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Usages Du Sapotier Blanc (Casimiroa Spp.) En Mésoamérique. Histoire, Ethnographie Et Botanique Auréade Henry, Patricia Vera-Caletti

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Usages Du Sapotier Blanc (Casimiroa Spp.) En Mésoamérique. Histoire, Ethnographie Et Botanique Auréade Henry, Patricia Vera-Caletti Usages du sapotier blanc (Casimiroa spp.) en Mésoamérique. Histoire, ethnographie et botanique Auréade Henry, Patricia Vera-Caletti To cite this version: Auréade Henry, Patricia Vera-Caletti. Usages du sapotier blanc (Casimiroa spp.) en Mésoamérique. Histoire, ethnographie et botanique. Anthropobotanica, Publications scientifiques du Muséum na- tional d’Histoire naturelle, 2010. hal-02057477 HAL Id: hal-02057477 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02057477 Submitted on 12 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 7 Usages du sapotier blanc (Casimiroa spp.) en Mésoamérique. Histoire, ethnographie et botanique Auréade Henry CEPAM-CNRS , UMR 6130 250, av. A. Einstein 06560 Valbonne (France) [email protected] Patricia Vera-Caletti Area de Biología, UACh, Chapingo C.P. 56227, Edo. de México (Mexique) [email protected] Henry A. & Vera-Caletti P. 2010. – Usages du sapotier blanc (Casimiroa spp.) en Mésoamérique. Histoire, ethnographie et botanique. Anthropobotanica 1.7-2010. Casimiroa edulis Llave et Lex. est un arbre fruitier endémique de la Mésoamérique dési- gné en nahuatl sous les termes cochitzapotl et iztactzapotl, d’où dérivent ses noms espa- gnols, zapote somnífero et zapote blanco, mentionnés dès le XVIe siècle par les chroniqueurs. MOTS CLÉS Les textes ethnohistoriques qui y font référence concernent majoritairement le bassin de Casimiroa edulis Mexico et le monde nahuatl et évoquent la consommation des fruits, ainsi que certaines Mésoamérique utilisations médicinales et rituelles. Nous présentons ici les travaux récents sur l’évolution ethnobotanique morphologique du fruit de Casimiroa edulis résultant de processus de sélection anthropi- textes ethnohistoriques que, ainsi qu’un bilan diachronique de ses différents usages, étapes indispensables vers une archéobotanique domestication interprétation plus fine de ses témoignages archéobotaniques. ABSTRACT Uses of the white sapote (Casimiroa spp.) in Mesoamerica. History, ethnology and botany Casimiroa edulis Llave et Lex. is a fruit tree endemic to Mesoamerica known in Nahuatl as cochitzapotl and iztactzapotl. Its Spanish names, zapote somnífero and zapote blanco appear KEY WORDS in the historical record from the XVIth century onwards. The sources describing this tree Casimiroa edulis refer mainly to the Basin of Mexico and the Nahuatl area, and evoke the consumption of Mesoamerica V ER A N PLUM its fruits as well as specific medicinal and ritual uses. The aims of this paper are to present S D E EX E M I 1 8 E ethnobotany1 D 5 I F ethnohistory recent work on the morphological evolution of the fruit of Casimiroa edulis resultingAPDCA from archaeobotany an intentional selection, as well as to discuss diachronically its different uses, which are domestication. indispensable stages towards a finer interpretation of its archaeobotanical remains.APDCA ANTHROPOBOTANICA • 2010 • 1. 7. © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Usages du sapotier blanc (Casimiroa spp.) en Mésoamérique. Histoire, ethnographie et botanique Auréade Henry CEPAM-CNRS , UMR 6130 250, av. A. Einstein 06560 Valbonne (France) [email protected] Patricia Vera-Caletti Area de Biología, UACh, Chapingo C.P. 56227, Edo. de México (Mexique) [email protected] Henry A. & Vera-Caletti P. 2010. – Usages du sapotier blanc (Casimiroa spp.) en Mésoamérique. Histoire, ethnographie et botanique. Anthropobotanica 1.7-2010. Casimiroa edulis Llave et Lex. est un arbre fruitier endémique de la Mésoamérique dési- gné en nahuatl sous les termes cochitzapotl et iztactzapotl, d’où dérivent ses noms espa- gnols, zapote somnífero et zapote blanco, mentionnés dès le XVIe siècle par les chroniqueurs. MOTS CLÉS Les textes ethnohistoriques qui y font référence concernent majoritairement le bassin de Casimiroa edulis Mexico et le monde nahuatl et évoquent la consommation des fruits, ainsi que certaines Mésoamérique utilisations médicinales et rituelles. Nous présentons ici les travaux récents sur l’évolution ethnobotanique morphologique du fruit de Casimiroa edulis résultant de processus de sélection anthropi- textes ethnohistoriques que, ainsi qu’un bilan diachronique de ses différents usages, étapes indispensables vers une archéobotanique domestication interprétation plus fine de ses témoignages archéobotaniques. ABSTRACT Uses of the white sapote (Casimiroa