Annex Decree of Ministry of Agriculture Number : 51/Permentan/KR.010/9/2015 date : 23 September 2015

Plant Quarantine Pest List

A. Plant Quarantine Pest List (KATEGORY A1) I. SERANGGA (INSECTS) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ UMUM/ GOLONGA INANG/ No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ N/ GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Acraea acerata Hew.; II Convolvulus arvensis, Ipomoea leaf, stem Africa: Angola, Benin, Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae; aquatica, Ipomoea triloba, Botswana, Burundi, sweet potato butterfly Merremiae bracteata, Cameroon, Congo, DR Congo, Merremia pacifica,Merremia Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, peltata, Merremia umbellata, Kenya, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, sweet potato) Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo. Uganda, Zambia 2. Ac rocinus longimanus II Artocarpus, Artocarpus stem, America: Barbados, Honduras, Linnaeus; Coleoptera: integra, Moraceae, branches, Guyana, Trinidad,Costa Rica, Cerambycidae; Herlequin Broussonetia kazinoki, Ficus litter Mexico, Brazil beetle, jack-tree borer elastica 3. Aetherastis circulata II Hevea brasiliensis (karet, stem, leaf, Asia: India Meyrick; Lepidoptera: rubber tree) seedling Yponomeutidae; bark feeding caterpillar

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4. Agrilus mali Matsumura; II Malus domestica (apel, apple) buds, stem, Asia: China, Korea DPR (North Coleoptera: Buprestidae; seedling, Korea), Republic of Korea apple borer, apple rhizome (South Korea) buprestid Europe: Russia 5. Agrilus planipennis II Fraxinus americana, F. stem, wood America: USA, Canada Fairmaire; Coleoptera: mandshurica, F. nigra, Asia: China, Japan, Korea DPR Buprestidae; Emerald Ash F. chinensis, F. pensylvania, (North Korea), Republic of Borer Juglans mandshurica F. Korea (South Korea), Taiwan japonica, F. Europe: Russia, Russian far lanuginosa,Fraxinus east) rhynchophylla, Pterocarya rhoifolia, Ulmus davidiana,Ulmus propinqua 6. Alcidodes dentipes (Olivier); II Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, stem, Africa: Angola, Benin, (=Alcides dentipes Olivier); sweet potato) seedling Botswana, Burundi, Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Gossypium barbadens (kapas, Cameroon, Central Africa striped sweet potato weevil cotton), Arachys hypogaea Republic, Ethiopia, Ghana, (kacang tanah, peanut), Gambia, Gabon, Guinea, Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, common bean)Vigna spp. Kenya, Liberia, Mali, (buncis, cowpea) Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Malawi, Nigeria, Sahara, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, DR Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe. 7. Alsophila pometaria (Harris) II Malus domestica (apel, apple), stem, leaf, America: Canada, USA (=Anisopterix pometaria Pelargonium, Ulmus sp. (elm), flower, fruit =Anisopteryx pometaria); Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Lepidoptera: Geometridae; other stone fruit, Oak, Rose, fall cankerworm Walnut 2

8. Amblypelta cocophaga II Carica papaya (pepaya, buds, stem, Asia: Singapore, India, China; (=Amblypelta pawpaw, papaya), Ceiba leaf, flower, Philippines, Malaysia cocophaga cocophaga petandra (kapuk randu, fruit Oceania: Fiji, Papua New =A.cocophagamalaitensis kapok), Cocos nucifera (kelapa Guinea, Solomon Islands =Dasynus sp.); Hemiptera: , coconut), Eucalyptus Coreidae; coconut bug deglupta, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Cucumis melo (melon), Citrus sinensis (navel orange) Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Manihot esculenta (ubi wood, cassava), Passiflora quadrangularis (markisah, passion fruit, granadilla), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (kecipir, winged bean), Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Delonix regia (flamboyant), Macaranga spp. 9. Anastrepha fraterculus II Annona cherimola fruit, growing America: Argentina, Belize, (Wiedemann); (=Acrotoxa (cherimoya), Psidium guajava media, soil Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa fraterculus =Anastrepha (jambu seed, guava) Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, braziliensis =Anastrepha Annona spp, Actinidia Guatemala, Guyana, costarukmanii =Anastrepha chinensis (Chinese Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, fraterculus var. soluta gooseberry), Actinidia Panama, Paraguay, Peru, =Anastrepha lambayecae deliciosa (kiwi, kiwifruit), Suriname, Trinidad and =Anastrepha Ampelocera hottlei,Annona Tobago, USA, Uruguay, pseudofraterculus muricata (soursop), Annona Venezuela. =Anastrepha scholae squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop), =Anthomyia frutalis =Dacus Averrhoa carambola fraterculus =Tephritis (belimbing, carambola, star- 3

mellea =Trypeta fraterculus fruit), Campomanesia =Trypeta unicolor xanthocarpa, Chrysophyllum =Anastrepha gonocarpum, Citrus peruviana=A.soluta); spp.(jeruk, orange), Eriobotrya Diptera: Tephritidae; South japonica (loquat), Eugina American fruitfly dombeyi (brazil cherry), Euginia uniflora (Surinam cherry), Eugenia spp., Feijoa sellowiana (horn of plenty), Fortunella japonica (round kumquat) Prunus spp., Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), Spondias tuberosa, Syzygium jambos (rose apple), Syzygium spp., Ziziphus joazeiro, Carica papaya, (pepaya, papaya, papaw), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus limetta (sweet lemon), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange),Coffea Arabica (kopi arabika, Arabica coffee), Coffea liberica (Liberian coffee tree),Cydonia oblonga (quince), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Diospyros malabarica, Euginia stipitata, Ficus carica (ara, fig), Fortunella japonica (kumquat), 4

Fragaria vesca (arbei, strawberry), Inga edulis, Inga marginata, Juglans australis, Juglans neotropica (Andean walnut), Juglans regia (walnut), Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Malus sp., Malus domestica (apel, apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus americana (apricot), Prunus dulcis (almond), Psidium longipes, Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Pouteria obovata, Rubus glaucus, Solanum quitoense, Spondias dulcis (otaheite apple), Spondias mobin (hog plum), Spondias purpurea (red mombin), Spondias cytherea, Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay-apple), Terminalia catappa (ketapang, Indian almond), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Malus domestica(apel, apple), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Zuelania Guidonia 5

10. Anastrepha ludens (Loew); II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), fruit, growing America: Belize, Costa Rica, El (=Acrotoxa ludens Loew Citrus aurantium (sour media, soil Salvador, Guatemala, =Anastrepha lathana Stone orange), Citrus maxima Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, =Trypeta ludens Loew); (pummelo), Citrus sinensis Panama Diptera: Tephritidae; (navel orange), Citrus x Mexican fruit fly paradisi (grapefruit), Mangifera indica(mangga, mango), Prunus persica (persik, peach) Anacardium occidentale (jambu mete, cashew-nut), Annona cherimola (cherimoya), Annona liebmanniana, Annona muricata (sirsak, soursop), Annona reticulata (buah nona, srikaya, Annona squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop), bullock’s heart, custard apple), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Casimiroa edulis (white sapote), Citrus spp, Citrus aurantifolia (lime), Citrus limetta (sweet lemon tree), Citrus medica (citron), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Citrus reticulata x paradisi (tangelo), Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, arabicacoffee), Cydonia oblonga (quince), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Feijoa 6

sellowiana, Malus domestica (apel, apple), Mammea americana, Passiflora edulis (passionfruit), Passiflora quadrangularis (markisah, passion-fruit, granadilla), Psidium longipes, Spondias purpurea, Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Pouteria sapota, Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyrus communis (pir,pear), Sargentia greggii, Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Talisia olivaeformis 11. Anastrepha obliqua Macq; II Mangifera indica (mangga, fruit, growing America: Antigua and (=Acrotoxa obliqua mango), Anacardium media, soil Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, =Anastrepha fraterculus occidentale (jambu mete, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, var. ligata =A.fraterculus cashew-nut), Spondias British Virgin Islands, var. mombinpraeoptans cytherea, Spondiasmombin, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, SeÃn Spondias purpurea, Spondias Dominica, Ecuador, El =A. mombinpraeoptans SeÃ- spp. Salvador, Grenada, n =Tephritis obliqua =A. Anacardium occidentale, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, acudisa =A. trinidadensis Annona hayesii, Brosimum Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, =Trypeta obliqua); Diptera: alicastrum, Citrus limetta, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Tephritidae; West Indian Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Montserrat, Nicaragua, fruit fly, Antillean fruit fly Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Euginia jambos (jambos), Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis, Euginia malaccensis St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the (pomerack), Euginia nesiotica, Grenadines, Suriname, 7

Malpighia glabra, Achras (= Trinidad and Tobago, United Manilkara) zapota (sawo, States Virgin Islands, sapodilla), Passiflora Venezuela. quadrangularis (markisah, passion fruit, granadilla), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus amygdalus (bitter almond), Prunus domesticum (plum), Psidium longipes, Pyrus communis (pear), Averrhoa carambola (belimbing, carambola, star- fruit), Pouteria viridis, Citrus spp, Diospyros digyna (black sapote), Dovyalis hebecarpa (kitambilla), Pouteria sapota, Pouteria mammosa, Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay-apple). 12. Anastrepha serpentina II Capparis angulata, Citrus fruit, growing America: Belize, Brazil, Wiedemann; (=Dacus spp.(jeruk, orange), media (soil) Colombia, Costa Rica, serpentinus Wiedemann Chrysophyllum cainito, Achras Ecuador, French Guiana, =Leptoxys serpentina (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, Guatemala, Guyana, Wiedemann =Acrotoxa sapodilla), Pouteria caimito, Honduras, Mexico, Antilles serpentinus Wiedemann Pouteria campechiana Netherlands, Panama, Peru, =Trypeta serpentina (canistel), Pouteria sapota Suriname, Trinidad and Wiedemann =Urophora (mammey sapote) Tobago, USA, Venezuela vittithorax Wiedemann); Alchornea latifolia, Annona Diptera: Tephritidae; sapote cherimola, Annona glabra,

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fruit fly, sapodilla fruit fly, Annona spp, Bumelia black fruit fly, dark fruit fly sebolana, Brysonima crassifolia, Chrysophyllum argenteum, Chrysophyllum mexicanum, Citrus aurantium, Citrus maxima, Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Citrus x paradisi, Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, quince), Diospyros ebenaster, Dovyalis hebecarpa, Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Ficus spp.(ara, fig), Lacmellea panamensis, Malus domestica (apel, apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Manilkara spp., Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Pouteria viridis, Mammea americana, Pouteria campechiana, Pouteria caimito, Pouteria obovata, Pouteria sapota, Sideroxylon capiri, Sideroxylon palmeri, Spondias mombin, Spondias purpurea, Malus domesticaPrunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Spondias spp. 13. Anastrepha suspensa II Eriobotrya japonica, (loquat), fruit, growing America: Bahamas, British Loew; (=Anastrepha Euginia dombeyi (brazil media (soil) Virgin Islands, Cuba,

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unipuncta Sein cherry), Euginia uniflora Dominican Republic, French =Anastrepha longimacula (surinam cherry), Eugenia Guiana, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Greene =Trypeta suspensa spp., Psidium guajava (jambu Rico, USA, Virgin Islands Loew); Diptera: Tephritidae; seed, guava), Psidium Carribean fruit fly cattleianum, Syzygium spp., Annona spp., Fortunella margarita, Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Terminalia catappa (ketapang, Indian almond) Annona squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop), Annona glabra, Averrhoa carambola (belimbing, star-fruit), Blighia sapida (akee apple), Canella winterana, Chrysobalanus icaco, Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Citrofortunella mitis, Citrus spp, Clausena lansium, Coccoloba uvifera, Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell- pepper), Casimiroa edulis, Chrysophyllum cainito, Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Clausena lansium, Coccoloba uvifera, Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Diospyros blancoi, Diospyros virginiana,Dovyalis caffra, 10

Ficus carica (ara, fig), Flacourtia indica, Fortunella margarita (oval kumquat), Fortunella x crassifolia, Garcinia aristata, Garcinia mangostana (manggis, mangosteen), Garcinia livingstonei, Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Malpighia glabra, Momordica balsamina, Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Momordica charantia (paria, bitter gourd), Murraya spp. (kemuning, mock orange), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, dates-palm), Pimenta dioica, Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium longipes, Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyrus communis (pear), Pouteria campechiana, Psidium guineense, Spondias spp., Spondias mombin, Synsepalum dulcificum. Spondias cytherea, Syzygium cumini (jamblang, java plum)), Syzygium samarangense 11

(jambu Semarang, java apple), Terminalia catappa, Terminalia muelleri, Triphasia sp., 14. Ancistroterm es latinotus II Eucalyptus tereticomis stem, wood Africa: Malawi, Tanzania, Holmgren; Isoptera: Zimbabwe, Congo Termitidae; Termit 15. Ancita crocogaster II Acacia spp. stem, wood Oceania: Australia Boisduval; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; Grey longicorne beetle 16. Ancita marginicollis II Acacia spp. stem, wood Oceania: Australia Boisduval; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; Hitechiked longicorn 17. Anobium punctatum II Dacrycarpus stem, litter, Africa: all DeGeer; Coleoptera: dacrydioides (kahikatea), Dacr wood, America: USA Anobiidae;Common ydium cupressinum (rimu), furniture Asia: China furniture beetle, woodworm Pinus radiata (radiata Europe: all pine), Pseudotsuga Oceania:Australia, New menziesii (Douglas fir), Thuja Zealand plicata (western red cedar) 18. Anoplophora glabripennis II Acer negundo, Aesculus stem, wood America: USA, Canada Motschulsky; Coleptera: hippocastanum, Populus spp., Asia: China, Japan, Korea DPR Cerambycidae; Asian Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix (North Korea), Korea Republic Longhorn beetle, starry sky spp., Salix babylonica, Salix (South Korea) beetle matsunada, Ulmus pumila, Europe: France, Germany, Ulmus laeuig, Italy, Poland, England, Eucalyptus diversicolor, Acer Switzerland, UK buergerianum, Acer davidii, Oceania: Australia

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Acer grosseri, Acer palmatum, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer rubrum, Acer robustrum, Acer saccharum, Acer saccharinum, Acer truncatum, Alnus sp., Betula platyphylla, Elaegnus angustifolia, Fraxinus sp., Hippophae rhamnoides, Liriodendron tulifera, Malus sylvestris, Morus alba, Platanus orientalis, Sophora sp.,Tilia tuan, 19. Antestiopsis facetoides Le II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) buds, stem, Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Pelley; Hemiptera: leaf, flower, Tunisia. Pentatomidae; cherry and fruit flower feeder 20. Antestiopsis intricate Ghesq II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) buds, stem, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, & Carayon; Hemiptera: leaf, flower, Central Africa, Ethiopia, Pentatomidae; antestia bug fruit Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Togo, Uganda 21. Antestiopsis orbitalis II Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, buds, stem, Africa: Angola, Burundi, Westwood; (=Antestia arabica coffee) leaf, flower, Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, lineaticolli =A.orbitalis Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) fruit Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, facetus =Antestiopsis Rwanda, South Africa, lineaticollis =A. orbitalis Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, bechuana =A. orbitalis Zimbabwe ghesquieri =A. orbitalis orbItalys); Hemiptera: Pentatomidae; antestia 22. Anthonomus grandis II Gossypium barbadens seedling, Africa: Benin, South Africa Boheman; (=Anthonomus (kapas, cotton), Gossypium flower, fruit America: Argentina, Belize, thurberiae Pierce (1913); hirsutum Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica,

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Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Hibiscus syriacus, Hampea Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, Mexican cotton boll weevil, nutricia, Opuntia lindheimeri, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, boll weevil, cotton boll Prosopis, glandulosa, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, weevil, Thurberia weevil Thespesia populnea Paraguay, St. Kitts & Nevis, USA, Venezuela 23. Anthonomus signatus Say; II Fragaria ananassa fruit, flower, America: Canada, USA (=Anthonomus bisignatus (strawberry), Rubus idaeus growing =Anthonomus pallidus Potentilla, Rubus sp. media =Anthonomus scutellatus); (blackberry), Rubus caesius, Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Rubus fruticosus,Morus spp. strawberry bud weevil, (murbei, mulberry), strawberry clipper (raspberry) 24. Anthonomus vestitus II Gossypium barbadens seedling, America: Ecuador, Peru Boheman; Coleoptera: (kapas, cotton) fruit, flower, Curculionidae; Peruvian Abutilon (Indian mallow), stek boll weevil, Peruvian cotton Alcea rosea, Althaea weevil, Peruvian boll weevil, (hollyhocks), Hibiscus Peruvian square weevil, (rosemallows), Hibiscus rosa- Peruvian cotton square sinensis, Thespesia weevil 25. Aonidomytilus albus II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), buds, stem, Africa: Angola, Cape Verde, CockereII; (=Coccomytilus Manihot esculenta (ubi wood, leaf Congo Democratic Republic, dispar=Lepidosaphes alba cassava) Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- =L.dispar, Mytilaspis albus, Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, M.dispar); Hemiptera: Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Diaspididae; cassava scale, Mauritius, Mozambique, white mussel scale, cassava Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, stem mussel scale, tapioca Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia. scale America: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Brazil, Colombia, 14

Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana France, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Peru, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Virgin Islands Asia: Bahrain, China, India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand 26. Apate monachus Fabricius; II Azadirachta indica (nimba, stem, wood Africa: Algeria, Brazil, (=Apate monacha neem tree), Cajanus cajan Cameroon, Congo, Côte =A.carmelita =A.francisca (kacang gude, pigeon d’Ivoire, Cuba, Dominican =A.gibba =A.mendica pea),Casuarina equisetifolia, Republic, Egypt, Erythrea, =A.monachus var. Citrus sinensis, Coffea arabica Ethiopia, Guadeloupe, Ghana, rufiventris =A.semicostata (kopi arabika, arabica coffee), Guinea, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, =A.senii); Coleoptera: Coffea liberica, Elaeis Martinique, Morocco, Niger, Bostrichidae; black borer, guineensis (kelapa sawit, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Sao Tome twig borer, date palm oilpalm), Mangifera indica & Principe, Tanzania, Togo, bostrichid (mangga, mango), Psidium Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia guajava (jambu seed, guava), Asia: Israel, Lebanon, Syria. Punica granatum (delima, Europe: France, Italy, Spain pomegranate), Swietenia mahogany (mahoni, mahogany), Tamarindus indica (asam, tamarind),Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) Annona cherimola (cherimoya), Calicotome spinosa, Citrus spp.(jeruk, 15

orange), Gleditsia triacanthos, Morrus alba (murbei, mulberry), Olea europea subsp. europea (zaitum, olive), Robinia pseudoacacia, Styphnolobium japonicum, Syringa pekinensis, Annona cherimola,Malus domestica (apel, apple), Melia azedarach, Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, dates-palm), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Tamarix gallica, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 27. Apate terebrans Pallas; II Acacia spp., Albizia lelbeck, stem, wood Africa: Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Coleoptera: Bostricidae; A.procera, Anacadium Natal, Sahara, Tanzania, shot-hole borer, trunk occidentale, Azadirachta Uganda borer, girdler indica, Cedrela odorata, Citrus America: Brazil Spp., Coffea arabica, Coffea Asia: India robusta, Eucalyptus polycarpa, Dalbergia sissoo, Delonix regia, Khaya senegalensis, Melia azedorach, Melia composita, Psidium guajava, Tectona grandis, Terminalia ivorensis, Theobroma cacao, Triplochiton scleroxylon 28. Apriona germmari (Hope); II Artocarpus integra, Morus stem, wood Asia: Cambodia, China, India, Coleoptera: alba, Salix tetrasperma Japan, Republic of Korea, Cerambycidae;Mulberry Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, 16

longhorn beetle Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Pakistan, Vietnam 29. Argyrotaenia velutinana II Acer sp. (maple), Apocynum stem, leaf, America: Canada, Mexico, Walker; (=Eulia velutinana sp. (dogbane), Ilex decidua, fruit USA =Tortrix velutinana); Ambrosia trifida, Betula Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; papyrifera, Chrysanthemum, redbanded leafroller Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Zinia violacea, Lobelia sp., Lonicera sp., Vaccinium sp., Quercus sp., Geranium sp., Alcea rosea, Myrica gale, Platanthera cristata, Abies balsamea, Larix spp., Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Picea rubens, Pinus sylvestris, Tsuga Canadensis, Malus spp., Prunus domestica, Prunus pensylvania, Prunus persica, Prunus serotina, Rosa spp., Populus tremuloides, 30. Arhopalus ferus Fabricius; II Burned or windthrown pine stem, wood Europe: England, Russia Coleoptera: Cerambycidae; and spruce Oceania: New Zealand Burnt pine longicorn

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31. Aspidiotus nerii Bouché; II Actinidia chinensis (Chinese bibit plant, Africa: Algeria, Cape Verde, (=Aspidiotus aloes gooseberry), Albizia julibrissin flower, fruit, Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, =Aspidiotus hederae (silk tree), Citrus, Olea (olive), leaf, stem Ethiopia, Kenya,Libya, =Aspidiotus limonii Oleaceae, Ananas comosus Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, =Aspidiotus genistae (nanas, pineapple), Asparagus Nigeria, Portugal, South Africa, =Chermes aloes =Chermes setaceus (Asparagus fern), Spain, Tanzania, Tunisia, ericae =Chermes cycadicola Asplenium nidus (bird's nest Uganda, Zimbabwe =Diaspis bouchei fern), Ceratonia, Cocos America: Argentina, Bermuda, =Aspidiotus bouchei nucifera (kelapa , coconut), Bolivia, Brazil, Central =Chermes nerii =Aspidiotus Dianthus caryophyllus America, Chile,Colombia, affinis =Aspidiotus caldesii (carnation), Diospyros Ecuador, Mexico, North =Aspidiotus denticulatus (malabar ebony), Hedera helix America, USA,Peru, Uruguay =Aspidiotus villosus (ivy), Ilex aquifolium (holly), Asia: China,Iran, Israel, =Aspidiotus budleiae Juniperus (junipers), Laurus Japan,Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi =Aspidiotus ceratoniae = nobilis (sweet bay), Magnolia, Arabia, Syria, Turkey Aspidiotus cycadicola Mangifera indica (mangga, Europe: Bulgaria, Bosnia and =Aspidiotus epidendri mango), Melia azedarach Herzegovina, Cyprus, Croatia, =Aspidiotus ericae (Chinaberry), Morus France, Gibraltar, Greece, =Aspidiotus gnidii (mulberry tree), Musa Italy, Macedonia, Malta, =Aspidiotus ilicis paradisiaca (pisang kepok, Montenegro, Poland, Portugal, =Aspidiotus myricinae plantain), Nerium (oleander), Romania, Spain, Serbia, =Aspidiotus ulicis Orchidaceae (orchids), Slovenia, UK, Yugoslavia =Aspidiotus uriesciae Pandanus (screw-pine), Oceania: Australia, New =Aspidiotus lentisci Phoenix (date palm), Plumeria Caledonia, New Zealand, =Aspidiotus capparis rubra var. acutifolia (Mexican Norfolk Island =Aspidiotus myrsinae frangipani), Prunus persica =Aspidiotus budlaei (persik, peach), Pyrus =Aspidiotus atherospermae communis (European pear), =Aspidiotus oleae Rosa (mawar, roses), =Aspidiotus corynocarpi Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), =Aspidiotus oleastin Vitis vinifera (anggur, =Aspidiotus offinis grapevine) 18

