Towns in Poland” Series
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The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*
Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202). -
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because -
Interregional Diversity of Social Capital in the Context of Sustainable Development—A Case Study of Polish Voivodeships
sustainability Article Interregional Diversity of Social Capital in the Context of Sustainable Development—A Case Study of Polish Voivodeships Katarzyna Pawlewicz 1 and Adam Pawlewicz 2,* 1 Department of Socio-Economic Geography, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Agrotechnology, Agricultural Production Management and Agribusiness, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 May 2020; Accepted: 8 July 2020; Published: 10 July 2020 Abstract: The relationship between social capital and sustainable development challenges is of special importance. However, social capital is a complex phenomenon that is analyzed in different contexts and cannot be investigated with the use of a single variable. Social capital is difficult to define, which is why the selection of variables for measuring social capital can be problematic. The aim of this study was to analyze variations in social capital at the regional level. The study was conducted in Poland, and it covered all 16 Polish voivodeships (regions) where social capital was evaluated based on five measures: civic engagement in political and social life, degree of selfless behavior, sense of security and social confidence, formation of social structures, and the observance of social norms (external factors), and attitudes (internal factors) that foster desirable social interactions. The correlations between the above measures were also determined. Composite indicators of the analyzed measures were developed with the use of the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. The results were used to rank Polish voivodeships and group them into three classes based on the corresponding values of the adopted measures. -
The Jews of Poland We Are Dedicated to Making Your Experience Rich in Content and Superior in Comfort
A Program for the Museum of Jewish Heritage Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow The Jews of Poland We are dedicated to making your experience rich in content and superior in comfort. October 1–12, 2021 This unique travel program combines the expertise and resources of two organizations that cherish the traditions, achievements, and faith of Jewish communities – past and present – around the world. Jewish Heritage Travel and the Museum of Jewish Heritage are delighted to have the opportunity to share this rich, varied, and poignant history and culture with you on these select trips. We look forward to traveling with you. Program Overview Before World War II, Poland’s 3 million Jews represented one of the largest and most influential Jewish communities in the world. The diverse community included Hasidim, secular Jewish intellectuals, Yiddish writers, Zionists, and socialists. Recently, a world-class museum opened in Warsaw, devoted to what Jewish life and culture were like in Poland. Jewish festivals in Kraków and other parts of Poland attract tens of thousands of people each year. Additionally, several universities have opened Judaic studies departments that have nurtured graduate students who have published impressive publications, bringing to life important aspects of Poland’s astonishingly rich Jewish history and culture. Join us on what promises to be a meaningful and fascinating trip— beginning in Warsaw, where a highlight will be a guided tour of the Museum of the History of Polish Jews, a museum that explores Poland’s 1,000-year Jewish history. Additionally, in Warsaw, we will visit sites including the monument to the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, the memorial of Mila 18, and the Umschlagplatz—the site from which Jews were deported to Auschwitz and Treblinka. -
Warsaw in Short
WarsaW TourisT informaTion ph. (+48 22) 94 31, 474 11 42 Tourist information offices: Museums royal route 39 Krakowskie PrzedmieÊcie Street Warsaw Central railway station Shops 54 Jerozolimskie Avenue – Main Hall Warsaw frederic Chopin airport Events 1 ˚wirki i Wigury Street – Arrival Hall Terminal 2 old Town market square Hotels 19, 21/21a Old Town Market Square (opening previewed for the second half of 2008) Praga District Restaurants 30 Okrzei Street Warsaw Editor: Tourist Routes Warsaw Tourist Office Translation: English Language Consultancy Zygmunt Nowak-Soliƒski Practical Information Cartographic Design: Tomasz Nowacki, Warsaw Uniwersity Cartographic Cathedral Photos: archives of Warsaw Tourist Office, Promotion Department of the City of Warsaw, Warsaw museums, W. Hansen, W. Kryƒski, A. Ksià˝ek, K. Naperty, W. Panów, Z. Panów, A. Witkowska, A. Czarnecka, P. Czernecki, P. Dudek, E. Gampel, P. Jab∏oƒski, K. Janiak, Warsaw A. Karpowicz, P. Multan, B. Skierkowski, P. Szaniawski Edition XVI, Warszawa, August 2008 Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport Free copy 1. ˚wirki i Wigury St., 00-906 Warszawa Airport Information, ph. (+48 22) 650 42 20 isBn: 83-89403-03-X www.lotnisko-chopina.pl, www.chopin-airport.pl Contents TourisT informaTion 2 PraCTiCal informaTion 4 fall in love wiTh warsaw 18 warsaw’s hisTory 21 rouTe no 1: 24 The Royal Route: Krakowskie PrzedmieÊcie Street – Nowy Âwiat Street – Royal ¸azienki modern warsaw 65 Park-Palace Complex – Wilanów Park-Palace Complex warsaw neighborhood 66 rouTe no 2: 36 CulTural AttraCTions 74 The Old -
Please Click Here
