roman road through Srem 45 Ilija Danković and Nemanja Mrđić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade From Singidunum to Viminacium through Moesia Superior 2 Bernarda Županek, Musem and Galleries of Ljubljana Roman road Aquileia-Emona- Siscia-Sirmium-Viminacium: the Slovenian section The construction of the road that connected the Italic region with central Slovenia, and then made its way towards the east, was of key strategic importance for the Roman conquest of regions between the Sava and the Danube at the end of the first century BC. After the administrative establishment of the province of Pannonia this road became the main communication route, in the west-east direction, between Italy and the eastern provinces, especially with Pannonia and Moesia. The start of the road, which we follow in the context of the ARCHEST project, was in Aquileia, then across Emona to Neviodunim, passing Aquae Iassae towards Siscia and onwards into Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium. Myth-shrouded beginnings: the Amber Road and the Argonauts The territory of modern Slovenia was already covered with various routes during prehistoric times.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonia Iulia Emona – the Genesis of the Roman City
    Arheološki vestnik 63, 2012, str. 79–104 79 Colonia Iulia Emona – the genesis of the Roman city Marjeta ŠAŠEL KOS Izvleček Abstract Emona ni bila nikoli mesto v provinci Panoniji; najprej Emona was never a Pannonian city; it first belonged je pripadala cisalpinski Galiji, od leta 41 pr. Kr. pa Italiji. to Cisalpine Gaul and since 41 BC to Italy. The bound- Mejnik iz Bevk, ki najverjetneje sodi v čas vladanja Avgusta ary stone from Bevke, which is most probably dated to ali morda Tiberija, je dokončno potrdil, da je bila Emona the period of Augustus or perhaps Tiberius, ultimately italsko mesto že v prvi polovici 1. stoletja po Kr., skoraj confirmed that Emona was already an Italian city in the nedvomno pa je pripadala Italiji že pred tem. Obstoječi first half of the first century AD, but it must also have viri in arheološko gradivo ne omogočajo, da bi lahko belonged to Italy earlier. There is no decisive evidence opredelili natančen čas, ko je postala rimska kolonija. to establish the precise time when the town became a Predlagani časovni termini segajo od časa Oktavijana Roman colony. The proposed dates range from the time po bitki pri Akciju do začetka Tiberijevega vladanja. Ker of Octavian after the battle at Actium to the beginning of so se dejansko vsi argumenti, s katerimi so dokazovali Tiberius’ reign. While all the arguments supporting the slednjo hipotezo, izkazali za napačne, je treba po vsej latter hypothesis have proven to be invalid, a terminus verjetnosti iskati terminus ad quem v času malo preden ad quem must be sought most probably in the last years je Oktavijan postal Avgust, s čimer bi se dobro ujemalo of Octavian’s rule, which would also be indicated by the tudi ime kolonije, Iulia.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Studies on the Roman Copper-Based Finds from Emona
    Berliner Beiträge zur Archäometrie Seite 5-42 2001 Technical sturlies on the roman copper-based finds from Emona ALESSANDRA ÜIUMLIA-MAIR Universita di Udine, Corso di Diploma Universitario per Operatoredei Beni Culturali, Indirizzo Archeologico, Gorizia. Palazzo Alvarez, via Diaz 5 I - 34170 GORIZIA Introduction This research was initiated at the beginning of the nineties, as an explorative study of the material. A first report was published in the Bulletin of the Metals Museum, Sendai, Japan (Giumlia-Mair 1996) and two short discussions on some aspects ofthe research were presented in 1996 at the 13th Bronze Conference at Cambridge Massachussets (in publ.), as an appendix to the papers given by Dr Ljudmila Plesnicar Gec (in publ.) and Mag. lrena Sivec (in publ.), Mestni Muzej Ljubljana. This paper presents now the complete study for the first time. A choice of Roman copper-based objects from Ljubljana, now in the Mestni Muzej (Municipal Museum) have been sampled and analysed. The objects come from various excavations carried out in the last decades in the area ofthe ancient Roman town Emona and are dated to the period between the 1st c. BC and the 5th c. AD (Piesnicar Gec 1972; 1983; 1992; 1996 with further bibliography; 2000; Sivec 1992; 1996; 1998; 2000 andin publ.). The earlier finds seem to indicate mining activities in the region and the presence of metalworkers and organized workshops in the Settlements (Giumlia-Mair 1995, 1998 band c). The stylistic characteristics of the autochthonaus production arestill clearly recognizable in various artifacts of the Roman period and suggest a continuity of the metallurgical activities in the area.