=Aspidiotus sophorae =Aspidiotus carpodeti =Aspidiotus transpareus var. simillimus =Aspidiotus vagabundus =Aspidiotus simillimus =Aspidiotus transvaalensis =Aspidiotus confusus =Aspidiotus tasmaniae =Aspidiotus viresciae =Octaspidiotus atherospermae =Chermes hederae =Chermes genistae =Chermes osmanthi =Aspidiotus transpareus var. rectangulatus =Aspidiotus rectangulatus =Aspidiosus unipectinatus =Aspidiotus hederae var. urenae =Aspidiotus urenae =Octaspidiotus anthospermae =Aspidiotus hederae =Aspidiotus hederae ssp. unisexualis); Hemiptera: Diaspididae; aucuba scale; ivy scale; white scale; oleander scale 32. Augosoma centaurus II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa stem, Africa: Cameroon, Gambia, Fabricius; Coleoptera: sawit, Oilpalm), palma growing Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Scarabaeidae; stem tissues lainnya (other palmae) media, sisa Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal. borer tanaman

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33. Bactrocera caryeaeKapoor; II Aegle marmelos (maja, bael fruit, growing Asia: India, Sri Lanka. (=Dacus caryeae Kapoor); fruit, golden apple), Citrus media (soil) Diptera: Tephritidae; Indian spp, Citrus maxima, Citrus fruit fly reticulata, Malpighia glabra,Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Pouteria sapota, Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava) 34. Bactroce ra curvipennis II Anacardium occidentale, fruit, growing Oceania: New Caledonia, (Froggatt); (=Bactrocera Annona reticulata, Averrhoa media (soil) Vanuatu curvipennis=Chaetodacus carambola(belimbing, star- curvipennis =Dacus fruit), Calophyllum curvipennis inophyllum, Capsicum =Strumetacurvipennis); annuum(cabai besar, paprika, Diptera: Tephritidae; bell pepper), Couthovia neo- banana fruit fly caledonica, Carica papaya (pepaya, papaya, pawpaw), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Casimiroa eludis, Citrus latifolia, Citrus maxima, Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Citrus x paradisi, Coffea arabica, Diospyros macrocarpa, Euginia uniflora, Eriobotrya japonica, Fragaria ananassa, Guettarda speciosa, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Meremia tuberosa, Malphigia glabra, Morus alba, Ochrosia elleptica, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium friedrichstalianum, Psidium 20

guajava(jambu seed, guava), Passiflora foetida, Prunus domestica, Prunus persica, Prunus var. nectaria, Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Syzygium malaccense, Thevetia peruviana, Terminalia catappa, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grape), Zizyphus mauritania, 35. Bactrocera depressa II Cucurbita moschata (waluh, fruit, growing Asia: China, Taiwan, Japan, (Shiraki); (=Bactrocera labu, pumpkin),Cucurbita media (soil) Korea (Paradacus)depressa maxima(waluh, labu parang, =B.depressus =Dacus pumpkin) depressus =Paradacus depressus =Zeugodacus depressus); Diptera: Tephritidae; pumpkin fruit fly 36. Bactrocera dorsalis II Aegle marmelos, Anacardium fruit, growing America: USA (Hendel);Diptera: occidentale (kacang mete, media (soil) Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Tephritidae; oriental fruitfly cashew nut), Annona Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, reticulata (buah nona, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, srikaya, bullock's heart), Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Annona squamosa (srikaya, Thailand, United Arab sweetsop), Areca catechu Emirates, Vietnam. (pinang, betelnut palm), Oceania: Belau, French Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus Polynesia, Mariana Islands, heterophyllus (nangka, Nauru, New Caledonia, Palau jackfruit), Averrhoa carambola (belimbing, star fruit), Capsicum annuum (cabai 21

besar, paprika, bellpepper), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Chrysophyllum cainito, Citrus, Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Coffea arabica (arabicacoffee), Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Dimocarpus longan (longan), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Ficus racemosa, Flacourtia indica (governor's plum), Malpighia glabra, Malus domestica (apel, apple), Mangifera foetida, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Manilkara zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Mimusops elengi (spanish cherry),Momordica charantia (paria, bitter gourd), Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry), Musa (pisang, banana), Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus cerasus (sour cherry), Prunus 22

domestica (plum), Prunus mume (Japanese apricot), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium guajava (jambu, guava), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyrus communis (pir, European pear), Spondias purpurea(red mombin), Syzygium aqueum (watery rose-apple), Syzygium aromaticum (cengkeh, clove), Syzygium cumini, Syzygiumjambos (rose apple), Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay-apple), Syzygium samarangense, Terminalia catappa (ketapang, Indian almond), Ziziphus jujuba, Ziziphus mauritiana 37. Bactrocera invadens Drew, II Maerua duchesnei, Mangifera fruit, growing Afrika: Angola, Benin, Tsuruta & white; Diptera: indica (mangga, mango), media (soil) Botswana, Burkina Faso, Tephritidae Psidium guajava (jambu, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape guava) Verde, Central African Anacardium occidentale Republik, Chad, Congo, DR (cashew nut), Ananas Cogo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial comosus (nanas, pineapple), Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Annona cherimola Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, (cherimoya), Annona muricata Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, (sirsak, soursop), Annona Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, squamosa (markisa, sugar Mayotte, Mozambique, apple), Averrhoa carambola Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, 23

(belimbing, star fruit), Blighia Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, sapida (akee apple), Capsicum South Africa, Sudan, annuum (paprika, bell Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, pepper), Capsicum frustescens Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe (cabai rawit, chilli), Carica Asia: Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka papaya (pepaya, papaya), Chrysophyllum albidum, Citrullus colocynthis (colocynth), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus limon (jeruk lemon, lemon), Citrus reticulata (jeruk mandarin, mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit), Cordia sinensis, Cucumis ficifolius, Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cucurbita maxima (labu parang, giant pumpkin), Cucurbita pepo (labu parang, ornamental gourd), Diospyros kaki (perismmon), Diospyros montana, Dracaena steudneri, Durio zibethinus (durian, durian), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Ficus sycomorus, Flacourtia indica, Fortunella japonica, Garcinia mannii, Irvingia gabonensis, 24

Landolphia, Malus domestica (apel, apple), Momordica charantia (paria, bitter gourd), Musa, Musa x paradisiaca (pisang, banana), Nauclealatifolia (pin cushion tree), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Saba senegalensis, Sclerocarya birrea (marula), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Sorindeia madagascariensis, Spondias dulcis (otaheite apple), Spondias mombin (hog plum), Strychnos mellodora, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium malaccense, Syzygium semarangense, Terminalia catappa, Vitellaria paradoxa, Ziziphus mauritania 38. Bactrocera jarvisi (Tryon); II Mangifera indica (mangga, fruit, growing Oceania: Australia (=Afrodacus jarvisi =Dacus mango), Psidium guajava media (soil) jarvisi=D.australis (jambu seed, guava), =Chaetodacus jarvisi); Terminalia catappa(ketapang, Diptera: Tephritidae; Fiji Indian almond) fruitfly, Jarvis’s fruitfly Anacardium occidentale (jambu mete, cashew-nut), Annona glabra, Annona muricata (sirsak, soursop), Areca catechu (pinang, betelnut palm), Averrhoa 25

carambola(belimbing, star- fruit), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw,papaya), Citrus spp (jeruk, orange), Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, quince), Diospyros blancoi, Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Feijoa sellowiana, Fortunella japonica (kumkwat, kumquat), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Malpighia emarginata, Musa paradisiaca (pisang, kepok, plantain), Opuntia sp., Passiflora quadrangularis(markisa, passion-fruit, granadilla), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Planchonia careya, Pouteria campechiana, Pouteria caimito, Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium cattleianum, Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Spondias purpurea, Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava), Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay apple), Syzygium samarangense 26

(jambu Semarang, Java apple), Terminalia arenicola 39. Bactrocera kandiensis Drew II Anacardium occidentale fruit, growing Asia: Sri Lanka &Hancock; (=Bactrocera sp. (jambu mete, cashew-nut), media (soil) near dorsalis); Diptera: Annona glabra, Areca catechu Tephritidae; Sri Lankan (pinang, betelnut palm), fruit fly Artocarpus integrifolius (nangka, jackfuit), Artocarpus heterophyllus (nangka, jackfruit), Averrhoa carambola(belimbing, carambola, star-fruit), Citrus maxima, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Spondias cytherea, Syzygium aromaticum (cengkeh, clove), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango) Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya) 40. Bactrocera kinabalu Drew & II Persea americana (avokad, fruit, growing Asia: Malaysia Hancock; Diptera: avocado) media (soil) Tephritidae; Kinabalu fruit fly 41. Bactrocera neohumeralis II Psidium guajava (jambu seed, fruit, growing Oceania: Australia, Papua New Hardy; (=Chaetodacus guava) media (soil) Guinea. humeralis=C.tryoni var. Anacardium occidentale 27

sarcocephali =Dacus (jambu mete, cashew), neohumeralis =Dacus tryoni Annona spp. (buah nona, var. neohumeralis); Diptera: sirsak, srikaya, annona, Tephritidae; lesser soursop, sweetsop), Annona Queensland fruit fly glabra, Annona muricata, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa(sugar apple),Avverhoa carambola (belimbing, carambola, star fruit), Cananga odorata (kenanga, cadmia), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Clausena lansium, Calophyllum inophyllum (nyamplung, Alexandrian laurel), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Capsicum annuum (cabai besar, paprika, bell pepper), Crateva religiosa, Chrysophyllum cainito (kenitu, sawo duren, cainito), Casimiroa edulis, Cyphomandra betacea, Diospyros blancoi, Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Eugenia dombeyi, Eugenia uniflora,Feijoa sellowiana, Fortunella japonica (kumkwat, kumquat), 28

Solanumlycopersicum(tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Malpighia emarginata, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Morus nigra (murbei, mulberry), Musa x paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Muntingia calabura (kersen, talok, Jamaica cherry), Myrciaria cauliflora, Passiflora spp, Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, date- palm), Pouteria caimito, Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rollinia mucosa, Rubus rosaefolius, Solanum laciniatum, Solanum seaforthianum, Spondias mombin, Spondias purpurea, Synsepa lum dulcificum, Syzygium spp, Terminalia catappa, Vitis labrusca, Ziziphus jujuba. 42. Bactrocera passiflorae II Anacardium occidentale, fruit, growing Oceania: Fiji, Niue, Tonga, (Froggatt); (=Bactrocera Artocarpus altilis, Carica media (soil) Tuvalu, Wallis-Futuna. passiflorae =Chaetodacus papaya (pepaya, passiflorae =Dacus pawpaw,papaya), Citrus 29

passiflorae =Strumeta spp.(jeruk, orange), Citrus passiflorae); Diptera: aurantifolia, Citrus reticulata, Tephritidae; Fijian fruit fly Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Passiflora edulis, Passiflora quadrangularis (markisah, passion-fruit, granadilla), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava) Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) 43. Bactrocera philippinensis II Mangifera indica (mangga, fruit, growing Asia: Philippines Drew & Hancock; Diptera: mango), Artocarpus communis media (soil) Tephritidae; Phillippines (sukun, breadfruit), Achras (= fruit fly Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Averrhoa carambola(belimbing, star- fruit), Ananas comosus (nanas, pineapple), Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava), Pouteria duklitan, Spondias purpurea, Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay apple) 44. Bactrocera psidii (Frogg.); II Psidium guajava (jambu seed, fruit, growing Oceania:New Caledonia (=Dacus psidii =D. guava), Prunus persica media (soil) ornatissimus =D. (persik, peach) virgatus=Strumeta psidii Aleurites moluccana (kemiri, =Tephritis psidii); Diptera: candle nut), Anacardium Tephritidae; South Sea occidentale (jambu mete, 30

guava fruit fly cashew-nut), Annona muricata, Annona reticulata, Annona squamosa(srikaya, sweetsop), Carica papaya (pepaya, papaya, pawpaw), Cerbera manghas, Caryophyllus sp., Citrus maxima (jeruk Bali, pummelo), Diospyros bicolor, Diospyros kaki, Diospyros macrocarpa, Eugenia uniflora, Diospyros sp., Ficus spp., Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Malphigia glabra, Morus alba,Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava(jambu seed, guava), Prunus granatum, Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Syzygium jambos, Syzygium malaccense (jambu bol, malay apple), Terminalia catappa (ketapang, indian almond),Thevetia peruviana, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grape) 45. Bactrocera pyrifoliae Drew II Psidium guajava (jambu seed, fruit, growing Asia: Thailand, Vietnam & Hancock; Diptera: guava), Prunus persica media (soil) Tephritidae; pyrifolia fruit (persik, peach), Pyrus pyrifolia fly (Pear)

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46. Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt); II Anacardium occidentale fruit, growing Oceania: Australia, Polynesia (=Bactrocera tryoni (jambu mete, cashew-nut), media (soil) France, New Caledonia. =Chaetodacus sarcocephali Anona spp, Averrhoa =Chaetodacus tryoni carambola (belimbing, star- =Dacus tryoni =D. fruit), Carica papaya (pepaya, ferrugineus tryoni pawpaw, papaya), Coffea spp. =Strumeta melas =Strumeta (kopi, coffee), Capsicum tryoni =Tephritis tryoni); annuum (cabai besar, Diptera: Tephritidae; paprika, bell-pepper), Queensland fruit fly Chrysophyllum cainito, Casimiroa edulis, Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Eugenia uniflora, Fortunella japonica (kumkwat, kumquat), Solanumlycopersicum(tomat, tomato), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Morus nigra, Passiflora quadrangularis(markisa, passion-fruit, granadilla), Passiflora suberosa,Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava), Syzygium spp, Terminalia catappa (ketapang, indian almond). Aegle marmelos (maja, bael 32

fruit), Annona squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop), Averrhoa bilimbi (belimbing sayur, bilimbi), Blighia sapida, Cananga odorata (kenanga, cadmia), Citrus spp., Clausena lansium, Calophyllum inophyllum (nyamplung, alexander laurel), Cucurbita maxima(waluh, labu parang, pumpkin), Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, quince), Cyphomandra betacea, Dimocarpus longan (kelengkeng, longan), Diospyros blancoi, Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Dovyalis caffra, Eremocitrus glauca, Eugenia dombeyi, Feijoa sellowiana, Ficus racemosa, Flacourtia jangomas, Flacourtia rukam (rukem, rukam), Fortunellax crassifolia, Grewia asiatica, Juglans regia (walnut, walnut), Dimocarpus litchii (leci,litchii), Malpighia emarginata, Mimusops elengi (tanjung, asian bulletwood), Momordica charantia (paria, bitter gourd), Morus alba 33

(murbei, mulberry), Musa paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Myrciaria cauliflora, Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan, rambutan), Nerium oleander, Olea europea subsp. europea (zaitum, olive), Opuntia ficus- indica, Passiflora foetida, Passiflora quadrangularis (markisa, passion fruit, granadilla), Persea americana (avocad, avocado), Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, dates- palm), Physalis peruviana (gooseberry), Pometia pinnata, Pouteria campechiana, Pouteria caimito, Pouteria sapota, Prunus spp., Psidium guineense, Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Phyllanthus acidus, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rollinia mucosa, Rollinia pulchrinervis, Rubus fruticosa, Rubus ursinus, Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Solanum spp., Spondias spp., Synsepalum dulcificum, Syzygium spp., Thevetia peruviana, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Vitis labrusca, 34

Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Ziziphus mauritiana 47. Bactrocera tsuneonis II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), fruit, growing Asia: China, Japan, Taiwan, (Miyake); (=Dacus chenia Citrus aurantium, Citrus media (soil) Vietnam =D. tsuneonis =Tetradacus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, tsuneonis); Diptera: Fortunella margarita (oval Tephritidae; Japanese kumquat), Fortunella x orange fly, Citrus fruit fly crassifolia, Musa spp. (pisang, banana) 48. Bothynus gibbosus De II Apium graveolens (seledri, stem, bulb, America: Canada, Mexico, Geer; (=Ligyrus gibbosus celery), Daucus carota (wortel, tuber, corm, USA =L.californicus); Coleoptera: carrot), Helianthus anuus root, soil Scarabaeidae; carrot beetle, (bunga matahari, sunflower), carrot head beetle, muck Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, beetle sweet potato), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 49. Busseola fusca Fuller; II Zea mays (jagung, corn), stem, stalk, Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina (=Calamistis fusca Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, leaf, flower, Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, =Busseola sorghicida sorghum) root Chad, DR Congo, Eritrea, =Sesamia fusca); Eleusine coracana, Oryza Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; sativa (padi, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, African maize stalk borer, paddy),Pennisetum glaucum Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, maize stalk borer, maize (bajra, pearl-millet), Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, stem borer, sorghum Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, stalk/stem borer sugarcane), Hyparrhenis rufa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Hyparrhenis tamba, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Megathyrsus maximus, Pennisetum purpureum, Rotboellia cochinchinensis

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50. Calio thrips masculinus II Manihot esculenta (ubi wood, leaf America: Trinidad and Tobago Hood; Thysanoptera: cassava) Thripidae 51. Carposina sasakii II Malus domestica (apel, apple), fruit Asia: China, Japan, Korea DPR Matsumura; (=Carposina Pyrus communis (pir, pear), (North Korea), Republic of niponensis (Wals.) =C. Prunus persica (persik, peach) Korea (South Korea). persicana =Cydia Aronia arbutifolia, Europe: Russia persicana); Lepidoptera: Chaenomeles japonica, Cornus Carposinidae; peach fruit mas, Cratageus cuneata, moth, peach fruit borer Cydonia oblonga (quince), Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Malus spp., Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, dates- palm), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus domesticum (plum), Prunus dulcis (almond), Sorbus aucuparia, Ziziphus jujube 52. Caulophilus oryzae II Cicer arietinum (chickpea), seed, bulb, America: Cuba, Guatemala, (Gyllenhal); (=Caulophilus Panicum miliaceum (millet), tuber, corm, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, latinasus=Rhyncolus Pennisetum spp., Zea mays root, rhizome Puerto Rico, USA oryzae); Coleoptera: (jagung, corn) Europe: Portugal Curculionidae; broad nosed Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, grain weevil, broad nosed sweet potato), Persea granary weevil americana (avokad, avocado), Zingiber officinale (jahe, ginger) 53. Cephus cinctus Norton; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, stem America: Canada, USA. (=Cephusoccidentalis); wheat), serealea (cerealia) Asia: Kazakhstan Hymenoptera: Cephidae; Agropyron, Elymus, Hordeum Europe: Russia wheat stem sawfly western vulgare (barli, barley), Phleum wheat-stem fly

36

54. Ceratitis capitata II Gossypium barbadens fruit, growing Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, (Wiedemann); (=Ceratitis (kapas, cotton), Coffea spp. media (soil) Botswana, Burkina Faso, citriperda =Ceratitis (kopi, coffee), Vitis vinifera Burundi, Cameroon, Cape hispanica =Tephritis (anggur, grapevine), Persea Verde, Comoros, DR Congo, capitata); Diptera: americana (avokad, avocado), Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Tephritidae; Mediterranean Annona spp., Malus domestica Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, fruit fly, medfly (apel, apple), Capsicum Kenya, Liberia, Libya, annuum (cabai besar, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, paprika, bell-pepper), Citrus Morocco, Mauritius, spp.(jeruk, orange), Mangifera Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, indica (mangga, mango), Réunion, St. Helena, Sao Tome Solanum lycopersicum(tomat, & Principe, Senegal, tomato), Theobroma cacao Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South (kakao, cocoa), Psidium Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, guajava (jambu seed, guava) Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Anacardium occidentale Zimbabwe. (jambu mete, cashew-nut), America: Antilles Netherlands, Annona reticulata, Citrus spp, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Carissa spp., Chrysophyllum Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, cainito, Casimiroa edulis, Ecuador, El Salvador, Cyphomandra betacea, Guatemala, Honduras, Dovyalis caffra, Eugenia spp., Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Garcinia mangostana Paraguay, Peru, USA, Uruguay, (manggis, mangosteen), Venezuela. Juglans regia, Dimocarpus Asia: China, Iran, Israel, litchii (leci,litchii), Malpighia Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi glabra, Achras (= Manilkara) Arabia, Syria,Turkey, Yemen zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Morus, Mespilus germanica, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Muntingia calabura (kersen, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, talok, jamaica cherry), Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Opuntia spp., Passiflora Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, 37

coerulea, Phoenix dactylifera Bosnia and Herzegovina, (kurma, dates-palm), Physalis Montenegro, Macedonia. peruviana, Psidium longipes, Oceania: Australia. Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Rubus loganobaccus, Santalum album, Solanum spp., Spondias cytherea, Syzygium spp., Thevetia peruviana,Pouteria viridis, Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Cydonia oblonga (quince), Diospyros spp., Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Eugenia dombeyi, Eugenia uniflora, Feijoa sellowiana, Fortunella japonica (kumkwat, kumquat), Garcinia livingstonei, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avocad, avocado), Pouteria sapota, Prunus americana(aprikot, apricot), Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Spondias purpurea, Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Terminalia catappa(ketapang, indian 38

almond), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 55. Ceratitis cosyra (Walker); II Mangifera indica (mangga, fruit, growing Africa: Angola, Benin, (=Ceratitis giffardi mango) media (soil) Botswana, Burkina Faso, =Pardalaspis cosyra Anisophyllea laurina, Annona Cameroon, Central Africa, DR =P.giffardi =P.giffardi var. spp, Annona cherimola, Congo, Guinea, Ivory Coast, sarcocephali Annona muricata, Annona Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, =P.parinarii=P.sarcocephali reticulata, Annona Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, =Trypeta cosyra); Diptera: senegalensis, Canopharyngia Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Tephritidae; mango fruit penduliflora, Landolphia sp., Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, fly, marula fruit fly Saba senegalensis, Citrus Zambia, Zimbabwe. aurantium (jeruk nipis, lime), Chrysobalanus sp., Parinari mobola, Diospyros mespiliformis, Dovyalis caffra, Nauclea latifolia, Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava), Sclerocarya birrea, Sarcocephalus esculentus, Uapaca kirkiana, Warburgia ugandensis 56. Ceratitis punctata Wied.; II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), fruit, growing Africa: Cameroon, DR Congo, (=Pardalaspis punctata=P. Psidium guajava (jambu seed, media (soil) Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, senegalensis =Tephritis guava), Passiflora Senegal, Sierra Leone, South senegalensis); Diptera: quadrangularis (markisah, Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Tephritidae; cacao fruit fly granadilla, passion fruit), Zambia, Zimbabwe. Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Chrysophyllum 39

albidum Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) 57. Ceratitis quinaria (Bezzi); II Psidium guajava (jambu seed, fruit, growing Africa: Angola, Benin, (=Pardalaspis quinaria); guava), Citrus spp.(jeruk, media (soil) Botswana, Malawi, Mali, Diptera: Tephritidae; orange), Prunus americana Namibia, Ivory Coast, South Rhodesian fruit fly (aprikot, apricot), Prunus Africa, Sudan, Zimbabwe persica (persik, peach) Asia: Yemen 58. Ceratitis rosa Karsch.; II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), fruit, growing Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, (=Pterandrus rosa ); Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) media (soil) Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Diptera: Tephritidae; Natal Averrhoa carambola Mozambique, Réunion, fruit fly (belimbing, star-fruit), Carica Seychelles, South Africa, papaya (pepaya, pawpaw, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, papaya), Citrus spp, Capsicum Zimbabwe. annuum (cabai besar, paprika, bell-pepper), Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, quince), Eugenia uniflora, Ficus carica (ara, fig), Garcinia mangostana (manggis, mangosteen), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Psidium longipes, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Syzygium spp., Terminalia catappa(ketapang, indian almond), Theobroma cacao 40