AussieEuropeanTour Rob and Krys Henshaw Contents Background Information ...................................................................... 16 Why have we written this document?............................................................................... 16 Who are we? ................................................................................................................... 18 Our Motorhome Research ............................................................................................... 18 What we thought we wanted based on our caravan experience in Australia .................... 19 Paying for a Motorhome in the UK from Australia ............................................................ 20 Registering and Insuring the Hymer in the UK ................................................................. 21 Insuring the Hymer 544 in the UK .................................................................................... 21 Schengen Zone Impications for Australians visiting Europe ............................................. 22 Our Schengen Zone Experience...................................................................................... 23 Fridge/Freezer Management in a Motorhome/Caravan:................................................... 25 The Challenges of Driving a Motorhome in Norway ......................................................... 27 Getting Maximum Life out of 12 Volt Batteries in a Motorhome/Caravan ......................... 33 Countries Visited .................................................................................. -
Innovation Ecosystems Ecosystems Innovation Regional
QG-01-16-501-EN-C This book is produced by the Members of the European Committee of the Regions in close collaboration with Europe's cities and regions. The book is all about pioneering cities and regions - or reviewing the content of the book from activities CoR perspective: about regional innovation ecosystems. guide In recent years it has increasingly become apparent that only through sharing knowledge and working in partnership it is possible to st create truly competitive and sustainable economies meeting the needs of the 21 century. In order to achieve this, the European Union Ecosystems Innovation Regional can and must work with and for our citizens. For this to happen we need to achieve a change in mindset. This publication therefore seeks to stimulate bench-learning between regions and cities, sparking new ideas and fundamentally stirring economic development. Presenting some of the most inspiring projects across the EU, this book oers readers an opportunity to understand and explore how Europe's cities and regions are breaking new ground in regional development. The European Committee of the Regions is the EU's Assembly of 350 regional and local representatives from all 28 Member States, representing over 507 million Europeans. This book is an essential part of the process of implementing our political priorities for 2015-2020 and giving Europe's citizens the fresh start they need. In order to overcome its current challenges, Europe must establish a culture of co-creation and break its boundaries by moving towards entrepreneurial discovery, open innovation, experimentation and ISBN: 978-92-895-0876-6 action. -
From "Russian" to "Polish": Vilna-Wilno 1900-1925
FROM “RUSSIAN” TO “POLISH”: Vilna-Wilno 1900-1925 Theodore R. Weeks Southern Illinois University at Carbondale The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research 910 17th Street, N.W. Suite 300 Washington, D.C. 20006 TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Principal Investigator: Theodore R. Weeks Council Contract Number: 819-06g Date: June 4, 2004 Copyright Information Scholars retain the copyright on works they submit to NCEEER. However, NCEEER possesses the right to duplicate and disseminate such products, in written and electronic form, as follows: (a) for its internal use; (b) to the U.S. Government for its internal use or for dissemination to officials of foreign governments; and (c) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of the U.S. government that grants the public access to documents held by the U.S. government. Additionally, NCEEER has a royalty-free license to distribute and disseminate papers submitted under the terms of its agreements to the general public, in furtherance of academic research, scholarship, and the advancement of general knowledge, on a non-profit basis. All papers distributed or disseminated shall bear notice of copyright. Neither NCEEER, nor the U.S. Government, nor any recipient of a Contract product may use it for commercial sale. * The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by the National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, funds which were made available by the U.S. Department of State under Title VIII (The Soviet-East European Research and Training Act of 1983, as amended). -
History of Masovian Voivodeship This Presentation Is About the Contemporary Administrative Unit
