1 Independence Regained
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Nation and Memory in Russia, Poland, and Ukraine
Nation and Memory in Russia, Poland, and Ukraine Lecture 11 The Great War Week 1, Spring Term Outline 1. National concepts and war aims 2. Galicia: Atrocities, occupation, reconquest 3. The February Revolution 4. Outlook Putzger, Historischer Weltatlas, pp. 106-107 Pavel Miliukov, leader of the liberal party (Kadets) Russian Concepts 1914 Tsar and supporter of Society autocracy • Strengthening of the authority Constitutional reforms, of the Tsar participation of society • Territorial gains in West and Territorial gains in West and South (Constantinople) South (Constantinople) • Defeat of Germany and Austria Defeat of Germany and Austria • Occupation of East Galicia and Occupation of East Galicia and Bukowina – Liberation of Bukowina – Liberation of Russian (East Slavic – Russian (East Slavic – Ruthenian) population Ruthenian) population • To win the support of the Poles To win the support of the Poles – – Promise of autonomy of Promise of autonomy of unified unified ethnic Polish territory ethnic Polish territory under under tsarist rule tsarist rule Józef Piłsudski Roman Dmowski Polish Concepts 1914 Piłsudski Dmowski • Independence • Autonomy of a unified Poland under tsa • Together with Austria and • Together with Russia Germany • Federation of Poland with • Polish nation state, Ukraine, Lithuania etc., exclusive, mainly Polish inclusive Catholics • Rights of minorities • Assimilationist • Jagiellonian Poland – • “Piast Poland” – territory territory in the East in the West • Enemy No. 1: Russia • Enemy No. 1: Germany Ukrainian Concepts 1914 Russian Ukraine East Galicia • Defeat of Austria • Defeat of Russia • Autonomy of ethnic • Autonomy (Ukrainian Ukrainian territory in a Crownland) in Austria, constitutional or partition of Galicia democratic Russia and Lodomeria • Unification of Ukraine • Unification of Ukraine under Austrian under Tsar Emperor Outline 1. -
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*
Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202). -
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because -
Star Wars: the Fascism Awakens Representation and Its Failure from the Weimar Republic to the Galactic Senate Chapman Rackaway University of West Georgia
STAR WARS: THE FASCISM AWAKENS 7 Star Wars: The Fascism Awakens Representation and its Failure from the Weimar Republic to the Galactic Senate Chapman Rackaway University of West Georgia Whether in science fiction or the establishment of an earthly democracy, constitutional design matters especially in the realm of representation. Democracies, no matter how strong or fragile, can fail under the influence of a poorly constructed representation plan. Two strong examples of representational failure emerge from the post-WWI Weimar Republic and the Galactic Republic’s Senate from the Star Wars saga. Both legislatures featured a combination of overbroad representation without minimum thresholds for minor parties to be elected to the legislature and multiple non- citizen constituencies represented in the body. As a result both the Weimar Reichstag and the Galactic Senate fell prey to a power-hungry manipulating zealot who used the divisions within their legislature to accumulate power. As a result, both democracies failed and became tyrannical governments under despotic leaders who eventually would be removed but only after wars of massive casualties. Representation matters, and both the Weimer legislature and Galactic Senate show the problems in designing democratic governments to fairly represent diverse populations while simultaneously limiting the ability of fringe groups to emerge. “The only thing necessary for the triumph of representative democracies. A poor evil is for good men to do nothing.” constitutional design can even lead to tyranny. – Edmund Burke (1848) Among the flaws most potentially damaging to a republic is a faulty representational “So this is how liberty dies … with structure. Republics can actually build too thunderous applause.” - Padme Amidala (Star much representation into their structures, the Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith, 2005) result of which is tyranny as a byproduct of democratic failure. -
POLAND: Duda's Victory Paves the Way for Pis Rule Until 2023
Europe | July 13, 2020 POLAND: Duda’s victory paves the way for PiS rule until 2023 According to preliminary data from the National Electoral Commission (PKW), incumbent President Andrzej Duda – supported by the ruling Law and Justice (PiS) party – narrowly won the second round of the presidential election held on 12 July. With nearly all ballots counted, Duda secured 51.2% of votes, leaving his opponent Rafal Trzaskowski (Civic Platform, PO) behind with 48.8%. The fiercely contested presidential race attracted a nearly record turnout of 68.1%. The PKW is expected to announce the official results within few days. Trzaskowski has not accepted defeat yet and could still challenge the result in courts, although this appears unlikely. An extremely divisive electoral campaign and a tight result reveal the deep polarization of Poland’s society. Exit polls show that Duda was predominantly supported by farmers, senior citizens, blue-collar workers, and the unemployed based in smaller towns and villages in the eastern parts of the country. Meanwhile, Trzaskowski performed well among students and entrepreneurs, as well as highly-qualified professionals. He is also much more popular in large cities and the western parts of the country. Duda’s re-election is a major win for the ruling PiS, which is now relatively well-positioned to continue carrying out its policy agenda until the parliamentary election in the autumn of 2023. In terms of the government’s policy priorities going forward, justice minister Zbigniew Ziobro (United Poland) has highlighted that it would further reform state institutions – including the judiciary – and continue implementing its generous social policies. -