(kakao, cocoa), Ziziphus jujuba, Annona reticulate (fruit nona, custard apple), Carissa macrocarpa, Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Dimocarpus litchii (leci, litchii), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 59. Chaetocnema confinis II Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), leaf, buds, Africa: Comoros, Gambia, Crotch.; (=Chaetocnema Calystegia sepium (great seedling Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, flavicornis =Chaetocnema bindweed), Ipomoea aquatica tanaman Mauritius, Réunion, Senegal, etiennei =Chaetocnema (swamp morning-glory), Seychelles, South Africa perplexa); Coleoptera: Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, America: Brazil, Canada, Chrysomelidae; flea beetle; sweet potato), Ipomoea USA,Ecuador, El Salvador sweet potato flea beetle; flea pandurata (bigroot Asia: Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, beetle. morningglory (USA)), Solanum Vietnam lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Europe: Guernsey Pharbitis purpurea (Tall Oceania: French Polynesia, morning glory), Zea mays Guam, Marshall Islands, Palau (jagung, corn) Abutilon hybridum (Indian mallow), Acer negundo (box elder), Acer platanoides (Norway maple), Aesculus (buckeye), Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), Arctium minus (common 41

burdock), Avena sativa (oats), Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet), Brassica napus var. napus (rape), Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera (turnip rape), Catalpa bignonioides (Southern catalpa), Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry), Fraxinus americana (white ash), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke), Hibiscus (rosemallows), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Mucuna (velvetbeans), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus na (common chokecherrytree), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Secale cereale (rye), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Tilia americana (basswood), Trifolium pratense 42

(purple clover), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 60. Chaetosiphon fragaefolii II Fragaria ananassa bibit plant, America: Argentina, Canada, Cockerell; (=Capitophorus (strawberry) leaf, buds USA, Bolivia fragaefoli i=Capitophorus Fragaria chiloensis (Chilean Asia: Israel, Japan, Philippines fragariae =Chaetosiphon strawberry), Fragaria vesca Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, fragariae =Myzus fragaefolii (wild strawberry), Fragaria France, Germany, Italy, =Myzus fragariae vesca var. semperflorens Macedonia, Portugal, Serbia =Passerinia fragaefolii (Perpetual strawberry), Rosa and Montenegro, Spain, =Pentatrichopus fragaefolii rugosa Switzerland, United Kingdom =Pentatrichopus fragariae; Oceania; Australia, New Hemiptera: Aphididae; Zealand strawberry aphid 61. Chilo orichalcociliellus II Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, stem, leaf, Africa: Kenya, Uganda, (Strand); (=Chilotraea sugarcane), Zea mays stalk tongkol Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, argyrolepia =Diatraea (jagung, corn), Sorghum (stalk) Kenya, Madagascar argyrolepia =Proceras bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), argyrolepia =P. Poaceae, Panicum miliaceum argyrolepidus =P.orichalcociliella =Chilo argyrolepia =Diatraea orichalcociliella); Lepidoptera: Crambidae; coastal stalk borer 62. Cholus cattleyae Champion; II anggrek (Orchidaceae) plant, stem, America: USA Coleoptera: Curculionidae; leaf, flower cattleya weevil 63. Chrysobothris femorata II Malus domestica (apel, apple), stem, leaf, America: Canada, Mexico, Olivier; Coleoptera: Prunus persica (persik, buds USA

43

Buprestidae; flatheaded peach), Pyrus communis (pir, apple tree borer pear), other stone fruit (buah batu lainnya) 64. Chrysobothris mali Horn.; II Malus domestica (apel, apple), stem, leaf, America: Canada, USA Coleoptera: Buprestidae; Prunus persica (persik, buds Pacific flatheaded apple peach), Pyrus communis (pir, tree borer pear), other stone fruit (buah batu lainnya) 65. Cicadulina bipunctata II Triticum aestivum (gandum, stem, leaf Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia (Melichar); (=Cicadulina wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Asia:Japan, Syria, Turkey bipunctata corn), Oryza sativa (padi, Europe: Italy bipunctella=C.bipunctella=C paddy), Sorghum bicolor .bipunctella zeae=C.zeae (sorgum, sorghum), =Gnathodus bipunctata); Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; sugarcane) maize leaf hopper, sorghum jassid 66. Cicadulina latens Fennah.; II Zea mays (jagung, corn) stem, leaf Africa: Cameroon, Ethiopia, Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; Ghana, Gambia, Guinea, Ivory Maize leaf hopper Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda. 67. Cicadulina mbila (Naude); II Zea mays (jagung, corn) stem, leaf Africa: Angola, Botswana, (=Balclutha mbila); S): Avena sativa (oat, oat), Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; Cynodon spp., Digitaria Verde, Congo, Ethiopia, maize leafhopper sanguinalis, Eleusine Gambia, Kenya, Mauritius, coracana, Oryza glaberrima, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Reunion, South Africa, Pennisetum glaucum, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Hordeum vulgare (barli, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe barley), Panicum spp., Asia: India, Tajikistan, Yemen

44

Paspalum conjugatum, Pennisetum spp., Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane), serealea (cerealia), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea perennis 68. Cicaduli na storeyi China; II Zea mays (jagung, corn), stem, leaf Africa: Ethiopia, Nigeria, Togo, (=Cicadulina nicholsi =C. Poaceae, Pennisetum glaucum, Northwest Africa, Zimbabwe triangula); Hemiptera: Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Cicadellidae; maize sorghum) leafhopper 69. Coccus alpinus de Lotto; II Syzygium aquea (jambu air, stem, litter, Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Hemiptera: Coccidae ; soft star apple), Psidium guajava leaf, fruit Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda. green scale (jambu seed, guava), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) 70. Coccus elongates Signoret; II Albizia falcataria (L.), Albazia stem, litter, Africa: Ghana, Tanzania, Hemiptera: Coccidae;Scale spp., Acacia catechu, Acecia, leaf Uganda insect elenoxylon, Coffee spp. (Kopi, America: Barbados coffee), Asia: India Europe: Seychelles, England 71. Coelaenomenodera elaeidis II Elaeis stem, leaf Africa: Angola, Benin, Maulik, Coleoptera: Borassus flabelifer (lontar, Botswana, Cameroon, Congo, Chrysomelidae; hispid palmyra palm), Cocos nucifera DR Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, leafminer, oilpalm (kelapa , coconut), Pennisetum Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, leafminer purpureum (rumput gajah, South Africa, Swaziland, elephant grass), Roystonea Zambia, Zimbabwe regia (palem raja, royal palm). 72. Con otrachelus nenuphar II Prunus persica (persik, fruit, soil America: Canada, USA

45

(Herbst); (=Curculio peach), Prunus avium, Prunus nenuphar); Coleoptera: domesticum (plam, plum), Curculionidae; plum Prunus cerasus (ceri, cherry), curculio, American, plum other stone fruit weevil, peach curculio Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, quince), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus japonica, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Malus domestica(apel, apple),Vaccinium spp., Ribes spp., Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Vitis rotundifolia

73. Coptotermes acinaciformis II Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, stem, wood, Oceania: widespread Froggatt; Isoptera: sugarcane), Pinus radiata root Rhinotermitidae; subterranean termite 74. Coptotermes formosanus II Acer rubrum, Chamaecyparis stem, wood, Africa: South Africa Shiraki; Isoptera: thyoides, Cinnamomum root, America: USA Rhinotermitidae;Formosan camphora, Eucalyptus, furniture Asia: China, Taiwan subterranean termite, Fraxinus berlanderiana, Formosan termite Liquidambar styracifua, Picea engelmannii, Pinus (pines), Quercus (oak), Saccharumofficinarum, Taxodium distichum 75. Coptotermes heimi II Acacia nilotica (gum arabic stem, wood, Asia: Bangladesh, India, 46

(Wasmann);Isoptera: tree), Eucalyptus tereticornis root Pakistan Rhinotermitidae (forest red gum), Morus (mulberry tree), Populus (poplars), Prunus domestica (plum) 76. Corythucha marmorata II Chrysanthemum spp. (krisan, stem, leaf, America: USA Uhler; Hemiptera: Tingidae; chrysant ) flower Asia: Japan Chrysanthemum lace bug 77. Crioceris asparagi II Asparagus officinalis stem, leaf, America: Canada, USA. (Linnaeus); Coleoptera: (asparagus, asparagus) flower Europe: all Chrysomelidae; Asparagus beetle 78. Crioceris duodecimpunctata II Asparagus officinalis stem, leaf, America: Canada, North (Linnaeus); (=Chrysomela (asparagus, asparagus) flower America, USA duodecimpunctata=Lema Europe: France, Italy, duodecimpunctata); Netherland Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; spotted Asparagus beetle, twelve-spotted Asparagus beetle 79. Cryptophlebia leucotreta II Abutilon hybridum, Ananas fruit, flower Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Meyrick; (=Argyroploce comosus (nanas, pineapple), Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, leucotreta=Cryptophlebia Annona muricata (sirsak, Cape Verde, Central Africa, roerigii=Thaumatotibia soursop), Averrhoa Chad, DR Congo, Ivory Coast, roerigii=Olethreutes carambola(belimbing, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, leucotreta =Thaumatotibia carambola, star-fruit), Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, leucotreta); Lepidoptera: Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Tortricidae; false codling Capsicum annuum (cabai Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, moth, Citrus codling moth, besar, paprika, bell-pepper), Reunion, Rwanda, St. Helena, orange codling moth Ceiba pentandra (kapuk Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, randu, kapok), Citrus spp. South Africa, Sudan,

47

(jeruk, orange),Coffea spp. Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, (kopi, coffee), Coffea arabica Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe (kopi arabika, arabica coffee), America: USA Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Asia: Israel Litchi chinensis (leci, lichi), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Olea europea subsp. europea (zaitum, olive), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium guajava(jambu seed, guava), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Zea mays (jagung, corn) Abelmoschus moschatus (okra, lady’s finger), Dimocarpus litchii (leci, lychee), Macadamia ternifolia 80. Cr yptotermes domesticus II Any hardwood and softwood stem, wood America: Panama, Trinidad Haviland; Isoptera: and Tobago Kalotermitidae; drywood Asia: China,Japan, Malaysia, termite Singapore, Thailand Oceania: Australia, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Guam, Papua New Guinea, Salomon Islands, Samoa, Vanuatu 81. Cydia pomonella Linnaeus; II Malus domestica (apel, apple), fruit Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, (=Laspeyresia pomonella Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Mauritius, Morocco, Portugal, =Carpocapsa pomonella =C. Prunus americana (aprikot, South Africa, Spain, Tunisia 48

pomonana apricot), Prunus persica America: Argentina, Bolivia, =Enarmoniapomonella (persik, peach), Prunus Brazil, Canada, Chile, =Phalaena pomonella); domesticum (plam, plum), Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Uruguay, USA codling moth, walnut worm Prunus dulcis (almon, Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, almond), Zea mays (jagung, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, corn) India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 82. Cylas puncticollis Boheman; II Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, stem, leaf, Africa: Burundi, Cameroon, (=Cylas compressus); sweet potato) bulb, tuber, Cape Verde, Central Africa, Coleoptera: Apionidae; Abelmoschus, Astripomoea corm Chad, DR Congo, Congo, African sweet potato weevil, lachnosperma, Boerhavia, Ethiopia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, sweet potato weevil Celosia, Coffea spp. (kopi, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, 49

coffee), Commelina, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Corchorus, Hibiscus, Ipomoea Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, eriocarpa, Sesamum indicum Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, (wijen, sesame), Vigna Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia cylindricaI (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vigna unguiculata, Zea mays (jagung, corn) 83. Dacus ciliates Loew; II Coccinia trilobata, fruit, growing Africa: Angola, Cameroon, (=Dacus brevistylus, =D. Corallocarpus ellipticus, media (soil) Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, appoxanthus var. decolor Cucumis aculeatus, Cucumis Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, =D. coccinae =D. insistens africanus, Cucumis dipsaceus, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, =D. sigmoides =Didacus Cucumis melo, Cucumis Mayotte, Mozambique, ciliatus =Leptoxyda ciliata metuliferus, Cucumis Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, =Tridacus mallyi); Diptera: myriocarpus, Cucurbita Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Tephritidae; lesser melon maxima, Cucurbita pepo, Helena, Senegal, Somalia, fly, lesser pumpkin fly Cucurbitaceae, Kedrostis South Africa, Northwest Africa, foetidissima, Kedrostis leloja, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Lagenaria siceraria, Uganda, DR Congo, Zambia, Momordica balsamina, Zimbabwe Momordica charantia, Asia: Bangladesh, India, Iran, Momordica rostrata, Peponium Israel, Jordan, Myanmar, mackenii, Trichosanthes Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, cucumerina var. anguinea Saudi Arabia, Thailand, United Citrullus colocynthis, Citrus Arab Emirates, Yemen. sinensis, Cucumis sativus, Luffa acutangula, Luffa aegyptiaca, Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato) 84. Delia antiqua Meigen; II Allium cepa (bawang bombay, stem, leaf, Africa: Crozet Islands, Egypt (=Anthomyia antique =A. onion), Allium bulb, tuber, America: Antigua and ceparum =Chortophila ascalonicum(bawang merah, corm, Barbuda, Brazil, Canada, antiqua =Delia cepetorum shallot), Allium porrum growing Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, 50

=Hylemya antiqua =H. (bawang prei, leek) media, soil, USA ceparum =Leptohylemyia Allium cepa var. aggregatum, root Asia: Armenia, China, Georgia, antique =Pegomyia ceparum Allium fistulosum, Allium India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, =P. cepetorum =Phorbia sativum (bawang putih, Kazakhstan, Korea DPR (North ceparum =P. cepetorum =P. garlic), Allium schoenoprasum, Korea), Republic of Korea antiqua); Diptera: Allium spp. (South Korea), Mongolia, Anthomyiidae; onion Philippines, Turkey maggot, onion fly Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia 85. Delia arambourgi (Seguy); II Triticum aestivum (gandum, stem, leaf, Africa: Ethiopia (=Delia dispar =Hylemya wheat), Zea mays (jagung, root, growing dispar =Hylemya corn), Saccharumofficinarum media, soil arambourgi); Diptera: (tebu, sugarcane), serealia Anthomyiidae; barley fly lainnya (other cerealia) 86. Delia platura (Meigen); II Gossypium hirsutum, seed, root, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, (=Anthomyia cana Hordeum vulgare (barli, growing Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, =A.corelia =A.deceptiva barley), Juniperus na, Larix media, soil Madagascar, Morocco, =A.diversa =A.funesta laricina, Phaseolus lunatus, Rwanda, St. Helena, South =A.lanicrus =A.perrima Raphanus sativus (lobak, Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, =A.platura =A.platygaster radish), Trifolium repens, Vicia Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe =A.radicum var. calopteni faba, Allium ascalonicum America: Argentina, Bermuda, 51

=A.raphani =A.rubifrons (bawang merah, shallot), Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, =A.sergia =A.tinia =A.trifilis Asparagus officinalis Colombia, Costa Rica, =A.tyana =A.viana =A.zeas (asparagus, asparagus), Ecuador, Greenland, Mexico, =Aricia fusciceps Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Peru, Uruguay, USA, Uruguay, =Chortophila (bunga kol, cauliflower), Venezuela cana=C.deceptiva =C.prisca Brassica oleracea capitata Asia: Azerbaijan, China, =C.rubifrons =C.spinipes (kubis, cabbage), Citrullus Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, =C.trifilis =Delia cilicrura lanatus, Citrullus Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, =D.prisca =Dialyta vulgaris(semangka, Korea DPR (North Korea), cupreifrons =Eriphia watermelon), Cucumis sativus Republic of Korea (South marginata =Homalomyia (mentimun, cucumber), Korea), Lebanon, Nepal, rava =Hylemya cana Glycine max (kedelai, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri =H.deceptiva =H.fusciceps soyabean), Pinus merkusii Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, =H.platura =H.prisca (tusam, pinetree) albus, Uzbekistan, Yemen =H.spinipes =H.trifilis Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, Europe: Albania, Austria, =Pegomyia fusciceps tobacco), Phaseolus coccineus, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, =Phorbia cilicrura Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, =P.fusciceps Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet Denmark, Faroes Islands, =P.novazealandica pea), Solanum tuberosum Finland, France, Germany, =P.prisca =P.spinipes (kentang, potato), Spinacia Greece, Hungary, Iceland, =H.cilicrura =Chortophila oleracea (bayam, spinach), Italy, Netherlands, Norway, cilicrura =Phorbiaplatura); Triticum aestivum (gandum, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Diptera: Anthomyiidae; wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Russia, Slovenia, Slovakia, corn seed maggot, bean corn) Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, seed fly, seed potato Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, maggot Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand

87. Delia radicum Linnaeus; II Brassica oleracea capitata stem, leaf, Africa: Algeria, Morocco 52

(=Anthomyia brassicae =A. (kubis, cabbage), Brassica root, growing America: Canada, USA radicum =Aricia villipes oleracea, Brassica oleracea media, soil Asia: Armenia, China, Georgia, =Chortophila appendiculata var. gemmifera, Brassica Israel, Kazakhstan, Turkey, =C. floccosa =C. frontalis oleracea subsp. italica, Uzbekistan =Delia brassicae Cruciferae Europe: Austria, Belarus, =Eustalomyia brassicae Brassica napus var. Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech, =Hylemya brassicae =H. napobrassica, Brassica rapa Denmark, Estonia, Finland, brassicae =Musca radicum subsp. pekinensis, Matthiola Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, =Pegomya brassicae spp., Raphanus sativus Bosnia and Herzegovina, =Erioischia brassicae (lobak, radish), Armoracia Montenegro, Macedonia, =Chortophila brassicae rusticana France, Germany, Hungary, =Phorbia brassicae); Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Diptera: Anthomyiidae; Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, cabbage maggot, cabbage Poland, Portugal, Romania, root fly, radish fly Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom 88. Dendroctonus ponderosae II Pinus spp stem, litter, America: USA, Canada Hopkins;Coleoptera: wood Scolytidae; pinus beetle, mountain pine beetles 89. Diabrotica undecimpunctata II Cucumis melo (melon, melon), stem, root, America: Canada, El Salvador, Mannerheim; (=Chrysomela Cucumis sativus (mentimun, leaf, flower, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, duodecimpunctata cucumber), Citrullus vulgaris growing USA =Crioceris sexpunctata (semangka, watermelon), media =Diabrotica Citrullus lanatus, Cucurbita duodecimpunctata =D.soror pepo (labu kuning, zucchini) =D.undecimpunctata subsp. Arachys hypogaea (kacang Howardi Barber); tanah, peanut), Glycine max Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; (kedelai, soyabean), Ipomoea 12-spotted cucumber batatas (ubi jalar, sweet beetle, southern corn potato), Vigna spp. (buncis, 53

rootworm, spotted cowpea), Zea mays (jagung, cucumber beetle, western corn), Chenopodium quinoa, spotted cucumber beetle Phaseolus vulgaris(buncis, common bean) 90. Diaprepes abbreviatus II Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Zea root, stem, America: Antigua and (Linnaeus); (=Curculio mays (jagung, corn), leaf Barbuda, Barbados, Costa abbreviatus =Diaprepes Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Guyana festivus =D. irregularis =D. sugarcane), Manihot esculenta France, Grenada, Guadeloupe, quadrilineatus (ubi wood, cassava), Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, =Exophthalmus Nephelium lappaceum Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. abbreviatus); Coleoptera: (rambutan, rambutan) Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Curculionidae; Citrus S): Aeschynomene americana, Vincent and the Grenadines, weevil, sugarcane rootstalk Aloe vera, Apium graveolens, Trinidad and Tobago, USA borer weevil, Citrus weevil, Arachis hypogaea (kacang sugarcane rootstalk borer tanah, peanut), Ardisia crispa, weevil, West Indian weevil, Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, West Indian sugarcane root pigeon pea), Canavalia borer, West Indian weevil gladiata, Cedrela odorata, Ceiba pentandra (kapuk, kapok), Centrosema pubescens, Chrysobalanus icaco, Chrysophyllum cainito, Canocarpus erectus, Crotalaria, Dimocarpus longan, Dioscorea, Diospyros virginiana, Dizygotheca elegantissima, Eriobitrya japonica, erythrina barteroana, Erythrina poeppigiana, Euginia uniflora, Faramea occidentalis, Gladiolus hybrids, Gliricidia 54

sepium, Guaiacum officinale, Hoya carnosa, Jatropha curcas, Juniperus conferta, Juniperus virginiana, Lablab purpureus, Lagerstromia speciosa, Manihot esculenta, Maranta leuconeura, Mucuna pruriens, Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan), Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava), kacang, Coffe aspp. (kopi, coffee), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Achras (=Manilkara) zapota (sawo, sapodilla), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, dates-palm), Capsicum annuum (cabai besar, bell-pepper), Rhizophora mangle, Ricinus communis, Saccharumofficinarum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Solanum melongena(terung, eggplant), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum 55

bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Spondias mombin, Spondias purpurea, Swietenia macrophylla, Swietenia mahagoni, Syzygium jambos, Terminalia catappa, Urena lobata, Ximenia americana, Zanthoxylum, Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Dioscorea spp. 91. Diaspidiotus perniciosus II Malus domestica (apel, apple), stem, leaf, Africa: Algeria, Angola, DR (Comstock) Cockerell, Vitis vinifera (anggur, fruit, stalk Congo,Congo, Morocco, South Danzig; (=Aonidia fusca grapevine), Prunus cerrasus Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe =Aonidiella fusca =A. (ceri, cherry), Prunus persica America: Argentina, Bolivia, perniciosa =Aspidiotus (persik, peach), Pyrus Brazil, Canada, Chile, Cuba, (Comstockaspis) perniciosus communis (pir, pear), Prunus Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, =A. (Diaspidiotus) persica nectarina (nektarin, Peru, USA, Uruguay, andromelas =A. nectarine) Citrus spp.(jeruk, Venezuela (Diaspidiotus) perniciosus orange), fruit batu (stone Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, =A. (Hemiberlesiana) fruit) Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, perniciosus =A. perniciosus Bhutan, Brunei, China, =A. albopunctatus =A. Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, fuscus =A. perniciosus Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea DPR =Comstockaspis perniciosa (North Korea), Republic of =Diaspidiotus perniciosus Korea (South Korea), Nepal, =Hemiberlesia perniciosa Pakistan, Tajikistan, Thailand, =Quadraspidiotus Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, perniciosus =Q.perniciosus); Yemen Hemiptera: Coccidae; Europe: Albania, Austria, California scale, Chinese Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, scale, perniciosus scale, France, Germany, Greece, San José scale Hungary, Italy, Moldova, 56

Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 92. Diaspis boisduvalii II Ananas comosus (nanas, stem, leaf, America: Antigua and Signoret; (=Aulacaspis pineapple), Cocos nucifera stalk (special Barbuda, Barbados, Bermuda, boisduvalii = Diaspos (kelapa , coconut), Musa spp. for A. Brazil, Dominica, Guyana palmarum); Hemiptera: (pisang, banana) comosus) France, Guadelope, Guyana, Diaspididae; boisduval Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, scale, coconut snow scale, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis orchid, scale, pinapple scale 93. Diatraea saccharalis II Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, stem, leaf America: Antigua and Fabricius; (=Chilo sugarcane) Barbuda, Argentina, Barbados, obliteratellus =Crambus Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, British leucaniellus =C. lineosellus Panicum dichotomiflorum, Virgin Islands, Colombia, Costa =C. sacchari =Diatraea Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Rica, Cuba, Dominica, continens =D. crambidoides sorghum), Sorghum Ecuador, El Salvador, France =D. pedidocta =D. halepense, Zea mays (jagung, Guiana, Grenada, saccharalis va corn) Guadeloupe,Guatemala, grenadensis=D. sacchari Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, =D. sacchari f. Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, brasiliensis=Phalaena Montserrat, Nicaragua, saccharalis=D. obliteratella Panama, Paraguay, Peru, =D. Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & obliteratellus=D.incomparell Nevis,St. Lucia, St. Vincent a); Lepidoptera: Crambidae; and the Grenadines, Suriname, 57

sugarcane stalk borer, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, sugarcane borer, sugarcane Uruguay, Venezuela moth borer, American sugarcane borer, small moth borer, small sugarcane moth borer 94. Diopsis longicornis II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) stem, leaf Africa: Cameroon, Ivory Macquart; (=Diasemopsis Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, macrophthalma =Diopsis Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, macrophtalma =Diopsis Togo, West Africa, Zimbabwe thoracica); Diptera: Asia: India, Philippines Diopsidae; stalk-eyed fly 95. Diorymerellus laevimargo II Orchidaceae (anggrek, orchid) stem, leaf, America: Argentina, Bolivia, Champion; Coleoptera: flower Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Curculionidae; orchid Venezuela, Dominican weevil Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French Guiana 96. Diparopsis castanea Hmps.; II Gossypium barbadens stem, leaf, Africa: Botswana, Malawi, (= Diparopsis watersi. (kapas, cotton) fruit, seed Mozambique, Nigeria, South Rothschild) Lepidoptera: Cefenfuegosia heldebrandii; Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Noctuidae; red bollworm, Gossypioides kirkii; Thespesia Zambia, Zimbabwe. red Sudan bollworm, red spp. Sudan cotton worm, red cotton bollworm 97. Distantiella theobromae II Theobroma cacao (kakao, stem, leaf, Africa: Cameroon, Congo, (Distant); Hemiptera: cocoa), Ceiba pentandra fruit Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Miridae; cocoa capsid, (kapuk randu, kapok) Sierra Leonne, Togo brown capsid, cocoa capsid Adansonia digitata, Citrus stem sapper spp. (jeruk, orange) 98. Eldana saccharina Walker; II Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, stem, leaf Africa: Angola, Benin, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae; sugarcane) Botswana, Burkina Faso,

58

sugarcane stalk borer, Cyperus (flatsedge), Cyperus Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, DR African sugarcane borer alternifolius, Cyperus Congo, Congo, Equatorial digitatus, Megathyrsus Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, maximus, Oryza sativa (padi, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- paddy), Phragmites australis, Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, sorghum), Typha latifolia, Zea Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, mays (jagung, corn) Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe Asia: Saudi Arabia 99. Empoasca facialis Jacobi; II Solanum melongena (terung, stem, leaf, Africa: Congo, Gambia, (=Jacobiella facialis eggplant aubergine) fruit Ghana, Kenya, Mauritania, =Chloritafacialis =Chlorita Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, fascialis); Hemiptera, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Cicadellidae; green Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, leafhopper Uganda, DR Congo, Zimbabwe Asia: Cambodia, India Oceania: Australia, Fiji 100.Empoasca lybica De II Gossypium barbadens stem, leaf, Africa: Algeria, Central Africa, Bergevin; (=Jacobiasca (kapas, cotton), Solanum fruit DR Congo, Egypt, Erythrea, lybica =Austroascalybica lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Kenya, Libya, Mauritius, =Chlorita lybica =C.signata Solanum tuberosum (kentang, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, =Empoasca benedettoi potato), Cajanus cajan Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, =E.signata =Jacobiasca (kacang gude, pigeon pea), Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, signata); Hemiptera: Vitis vinifera (anggur, Uganda Cicadellidae; cotton jassid, grapevine) America: Argentina green leafhopper (GLH) Asia: India, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Yemen 59

Europe: Albania, Italy, Portugal, Spain

101.Empoasca onukii Matsuda; II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea) stem, leaf Asia: Japan, Thailand Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; tea green leafhopper 102.Epicauta albovittata Gestro; II Capsicum annuum (cabai stem, leaf, Africa: Kenya Coleoptera: Meloidae; besar, paprika, bell-pepper, fruit stripped blister beetle hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), solanaceae 103.Epicauta vittata (Fabricius); II Solanum tuberosum (kentang, stem, leaf, Africa: DR Congo Coleoptera: Meloidae; potato), Medicago sativa fruit America: Canada, USA stripped blister beetle (alfalfa, lucerne). 104.Epilachna similis II Triticum aestivum (gandum, stem, leaf Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, (Thunberg); (=Chnootriba wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South similis);Coleoptera: corn), Sorghum bicolor Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Coccinellidae; maize (sorghum), Pennisetum spp. Uganda, Zimbabwe ladybird beetle, cereal Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) ladybird 105.Epilachna varivestis II Citrus aurantifolia, Glycine stem, leaf Asia: Japan Mulsant; (=Epilachna max (kedelai, soyabean), America: Canada, Colombia, corrupta=E.maculiventris); Phaseolus acutifolius, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Coleoptera: Coccinellidae; Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Mexican bean beetle, bean vulgaris (buncis, common USA ladybeetle, bean ladybird bean), Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea), leguminosae lainnya (other 60

legume) 106.Ernobius mollis II Picea abies, Pinus stem, wood, America: USA (Linnaeus);Coleoptera: kulit kayu Europe: Italy, Spain Anobiidae; pine bark Oceania: Australia 107.Eulecanium tiliae II Acer campestre (field maple), fruit, Africa: Spain (Canary Islands) (Linnaeus); (=Eulecanium Aesculus hippocastanum seedling America: Canada, USA coryli = Eulecanium mali (buckeye), Crataegus tanaman Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, =Lecanium coryli monogyna (hawthorn), Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, =Physokermes coryli = Cydonia oblonga (quince), Israel, Pakistan, Turkey Coccus coryli =Coccus tiliae Ficus, Fraxinus (ashes), Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, =Coccus mali Malus domestica (apple), Czech, Denmark, Serbia, =Parthenolecanium coryli Prunus domestica (plum), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and =Eulecanium ibericum Prunus persica (persik, Herzegovina, Montenegro, =Coccus capreae =Coccus peach), Prunus salicina Macedonia, France, Germany, alni =Coccus salicum (Japanese plum),Pyrus Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, =Coccus fuscus =Coccus communis (European pear), Latvia, Malta, Moldova, aceri =Coccus aceris Acer circinatum, Acer Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, campestris =Coccus pyri macrophyllum, Acer negundo, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, =Coccus rubi =Coccus Acer platanoides, Acer Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, xylostei =Calypticus pseudoplatanus, Aesculus Ukraine, UK (Scotland) fasciatus =Lecanium pavia, Alnus rubra, Betula juglandis =Coccus aesculi papyrifera, Betula pubescens, =Lecanium fasciatum Carpinus betulus, Cornus =Lecanium rubi =Lecanium sanguinea, Corylus avellana, genevense =Lecanium alni Fragaria vesca (wild =Lecanium pyri =Lecanium strawberry), Holodiscus aesculi =Lecanium discolor, Juglans regia, Malus berberidis =Lecanium cerasi sylvestris, Myrica gale, =Lecanium variegatum Parrotia persica, Pistacia =Lecanium fuscum palestina, Populus alba, =Lecanium (Eulecanium) Populus Canadensis, Prunus aesculi =Lecanium armeniaca (apricot, apricot), 61

(Eulecanium) capreae Prunus cerasifera, Prunus =Lecanium (Eulecanium) cerasus, Prunus laurocerasus, cerasi =Lecanium Prunus spinosa, Quercus (Eulecanium) genevense iberica, Quercus ilex, Quercus =Lecanium (Eulecanium) robur, Quercus suber, Salix juglandis, Lecanium caprea, Salix viminalis, (Eulecanium) rubi Sorbus, Tilia cordata, Ulmus =Lecanium (Eulecanium) glabra, Ulmus minor, variegatum =Eulecanium Vaccinium myrtillus fuscum Lecanium (blueberry), Vitis vinifera (Saissetia) capreae (anggur, grapevine) =Lecanium (Eulecanium) hoferi =Lecanium websteri mirabilis =Eulecanium aceris =Eulecanium aesculi =Eulecanium alni =Eulecanium capreae =Eulecanium cerasi =Eulecanium fasciatum =Eulecanium pyri (Schrank) =Eulecanium rubi =Eulecanium variegatum =Eulecanium websteri mirabile =Eulecanium curtisi =Lecanium (Globulicoccus) fuscum =Eulecanium emerici =Globulicoccus fuscus =Lecanium mali =Eulecanium coryli cimbricus =Eulecanium gyrcanicum); Hemiptera: Coccidae; nut scale; thorn 62

scale 108.Eumerus tuberculatus II Allium cepa (bawang bombay, root, stem, America: USA Rondani; Diptera: onion), Narcissus spp. leaf, bulb, Europe Syrphidae; lesser bulb fly (narsisus, narcissus), Crinum tuber, corm, asiaticum (bakung, lily). soil Allium ascalonicum (bawang merah, shallot), Allium sativum (bawang putih, garlic), Irish spp., Lilia spp., Pastinaca sativa (parsnip, parsnip), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Hippeastrum spp. (amarilis, amaryllis), Brassica oleracea capitata (kubis, cabbage), Calla elliottiana, Eurycies spp., Galtonia spp., Gladiolus spp., Scilla spp., Sprekelia 109.Eupalami des cyparissias II Cocos nucifera (kelapa , stem, leaf America: Guyana Franch Fabricius; (=Castnia coconut), Elaeis guineensis Guyana, Panama, Peru, daedalus =Castnia dedalus (kelapa sawit, oilpalm) Suriname =Lapaeumides dedalus =L.daedalus =Eupalamides dedalus =Papilio cyparissias =P.dedalus); Lepidoptera: Castniidae; oilpalm borer, coconut moth borer, stem borer and bunch stalk

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110.Euscepes postfasciatus II Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, stem, root, America: Antigua and (Fairmaire); sweet potato), Pharbitis nil bulb, tuber, Barbuda, Barbados, Bermuda, (=Batatarhynchus Ipomoea aquatica (kangkung, corm Brazil, Virgin Islands, Cuba, destructor =Cryptorhynchus water spinach) Dominica, Guyana France, batatae =C.postfasciatus Grenada, Guadeloupe, =Euscepes batatae Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, =Hyperomorphasquamosa); Martinique, Montserrat, Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, West Indian sweet potato St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. weevil, scarabee weevil, Vincent and the Grenadines, small sweet potato weevil Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Venezuela Asia: Japan Oceania: Palau, Cook Island, Micronesia, Fiji, France Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Island, Pitcairn Island, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis-Futuna 111.Eutinobothrus brasiliensis II Gossypium barbadens stem, root America: Argentina, Brazil, (Hambleton); (kapas, cotton) Paraguay (=Gasterocercodes Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, brasiliensis =G.gossypii); okra),Hibiscus spp. Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Brazilian cotton borer, cotton root borer 112.Frankliniella fusca II Arachis hypogaea (kacang leaf, flower, America: Canada, Cuba, (Hinds);(=Euthrips fuscus tanah, peanut), Capsicum buds Martinique, Mexico, Puerto =E. Nicotiane =Frankliniella annuum (paprika, bell Rico, USA nicotiane =Physopus fuscus pepper), Citrullus lanatus Europe: Netherlands =P. Nicotianae =Scirtothrips (semangka, watermelon), 64

owreyi);Thysanoptera: Glycine max (kedelai, Thripidae; tobacco thrips soyabean), Gossypium (cotton), Hippeastrum, Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 113.Frankliniella occidentalis II Gossypium barbadens stem, leaf, Africa: Algeria, Kenya, (Pergande); (=Euthrips (kapas, cotton), Allium flower, fruit Morocco, South Africa, helianthi=Euthrips ascalonicum (bawang merah, Swaziland, Tunisia, Uganda, occidentalis =E.tritici var. shallot), Brassica oleracea Zimbabwe californicus =Frankliniella capitata (kubis, cabbage), America: Argentina, Brazil, californica Fragaria vesca Canada, Chile, Colombia, =F.canadensis=F.chrysanth (wildstrawberry), Costa Rica, Dominica, emi =F.claripennis Cucurbitaceae, Orchidaceae Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, =F.conspicua =F.dahliae (anggrek, orchid), Amaranthus Martinique, Mexico, Peru, =F.dianthi =F.nubila palmeri (palmer amaranth), Puerto Rico, Uruguay, USA, =F.occidentalis f. Arachys hypogaea (kacang Venezuela brunnescens =F.occidentalis tanah, peanut), Beta vulgaris Asia:Cina, India, Iran, Israel, f. dubia=F.syringae (bit, beetroot), Begonia spp., Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, =F.triticimaculata =F.tritici Carthamus tinctorius, Citrus x Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Turkey var. moultoni =F.umbRosa paradise (grapefruit), Europe: Albania, Austria, =F.venusta=F.helianthi Capsicum annuum (cabai Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, =F.moultoni=F.trehernei); besar, paprika, bell-pepper), Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Thysanoptera, Thripidae; Cyclamen spp., Dahlia spp., Estonia, Finland, France, western flower thrips, Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Germany, Greece, Hungary, alfalfa thrips, flower thrips, Dianthus caryophyllus Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, western (USA) grass thrips (anyelir, carnation), Euphorbia Macedonia, Malta, pulcherrima, Ficus carica (ara, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, fig), Fuchsia sp., Gerbera Portugal, Romania, Russia, 65

jamesonii, Geranium spp., Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Gladiolus hybrids, Sweden, Switzerland, UK Gypsophila, Hibiscus, Oceania: Australia, New Impatiens, Kalanchoe, Lactuca Zealand sativa (selada, lettuce), Limonium sinuatum, Lisianthus spp., Lathyrus odoratus, Leucaena leucocephala (lamtoro, wild tamarind), Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Medicago sativa(alfalfa, lucerne), Petroselinum crispum (parslei, parsley), Vigna spp. (cowpea), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Prunus persica var. nucipersica (nektarin, nectarine), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Purshia tridentata, Raphanus raphanistrum, Rhododendron spp. (azalea), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Salvia spp., Secale cereale (rye), Sinapis arvensis, Sinningia speciosa, St.paulia ionantha, Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), 66

Sonchus spp., Syzygium aquea (jambu air, star apple), Trifolium spp., Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zinnia spp. 114.Globitermes sp;Isoptera: II Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, stem, wood Asia: Malaysia, Thailand, Termitidae Eucalyptus alba, Eucalyptus Vietnam camaldulensis, Hevea brasiliensis, Pinus 115.Grapholita prunivora II Malus domestica (apel, apple), stem, leaf, America: Canada, USA (Walsh); (=Cydia prunivora Prunus domesticum (plum), flower, fruit, =Laspeyresia prunivora other stone fruit) growing =Semasia prunivora Amelanchier, Prunus media, litter, =Enarmonia prunivora); americana (aprikot, apricot), soil Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), lesser apple worm, plum Prunus persica (persik, moth peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) 116.Grapholitha molesta II Prunus persica (persik, stem, fruit, Africa: Mauritius, Morocco, (Busck); (=Cydia molesta peach), Prunus leaf, flower, South Africa =Laspeyresia molesta americana(aprikot, apricot), growing America: Argentina, Brazil, =Carpocapsa molesta); Prunus persica var. media, litter, Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; nucipersica (nektarin, soil Uruguay oriental fruit moth nectarine). Asia:Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cydonia oblonga (kwinsi, China, Japan, North Korea, quince), Malus domestica South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, (apel, apple), Prunus Syria, Taiwan, domesticum (plum), Prunus Turkey,Uzbekistan dulcis (almon, almond), Europe:Austria, Bulgaria, Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Croatia, Czech Republic, 67

Pyrus communis (pear), fruit France, Germany, Greece, batu lain (other stone fruits), Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Malta, Malus sp., Eriobotrya japonica Moldova, Portugal, Romania, (lokwat, loquat) Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 117.Grapholitha packardiZeller; II Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry) stem, fruit, America: Canada, Mexico, (=Cydia packardi Cydonia oblonga, Malus leaf, flower, USA =Enarmonia packardi domestica (apel, apple), growing =Enarmonia pyricolana Prunus domesticum (plum), media, litter, =Laspeyresia Prunus persica (persik, soil packardi=L.pyricolana peach), Pyracantha, Pyrus =Steganoptycha pyricolana); communis (pir, pear), Rosa Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; spp., Vaccinium corymbosum cherry fruitworm 118.Harmolita grandis Riley; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, stem, leaf, America: USA Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; wheat), Hordeum vulgare soil wheat strand worm (barli, barley), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean) 119.Harmoli ta tritici Fitch.; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, stem, leaf, America: USA Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; wheat), Hordeum vulgare soil Asia: West Asia wheat joint worm (barli, barley), Avena sativa Europe: Russia (oat, oats), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean) 120.Helopeltis anacardii Miller; II Anacardium occidentale stem, leaf, Africa: Tanzania Heteroptera: Miridae; (jambu mete, cashew-nut) flower cashew helopeltis

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121.Helopeltis bergrothi Reuter; II Theobroma cacao (kakao, stem, leaf, Africa: Angola, Benin, (=Helopeltis bergrothi cocoa) flower Burundi, Cameroon, Republic =H.bergrothi flavescens Anacardium occidentale of Central Africa, DR Congo., =H.bergrothi nigripes (jambu mete, cashew-nut), Ivory Coast, Guinea Equator, =H.bergrothi rubrinervis); Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Gabon, Guinea, Mozambique, Heteroptera: Miridae; kina, Gossypium barbadens Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Spain helopeltis bug, cacao- (kapas, cotton), Manihot (Canary Island), Togo mosquito, tea-bug, tea- esculenta (ubi wood, cassava), Europe: Spain mosquito, cacao mosquito Ricinus communis (jarak, castor-oil) 122.Helopeltis schoutedeni II Gossypium barbadens stem, leaf, Africa: Angola, Burundi, Reuter; (=Helopeltis (kapas, cotton), Anacardium fruit Cameroon, Central Africa, sanguineus =H.schoutedeni occidentale (jambu mete, Chad, DR Congo, Ivory Coast, rubra =H.schoutedeni cashew-nut), Ricinus Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, vanderysti); Heteroptera: communis Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Miridae; tea mosquito, Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, cotton bug, cacao- Mangifera indica (mangga, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome & mosquito, tea-bug, cotton mango) Principe, Sierra Leone, Sudan, helopeltis, cotton helopeltis Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe 123.Hercinothrips bicinctus II Musa spp. (pisang, banana) stem, leaf, Africa: Equatorial Guinea, (Bagnall); (=Caliothrips flower, fruit Guinea, Kenya, South Africa, bicinctus =Heliothrips Tanzania bicinctus); Thysanoptera: America: Bermuda, Brazil, Thripidae; banana thrips, Peru banana-silvering thrips, Asia: India smilax thrips Europe: Belgium, Portugal, Spain, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 124.Heteroligus appius Burm.; II Dioscorea spp. (gembili, yam) stem, leaf, Africa: Burkina Faso, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; bulb, tuber, Cameroon, Dahomey, Gambia, 69

lesser yam beetle corm Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo 125.Heteroligus meles Billb.; II Dioscorea spp. (gembili, yam) stem, leaf, Africa: Bourkina Faso, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; bulb, tuber, Cameroon, Dahomey, Gambia, greater yam beetle corm Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo 126.Hilda patruelis (Stål); II Arachys hypogaea (kacang stem, leaf, Africa: Tanzania Hemiptera: Tettigometridae; tanah, peanut) root, flower groundnut hopper Anacardium occidentale (jambu mete, cashew-nut); Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange); Abelmoschus moschatus (okra, lady’s finger); Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower); Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, mungbean); Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea) 127.Homona magnanima II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), buds, stem, Asia: China, Japan, Taiwan Diakonoff; Lepidoptera: Lithocarpus edulis, Rosa spp. leaf Tortricidae; leaf roller, tea (mawar, rose), Pyrus tortrix, Oriental tea tortrix communis (pir, pear), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon), Chrysant hemum spp. (krisan, chrysant ), Paulownia tomentosa, Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant,

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aubergine), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), fruit batu (stone fruit), Eurya spp., Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Rhododendron Ispp. (azalea), Nandina domestica, Podocarpus spp. 128.Homorocoryphus nitidulus II Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, stem, leaf, Africa: Kenya, Zimbabwe Scopoli; (=Ruspolia tobacco) soil differens =R.vicina); Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; edible grasshopper 129.Horcias nobilellus Berg.; II Gossypium barbadens stem, leaf America: Argentina, Bahama, (=Capsus (Deraeocoris) (kapas, cotton) Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, nobilitatus=Horcias Abelmoschus moschatus Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela (Horciasoides) nobilellus (okra, lady’s finger), Bidens =H.plagosus =Poecilocopsus pilosa nobilellus); Hemiptera: Miridae; cotton plant bug, cotton bug 130.Hylotrupes bajulus II Pinus nigra, Pinus sylvestris, stem, wood Africa:Algeria, Ivory Coast, (Linnaeus); Coleoptera: Egypt, Libya, Madagascar, Cerambycidae; house Morocco, South Africa, Spain, longhorne beetle/Europen Tunisia, Zimbabwe house borer America: USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey Europe: Uruguay Ocenia: Australia, New Zealend 71