HISTORY OF MASOVIAN VOIVODESHIP THIS PRESENTATION IS ABOUT THE CONTEMPORARY ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT. FOR THE PRE-PARTITION ONE, SEE MASOVIAN VOIVODESHIP (1526–1795). WHEN THE PROVINCE WAS CREATED? The province was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Warsaw, Płock, Ciechanów, Ostrołęka, Siedlce and Radom Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province's name recalls the traditional name of the region, Mazowsze , with which it is roughly coterminous. However, southern part of the voivodeship, with Radom, historically belongs to Lesser Poland, while Łomża and its surroundings, even though historically part of Mazovia, now is part of Podlaskie Voivodeship. History- The voivodeship was officially created by King Sigismund I the Old on December 27, 1529, WHERE IS THE MASOVIAN VOIVODESHIP ? The Masovian Voivodeship is one of 16 voivodeships in Poland Masovian Voivodeship Poland Masovian Voivodeship Masovian voivodeship It’s capital city is is located in east of Poland. Warsaw. Popular cities in Masovian voivodeship: Warsaw Plock Radom Vistula Vistula is the longest river in Poland. It has 1023,5 km. Masovian Voivodeship- landscapes Masovia Mazovian Voivodeship or Mazovia Province is the largest and most populous of the 16 Polish provinces, or voivodeships, created in 1999. It occupies 35,579 square kilometres (13,737 sq mi) of east-central Poland, and has 5,324,500 inhabitants. Its principal cities are Warsaw (1.749 million) in the centre of the Warsaw metropolitan area, Radom (226,000) in the south, Płock (127,000) in the west, Siedlce (77,000) in the east, and Ostrołęka (55,000) in the north. -
Bulletin POLISH NATIONAL COMMISSION
biuletyn 2013 PRZEGLÑD POLSKIEGO KOMITETU DO SPRAW UNESCO PRZEGLÑD POLSKIEGO KOMITETU DO SPRAW UNESCO biuletynbiuletyn|| 2013 2013 POLISH NATIONAL COMMISSION for UNESCO Reviev bulletin | bulletin | for UNESCO Review UNESCO for POLISH NATIONAL COMMISSION COMMISSION NATIONAL POLISH bulletin 2013 covBIUL13gr.indd 1 14-11-03 14:34 POLISH NATIONAL COMMISSION for UNESCO Review bulletin| 2013 Table of Contents Andrzej Rottermund Workshop for Restorers A Few Words 53 in Nesvizh 5 About Our Activities Last Year Marek Konopka UNESCO 55 Anamnesis – Re-minding Programme Priorities 8 for the Coming Years 61 Kraków – UNESCO City of Literature What We Dealt with Sławomir Ratajski 12 in 2013 UNESCO 2005 Convention 63 A Tool of Cultural Policy Why and How to Protect Cultural 21 Heritage by Modern Means? Intercultural Education Workshops 72 for Teachers Bogusław Szmygin Protecting Our Heritage Libyan Journalists 25 – Contemporary Approach 73 on a Study Visit to Poland Leszek Kolankiewicz The Concept of Intangible Euro-Arab Dialogue Conference Cultural Heritage “Our Commonly Shared Values” 32 in the 2003 Convention 75 held in Algarve Mariusz Czuba Anna Kalinowska Wooden Orthodox Churches Contemporary Man In Dialogue (Tserkvas) of the Polish 77 With The Environment? and Ukrainian Carpathian Region 43 on the World Heritage List Magdalena Machinko-Nagrabecka How to Teach Katarzyna Piotrowska 85 on Sustainable Development? Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines Educating in Dialogue 46 on UNESCO World Heritage List 90 with the Environment 93 ASPnet for Global -
Low-Carbon-Funding-Report-Mazovia
INDIVIDUAL REGIONAL BASELINE REPORTS ON LOW CARBON INVESTMENTS FUNDING MAZOVIA REGION Preface Present Individual Regional Baseline Reports on Low Carbon Investments Funding is a strategic document to be delivered for seven Partner Regions under the Project entitled “PROmoting regional Sustainable Policies on Energy and Climate change mitigation Towards 2030” funded by the Interreg CENTRAL EUROPE Programme. Partner Region: Mazovia Region Programme priority: 2. Cooperating on low-carbon strategies in CENTRAL EUROPE Specific objective: 2.2 To improve territorial based low-carbon energy planning stra- tegies and policies supporting climate change mitigation Project acronym: Prospect2030 Project index number: CE1373 Lead partner: Piemonte Region Project start date: 01.04.2019 Project end date: 30.09.2021 Deliverable number: D.T1.1.2 Prepared by: PP3 MAE Date: 28.11.2019 Table of Contents 1. Background ..........................................................................................1 2. Presentation of the target region ................................................................2 2.1. General presentation of the target region ................................................2 2.2. Potentials for low-carbon sector development ...........................................3 2.2.1. Energy efficiency ........................................................................3 2.2.2. Renewables ...............................................................................3 2.3. Regional low-carbon policies, institutional framework and policy -
1 Independence Regained
1 INDEPENDENCE REGAINED The history of Poland in the modern era has been characterised by salient vicissitudes: outstanding victories and tragic defeats, soaring optimism and the deepest despair, heroic sacrifice and craven subser- vience. Underpinning all of these experiences and emotions, however, are the interrelated themes of national freedom, independence and sovereignty, which were sometimes lost, then regained, but never forgotten or abandoned. They, more than anything else, shaped Poland’s destiny in the modern era. And if there is one single, fundamental point of reference, then it is unquestionably the Partitions of the eighteenth century which resulted in Poland’s disappearance from the map of Europe for well over a century. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as the Polish State was consti- tuted since the mid-sixteenth century, was for the next two hundred years one of the largest and most powerful in Europe, occupying a huge swathe of territory stretching from the area around Poznań in the west to far-off Muscovy in the east, and from Livonia in the north to the edge of the Ottoman Empire in the south. Famous kings, such as Stefan Batory (1575–86) and Jan Sobieski III (1674–96), and great landowning families, the Lubomirskis, Radziwiłłs, Zamoyskis, Czartoryskis and the like, played a leading role in moulding the economic, political and social life of the country and bringing it unprecedented international prestige. By the beginning of the eighteenth century, however, the first unmistakable signs of decline appeared, and were accentuated by the emergence of ambitious and expansionist neighbours in Russia, Prussia and Austria.