Zagadnienie Indukcji Myśli W Polskim Nacjonalizmie
MYŚL POLITYCZNA MYŚL Bartosz Smolik Zagadnienie indukcji myśli w polskim nacjonalizmie Termin indukcja pochodzi od łacińskiego stycznych, a także mesjanistycznych jako słowa inductio (wprowadzenie) i w wypadku niezwiązanych z interesem własnego na- logiki oznacza wnioskowanie polegające na rodu. Innymi słowy jest to postulat wy- wyprowadzaniu wniosków ogólnych z prze- prowadzania konkluzji zawartych w myśli słanek będących ich poszczególnymi przy- politycznej nie z przesłanek o charakterze padkami1. Indukcja może stanowić podstawę ponadnarodowym (zrodzone często na badań empirycznych, w których dochodzi obcym gruncie ideologie), lecz z pojedyn- do wykrywania faktów lub prawidłowości na czych przypadków związanych z konkret- drodze wnioskowania indukcyjnego2. Jak za- nym, rodzimym terytorium, panującą na uważa niechętny indukcji Karl R. Popper, nim sytuacją społeczno-polityczną, uwa- zwykle wnioskowaniem „indukcyjnym” nazy- runkowaniami kulturowymi i religijnymi. wa się takie wnioskowanie, które prowadzi Ideologie internacjonalistyczne stanowiły od zdań jednostkowych, zwanych niekiedy odwrotność tej zasady i jako takie — zda- „szczegółowymi” (np. sprawozdania z wy- niem Balickiego — miały charakter deduk- ników obserwacji lub eksperymentów) do cyjny. „zdań uniwersalnych”, takich jak hipo- tezy lub teorie3. Często zwraca się uwagę na niedoskonałość indukcji (tzw. problem in- Romantyczny mesjanizm jako dukcji) zmuszającą do podejścia probabili- stycznego. Rozumowanie indukcyjne zatem przykład myślenia wychodzącego uznaje się za mniej precyzyjne -
The Question of War Reparations in Polish-German Relations After World War Ii
Patrycja Sobolewska* THE QUESTION OF WAR REPARATIONS IN POLISH-GERMAN RELATIONS AFTER WORLD WAR II DOI: 10.26106/gc8d-rc38 PWPM – Review of International, European and Comparative Law, vol. XVII, A.D. MMXIX ARTICLE I. Introduction There is no doubt that World War II was the bloodiest conflict in history. Involv- ing all the great powers of the world, the war claimed over 70 million lives and – as a consequence – has changed world politics forever. Since it all started in Poland that was invaded by Germany after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the attack, this country has suffered the most. On September 17, 1939 Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union. Ultimately, the Germans razed Warsaw to the ground. War losses were enormous. The library and museum collec- tions have been burned or taken to Germany. Monuments and government buildings were blown up by special German troops. About 85 per cent of the city had been destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle.1 Despite the fact that it has been 80 years since this cataclysmic event, the Polish government has not yet received any compensation from German authorities that would be proportionate to the losses incurred. The issue in question is still a bone of contention between these two states which has not been regulated by both par- ties either. The article examines the question of war reparations in Polish-German relations after World War II, taking into account all the relevant factors that can be significant in order to resolve this problem. -
Stanislaw Brzozowski and the Migration of Ideas
Jens Herlth, Edward M. Świderski (eds.) Stanisław Brzozowski and the Migration of Ideas Lettre Jens Herlth, Edward M. Świderski (eds.) with assistance by Dorota Kozicka Stanisław Brzozowski and the Migration of Ideas Transnational Perspectives on the Intellectual Field in Twentieth-Century Poland and Beyond This volume is one of the outcomes of the research project »Standing in the Light of His Thought: Stanisław Brzozowski and Polish Intellectual Life in the 20th and 21st Centuries« funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (project no. 146687). The publication of this book was made possible thanks to the generous support of the »Institut Littéraire Kultura«. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Na- tionalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommer- cial-NoDerivatives 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ To create an adaptation, translation, or derivative of the original work and for com- mercial use, further permission is required and can be obtained by contacting [email protected] Creative Commons license terms for re-use do not apply to any content (such as graphs, figures, photos, excerpts, etc.) not original to the Open Access publication and further permission may be required from the rights holder. The obligation to research and clear permission lies solely with the party re-using the material. -
Towns in Poland” Series
holds the exclusive right to issue currency in the Republic of Poland. In addition to coins and notes for general circulation, TTownsowns inin PolandPoland the NBP issues collector coins and notes. Issuing collector items is an occasion to commemorate important historic figures and anniversaries, as well as to develop the interest of the public in Polish culture, science and tradition. Since 1996, the NBP has also been issuing occasional 2 złoty coins, In 2009, the NBP launched the issue struck in Nordic Gold, for general circulation. All coins and notes issued by the NBP of coins of the “Towns in Poland” series. are legal tender in Poland. The coin commemorating Warsaw Information on the issue schedule can be found at the www.nbp.pl/monety website. is the fifth one in the series. Collector coins issued by the NBP are sold exclusively at the Internet auctions held in the Kolekcjoner service at the following website: www.kolekcjoner.nbp.pl On 24 August 2010, the National Bank of Poland is putting into circulation a coin of the “Towns in Poland” series depicting Warsaw, with the face value of 2 złoty, struck in standard finish, in Nordic Gold. face value 2 zł • metal CuAl5Zn5Sn1 alloy •finish standard diameter 27.0 mm • weight 8.15 g • mintage (volume) 1,000,000 pcs Obverse: An image of the Eagle established as the State Emblem of the Republic of Poland. On the sides of the Eagle, the notation of the year of issue: 20-10. Below the Eagle, an inscription: ZŁ 2 ZŁ. In the rim, an inscription: RZECZPOSPOLITA POLSKA (Republic of Poland), preceded and followed by six pearls. -