131.Hyphantria cunea Drury; II Morus alba, Prunus cerrasus stem, leaf America: Canada, Mexico, (=Hyphantria textor); (ceri, cherry), Juglans nigra USA Lepidoptera: Arctiidae; (walnut, walnut), Pyrus Asia: China, Japan, Korea, blackheaded webworm, communis (pir, pear), Malus Turkey mulberry moth, redheaded domestica (apel, apple), Europe: Austria, Bosnia and webworm, fall webworm, Prunus domesticum (plam, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, American white moth plum), Carya illinoinensis, Czech, France, Hungary, Italy, Carya ovata, Diospyros Moldova, Poland, Romania, na,Liquidambar styraciflua, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Prunus avium Switzerland, Ukraine, Serbia, Carya spp., Humulus lupulus Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and (hops), Ulmus americana, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Ailanthus altissima, Juglans Macedonia regia (walnut, walnut), Pinus Oceania: Micronesia, Northern densiflora, Vitis vinifera Mariana Island (anggur, grapevine) 132.Incisitermes minor (Hagen); II Dry wood stem, wood America: USA, Mexico, canada Isoptera: Kalotermitidae; western drywood termite 133.Ips typographus Linnaeus; II Eucalyptus, Oak, pines stem, wood Asia: China, Japan, Korea Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Europe: Russia European spruce bark beetle 134.Keiferia II Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, stem, leaf, America: Bermuda, Bolivia, lycopercicellaWalsingham;(= tomato) fruit Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Gnorimoschema elmorei Solanum melongena (terung, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, USA, =G.lycopersicella =Keiferia eggplant, aubergine), Solanum Venezuela, Canada, Dominican elmorei =Phthorimaea tuberosum (kentang, potato), Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, elmorei =P.lycopersicella); Gossypium barbadens Peru Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae; (kapas, cotton), Nicotiana tomato pinworm tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Solanum nigrum (leunca, black nightshade)

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135.Lepidosaphes ulmi II Fagus grandifolia (American leaf, soil Africa: Algeria, Egypt, South (Linnaeus); (=Aspidiotus beech), Ficus carica (ara, fig), Africa, Tunisia conchiformis =A. falciformis Fraxinus americana (white America: Argentina, Brazil, =A.juglandis =A.pomorum ash),Juglans regia (walnut, Canada, Chile, Colombia, =A.pyrus-malus =A.saliceti walnut), Malus domestica Mexico, Peru, USA, Uruguay =Coccus conchiformis (apel, apple), Olea europaea Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, =C.ulmi =Diaspis subsp. europaea (zaitun, China, Georgia, India, Iran, linearis=Lepidosaphes olive), Populus canadensis Iraq, Israel, Japan, (Mytilaspis) (hybrid black poplar), Populus Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea ulmi=L.ceratoniae =L. deltoides (poplar), Populus (South Korea), Saudi Arabia, conchiformis =L.juglandis nigra (black poplar), Prunus Syria, Taiwan, Turkey =L.pomorum =L.ulmi (buah batu,stone fruit), Pyrus Europe: Austria, Belgium, =L.vulva =Mytilaspis communis (pir, pear), Salix Bulgaria,Bosnia and (Lepidosaphes) pomorum alba (white willow), Tilia Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, =M.ceratoniae =M.juglandis cordata (small-leaf lime), Czech, Denmark, France, =M.pomicorticis Vaccinium myrtillus Germany, Greece, Hungary, =M.pomorum =M.ulicis (blueberry) Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, =M.ulmi =M.vitis Prunus salicina (Japanese Netherlands, Norway, Poland, =Mytilococcus saliceti plum), Rosa damascena Romania, Russia,Spain, =M.ulmi); Hemiptera: (Damask rose) Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Diaspididae; oystershell UK, Serbia, Montenegro, scale, apple mussel scale, Slovenia, Slovakia, mussel scale Oceania: Australia 136.Leptinotarsa decemlineata II Solanum tuberosum (kentang, bulb, tuber, Africa: Gabon Say; (=Chrysomela potato) corm, America: Canada,Cuba, decemlineata =Doryphora Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, rimpang, Guatemala, Mexico, USA decemlineata =Leptinotarsa tomato), Solanum melongena stem, leaf, Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, multitaeniata =Polygramma (terung, eggplant, aubergine), soil China, Iran, Iraq, Japan, decemlineata); Coleoptera: Hyoscyamus niger (black Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Chrysomelidae; Colorado henbane), Nicotiana Tajikistan, Turkey, potato beetle, Colorado tabacum(tembakau, tobacco) Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan beetle Europe: Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium,

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Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech,Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine,Montenegro 137.Leptopharsa heveae Drake II Hevea brasiliensis (karet, buds, stem, America: Brazil & Poor; Hemiptera: rubber tree) leaf, Tingidae; lace bug, rubber seedling, tingid bug micropropag ated plant 138.Leucoptera caffeina II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), leaf Africa: Angola, Burundi, Washburn; (=Leucoptera Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, daricella); Lepidoptera: arabica coffee) Uganda,Rwanda, Tanzania, Lyonetiidae; coffee Coffea eugenioides Madagascar leafminer America: Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guyana France, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and

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Tobago, Venezuela Asia: Yemen

139.Leucoptera coffeella Guer & II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), leaf Africa:Madagascar Menev; (=Perileucoptera Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, America: Antigua and coffeella, Cemiostoma arabica coffee) Barbuda, Barbados, Bolivia, coffeella, Elachista coffeella) Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae; Cuba, Dominica, Dominican coffee leaf miner, white Republic, Ecuador, El coffee leafminer Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela 140.Leucoptera coma Ghesq; II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), leaf Africa: Congo, Uganda Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae Coffea canephora (kopi coffee leafminer robusta, robusta coffee) 141.Leucoptera meyrickGhesq.; II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) leaf Africa: Burundi, Central Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae; Africa, Kenya, Rwanda,South coffee leafminer Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe America: Brazil, Peru 142.Liriomyza bryoniae II Brassica juncea var. juncea buds, leaf, Africa: Egypt, Marocco Kaltenbach; (=Agromyza (Indian mustard), Brassica soil, seedling Asia: China, India, Israel, bryoniaeKaltenbach= oleracea var. capitata (kubis, Japan, Republic of Korea Liriomyza citrulla cabbage), Brassica rapa (South Korea), Nepal, Taiwan,

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Rohdendorf =Liriomyza cultivar group Mizuna, Turkey, Turkmenistan, mercurialis Hering, Citrullus, Citrullus lanatus Vietnam Liriomyza solani Hering); (semangka, watermelon), Europe: Albania, Belarus, Diptera: Agromyzidae; Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Belgium, Bosnia-Hercegovina, tomato leafminer Cucumis sativus (mentimun, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, cucumber), Cucurbita pepo Denmark, Estonia, Finland, (labu kuning, zucchini), France, Germany, Greece, Lactuca sativa (selada, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, lettuce), Solanumlycopersicum Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, (tomat, tomato), Polyphagous Montenegro, Netherlands, (polyphagous), Solanum Norway, Poland, Portugal, tuberosum (kentang, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, potato),Solanaceae, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK Amaranthus (grain amaranth), Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Atropa (Deadly nightshade), Callistephus, Capsicum (peppers), Celosia argentea (celosia), Chenopodium (Goosefoot), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Datura (thorn-apple), Gerbera jamesonii (African daisy), Hyoscamus, Lamium (deadnettle), Levisticum, Linaria (Toadflax), Lupinus (lupins), Lycium (boxthorn), Nicandra physalodes (apple of Peru), Petroselinum (parsley), Petunia, Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), 76

Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Ricinus, Saponaria (soapwort),Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Solanum melongena(terung, eggplant, aubergine), Spinacia oleracea (bayam, spinach), Verbena (vervain), Withania 143.Listronotus bonariensis II Hordeum vulgare (barli, stem, leaf, America: Argentina, Bolivia, (Kuschel); (=Hyperodes barley), Lolium multiflorum root, flower, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay bonariensis Kuschel (italian ryegrass), Lolium seed Oceania: Australia, New =Hyperodes griseus perenne (perennial ryegrass), Zealand Marshall =Neobagous Poaceae (grasses), Triticum setosus Hustache); aestivum (gandum, wheat), Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Zea mays (jagung, corn), argentine stem weevil, cerealia, rerumputan ryegrass stem weevil, buds (Poaceae). weevil, weevil, argentine Agrostis capillaris (brown stem, weevil, ryegrass stem, bentgrass), Anthoxanthum wheat stem weevil puelii (Annual vernalgrass), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Bromus spp(bromegrasses), Cynodon spp. (quickgrass), Dactylis (Orchardgrass), Digitaria (crabgrass), Echinochloa spp., Eleusine coracana (finger millet), Festuca pratensis (english bluegrass),Festuca rubra (red fescue), Paspalum, Phleum pretense (timothy), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass) 77

144.Listronotus oregonensis II Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), root, stem, America: Canada, USA Leconte; Coleoptera: Apium graveolens (seledri, leaf, bulb, Curculionidae; carrot celery), Anethum graveolens tuber, corm, weevil (dill), Petroselinum crispum soil (peterseli, parsley). 145.Listronotus texanus II Daucus carota (wortel, carrot) root, stem, America: USA Stockton; Petroselinum crispum leaf, bulb, (= Hyperodes texanus); (peterseli, parsley) tuber, corm Coleoptera: Curculionidae;carrot weevil 146.Lobesia botrana Denis & II Vitis vinifera (anggur, fruit, flower Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea, Schiffermuller; (=Coccyx grapevine) Kenya, Libya, Morocco botrana Praun =Cochylis Actinidia chinensis (Chinese America: USA, Chile botrana Herrich-Schaffer gooseberry), Actinidia Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, =Cochylis vitisana Audouin deliciosa (kiwi, kiwi fruit), Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, =Eudemis botrana Frey Arbutus unedo (arbutus), Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, =Eudemis rosmarinana Berberis vulgaris (European Lebanon, Syria, Tajikistan, Millière =Grapholita botrana barberry), Clematis vitalba Turkey, Turkmenistan, Heinemann =Lobesia (old man's beard), Cornus mas Uzbekistan rosmariana =Noctua romani (cornelian cherry), Cornus Europe: Austria, Belgium, O. Costa =Paralobesia sanguinea (dogwood), Daphne Bulgaria, Bosnia and botrana =Penthina gnidium, Daphne laureola, Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, vitivorana Packard Dianthus spp. (carnation), Czech, Finland, France, =Polychrosis botrana Diospyros kaki (kesemek, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ragonot =Tinea premixtana persimmon), Hedera helix Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Hübner =Tinea reliquana (ivy), Ligustrum vulgare Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Hübner =Tortrix botrana (privet), Lonicera tatarica Netherlands, Portugal, Denis & Schiffermüller (Tatarian honeysuckle), Romania, Rusia, Serbia, =Tortrix reliquana Menispermum canadense Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Treitschke =Tortrix (common moonseed), Olea Switzerland, Ukraine, UK romaniana O. Costa europea subsp. europea =Tortrix vitisana Jacquin=); (zaitun, olive), Prunus 78

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus grape berry moth, european spp., Punica granatum grape vine moth, grape fruit (delima, pomegranate), Ribes moth, grape leaves-roller, spp., Parthenocissus grape moth, grape vine quinquefolia (Virginia creeper), moth, vine moth Prunus amygdalus, Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus domesticum (plam, plum), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus spinosa (blackthorn), Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Ribes (currants), Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant), Ribes rubrum (red currant), Ribes uva-crispa (gooseberry), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Rubus caesius (dewberry), Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Syringa vulgaris (lilac), Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), Viburnum lantana (Wayfaring tree), Ziziphus jujuba (common jujube) 147.Longitarsus nigripennis II Piper nigrum (lada, leaf, fruit Asia: India. (Motschulsky); Coleoptera: blackpepper) Chrysomelidae; flea beetle, pepper, pollu 148.Lygus lineolaris Palisot de II Amaranthus cruentus stem, leaf, America: Bermuda, Canada, Beauvois; (=Capsus (redshank), Apium graveolens flower El Salvador, Guatemala, flavonotatus Provancher (seledri, celery), Brassica Honduras, Mexico, USA =Capsus lineolaris Palisot napus var. napus(rapa, rape), Asia: Georgia 79

de Beauvois =Capsus Brassica oleracea var. botrytis oblineatus Say =Capsus (bunga kol, cauliflower), strigulatus Walker =Lygus Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, pratensis var. rubidus bourboncotton),Fragaria Knight); Hemiptera: ananassa (strawberry, Miridae; plant bug, strawberry), Medicago sativa tarnished (alfalfa, lucerne), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Polyphagous (Polyphagous), Vigna spp. (cowpea), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium incarnatum (crimson clover), Vicia sativa (common vetch), Zea mays subsp. mays (jagung manis, sweetcorn) Anethum graveolens (dill), Apium graveolens var dulce (seledri, celery), Asparagus officinalis (asparagus, asparagus), Aster spp., Aster pilosus (white heath aster), Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Bellis perennis (common daisy), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (kubis, cabbage), Calendula officinalis (pot marigold), Cosmos spp., Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Dahlia hybrids, 80

Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Dendranthema spp., Erigeron (fleabane), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Helianthus spp., Lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza), Malus (ornamental species apple), Papaver nudicaule (iceland poppy), Pinus echinata(shortleaves pine), Populus (poplars), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rubus spp. (blackberry, raspberry), Salvia officinalis (common sage), Sinapis alba (white mustard),Tragopogon porrifolius (oysterplant), Verbena spp. (vervain), Zinnia elegans (zinnia) 149.Lymantria dispar Linnaeus; II Acer saccharum(sugar maple), fresh bark Africa: Algeria, Morocco, (=Bombyx dispar Linnaeus Betula papyrifera (paper Tunisia =Hypogymna dispar birch), Quercus alba (white America: Canada, USA. Linnaeus =Liparis dispar oak), Quercus coccinea (scarlet Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Linnaeus =Ocneria dispar oak), Quercus ellipsoidalis Azerbaijan, China, India, Iran, Linnaeus =Phalaena dispar (Northern pin oak), Quercus Iraq, Israel, Japan, Linnaeus =Porthesia dispar garryana (Garry oak), Quercus Kazakhstan, Korea DPR (North Linnaeus =Porthetria dispar ilex (holm oak), Quercus Korea), Republic of Korea Linnaeus); Lepidoptera: lobata (California white oak), (South Korea), Kyrgyzstan, Lymantriidae; gypsy moth Quercus montana (basket Lebanon, Mongolia, Syria, oak), Quercus muehlenbergii Taiwan, Tajikistan, Turkey, (Chinquapin oak), Quercus Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

81

palustris (pin oak), Quercus Europe: Austria, Belarus, petraea (durmast oak), Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Quercus robur (common oak), Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Quercus rubra (northern red Finland, France, Germany, oak), Quercus suber (cork Greece, Hungary, Italy, oak), Quercus velutina (black Lithuania, Macedonia, oak), Salix fragilis (crack Moldova, Montenegro, willows), Ulmus (elms) Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Acer (maples), Acer negundo Romania, Rusia, Serbia, (box elder), Acer platanoides Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, (norway maple), Acer rubrum Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, (red maple), Acer saccharinum UK (soft maple), Alnus (alders), Alnus rhombifolia (white alder), Betula (birches), Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch), Betula lenta (sweet birch), Betula populifolia (gray birch), Carpinus (hornbeams), Carya (hickories), Castanea sativa (chesnut), Cedrus libani (cedar of Lebanon), Corylus, Corylus avellana (hazel), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (red gum), Fagus (beeches), Fagus grandifolia (american beech), Fagus sylvatica (common beech), Fraxinus americana (white ash), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Hamamelis virginiana (virginian witch-

82

hazel), Larix (larches), Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch), Larix occidentalis (western larch), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum), Litchi chinensis (lichi), Lithocarpus edulis, Malus (ornamental species apple), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Ostrya virgianiana (american hophornbeam), Picea abies (common spruce), Picea jezoensis (yeddo spruce), Pinus (pines), Pinus brutia (brutian pine), Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine), Pinus echinata (shortleaves pine), Pinus resinosa (red pine), Pinus rigida (pitch pine), Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), Pinus sylvestris (scots pine), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), Pistacia vera (pistachio), Platanus acerifolia (London planetree), Populus (stone fruit), Populus grandidentata (bigtooth aspen), Populus nigra (black poplar), Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen), Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus domestica (plam, plum), Prunus salicina

83

(Japanese flowering cherry), Prunus serotina (black cherry), Prunus serrulata (Japanese flowering cherry), Pseudotsuga menziesii (douglas-fir), Pyrus (pear, pears), Quercus ilicifolia (bear oak), Robinia (locust), Robiniapseudoacacia (black locust), Salix (willows), Salix babylonica (weeping willows), Taxodium distichum (bald cypress), Tilia americana (basswood), Tilia cordata (small-leaves lime), Vaccinium (blueberries), Zea mays(jagung, corn) 150.Macrodactylus subspinosus II Malus domestica (apel, apple), root, leaf, America: Mexico, USA (Fabricius); Coleoptera: Rosa (mawar, roses) flower, soil Scarabaeidae; rose chafer Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Beta spp., cucurbitae, Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Piper nigrum (lada, pepper), legumes, Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), fruit batulainnya (other stone fruit), Rubus spp., Fragaria vesca (arbei, strawberry) 151.Macroplectra nararia Moore; II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), stem, leaf, Asia: India, Sri Lanka (=Darna nararia= Natada Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), soil, wood, nararia Moore= Parasa Elaeis guineensis (kelapa growing

84

nararia); Lepidoptera: sawit, oilpalm), Cocos nucifera media, Limacodidae; nettle grub, (kelapa , coconut), Erythrina seedling fringed nettle grub, slug spp.(dadap, december tree), caterpillar Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Canna spp. (bunga tasbih, canna), Citrus spp., Crotalaria spp., Eucalyptus robusta (swamp mahogany), Gliricidia maculata, Lonicera spp., (honeysuckles), Psidium guineense (guinea guava), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Tephrosia spp. (hoary-pea) 152.Macrosiphum euphorbiae II Beta vulgarisvar. Saccharifera stem, leaf, Africa: Algeria, Angola, Thomas; (=Illinoia (bit gula, sugarbeet), Ipomoea flower, fruit Burundi, DR Congo, Egypt, solanifolii=Macrosiphon batatas (ubi jalar, sweet Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, euphorbiae potato), Lactuca sativa Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Thomas=Macrosiphon (selada, lettuce), Rosa spp. Mozambique, Rwanda, solanifolii (mawar, rose), Solanum Reunion, Saint Helena, South Ashmead=Macrosiphum lycopersicum (tomat, Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, amygdaloides tomato),Solanum melongena Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe =Macrosiphum cyprissiae (terung, eggplant, aubergine), America: Argentina, Bermuda, var. cucurbitae del Solanum tuberosum (kentang, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Guercio=Macrosiphum potato), Zea mays (jagung, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, euphorbiellum corn) Falkland Island, Jamaica, TheobaldMacrosiphum Apium graveolens (seledri, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, koehleri celery), Artemisia USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Börner=Macrosiphum (wormwoods), Capsicum Asia: Bangladesh, China, rosaeollae (peppers), Chenopodium India, Iran, Israel, Japan, TheobaldMacrosiphum album (fat hen), Chenopodium Jordan, Korea DPR (North solanifolii quinoa (quinoa), Citrus, Citrus Korea), Republic of Korea (Ashmead)=Macrosiphum deliciosa (mediterranean (South Korea), Lebanon, 85

tabaci mandarin), Citrus reticulata Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi PergandeNectarophora (mandarin), Citrus sinensis Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, ascepiadis Cowen ex (navel orange), Cucumis Turkey Gillette & sativus (mentimun, Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, BakerNectarophora cucumber), Cucurbita pepo Austria, Belarus, Belgium, heleniella (ornamental gourd), Epilobium Bulgaria, Bosnia and CockerellNectarophora angustifolium (rosebay Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, lycopersici willowherb), Fragaria Czechoslovakia, Denmark, ClarkeNectarophora (strawberry), Freesia, Estonia, Finland, France, tabaci=Nectarophora tabaci Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia, PergandeSiphonophora Gossypium (cotton), Hordeum Germany, Greece, Hungary, asclepiadifolii vulgare (barley), Linum Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Thomas=Siphonophora usitatissimum (flax), Lupinus Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, cucurbitae Middleton ex (lupins), Lupinus albus (white Luxembourg, Macedonia, Thomas=Siphonophora lupine), Phaseolus vulgaris Malta, Moldova,Montenegro, euphorbiae (buncis, common bean), Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Thomas=Siphonophora Triticum aestivum (gandum, Portugal, Romania, Rusia, solanifolii wheat), Vicia faba (faba bean), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Ashmead=Siphonophora Vigna unguiculata (kacang Sweden, Switzerland, tulipae Mondell); panjang, cowpea), Vitis Slovenia,Tajikistan, Hemiptera: Aphididae; vinifera (anggur, grapevine) Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, potato aphid, pink and Ukraine, UK green potato aphid, pink Oceania: Australia, New and green potato aphis, Caledonia, New Zealand pink potato aphid, potato aphid, tomato aphid 153.Macrotermes natalensis II Eucalyptus macarthurii, E. stem, wood Africa: South Africa, Nigeria, Haviland; Isoptera: smithii, E. camaldulensis, E. Uganda, Zimbabwe Termitidae grandis, E.viminalis 154.Malacosoma americanum II Malus domestica (apel, apple), stem, bark, America: Canada, USA Fabricius; Lepidoptera: Prunus domesticum (plam, leaf, fruit Lasyocampidae; eastern plum), Prunus persica (persik, 86

tent caterpillar, American peach) tent caterpillar, apple tent Acer rubrum (red maple), Acer caterpillar, orchard tent saccharum(sugar maple), caterpillar Alnus (alders), Amelanchier (serviceberries), Berberis vulgaris (European barberry), Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch), Betula papyrifera (paper birch), Carya illinoinensis (pecan), Corylus, Crataegus (hawthorns), Fagus grandifolia (American beech), Fraxinus americana (white ash), Fraxinus excelsior (ash), Hamamelis (witchhazel), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweet gum), Malus coronaria (sweet crab-apple), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Nyssa sylvatica (tupelo), Populus (poplars), Populus grandidentata (Bigtooth aspen), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus pennsylvanica, Prunus persica (peach), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus serotina (black cherry), Prunus virginiana (common chokecherrytree), Quercus alba (white oak), Quercus rubra (northern red 87

oak), Rosa (roses), Salix (willows), Sorbus (rowan), Tilia americana (basswood), Ulmus thomasii (rock elm) 155.Maladera castanea (Arrow); II Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), plant, soil America: USA Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Asia: China, Japan, Korea Asiatic garden beetle Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Capsicum annuum (cabe besar, paprika, bell-pepper, hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Brassica rapa subspec. rapa (turnip) 156.Manduca quinquemaculata II Capsicum annuum (paprika, stem, leaf, America: Canada, USA (Haworth); (=Phlegethontius bell pepper), Solanum soil celeus Hübner lycopersicum(tomat, tomato), =Phlegethontius Solanum melongena (terung, quinquemaculata Haworth eggplant, aubergine), Solanum =Protoparce tuberosum (kentang, potato) quinquemaculata ab. wirti Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, Schaus =Protoparce tobacco), Nicotiana attenuata quinquemaculatus Atropa belladonna (deadly (Haworth) =Sphinx nightshade), Cestrum quinquemaculatus floribundum, Datura Haworth); Lepidoptera: stramonium (jimsonweed), Sphingidae; tomato Kallstroemia parviflora, hornworm, five-spotted Nicotiana sylvestris, Physalis hawkmoth, tobacco fly viscosa (sticky physalis),Solanum elaeagnifolium (silverleaf nightshade), Solanum grandiflorum 157.Manduca sexta Linnaeus; II Capsicum annuum (paprika, stem, leaf, America: Antigua and 88