spp.) in Mesoamerica. History, ethnology and botany Casimiroa edulis Llave et Lex. is a fruit tree endemic to Mesoamerica known in Nahuatl as cochitzapotl and iztactzapotl. Its Spanish names, zapote somnífero and zapote blanco appear KEY WORDS in the historical record from the XVIth century onwards. The sources describing this tree Casimiroa edulis refer mainly to the Basin of Mexico and the Nahuatl area, and evoke the consumption of Mesoamerica its fruits as well as specific medicinal and ritual uses. The aims of this paper are to present ethnobotany ethnohistory recent work on the morphological evolution of the fruit of Casimiroa edulis resulting from archaeobotany an intentional selection, as well as to discuss diachronically its different uses, which are domestication. indispensable stages towards a finer interpretation of its archaeobotanical remains. ANTHROPOBOTANICA • 2010 • 1. 7. © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Henry A. & Vera-Caletti P. INTRODUCTION fonction de leur répartition actuelle et non pas selon des critères anatomiques. En second lieu, Les représentants du genre Casimiroa (Ruta- face à l’indigence des données archéologiques, ceae), endémique du Mexique et d’Amérique le recours aux textes ethno-historiques comme centrale, sont désignés en français sous le terme éléments de comparaison reste très fréquent. La vulgaire de sapotier blanc, traduit de l’espagnol pratique de l’analogie historique ou ethnogra- zapote blanco, vraisemblablement emprunté phique, justifiée dans ce contexte, présente tou- au nahuatl istactzapotl1 (Acuña 1985). Tza- tefois le danger d’aboutir à des interprétations potl (fruit sucré), est un terme générique re- généralistes, peu susceptibles de nous renseigner groupant différents genres et familles : Achras, sur la fonction des taxons en question au cas par Lucuma Colocarpum (Sapotaceae), Diospyros cas et pour chaque site. (Ebenaceae), Annona (Annonnacées), Couepia Cet article a donc un double objectif : tout (Rosaceae), Casimiroa (Rutaceae), etc. (Urbina d’abord, celui de présenter de nouvelles données 1903). Deux espèces de Casimiroa sont cultivées botaniques permettant la discrimination des en Mésoamérique depuis les temps préhispani- endocarpes de C. edulis et de C. sapota. Ensuite, ques : C. edulis Llave et Lex. et C. sapota Oerst. celui de discuter les différents témoignages du (Hernández Xocolotzi 1993). Leur proximité sapotier blanc issus de la littérature et de nos en- au plan morphologique est encore aujourd’hui quêtes ethnobotaniques. Les informations ob- la cause de confusions (Heneka et al. 2005) et, tenues concernent principalement C. edulis, et d’une manière générale, leur processus de do- dans une moindre mesure, C. sapota, sans qu’il mestication comme leur histoire sont encore mal nous ait toujours été possible de distinguer les connus, alors même qu’elles semblent avoir tenu deux dans la bibliographie. une place certaine dans la diète et la pharmaco- pée préhispanique (Gónzalez Jácome 2004, Lo- zoya 1999). Ce cas de figure n’est pas isolé, et il LE SAPOTIER blanc : prÉsenTATION paraît difficile de parvenir à évaluer le statut de ET ÉTUDE MOrphOMÉTRIQUE nombreuses autres plantes cultivées. En effet, les avancées des études paléobotaniques dans la connaissance des relations entre l’homme et Généralités son environnement sont encore très inégales Le genre Casimiroa compte actuellement neuf selon les contextes chrono-culturels considérés. espèces et de nombreuses entités subspécifiques L’inventaire des témoignages archéologiques du réparties au Mexique et en Amérique centrale sapotier blanc illustre bien cette situation : au (Fig. 1). C. edulis croît de manière spontanée Mexique, seuls trois ensembles archéologiques ou subspontanée dans la partie centre-nord du centre du pays ont livré des restes de Ca- du Mexique sous climat tempéré, jusqu’à simiroa edulis (Smith 1967, Manzanilla 1993, 2000 mètres d’altitude environ, alors que C. Morett Alatorre et al. 1999) ; au Guatemala, un sapota se rencontre principalement dans les « seul reste provenant du site de Salinas la Blanca terres chaudes » du sud du Mexique et en Amé- témoigne de l’utilisation de C. sapota (Coe et rique centrale, sous des climats plus humides, al. 1967). à moindre altitude. (Martínez 1951, Pennigton & Sarukhán 2005). Ce constat entraîne deux remarques : tout C. edulis (zapote blanco) et C. sapota (matasano) d’abord, faute de référentiel, les deux espèces sont des arbres de cinq à douze mètres de haut, C. edulis et C. sapota ont été déterminées en à l’écorce grise à brune dont le tronc et les bran- 1. Les termes espagnols et latins figurent en italique ; les termes en
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