Poland's 2019 Parliamentary Election
— SPECIAL REPORT — 11/05/2019 POLAND’S 2019 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION Tomasz Grzegorz Grosse Warsaw Institute POLAND’S 2019 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION Held on October 13, 2019, Poland’s general election is first and foremost a success of democracy, as exemplified by crowds rushing to polling stations and a massive rise in voter turnout. Those that claimed victory were the govern- ment groups that attracted a considerable electorate, winning in more constitu- encies across the country they ruled for the past four years. Opposition parties have earned a majority in the Senate, the upper house of the Polish parliament. A fierce political clash turned into deep chasms throughout the country, and Poland’s political stage reveals polarization between voters that lend support to the incumbent government and those that question the authorities by manifest- ing either left-liberal or far-right sentiments. Election results Poland’s parliamentary election in 2019 attrac- try’s 100-seat Senate, the upper house of the ted the attention of Polish voters both at home parliament, it is the Sejm where the incum- and abroad while drawing media interest all bents have earned a majority of five that has over the world. At stake were the next four a pivotal role in enacting legislation and years in power for Poland’s ruling coalition forming the country’s government2. United Right, led by the Law and Justice party (PiS)1. The ruling coalition won the election, The electoral success of the United Right taking 235 seats in Poland’s 460-seat Sejm, the consisted in mobilizing its supporters to a lower house of the parliament. -
Codebook Indiveu – Party Preferences
Codebook InDivEU – party preferences European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies December 2020 Introduction The “InDivEU – party preferences” dataset provides data on the positions of more than 400 parties from 28 countries1 on questions of (differentiated) European integration. The dataset comprises a selection of party positions taken from two existing datasets: (1) The EU Profiler/euandi Trend File The EU Profiler/euandi Trend File contains party positions for three rounds of European Parliament elections (2009, 2014, and 2019). Party positions were determined in an iterative process of party self-placement and expert judgement. For more information: https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/65944 (2) The Chapel Hill Expert Survey The Chapel Hill Expert Survey contains party positions for the national elections most closely corresponding the European Parliament elections of 2009, 2014, 2019. Party positions were determined by expert judgement. For more information: https://www.chesdata.eu/ Three additional party positions, related to DI-specific questions, are included in the dataset. These positions were determined by experts involved in the 2019 edition of euandi after the elections took place. The inclusion of party positions in the “InDivEU – party preferences” is limited to the following issues: - General questions about the EU - Questions about EU policy - Questions about differentiated integration - Questions about party ideology 1 This includes all 27 member states of the European Union in 2020, plus the United Kingdom. How to Cite When using the ‘InDivEU – Party Preferences’ dataset, please cite all of the following three articles: 1. Reiljan, Andres, Frederico Ferreira da Silva, Lorenzo Cicchi, Diego Garzia, Alexander H. -
House Resolution No. 415. a Resolution to Commemorate the 100Th Anniversary of the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Poland
Rep. Kosowski offered the following resolution: House Resolution No. 415. A resolution to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the restoration of independence of the Republic of Poland. Whereas, The people of Michigan and the Polish nation enjoy a deep and abiding relationship rooted in kinship and cultural and economic ties, with millions of Michiganders proudly tracing their roots to Poland; and Whereas, In 1795, Poland was partitioned among the Prussia, Russia, and Austro- Hungarian Empires, taking away the Polish nation’s independence and right to self-rule for the next 123 years; and Whereas, Upon being granted statehood in 1837, the state of Michigan welcomed many oppressed Polish immigrants who became and remain a large and vital part of this state’s rich history; and Whereas, During this period of bondage, the slogan “For Our Freedom and Yours” became the battle cry of Poles throughout the world, enshrining the message that no country has the right to exploit, enslave, and oppress another nation and that each nation is entitled to self- rule; and Whereas, During the First World War in 1917, the Allies united behind the Polish cause by issuing a decree establishing the Polish Army in France, known as the “Blue Army”; and Whereas, In April 1917, the renowned Polish statesman and pianist, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, submitted a proposal to the U.S. House of Representatives to accept Polish- American volunteers for service on the Western Front in the name of Poland’s independence; and Whereas, Nearly 25,000 Polish immigrants in the United