(=Macrosila carolina bell-pepper), Sesamum soil Barbuda, Argentina, Bahama, (Linnaeus) Clemens indicum (wijen, sesame), Barbados, Belize, British Virgin =Manduca carolina Solanum melongena (terung, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, (Linnaeus) Hübner eggplant, aubergine), Solanum Caribbean Islands, Cayman =Phlegethontius carolina lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Island, Chile, Colombia, Costa (Linnaeus) Hübner Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, Rica, Cuba, Dominica, =Phlegethontius sexta tobacco), Nicotiana attenuata, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, (Linnaeus) Kirby Solanum tuberosum (kentang, French Guiana, Grenada, =Protoparce carolina potato) Guadeloupe, Guatemala, (Linnaeus) Butler Atropa belladonna (deadly Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, =Protoparce griseata Butler nightshade), Cestrum Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, =Protoparce jamaicensis floribundum, Datura Montserrat, Nicaragua, Butler =Protoparce stramonium (kecubung, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, leucoptera Rothschild and jimsonweed), Datura wrightii, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis, Jordan =Protoparce sexta Kallstroemia parviflora, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the (Linnaeus) Rothschild & Verbena spp., Nicotiana Grenadines, Suriname, Jordan =Protoparce sexta sylvestris, Physalis viscosa Trinidad and Tobago, USA, luciae Gehlen =Protoparce (sticky physalis), Solanum Uruguay, Venezuela, sexta peruviana elaeagnifolium (silverleaves Oceania:Papua New Guinea Bryk=Protoparce sexta nightshade), Solanum saliensis Kernbach =Sphinx grandiflorum caestri Blanchard =Sphinx carolina Linnaeus =Sphinx eurylochus Philippi =Sphinx lycopersici Boisduval=Sphinx nicotianae Boisduval =Sphinx paphus Cramer =Sphinx sexta Linnaeus =Sphinx tabaci Boisduval =; Lepidoptera: Sphingidae; tomato hornworm, tobacco 89

hornworm, Carolina sphinx (USA), tomato sphinx 158.Mayetiola destructor (Say); II Triticum aestivum (gandum, stem, leaf, Africa: Algeria, Morocco, (=Cecidomyia wheat) seed Tunisia destructor=Cecidomyia Agropyron spp., Hordeum America: Canada, USA frumentaria vulgare (barli, barley), Secale Asia: Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Rondani=Chortomyia cereale (rye) Syria, Turkey secalina Loew=Mayetiola Europe: Austria, Belgium, mimeuri Mesnil=Mayetiola Bosnia and Herzegovina, secalis Bollow=Phytophaga Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, cerealis Czech, Denmark, Finland, Rondani=Phytophaga France, Germany, Greece, destructor); Diptera: Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Cecidomyiidae; hessian fly Montenegro, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Ukraine, UK Oceania: New Zealand 159.Myopardalis pardalina II Cucumis sativus (mentimun, fruit, growing Asia: Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Biggot; Diptera: cucumber), Cucumis melo media, soil Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, India, Tephritidae; Baluchistan (melon, melon), Cucurbita Pakistan, Afghanistan fruit fly maxima (waluh, labu parang, Europe: Russia pumpkin), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Cucurbitaceae 160.Mythimna unipuncta II Avena sativa (oat, oats), stem, leaf, Africa: Mali, Morocco, Niger, Haworth; (=Cirphis Brassica oleracea var. italica soil Senegal, Somalia,Togo unipuncta (brokoli, broccoli), Hordeum America: Argentina, Bahamas, Haworth=Heliophila vulgare (barley), Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Butl.=Heliophila unipuncta Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, 90

Haworth=Leucania antica sugarcane), Nicotiana Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Walker=Leucania extranea tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Guenée=Leucania Zea mays (jagung, corn), Rico, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela saccharivora Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Asia: China, India, Iran, Butl.=Leucania unipuncta Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Israel, Turkey, Uzbekistan Haworth=Leucania sorghum), rumput dan Europe: Bulgaria, Czech, unipuncta tseki serealea lainnya (Poaceae and Denmark, France, Germany, Koutsaftikis=Noctua other cerealia), Panicum Greece, Hungary, unipuncta miliaceum (millet), Secale Iceland,Ireland, Italy, Haworth=Pseudaletia cereale (rye), Triticum (wheat), Luxembourg, Malta, adultera=Pseudaletia Zea mays subsp. mays Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, unipuncta (jagung manis, sweetcorn) Romania, Rusia, Slovakia, (Haworth)=Pseudaletia Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, unipuncta quecha (cauliflower), Brassica UK Franclemont=Sideridis oleracea var. gemmifera unipuncta Haworth); (Brussels sprouts), Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), rice armyworm, American Turfgrasses, Medicago sativa army worm, American (alfalfa, lucerne), Trifolium wainscot, armyworm, spp. (clovers), Allium spp. armyworm, American, (onions, garlic, leek, armyworm, true, rice etc.), Solanumlycopersicum cutworm, true armyworm, (tomat, tomato), Phaseolus white-speck spp. (beans), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Trifolium (clovers), turfgrasses 161.Myzaphis rosarum II Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) stem, leaf, Africa: South Africa Kaltenbach; Hemiptera: flower Aphididae; lesser rose aphid 91

162.Naupactus leucoloma II Solanum tuberosum (kentang, stem, leaf, Africa: South Africa Boheman; (=Graphognathus potato), Trifolium repens, bulb, tuber, America: Argentina, Brazil, leucolomaBuchanan; = pastures, Medicago sativa corm, soil, Chile, Peru, USA, Uruguay Pantomorus leucoloma); (alfalfa, lucerne), Arachys root Oceania: Australia, New Coleoptera: Curculionidae; hypogaea (kacang tanah, Zealand white fringed weevil, white peanut) fringed beetle Allium ascalonicum (bawang merah, shallot), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato) 163.Nematocerus spp.; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, stem, leaf, Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Coleoptera: Curculionidae; wheat), Zea mays (jagung, seed Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, shiny cereal weevil corn), cerealia, legumes, Uganda Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) 164.Oberea bimaculatus II Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) stem, leaf, America: America. Leconte; Coleoptera: flower Cerambycidae; raspberry cane borer 165.Olenecamtus bilobus II Artocarpus integra, A. hissuta, stem, wood, Asia: India, Pakistan Fabricius; Coleoptera: Mangifera indica(mangga, kulit kayu Cerambycidae ; Longhorn mango), Morusa alba beetle. 166.Ophiomyia simplex (Loew); II Asparagus officinalis stem, leaf, America: USA (=Agromyza simplex (Loew)= (asparagus, asparagus) root Europe: France Melanagromyza simplex (Loew) ); Diptera: Agromyzidae; asparagus miner 167.Opogona sacchari II Ananas comosus (nenas, stem, leaf, Africa: Cape Verde, Bojer;(=Alucita sacchari pineapple), Bambusa flower, Madagascar, Mauritius,

92

Bojer=Gelechia ligniferalla (bamboo), Dracaena, seedling, Morocco, Nigeria, Réunion, Walker=Gelechia Hippeastrum, Musa (pisang, bulb, tuber, Saint Helena, Seychelles, sanctaehelenae banana), Polyphagous corm South Africa Walker=Hieroxestis (polyphagous), America: Barbados, Bermuda, ligniferella=Hieroxestis Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, Honduras, USA, Brazil, Peru, plumipes Butler=Hieroxestis sugarcane), Strelitzia, Yucca, Venezuela sanctaehelenae Zea mays (jagung, corn) Asia: China, Israel, Japan Walker=Hieroxestis Alpinia, Begonia, Europe: Germany, Italy, subcervinella Bougainvillea spectabilis Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Walker=Laverna plumipes (Bougainvilla), Bromeliaceae, Spain, Switzerland Butler=Opogona Cactaceae (cacti),Capsicum Netherland sanctaehelenae (peppers), Chamaedorea, Walker=Opogona Chamaedorea elegans subcervinella (Walker) (parlour palm), Cordyline, =Tinea subcervinella Walker Dieffenbachia (dumbcanes), ); Lepidoptera; Tineidae; Dioscorea (gembili, yam), banana moth, sugarcane Euphorbia pulcherrima moth (poinsettia), Ficus, Heliconia, Hippeastrum, Maranta (arrowroot), Philodendron, Saintpaulia (african violet), Sansevieria (snake plant), Sinningia speciosa (gloxinia), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant, aubergine) 168.Oryctes boas Fabricius; II Cocos nucifera (kelapa , stem, leaf, Africa: Angola, Benin, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; coconut), Elaeis guineensis growing Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chad, rhinoceros beetle, scarabeid (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), media, soil DR Congo, Congo, Ethiopia, oryctes boas Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory dates-palm) Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Washingtonia (wshington- Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, palm) Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, 93

Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Asia: Saudi Arabia, Yemen 169.Oryctes elegans Prell; II Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, stem, leaf, Africa: Mauritius Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; dates-palm) growing Asia: Iran rhinoceros beetle media, soil 170.Oryctes monoceros (Olivier); II Cocos nucifera (kelapa , stem, leaf, Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina (=Oryctes blucheaui coconut), Elaeis guineensis growing Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Fairmaire=Oryctes insularis (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), media, soil Comoros, DR Congo, Congo, Coquerel=Scarabaeus Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, monoceros Olivier); dates-palm) Guyana, Kenya, Liberia, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Agave sisalana (sisal hemp), Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, rhinoceros beetle; coconut Areca spp., Dracaena spp., Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, beetle Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Nigeria, Rwanda, Reunion, Raphia spp., Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, Leone, Somalia, South Africa, sugarcane) Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda Asia: Saudi Arabia, Yemen 171.Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner; II Avena sativa (oat, oats), stem, leaf, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, (=Botys nubilalis Robin & Echinochloa crus-galli fruit, seed Morocco, Tunisia Laboulbène=Botys (barnyard grass), Hordeum America: Canada, USA silacealisHübner=Micracris vulgare (barley), Humulus Asia: China, Georgia, Iran, nubilalis=Micractis nubilalis lupulus (hops), Pennisetum Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey Hübner=Pyralis nubilalis glaucum (pearl), rerumputan Europe: Austria, Belarus, Hübner=Pyrausta nubilalis (Poaceae), Sorghum bicolor Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Meyrick=Pyrausta (sorgum, sorghum), Sorghum Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, silacealis); Lepidoptera: halepense (Johnson grass), Czech, Denmark, France, Crambidae; European serealia lainnya (cerealia), Germany, Greece, Hungary, 94

maize borer, European corn Setaria italica (foxtail millet), Ireland, Italy, Moldova, borer, corn moth, stalk Zea mays (jagung, corn), Zea Montenegro, Macedonia, borer mays subsp. mays Netherlands, Norway, Poland, (sweetcorn) Portugal, Romania, Russia, Amaranthus hybridus (bayam, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, spinach), Amaranthus spp. Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, (grain amaranth), Amaranthus Ukraine, UK retroflexus (redroot pigweed), Arctium minus (common burdock), Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), Chrysanthemum spp., Capsicum spp. (peppers), Capsicum annuum (cabai besar, paprika, bell pepper), Chrysanthemum (daisy), Cynara scolymus var. Scolymus (artisyok, globeartichoke), Datura stramonium (jimsonweed), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Humulus lupulus (hop), Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Populus (poplars), Malus domesticum (apel, apple), Vigna spp. (cowpea), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Phaseolus 95

vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Triticum aestivum(gandum, wheat), Xanthium (Cocklebur) 172.Otiorhyncus sulcatus II Pinus stem, kulit Africa: Egypt Fabricius; Coleoptera: wood, wood America: USA, Colombia, Curculionidae; black pine Chile, Canada weevil Asia: Japan Europe: Russia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 173.Oulema oryzae Kuw.; (Lema II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) stem, leaf Asia: China, Japan, Korea oryzae); Coleoptera: Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Chrysomelidae; rice leaves Belarus, Estonia, beetle Georgia,Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine 174.Pachydissus sericus II Acacia spp. stem, wood, Oceania: Australia Newman; Coleoptera: kulit kayu Cerambycidae; longhorn beetle 175.Pachymerus lacerdae II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa fruit, seed Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Chevr.; (=Pachymerus sawit, oilpalm) Cameroon, Cape Verde, Ivory olearius); Coleoptera: Coast, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea- Bruchidae; palm kernel Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, borer Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Northwest Africa America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,

96

Dominican Republic,Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela 176.Pachymerus nucleorum II Cocos nucifera (kelapa , fruit, seed America: Brazil, Guyana Fabricius; (=Bruchus coconut), Elaeis guineensis France, Guyana, Paraguay nucleorum=Caryoborus (kelapa sawit, oilpalm) nucleorum); Coleoptera: Bruchidae; coconut borer, kernel borer 177.Paleacrita vernata Peck.; II Ulmus spp., wood hutan stem, leaf, America: Canada, USA (=Alsophila vernata); lainnya (other forest tree) fruit Lepidoptera: Geometridae; spring cankerworm 178.Papaipema nebrisGuenee; II Zea mays (jagung, corn), stem, leaf, America: USA (=Papaipema nitela); cerealia flower Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; stalk borer 179.Parallelod iplosis cattleyae II Orchidaceae (anggrek, orchid) stem, leaf, America: USA Molliard; Diptera: flower Cecydomiidae; cattleya midge 180.Parthenolecanium corni II Crataegus (hawthorns), Malus flower, fruit, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya Bouché;(= Coccus rosarum (ornamental species apple), leaf, stem, America: Argentina, Brazil, Snellen van Volenhoven in Mespilus germanica (medlar), seedling Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA, De Graaf et al.=Coccus Morus alba (mora), Prunus tanaman Peru tiliae Fitch=Eulecanium (stone fruit), Prunus domestica Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, corni corni (Bouché); (plum), Prunus persica Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, Schmutterer=Eulecanium (persik. peach), Populus India,Iran, Israel, fraxini King=Eulecanium (poplars), Prunus salicina Japan,Kazakhstan, Korea guignardi King=Eulecanium (Japanese plum), Prunus DPR(North Korea), Republic of

97

kansasense (Hunter) serotina (black cherry), Korea (South Korea), King=Eulecanium rosae Pyracantha coccinea (Scarlet Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, King=Eulecanium vini firethorn), Ribes (currants), Mongolia,Pakistan, Syria, (Bouché) Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant), Tajikistan,Turkey, Cockerell=Lecanium Ribes rubrum (red currant), Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (Eulecanium) armeniacum Rosa (mawar, roses), Vitis Europe: Albania, Craw; Cockerell & vinifera (anggur, Austria,Belarus, Belgium, Parrott=Lecanium grapevineAcer (maples), Bulgaria, Bosnia and (Eulecanium) assimile Aesculus Herzegovina, Czech, Croatia, Newstead; Reh= hippocastanum(horse Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Lecanium (Eulecanium) chestnut), Aphelandra France, Germany, Greece, aurantiacum squarrosa (Zebra plant), Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Hunter=Lecanium Buxus sempervirens (common Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, (Eulecanium) canadense boxwood), Carpinus betulus Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Cockerell; Cockerell & (hornbeam), Celtis occidentalis Poland, Portugal, Romania, Parrott=Lecanium (hackberry), Citrus Russia, Serbia,Montenegro, (Eulecanium) caryarum aurantiifolia (lime), Clematis Macedonia,Slovakia, Slovenia, Cockerell=Lecanium vitalba (old man's beard), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, (Eulecanium) corylifex Cornus (Dogwood), Cornus Ukraine, UK Fitch; Cockerell=Lecanium sanguinea (dogwood), Oceania: Australia, New (Eulecanium) crawii Corylus, Corylus avellana Zealand Ehrhorn; Cockerell & (hazel), Cotoneaster, Cydonia Parrott=Lecanium oblonga (quince), Euonymus (Eulecanium) cynosbati europaeus, Fraxinus (ashes), Fitch; Cockerell & Jasminum (jasmine), Juglans Parrott=Lecanium regia (walnut), Lonicera (Eulecanium) fitchii (honeysuckles), Magnolia Signoret; Cockerell & grandiflora (Southern Parrott=Lecanium magnolia), Malus domestica (Eulecanium) kingii (apel, apple), Mespilus Cockerell=Lecanium germanica (medlar), Morus (Eulecanium) lintneri alba (mora), Populus 98

Cockerell & Bennett; (poplars), Prunus salicina Cockerell=Lecanium (Japanese plum), (Eulecanium) maclurarum Prunus serotina (black Cockerell=Lecanium cherry), Pyracantha coccinea (Eulecanium) ribis Fitch; (Scarlet firethorn), Pyrus (pir, Cockerell & pears), Pyrus communis Parrott=Lecanium (European pear), Ribes uva- (Eulecanium) rugosum crispa (gooseberry), Robinia Signoret; pseudoacacia(black locust), Cockerell=Lecanium Rosmarinus officinalis (Eulecanium) tarsale (rosemary), Rubus Signoret; Cockerell & (blackberry, raspberry), Rubus Parrott=Lecanium idaeus (raspberry), Salix (Eulecanium) vini Bouché; (willows), Sorbus (rowan), King & Reh=Lecanium Spiraea, Taxus baccata adenostomae (English yew), Tilia (limes), Kuwana=Lecanium Ulmus (elms), Vaccinium armeniacum myrtillus (blueberry), Craw=Lecanium assimile Viburnum), Wisteria sinensis Newstead=Lecanium (purple wisteria) canadense Cockerell; Cockerell=Lecanium caryaecanadense Cockerell=Lecanium corni Bouché=Lecanium corni robiniarum Marchal=Lecanium coryli (Linnaeus); Sulc (misidentification)=Lecaniu m corylifex Fitch =Lecanium crawii Ehrhorn=Lecanium cynosbati Fitch=Lecanium 99

fitchii Signoret=Lecanium folsomi King=Lecanium juglandifex Fitch=Lecanium kansasense Hunter=Lecanium lintneri Cockerell & Bennett in Cockerell=Lecanium maclurae Hunter=Lecanium obtusum Thro=Lecanium persicae crudum Green=Lecanium pruinosumarmeniacum Craw; Tyrell=Lecanium rehi King in King & Reh=Lecanium ribis Fitch=Lecanium robiniarum Douglas=Lecanium rugosum Signoret=Lecanium tarsalis Signoret=Lecanium vini Bouché=Lecanium websteri King=Lecanium wistariae Signoret=Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché); Borchsenius=Parthenolecan ium coryli (Linnaeus); Sulc (misidentification)); Hemiptera: Coccidae; European fruit lecanium brown scale; European fruit scale; peach scale; yew scale; fruit scale 181.Pemphigus betae Doane; II Beta spp. stem, leaf, America: Canada, Mexico, 100

Hemiptera: Aphididae; bulb, tuber, USA sugarbit root aphid corm 182.Peridroma saucia Hubner; II Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), stem, leaf, Africa: Morocco, Tunisia (=Agrotis angulifera Brassica oleracea (cabbages, flower America: Argentina, Bermuda, =A.impacta =A.inermis cauliflowers), Brassica Brazil, Canada, Chile, =A.intecta =A.ortonii oleracea var. capitata (kubis, Colombia, Costa Rica, =A.saucia =Lycophotia cabbage), B. oleracea var. Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, margaritosa =L.ochronota botrytis (bunga kol, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, =L.saucia =Noctua aequa cauliflower), Capsicum USA, Uruguay, Venezuela =N.majuscula annuum (paprika, bell- Asia: Armenia, China, Israel, =N.margaritosa =N.saucia pepper), Cynara scolymus Japan, Republic of Korea =Rhyacia margaritosa (artisyok, artichoke), Lactuca (South Korea), Sri Lanka, =R.saucia =Peridroma sativa (selada, lettuce), Syria, Taiwan, Turkey margaritosa); Lepidoptera: Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, Europe: Albania, Austria, Noctuidae; variegated tomato), Solanum tuberosum Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and cutworm, pearly underwing (kentang, potato), Medicago Herzegovina, Canary Island, moth sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Croatia, Czech, Denmark, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, Faroes Island, Finland, France, tobacco) Germany, Greece, Hungary, Abies balsamea (balsam fir), Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Abies grandis (grand fir), Acer Lithuania, Luxembourg, (maples),Acer negundo (box Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, elder), Acer saccharum(sugar Netherlands, Norway, Poland, maple), Alcea rosea Portugal, Romania, Russia, (Hollyhock), Allium cepa Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, (bawang bombay, onion), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Alnus rubra (red alder), Allium UK ascalonicum (bawang merah, shallot), Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), Asparagus officinalis 101

(asparagus, asparagus), Asparagus setaceus (asparagus fern), Aster, Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), Amelanchier canadensis (thicket serviceberry), Anthemis cotula (dog fennel), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Brassica spp, Beta vulgaris (beetroot), Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet), Brassica napus var. napus (rape), Brassica nigra (black mustard), Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (turnip rape), Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse), Chrysanthemum (daisy), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Cichorium (chicory), Cirsium (thistle), Citrus lemon (lemon), Chamaecyparis thyoides (atlantic whitecedar), Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Conyza canadensis, Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cucurbita maxima 102

(waluh, labu parang, pumpkin), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Dahlia, Datura stramonium (jimsonweed), Dianthus (carnation), Epilobium angustifolium (rosebay willowherb), Erigeron (Fleabane), Fragaria vesca (arbei, wild strawberry), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Geranium (cranesbill), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust), Gossypium (cotton), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Gleditsia triacanthos, Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Hordeum vulgare (barley), Humulus lupulus (hop), Inula helenium (Elecampane), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweetpotato), Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea), Linum usitatissimum (flax), Lolium spp. (ryegrasses), Maclura pomifera (osage orange), Malus domestica(apel, apple), Mentha piperita, Melia 103

azedarach (Chinaberry), Melilotus albus (honey clover), Mentha piperita (Peppermint), Mentha spicata (Spear mint), Morus alba (mora), Parthenium argentatum (Guayule), Petunia, Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Phleum pratense (timothy), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Pimenta dioica (allspice), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Pimenta dioica, Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus domesticum (plum), Pyrus communis (pir,pear), Portulaca oleracea, Prunus cerasus, Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pteridium aquilinum, Picea glauca (white spruce), Pisum sativum (pea), Plantago (Plantain), Polygonum (knotweed), Populus (poplars), Portulaca oleracea (purslane), Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), Pteridium aquilinum (bracken), 104