    [Show full text]
  • Cults and Religious Integration in the Roman Cities of the Drava Valley (Southern Pannonia)
    CULTS AND RELIGIOUS INTEGRATION IN THE ROMAN CITIES OF THE DRAVA VALLEY (SOUTHERN PANNONIA) BY BLANKA MIŠIĆ A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS AND PHILOSOPHY ROYAL HOLLOWAY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON JANUARY 2013 1 DECLARATION OF AUTORSHIP I, Blanka Mišić, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Signed: ______________________ Dated: _______________________ 2 For my dearest parents. 3 ABSTRACT This work is a detailed examination of pagan cults and deities in three settlements along the Pannonian section of the Drava river (Aquae Iasae – modern Varaždinske Toplice; Iovia- Botivo – modern Ludbreg; and Mursa – modern Osijek) situated within the present-day territory of Croatia. The evidence examined consists primarily of inscribed votive dedications in stone, dating from the Roman conquest of Pannonia to the late third century A.D. Evidence is examined within the theoretical framework of cultural change, taking into account recent theoretical developments in the concepts of “Romanisation”, acculturation, identity- expression and syncretisation in order to determine the extent of cultural and religious integration along the Drava. A thorough examination of evidence reveals the emergence of differing and flexible religious identities specific to each settlement although united by the larger prevailing trend of nature-divinity worship. Our Drava evidence also reveals that economic, social, political and geographic factors all produced an impact on the process and extent of cultural and religious integration, thus helping to form local, regional, provincial and imperial expressions of identity(ies). 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS………………………………………......07 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Hoards of the Roman Period in Slovenia from the 2Nd Century Bc to the 2Nd Century Ad
    A. MIŠKEC: Hoards of the Roman period in Slovenia..., VAMZ, 3. s., XLV (2012) 379 ALENKA MIŠKEC Narodni muzej Slovenije SI – 1000 Ljubljana Slovenija [email protected] HOARDS OF THE ROMAN PERIOD IN SLOVENIA FROM THE 2ND CENTURY BC TO THE 2ND CENTURY AD UDK: 904:737.1(497.4)»652« Izvorni znanstveni rad In the present article we discuss hoard finds from the territory of the Re- public of Slovenia, and specifically from the period from the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD. The number of hoards approaches 80, which does not include four votive hoards and numerous hoards that were found in graves. The finds in the period under consideration are dominated by those that can be connected with military activities; these are certainly the finds from 150–146 BC, from the middle of the 1st century AD, from the Augustan period, from the period of the civil wars, and from the period of the Marcomannic Wars. Key words: Slovenia, coin hoards, Roman period, the Celts, numismatics Ključne riječi: Slovenija, ostave novca, Rimsko doba, Kelti, numizmatika In 1981, part of the doctoral dissertation of Ivan Mirnik was published with the title Coin Hoards in Yugoslavia (MIRNIK 1981), where the author collected and interpreted the coin hoards from the territory of the then Yugoslavia, from the first appearance of coinage in the 6th century BC to the middle of the 19th century. In the present article, this work of Ivan Mirnik will be supplemented by new hoard finds and with a new evaluation of the earlier finds, although this will be limited to hoards from the territory of the Republic of Slovenia, and specifically from the period from the 2nd century BC, when Roman coinage first appeared in Slovenia, to the 2nd century AD.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Roads in Croatia
    Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20th-24th January 2003, ed. S. Huerta, Madrid: I. Juan de Herrera, SEdHC, ETSAM, A. E. Benvenuto, COAM, F. Dragados, 2003. Roman roads in Croatia A. Deluka V. Dragcevic T. Rukavina Romans were the most efficient and systematic road The main aim of this work is to, along with the constructors in ancient times. They built about concise presentation of the main constructing 100.000 km of roads from which only 14.000 km on principIes of the Roman roads, give review of the territory of modem state of Italy. presumable and confinned Roman roads in Croatia Romans road constructors particularly improved and their importance in the entire road network of the the pavement construction. They paid special attention Roman Empire. to the road foundation (base course) and probably because of that we still have so many remains of their The Romans were the first people to understand that the roads alJ over ancient Roman Empire. road counts less than the places it connects. The road Pavement construction of roman roads, speaking in between two towns bears the meaning only for these two the modern technical terms, was a type of rigid places. What is important for the wh01e territory of the pavement construction. They also used in pavement empire is the dense network of roads, the endless ribbon running everywhere. In the Roman empire the traffie construction their great invention, the cement mixture played sueh an important ro1e as the blood eirculation from the site near ancient town of PuzzoJi in Italy.
    [Show full text]