Pyrus communis (European pear), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Rheum hybridum (rhubarb), Rhus (Sumach), Ribes uva-crispa (gooseberry), Rosa (roses), Rubus idaeus, Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Rubus idaeus(raspberry), Rubus occidentalis (black raspberry), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Rumex (Dock), Salix (willows), Salvia officinalis (common sage), Secale cereale (rye), Sinapis alba (white mustard),Spinacia oleracea, Stellaria media,Solidago (Goldenrod), Sonchus (Sowthistle), Spinacia oleracea (spinach), Stellaria media (common chickweed), Trifolium (clovers), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), turfgrasses, Tropaeolum majus (common nasturtium), Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock), Vaccinium (blueberries), Vicia (vetch), Vicia faba (faba bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Viola (violet), Xanthium strumarium (common 105

cocklebur), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Zea mays subsp. mays (sweetcorn), Zea mays subsp. mexicana (teosinte), Zinnia 183.Phenacoccus gossypii II Avena sativa (oats), Capsicum stem, leaf, Africa: Angola, Benin, Townsend & Cockerell; annuum (bell pepper), Citrus, flower Cameroon, Cape Verde, DR (=Phenacoccus Coleus, Gossypium barbadens Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, madeirensis=Phenacoccus (kapas, cotton), Hibiscus Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, grenadensis=Phenacoccus (rosemallows), Lantana Malawi, Mauritius, harbisoni);Hemiptera: camara (lantana), Manihot Mozambique, Nigeria, Sao Pseudococcidae; Mexican esculenta (ubi wood, cassava), Tome and Principe, Senegal, mealybug, cassava Solanum melongena (terung, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Togo, mealybug eggplant, aubergine), Solanum Zimbabwe tuberosum (kentang, potato) America:Antigua and Acacia (wattles), Acalypha Barbuda, Bermuda, Bahama, (Copperleaf), Ageratina Barbados, British Virgin adenophora (Croftonweed), Islands, Brazil, Bolivia, Ambrosia (Ragweed), Ananas Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, comosus (pineapple), Cuba, Colombia, Dominica Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), Republic, Ecuador, Guyana, Aster, Cajanus cajan Grenada, Guadeloupe, (pigeon pea), Cassia (sennas), Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Cestrum (jessamine), Cestrum Montserrat, nocturnum (night scented Mexico,Paraguay,Peru, cestrum), Codiaeum Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint (ornamental Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, croton),Codiaeum variegatum Trinidad and Tobago, USA, (croton),Desmodium (tick Venezuela clovers), Erigeron (Fleabane), Asia: India, Philippines, Fabaceae (leguminous plants), Taiwan, Thailand, Yemen Geranium (cranesbill), Europe: France, Greece, Italy, Gesneriaceae, Hibiscus Portugal, Spain 106

mutabilis (cottonrose), Oceania: Guam, Federated Lantana, Malvaceae, Mentha State of Micronesia (mints),Mikania micrantha (mile-a-minute), Mimosa (sensitive plants), Ocimum basilicum (basil),Pachystachys, Parthenium hysterophorus(parthenium weed), Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Ricinus communis (castor bean), Sophora 184.Phorachanta semipunctata II Eucalyptus diverisicolor,E. stem, wood, Africa: South Africa Fabricius; Coleoptera: globules,E. maidenii kulit kayu America: USA Cerambycidae; Eucalyptus Europe: France, Italy, longhorned borer Netherlands, Spain, Portugal 185.Phylloxera vitifoliae Fitch.; II Vitis vinifera (anggur, stem, leaf, Africa: Algeria, Morocco, South (=Dactylosphaera vastatrix grapevine), Vitis aestivalis fruit, flower, Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe (Planchon=Dactylosphaera (Summer grape), Vitis root America: Argentina, Bermuda, vitifoliae labrusca (fox grape), Vitis Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, (Shimer)=Daktulosphaira riparia (riverbank grape) Colombia, Mexico, Panama, vitifoliae Peru, USA, Uruguay, Fitch=Daktylosphaera Venezuela vitifoliae Fitch=Pemphigus Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, vitifoliae Fitch=Peritymbia China, Georgia, India, Israel, vastatrix Fitch=Peritymbia Japan, Jordan, Korea DPR vitifoliae (North Korea),Republic of Korea (Planchon)=Peritymbia (South Korea), Lebanon, Syria, vitisana Turkey Westwood=Phylloxera Europe: Austria, Bosnia and pervastatrix Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, 107

Börner=Phylloxera vastatrix Czech, France, Germany, (Planchon)=Phylloxera Greece, Hungary, Italy, vitifolii (Fitch)=Rhizaphis Luxembourg, Macedonia, vastatrix (Planchon)=Viteus Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, vastatrix (Planchon)=Viteus Portugal, Poland, Romania, vitifoliae); Hemiptera: Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Phylloxeridae; phylloxera, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, grape phylloxera, vine Ukraine, UK louse, grape leaf louse Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 186.Pieris rapae.; (=Artogeia II Brassica spp., Brassica stem, leaf Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, rapae =Ascia rapae oleracea (cabbage, Morocco =Mancipium rapae =Papilio cauliflowers), Brassica America: Bermuda, Canada, rapae =Pontia rapae); oleracea var. botrytis (bunga Mexico, USA Lepidoptera: Pieridae; kol, cauliflower), Brassica Asia: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, cabbage butterfly, cabbage oleracea var. capitata (kubis, China, Georgia, India, Iran, white butterfly, common cabbage), Brassica oleracea Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, cabbage worm, imported var. gemmifera (Brussels Korea DPR (North cabbage worm, rape white sprouts), Brassica oleracea Korea),Republic of Korea butterfly, small white var. gongylodes (kohlrabi), (South Korea), Kyrgyzstan, butterfly Brassica oleracea var. italica Lebanon, Mongolia, Myanmar, (brokoli, broccoli), Brassica Pakistan, Philippines, oleracea var. viridis(collards), Singapore, Syria, Taiwan, Brassica rapa cultivar group Turkey, Vietnam Caixin, Brassica rapa subsp. Europe: Austria, Belarus, oleifera (turnip rape), Brassica Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and rapa subsp. pekinensis, Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Brassicaceae (cruciferous Czech, Denmark, Estonia, crops), Finland, France, Germany, Alliaria petiolata (garlic Greece, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, mustard), Cakile maritima, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Erysimum cheiranthoides Montenegro, Malta, 108

(Treacle mustard), Rorippa Netherlands, Norway, Poland, indica (indian marshcress), Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spinacia oleracea (Spinach), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Tropaeolum majus(common Sweden,Switzerland, Ukraine, nasturtium) UK, Serbia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 187.Piesarthrus marginellus II Acacia spp. stem, wood, Oceania: Australia Newman; Coleoptera: kulit kayu Cerambycidae;acacia longhorn beetle 188.Pimelephila ghesquierei II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa stem, leaf Africa: Benin, Cameroon, Tams.; Lepidoptera: sawit, oilpalm), Raphia Central African Republic, Pyralidae; African spir Cocos nucifera (kelapa , Congo,DR Congo, Gabon, borer coconut) Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo 189.Pissodes strobi Peck; II Picea abies (common spruce), stem, wood America: Canada, Mexico, (=Pissodes engelmanni Picea engelmannii (Engelmann USA Hopkins =Pissodes spruce), Picea glauca (white sitchensis Hopkins); spruce), Picea sitchensis Coleoptera: (Sitka spruce), Pinus Curculionidae;sitka spruce banksiana (jack pine), Pinus weevil strobus (eastern white pine), Pinus balfourina, P. densifola, P. flexilis, P. griffithii, P. montocola, P. mugo, P. ponderosa, P. rigida, P. syvestris, Pseudotsuga menziesii Picea mariana (black spruce), 109

Picea omorika (Pancic spruce), Picea pungens (blue spruce), Picea rubens (red spruce), Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine),Pinus flexilis (limber pine),Pinus koraiensis (fruit pine), Pinus monticola (western white pine), Pinus mugo (mountain pine), Pinus nigra (black pine), Pinus parviflora (Japanese white pine), Pinus peuce(macedonian pine), Pinus resinosa (red pine), Pinus rigida (pitch pine), Pinus strobiformis (southwestern white pine), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Pinus tecunumanii (tecun uman pine), Pinus wallichiana (blue pine) 190.Planococcoides njalensis II Theobroma cacao (kakao, buds, stem, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, DR Laing; (=Pseudococcus cocoa), Persea americana leaf, fruit Congo, Congo, Ghana, Guinea, njalensis =P.exitiabilis); (avokad, avocado) Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Hemiptera: Ananas comosus (nenas, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Pseudococcidae; Northwest pineapple), Bombax Sierra Leone, Togo African cocoa mealybug buonopozense (silk-cotton tree), Ceiba pentandra (kapok), Clerodendrum (Fragrant clerodendron), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Coffea arabica (kopi arabika, 110

arabica coffee), Coffea canephora (kopi robusta, robusta coffee), Coffea liberica (Liberian coffee tree), Cola acuminata(cola), Delonix regia (flamboyant), Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae (leguminous plants), Gliricidia sepium (mother of cocoa), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, Sterculiaceae 191.Planococcus kenyae Le II Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, buds, stem, Africa:Burundi, DR Congo, Pelley;(=Planococcus pigeon pea), Citrus spp.(jeruk, leaf, flower, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ghana, subukiaensis=Pseudococcus orange), Coffea spp. (kopi, fruit Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, kenyae=P.kenyaensis); coffee), Coffea arabica (kopi Rwanda, Siera Leone, Sudan, Hemiptera: arabika, arabica coffee), Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Pseudococcidae; coffee Coffea canephora (kopi Zimbabwe mealybug, Kenya mealybug robusta, robusta coffee), Coffea eugenioides, Dioscorea sp. (gembili, yam), Ipomoea batatas(ubi jalar, sweet potato), Passiflora spp. (passion flower), Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) Acacia spp. (wattles), Annona cherimola (cherimoya), Annona squamosa (srikaya, sweetsop), Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia), Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Carissa edulis (egyptian 111

carissa), Codiaeum variegatum (croton), Erythrina abyssinica (red hot poker tree), Gardenia, Gliricidia, Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Indigofera spp., (indigo), Impatiens (balsam), Inga, Jacaranda mimosifolia (Brazilian rose wood), Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), Phaseolus (beans), Psidium guajava (jambu batu, guava), Pueraria lobata, Pueraria montana var. lobata (kudzu), Ricinus communis (castor bean), Sesbania grandiflora (turi, agati), Sesbania sesban (sesban), Solanum (nightshade), Solanum seaforthianum (star potato- vine), Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle) 192.Platyomopsis egena Pascoe; II Acacia spp. stem, wood, Oceania: Australia Coleoptera: Cerambycidae kulit jayu 193.Platyomopsis nigrovireus II Acacia spp. stem, wood, Oceania: Australia Donovan; Coleoptera: kulit kayu Cerambycidae;green striped longhorn beetle

194.Popilia japonica Newman; II Acer spp., Asparagus stem, leaf, America: Canada, USA (=Aserica japonica=A. officinalis(asparagus, flower, root, Asia: China, India, Japan, japonica=Maladera asparagus), Glycine max soil Korea Europe: Portugal, 112

japonica=Serica japonica); (kedelai, soyabean), Malus Russia Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; domesticum (apel, apple), fruit Japanese beetle, velvety batu (stone fruit), Rheum chafer hybridum, Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Rubus spp.(raspberry), Tilia spp., Ulmus spp., Zea mays (jagung, corn) Aesculus spp., Althaea spp., Castanea spp., Hibiscus spp., Juglans nigra, Platanus spp., Populus spp., Salix spp., Sorbus americana, Sassafras albidum, Betula spp., turfgrasses. 195.Prionoryctes canniculus II Dioscorea sp. (gembili, yam), stem, leaf, Africa: all Arr.; Coleoptera: Dioscorea esculenta bulb, tuber, Scarabaeidae; yam beetle corm 196.Prostephanus truncatus II Dried cassava (gaplek), Zea umbi kering, Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Horn.; (=Dinoderus mays (jagung, corn), Manihot seed Burundi, Ghana, Guinea, truncates); Coleoptera: esculenta (ubi wood, cassava), Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Bostrichidae; larger grain stored products (dried stored Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, borer, greater grain borer, products) Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, scania beetle S): Arachis hypogaea (kacang Tanzania, Togo, Zambia tanah, peanut), Dioscorea sp. America:Brazil, Canada, (gembili, yam), Phaseolus Colombia, Costa Rica, El vulgaris (buncis, common Salvador, Guatemala, bean), Sorghum bicolor Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, (sorgum, sorghum), Triticale Panama, Peru, USA spp., Triticum aestivum Asia: Cambodia (gandum, wheat) Europe:France,Italy

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197.Protomelittoma insulare II Cocos nucifera (kelapa , leaf Africa: Madagascar, Fairmaire; Coleoptera: coconut), Elaeis guineensis Seychelles. Lymexylidae; stem borer (kelapa sawit, oilpalm) 198.Pseudococcus aurilanatus II A. Excelsia, Araucaria spp. stem, wood Africa: Kenya, Uganda Maskell; Hemiptera: America: Canada, Mexico, Psudococcidae; Golden USA mealybug, yellow banded Oceania: Australia, New mealybug Zealand 199.Pseudococcus calceolariae II Abutilon (Indian Mallow), bibit plant, Africa: Ghana, Madagascar, Maskell;(=Dactylopius Arachis hypogaea (kacang part of plant Morocco, Namibia, South calceolariae (Maskell), tanah, peanut), Brachychyton, Africa Erium calceolariae Brassica, Ceanothus (white- America: Argentina, Brazil, ((Maskell) Lindinger), thorne), Chenopodium Bolivia, Central America, Pseudococcus citrophilus (Goosefoot), Citrus medica Colombia, Chile, Dominican (Clausen), P. fragilis Brain; (citron), Conium maculatum Republic, Ecuador, French P. gahani Green, P. (Poison hemlock), Crataegus, Guiana, Mexico, USA, similans);Hemiptera: (hawthorns), Cynodiaoblonga Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Pseudococcidae; scarlet (quince), Daucus carota Venezuela, mealybug, Citrophilus (wortel, carrot), Dodonaea Asia: China, Georgia mealybug, currant viscosa (switsch sorrel), Europe: Czech, France, Italy, mealybug Eugenia, Ficus, Fragaria Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, (stroberi, strawberry), Slovakia, Spain, Ukraine, UK Geranium (cranesbill), Hedera Oceania: Australia, New helix (ivy), Helianthusspp. Zealand (sunflower), Heliotropium arborescens (cherry pie), Hibiscus (rosemallows), Juglans regia (walnut), Laburnum anargyroides (laburnum), Ligustrum (privet), Lolium spp (ryegrasses), Malus domestica 114

(apel, apple), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree), Malva (mallow), Musa paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Nerium oleander (oleander), Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Pinus radiata (radiata pine), Pisum sativum (pea), Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum), Pittosporum undulatum (pittosporum), Polyscias, Prunus, (stone fruit), Pyrus communis (European pear), Rheum hybridum, (rhubarb), Rhododendron (Azalea), Ribes sanguineum (Flowerring currant), Rosa (mawar, roses), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry) Schinus molle (false pepper tree), Sechium edulle (chayotte), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane) 200.Pseudotheraptus wayi II Cocos nucifera (kelapa , stem, flower, Africa: Kenya, South Africa, Brown; (=Theraptus sp. coconut), Anacardium fruit Tanzania (Way)); Hemiptera: occidentale (jambu mete, Coreidae; coconut bug cashew-nut), Macadamia 115

spp., Macadamia integrifolia (macadamia nut), Cinnamomum myanmarnii (bark of kayu manis, cassia vera), Cinnamomum verum (kayu manis, cinnamon), Eriobotrya japonica (lokwat, loquat), Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Averrhoa carambola (belimbing, carambola, starfruit),Carya illinoinensis(pecan), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado) 201.Psila rosae Fab.; II Petroselinum crispum (parseli, bulb, tuber, America: Canada, USA (=Chamaepsila rosae = parsley), Pastinaca sativa ( corm, Asia: Georgia, Japan, Musca rosae =Chamaepsila parsnip), Apium graveolens growing Mongolia, Turkey hennigi); Diptera: Psilidae; (seledri, celery), Apium media, soil Europe: Austria, Belarus, carrot root fly, carrot rust graveolens var. rapaceum Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech, fly (celeriac), Daucus carota Denmark, Finland, France, (wortel, carrot), Carum carvi Germany, Hungary, Ireland, (jinten, caraway), Levisticum Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, officinale (lovage), Norway, Poland, Russia, Anethum graveolens (dill), Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Anthriscus cerefolium, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Brassica, Brassica oleracea UK var. botrytis (bunga kol, Oceania: New Zealand cauliflower), Coriandrum sativum (ketumbar, 116

corriander), Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock), Foeniculum vulgare (adas pedas, fennel), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish) 202.Psorosina hammondi Riley.; II Malus domestica (apel, apple), stem, leaf, America: Canada, USA Lepidoptera: Pyralidae; Prunus persica (persik, fruit apple leaves skeletonizer peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), nektarin, other stone fruit (buah batu lainnya) 203.Pyrrhia umbra Hufnagel; II Solanumlycopersicum (tomat, stem, leaf, Asia:Republic of Korea (South Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; tomato) flower Korea) rose budworm, tobacco Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, striped caterpillar Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Germany, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Russia 204.Recilia mica Kramer; II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa buds, stem, Africa:West Africa, Ivory Coast Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; sawit, oilpalm) leaf cicadellid leaveshopper 205.Rhagoletis cerasi L; (= II Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), fruit, growing Asia: Georgia, Iran, Musca cerasi = Rhagoletis Prunus avium (sweet cherry), media, soil Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, cerasi fasciata=R. cerasi Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb Tajikistan, Turkey, nigripes =R. cerasi obsoleta cherry), Prunus serotina Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan =R. obsoleta =Spilographa (black cherry) Europe: Austria, Belgium, cerasi =Tephritis cerasi Malus domestica (apel, apple), Bulgaria, Bosnia and =Trypeta signata =Urophora Prunus americana (aprikot, Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech, cerasorum =Urophora apricot), Prunus persica Denmark, Estonia, France, liturata=Zonosema cerasi); (persik, peach), Pyrus Germany, Greece, Hungary,

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Diptera: Tephritidae; communis (pir, pear), Prunus Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Europeancherryfruit fly, domesticum (plum), Lonicera Moldova, Montenegro, cherry fruit fly xylosteum (Fly honeysuckle) Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Ukraine 206.Rhagoletis cingulata Loew.; II Prunus avium (sweet cherry), fruit, growing America: Canada, Mexico, (=Trypeta (Rhagoletis) Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), media, soil USA cingulata=Trypeta Prunus serotina (black Europe: Austria, Croatia, cingulata); Diptera: cherry), Pyrus communis (pir, France, Germany, Hungary, Tephritidae; cherryfruit fly pear), Prunus domesticum Netherlands, Slovenia, (plum) Malus domesticum Switzerland (apel, apple), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus virginiana (commonchokecherrytree) 207.Rhagoletis fausta Osten II Prunus avium (sweet cherry), fruit, growing America: Canada, USA Sacken; (=Acidia fausta = Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry) media, soil Rhagoletisintrudens Malus domesticum (apel, =Trypeta (Acidia) apple), Prunus americana fausta=T.fausta); Diptera: (aprikot, apricot), Prunus Tephritidae; black (dark) emarginata (bitter cherry cherry fruit fly tree), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Prunus domesticum (plum), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus pensylvanica (pin cherry), 118

Prunus serotina (black cherry), Prunus virginiana (common chokecherrytree) 208.Rhagoletis pomonella II Malus domestica (apel, apple) fruit, growing America: Canada, Mexico, Walsh.; Amelanchier (serviceberries), media, soil USA. (= Rhagoletis symphoricarpi Aronia (chockeberry), Cornus =Spilographa pomonella florida (Flowering dogwood), =Trypetapomonella Cotoneaster, Cotoneaster =Zonosema pomonella); apiculatus, Cotoneaster Diptera: Tephritidae; apple coriaceus, Cotoneaster maggot fly, railroad worm integerrimus, Crataegus (hawthorns), Crataegus crus- galli (Cockspur hawthorn), Crataegus douglasii (black hawthorn), Crataegus laevigata, Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn), Crataegus suksdorfii, Malus (ornamental species apple), Malus baccata (siberian crab apple), Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus angustifolia (Mountain cherry tree), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus cerasifera (myrobalan plum), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus domestica (plam, plum), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Prunus emarginata 119

(Bitter cherry tree), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus virginiana (common chokecherrytree), Pyracantha coccinea (Scarlet firethorn), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Pyrus pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree), Rosa (roses), Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose), Rosa virginiana (Virginia rose), Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash), Sorbus scopulina 209.Rhynchophorus palmarum II Cocos nucifera (kelapa , stem, leaf America: Argentina, Barbados, L.; Coleoptera: coconut), Elaeis guineensis Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Curculionidae; boring (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, weevil Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, Dominica, Ecuador, El dates-palm), Salvador, Guyana France, Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, Grenada, Guadeloupe, sugarcane), Phoenix Guatemala, Guyana, canariensis Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Artocarpus communis (sukun, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, breadfruit), Ananas comosus Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, (nenas, pineapple), Annona St. Vincent and the reticulata, Carica papaya Grenadines, Suriname, (pepaya, pawpaw, papaya), Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Uruguay, Venezuela Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Psidium 120

guajava (jambu seed, guava), Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa) 210.Rhynchophorus phoenicis II Phoenix spp, Cocos nucifera stem, leaf, Africa: Angola, Benin, L.;Coleoptera: (kelapa , coconut), Elaeis titik tumbuh Cameroon, DR Congo, Ivory Curculionidae; boring guineensis (kelapa sawit, Coast, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, weevil oilpalm) Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda 211.Sacadodes pyralis Dyar.; II Gossypium barbadens fruit, stem, America:Colombia, Costa Rica, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; (kapas, cotton) leaf, flower, El Salvador, Guyana, Colombian pink bollworm, Abelmoschus esculentus soil Nicaragua, pink cotton boll worm, (okra, lady’s finger), Panama,Paraguay,Trinidad Thurberia bollworm, Cienfuegosia affinis, Hibiscus and Tobago, Venezuela Trinidad bollworm, South sabdariffa American red bollworm, sugarcane stalk borer, South American bollworm 212.Saccharosydne II Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, stem, leaf, America: Antigua and saccharivora Westwood; sugarcane) flower Barbuda, Bahama, Barbados, (=Delphax saccharivora Caribbean Island, Cuba, =Stenocranus Dominica, Grenada, saccharivorus); Hemiptera: Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Delphacidae; West indian Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, cane fly, West Indian Martinique, Puerto Rico, St. sugarcane leaveshopper Lucia, St. Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Venezuela 213.Sahlbergella singularis II Theobroma cacao (kakao, stem, leaf, Africa: Angola, Benin, Hagl.; (=Sahlbergella cocoa), Cola nitida(bitter cola) fruit Cameroon, Central Africa, DR theobroma); Heteroptera: Bombax buonopozense(silk- Congo, Congo, Ivory Coast,

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Miridae; mirids, brown cotton tree), Ceiba pentandra Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, capsid, cocoa capsid, cocoa (kapuk randu, kapok), Cola Madagascar, Nigeria, Sao Tome capsidstem sapper spp., Gossypium barbadens & Principe, Sierra Leone, Togo, (kapas, cotton), Theobroma Uganda spp., Theobroma bicolor (nicaraguan cocoa), Theobroma grandiflorum (cupuassu) 214.Scolytus rugulosus Muller; II Malus domesticum (apel, stem, leaf, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, (=Eccoptogaster apple), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, fruit Morocco,Tunisia mediterraneus =E. cherry), Prunus persica America: Argentina, Brazil, rugulosus =Scolytus (persik, peach), Pyrus Canada, Chile, Peru, USA, mediterraneus communis (pir, pear), Prunus Uruguay =Ruguloscolytus domesticum (plam, plum), Asia: Afghanistan, Georgia, mediterraneus =R. other stone fruit (buah batu Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, rugulosus); Coleoptera: lainnya) Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Scolytidae;shoot hole borer, Turkey, Turkmenistan apple tree beetle, fruit tree Europe: Albania, Austria, bark beetle, shot-hole borer Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK

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215.Sesamia calamistis Hamps.; II Zea mays (jagung, corn), stem, leaf Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina (=Sesamia mediastriga, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Sesamia vuteria); sorghum), Pennisetum Comoros, DR Congo, Congo, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; glaucum(pearl millet), Triticum Ivory Coast, Eritrea, Ethiopia, African pink stem borer, aestivum (gandum, wheat), Gambia, Ghana, African pink borer of Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Kenya,Madagascar, Malawi, sugarcane, Mauritius pink Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, borer of sugarcane, pink sugarcane), cerealia. Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, stalk borer of sugarcane, Carex (sedges), Cyperus Reunion, Senegal, Sierra southern pink borer of papyrus, Poaceae (grasses) Leone, South Africa, Sudan, sugarcane Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe 216.Sesamia cretica Lederer; II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), stem, leaf Africa: Algeria, Cameroon, (=Sesamia cretica Pennisetum glaucum(pearl Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, rufescens=S.cyrnaea millet), Saccharumofficinarum Kenya, Lesotho, Libya, Mali, =S.griselda =S.pecki (tebu, sugarcane), Sorghum Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, =S.uniformis =S.vuteria bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Somalia, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia vuterioides); Lepidoptera: Triticum aestivum (gandum, Asia: China, India, Iran, Iraq, Noctuidae;corn stem borer, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Israel, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, greater sugarcane borer, corn) Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Panicum miliaceum (millet), Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, sorghum) stem borer, stem Poaceae (grasses) Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, corn borer, durra stem Uzbekistan, Yemen borer, corn pink borer, Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, large corn borer, pink Bosnia and Herzegovina, sugarcane borer, sugarcane Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, pink borer, sorghum borer Macedonia, Montenegro, Portugal, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Serbia

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217.Sirex noctilio Fabricius; II Pinus banksiana (jack pine), stem, wood Africa: South Africa Hymenoptera: Siricidae; Pinus canariensis (Canary America: Canada, USA, woodwasp, steel blue, pine), Pinus contorta Argentina, Brazil, Chile, horntail, european (lodgepole pine), Pinus Uruguay woodwasp, sirex wasp, densiflora (Japanese umbrella Asia: Georgia (Republic), wood wasp, steel-blue pine), Pinus echinata Mongolia (shortleaves pine), Pinus Europe: Austria, Belgium, elliottii (slash pine), Pinus Canary Islands, Cyprus, Czech halepensis (Aleppo pine), Republic and Slovakia, Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey pine), Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Pinus nigra (black pine), Pinus France, Germany, Greece, palustris (longleaves pine), Hungary, Italy, Norway, Pinus patula (Mexican Poland, Portugal, Romania, weeping pine), Pinuspinaster Russia, Siberia, Serbia and (maritime pine), Pinuspinea Montenegro, Serbia, Spain, UK (stone pine), Pinus ponderosa Oceania: Australia, New (ponderosa pine), Pinus Zealand radiata (radiata pine), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), Abies (firs), Abies alba (silver fir), Larix (larches), Picea (spruces), Picea abies (common spruce), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Pseudotsuga(douglas-fir) 218.Sitophilus granarius L.; II Triticum aestivum (gandum, Seed Africa: Algeria, Cameroon, (=Calandra granaria wheat), Hordeum vulgare Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, =Calendra granaria (barli, barley), stored products Swaziland =Curculio granarius); (dried stored products) America: Argentina, Canada, Coleoptera: Arachys hypogaea (kacang Chile, Mexico, USA Dryophthoridae; grain tanah, peanut), Avena Asia: Afghanistan, India, Iran, weevil, maize weevil, sativa(oat, oats), Cicer Iraq, Israel, Japan, 124

granary weevil arietinum(chickpea), Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Saudi Helianthus annuus (bunga Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, matahari, sunflower), Oryza Thailand, Turkey, Yemen sativa (padi, paddy), Panicum Europe:Austria, Belgium, spp. (milets), Pennisetum spp. Bosnia and Herzegovina, (feather grass), Secale cereale Croatia,Czech, Denmark, (rye), Sorghum bicolor France, Germany, Greece, (sorgum, sorghum), Triticale Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, spp., Vicia faba (faba or broad Romania, Russia, Serbia, bean), Zea mays (jagung, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, corn) Ukraine, UK Oceania: Australia 219.Sophronica ventralis Auriv.; II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) stem, leaf, Africa Coleoptera: Scolytidae; seed, fruit America: Argentina, Bolivia, berry borer Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French Guiana 220.Stenoma decora II Theobroma cacao (kakao, leaf, fruit America: Brazil Zeller;(=Cryptolechia decora cocoa) Zeller); Lepidoptera: Ceiba pentandra (kapuk Oecophoridae; cacao fruit randu, kapok) and shoot borer, buds and pod borer 221.Stromatium barbatum II Citrus, Eucalyptus, Oak, stem, wood Africa: Tanzania, Madagascar, Fabricius;Coleoptera: pines Mauritius Cerambycidae; Drywood Asia: India, Sri Lanka, Burma, longicorn beetle Pakistan, Nepal 222.Tagosodes cubanus II Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), stem, leaf, Africa: Ivory Coast D.L.Crawford; Glycine max (kedelai, America: Colombia, Cuba, (=Chloriona soyabean), Oryza sativa (padi, Guyana, Mexico, Puerto Rico,

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cubana=Dicranotropis paddy) Suriname, Trinidad and cubanus =Sogatella cubana Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, Tobago, USA, Venezuela =Sogatodes mungbean), Cicer aeritinum, cubanus=Sogata cubana); Lens esculenta (lentils) Hemiptera: Delphacidae; paddy plant hopper 223.Tagosodes orizicolus Muir.; II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) stem, leaf America:Argentina, Belize, (=Chloriona orizicola Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, =Sogata brazilensis=Sogata Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, orizicola =Tagosodes Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, brazilensis =Sogatodes Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, brazilensis =S. orizicolus Puerto Rico, Suriname, =S.oryzicola =S. orizicola Trinidad and Tobago, USA, =S. orizicolus); Hemiptera: Venezuela Delphacidae; rice delphacid, rice leaveshopper 224.Toxotrypana curvicauda II Carica papaya (papaya, fruit, growing America: Bahama, Belize, Gerstaecker; (=Mikimyia pawpaw, papaya) media, soil Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, furcifera =Toxotrypana Dominican Republic, El fairbatesi); Diptera: Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Tephritidae, papaya fruit fly Honduras, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Virgin Islands, Venezuela. 225.Trichispa sericea Guerin- II Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) stem, leaf Africa: Angola, Burkina Faso, Meneville; Coleoptera: Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Chrysomelidae; rice hispids Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, 126

Uganda Europe: Spain

226.Trogoderma granarium II Arachys hypogaea (kacang seed, karung Africa: Algeria, Burkina Faso, Everts; (=Trogoderma tanah, peanut), Gossypium goni/alat Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, affrum=Trogoderma hirsutum (kapas, cotton), pembungkus Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, khapra); Coleoptera: Hordeum vulgare(barley), bekas Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Dermestidae; kumbang Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), komoditi, Tunisia, Zambia, Zanzibar, kaphra/khapra beetle Panicum miliaceum (millet), makanan Zimbabwe. Sesamum indicum (wijen, ternak Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, sesame), Sorghum bicolor India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, (sorgum, sorghum), stored Republic of Korea (South products (dried stored Korea), Lebanon, Myanmar, products), Triticum aestivum Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri (gandum, wheat), Zea mays Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, (jagung, corn) dan serealia Yemen. lainnya Europe: Cyprus, Spain, Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Switzerland, Ukraine, Helianthus annuus (bunga Kazakhstan, Belarus, matahari, sunflower), Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Pennisetum glaucum (pearl Lithuania, Turkmenistan, millet), Vicia faba (faba bean), Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Vigna unguiculata(cowpea) Armenia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova 227.Tryphocaria mastersi II Acacia spp. stem, wood, Oceania: Australia Pascoe; Coleoptera: kulit kayu Cerambycidae ; Eucalypt ring barber 228.Undulambia polystichalis; II Leather Leaves Fern, Rumohra rimpang America: USA Lepidoptera: adiantiformis, Polypodium Crambidae;Leatherleaves scouleri, Pyrrosia eleagnifolia 127

fern borer moth 229.Xestobiumrufovillosu m De II Quercus (oak), Castanea stem, wood America: NorthAmerica Geer;Coleoptera: Anobiidae; (chestnut), other hardwood Europe: England, France, deathwatch beetle wholeEurope Oceania: Australia 230.Xyleborus affinis Eichoff; II Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, stem, wood, America: Brazil, Cuba, USA, (=Xyleborus mascarensis sugarcane) kulit kayu Mexico, Jamaica Eichhoff=Xyleborus Juglans nigra (black walnut), Europe: Italy sacchari Hopkins); Macadamia integrifolia Coleoptera: Scolytidae;shot- (macadamia nut), Pinus hole borer of sugarcane, (pines) ambrosia beetle of oak 231.Xyleborus ferrugineus Fab.; II Dioscorea spp. (gembili, yam), stem, wood, Africa: Angola, Benin, (=Xyleborus Euterpe edulis(assai palm), kulit kayu Botswana, Burundi, confusus=X.fuscatus); Persea americana (avokad, Cameroon, Cape Verde, DR Coleoptera: Scolytidae; avocado), Pinus elliottii(slash Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial black twig borer, bark pine), Pinus taeda (loblolly Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, beetle pine) Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Reunion, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leon, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. America: Argentina, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe,

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Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Suriname,Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Venezuela. Asia:Republic of Korea (South Korea), Malaysia Oceania: American Samoa, Fiji, France Polynesian, Kiribati, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Island, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands 232.Xyloborinus saxesenii II Eucalyptus spp. bibit plant, Asia: China, India, Armenia, Batzeburg; Coleoptera: stem, wood, Azerbeijan Scolytidae; Fruit tree kulit kayu Europe: all pinhole borer 233.Zonocerus elegans (Thunb.); II Allium ascalonicum (bawang seluruh Africa: Angola, Botswana, DR (=Acrydium sanguinolentum merah, shallot), Allium cepa bagian plant, Congo, Congo, Lesotho, =Gryllus elegans (bawang bombay, onion), soil Madagascar, Malawi, =Poekilocerus roseipennis); Amaranthus hybridus (bayam, Mozambique, Namibia, Orthoptera: spinach), Amaranthus (grain Rwanda, South Africa, Pyrgomorphidae; elegants amaranth), Ananas comosus Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, grasshopper (nenas, pineapple), Zambia, Zimbabwe Anacardium occidentale(jambu mete, cashew-nut), Brassicaceae (cruciferous crops),Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), Citrus aurantiifolia (jeruk nipis, 129

lime), Citrus limon (lemon, lemon), Citrus reticulata (mandarin, mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Colocasia esculenta (talas, taro), Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits), Chromolaenaodorata(siam weed), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Dioscorea sp. (gembili, yam), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Plumeria spp. (frangipani), Manihot esculenta (ubi wood, cassava), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Solanaceae, Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Persea americana (avokad, avocado) 234.Zonocerus variegatus L.; II Allium ascalonicum (bawang seluruh Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina (=Acrydium merah, shallot), Allium cepa bagian plant, Faso, Cameroon, Central sanguinolentum=Gryllus (bawang bombay, onion), soil Africa, Chad, DR Congo, (Locusta) variegatus=G. Amaranthus (grain Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, laevis =G. opacus); amaranth), Amaranthus Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- Orthoptera: Acrididae; hybridus (bayam, spinach), Bissau, Guinea, Kenya, variegated grasshopper Ananas comosus (nenas, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Niger, pineapple), Anacardium Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, occidentale (jambu mete, Sierra Leone, Togo cashewnut), Brassicaceae (cruciferous crops),Capsicum 130

annuum (cabai, hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), Citrus aurantiifolia (jeruk nipis, lime), Citrus limon (lemon, lemon), Citrus reticulata (mandarin, mandarin), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Colocasia esculenta (talas, taro), Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits), Chromolaenaodorata(siam weed), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Dioscorea sp. (gembili, yam), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Manihot esculenta (ubi wood, cassava), Poaceae, Solanaceae, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Piper, Plumeria (frangipani) Cannabis sativa (hemp), Elaeis guineensis (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Tectona grandis (jati, teakwood) 131

235.Zygogramma exclamationis II Helianthus annuus (bunga stem, leaf, America: Canada, USA Fab.; (=Calligrapha matahari, sunflower) soil, flower exclamationis =Zygospila exclamationis =Chrysomela exclamationis); Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; sunflower beetle

II. TUNGAU (MITES) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR / UMUM/ GOLONGA INANG / No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ N/ GROUP HOSTS PATHWAYS DISTRIBUTION SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Aceria cajani II Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, shoot Asia:Bangladesh, China, India, Channabasavanna; pigeon pea), Cajanus Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand Prostigmata: Eriophydae; cajanifolius, Cajanus pigeonpea mite platycarpus, Cajanus scarabaeoides (kacang gude, peanut grass), Cajanus sericeus 2. Aceria ficus Cotte; (=Aceria II Ficus carica (ara, fig) shoot Asia: Japan, India fici =Eriophyes fici =E.ficus); Africa: all Prostigmata: Eriophyidae; America: North America fig blister mite, fig mite, fig Eropa: all rust mite 3. Aculops lycopersici Tryon.; II Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, shoot Africa: Angola, Egypt, (=Aculops destructor tomato), Ipomoea batatas (ubi Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, =Aculus destructor jalar, sweet potato), Nicotiana Mauritius, Morocco,, =A.lycopersici =Phyllocoptes tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Mozambique, Senegal, South

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destructor =P.lycopersici Solanum melongena (terung, Africa, Tunisia, Zambia, =Vasates destructor eggplant), Solanum tuberosum Zimbabwe =V.lycopersici); Prostigmata: (kentang, potato) America: Antigua and Eriophyidae; tomato russet Capsicum annuum(cabai Barbuda, Argentina, Bermuda, mite, tomato mite besar, paprika, bell-pepper), Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Browallia americana, Curaçao, Guyana France, Convolvulus, Datura spp., Grenada, Guadeloupe, Petunia hybrida, Physalis Martinique, Mexico, peruviana, Solanum spp., Montserrat, Netherlands Convolvulus arvensis, Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, Physalis minima USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Asia:Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Turkey, Uzbekistan Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Georgia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Swedia, Ukraina, UK Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Vanuatu 4. Aculops pelekassi Keifer; II Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange) shoot America: USA, Brazil (=Aculus pelekassi); Asia: Republic of Korea (South Prostigmata: Eriophyidae; Korea), Taiwan, Thailand pink citrus rust mite Europe: Italy, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia 133

5. Aculus schlechtendali II Malus domestica (apel, apple) shoot Africa: Egypt, South Africa Nalepa; (=Aculus Pyrus communis (pir, pear), America:Canada, USA, Chile malivagrans=Phyllocoptes Malus sylvestris (crab-apple Asia: China, India, Japan, schlechtendali =Vasates tree) Lebanon, Pakistan, Turkey malivagrans =Vasates Europe: Austria, Belgium, schlechten-dali); Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Prostigmata: Eriophyidae; Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, apple rust mite, apple bud Bosnia and Herzegovina, mite, apple leaf mite, rusty Montenegro, Macedonia, leaf mite France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Swedia, Switzerland, Ukraina, UK Oceania: New Zealand, Australia 6. Brevipalpus californicus II Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), shoot Africa: Algeria, Angola, Congo, Bank.; (=Brevipalpus Citrus spp. Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, australis =B.browningi Abelmoschus esculentus Mozambique, Senegal, South =B.confusis =B. woglumi (okra, lady’s finger), Africa, Zimbabwe =Hystripalpus californicus Citharexylum quadrangulare, America: Brazil, Costa Rica, =Tenuipalpus australis Cymbidium, Cucurbita, Cuba, Guyana France, =T.californicus =T.vitis); Dendrobium, Ipomoea batatas Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Prostigmata: (ubi jalar, sweetpotato), Musa USA Tenuipalpidae;citrus flat spp. (pisang, banana), Vigna Asia: Georgia, India, Israel, mite, red flat mite, scarlet sinensis (buncis, common Japan, Malaysia, Mauritania, mite of tea, bunch mite bean), Phalaenopsis, Psidium Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, guajava (jambu seed, guava), Tajikistan, Thailand Pittosporum, Rhododendron, Europe: Cyprus, Greece, Robinia, Schinus Hungary, Italy, Portugal, terebinthifolius, Sesbania Russia sesban, Tetragonia Oceania: Australia, Guam, 134

tetragonioides, Vitis vinifera New Zealand, Papua New (anggur, grapevine), Guinea Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cinnamomum burmanii (kayu manis, cassiavera), Lablab purpureus, Solanum spp. 7. Bryobia rubrioculus II Malus domestica (apel, apple), shoot Africa: Mozambique, South Scheuten; (=Bryobia Prunus avium, Prunus Africa, Zimbabwe arborea, B.redikorzevi); domestica, Prunus dulcis, America: Argentina, Brazil, Prostigmata: Prunus persica (persik, Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA, Tetranychidae; brown apple peach), Prunus spp., Pyrus Uruguay mite, brown mite; brown, communis (pir, pear), Pyrus Asia:Afghanistan, bryobia mite, pear bryobia javonica (Japonica), Ulmus sp. Azerbaijan,China, Georgia, mites (elm) India, Iran, Iraq, Arachis hypogaea (kacang Japan,Kazakhstan, tanah, groundnut, peanut), Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Turkey, Gossypium barbadens (kapas, Uzbekistan cotton), Prunus salicina Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraina, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 8. Eotetranychus willamettei II Vitis vinifera (anggur, shoot America: USA McGregor; (=Tetranychus grapevine), Acernegundo, willamettei =Tetranychus Quercusgarryana, willametti); Prostigmata: Quercuslobata, Tetranychidae; willamette Eriogonumjamesi, mite Amelanchiersp., 135

Malusdomestica (apel, apple), Purshiatridentata, Pyruscommunis (pir, pear), Sorbusdomestica, Ulmussp. (elm) 9. Mononychellus tanajoa II Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, shoot Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Bondar: (=Mononychellus tomato), Manihot esculenta Burundi, Cameroon, Central caribbeanae =Mononychus (ubi wood, cassava) Africa, Chad, Congo, Ivory tanajoa =Eotetranychus Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, Coast, Equatorial Guinea, caribbeanae common bean), Vigna sinensis Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, =E.caribbeanus = (kacang panjang, cowpea), Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Tetranychus tanajoa); Zea mays (jagung, corn, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Prostigmata: maize) Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Tetranychidae; cassava Togo, Uganda, Zambia, mite, cassava green mite Zimbabwe America: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominica, Ekuador, Falklands, Guyana France, Guyana, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Asia: China Oceania: Australia, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands

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10. Oligonychus peruvianus II Manihot esculenta (ubi wood, shoot America:Brazil, Colombia, McGregor: (=Homonychus cassava) Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, peruvianus = Ceratonia siliqua, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Paratetranychus peruvianus Citrusaurantium, Coffea Venezuela =Paratetranychus trinitatis arabica (kopi, coffee), Daucus =Tetranychus carota (wortel, carrot), peruvianus(Mc Gregor) Gossypium, Persea americana =Tetranychus peruvensis (avokad, avocado), Trifolium =Tetranychus trinitatis); repens, Vitis, Oxalis sp. Prostigmata: Tetranychidae;cassava white spot spider mite 11. Oligonychus yothersi II Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), plant and America: Chile, Costa Rica, McGregor; Prostigmata: Mangifera indica (mangga, shoot Cuba, USA Tetranychidae; avocado red mango), Asia: Iran mite Persea americana (Avokad, avocado) 12. Panonychus ulmi Koch; II Malus domestica (apel, apple), leaf, part of Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, (=Paratetranychus ulmi Pyrus communis (pir, pear), plant Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia, Koch = Metatetranychus Prunus persica(persik, peach), America: Argentina, Bermuda, ulmi Koch=Tetranychus Prunus domesticum (plum), Brazil, Canada, Chile, Costa pilosus Canestrini et Prunus cerasus (sour ceri). Rica, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela Fanzago = Tetranychus Arachis hypogaea (kacang Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, mytilaspidis Ewing); tanah, groundnut), Cedrus Azerbaijan, China, Georgia Prostigmata: (cedars), Citrus, Citrus (Republic), India, Iran, Israel, Tetranychidae; european deliciosa (jeruk mediterranean Japan, Republic of Korea red spider mite mandarin), Citrus reticulata (South Korea), Kyrgyzstan, (jeruk mandarin), Coffea Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, (kopi, coffee), Corylus, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan. Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Europe: Albania, Austria, Morus alba (murbei, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, mulberry), Prunus avium Czech Republic, Croatia, 137

(sweet cherry), Prunus dulcis Bosnia and Herzegovina, (almond), Vitis vinifera Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, (anggur, grapevine) Lithuania, Denmark, Finland, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Swedia, Switzerland, Ukraina, UK. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 13. Penthaleus major Duges; II Avena sativa (oats), Hordeum seed, leaf, Africa: South Africa. (=Tetranychus major vulgare (barli, barley), Triticum bagian plant, America: Argentina, Canada, Dugès); Prostigmata: aestivum (gandum, wheat), soil Mexico, USA Tetranychidae; Bouteloua gracilis (blue Asia: China, Japan blue oat mite, winter grain grama), Bromus secalinus Europe: France, Germany, mite (Rye brome),Lathyrus, Lolium, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Lolium multiforum (italian Norway, Portugal, Russia, ryegrass), Poaceae (grassess), Spain, UK. Secale cereale (rye). Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 14. Petrobia latens (Muller); II Triticum aestivum (gandum, leaf, soil, Africa: Egypt, South Africa (=Acarus latens = Acarus wheat), (barli, barley), Allium shoot America: Canada, USA petarum =Acarus praegnans sativum (bawang putih, Asia: China, India, Republic of =Paratetranychus longipes garlic), Allium cepa (bawang Korea (South Korea) =Petrobia cepae =Petrobia bombay, onion), Cuminum Europe: Austria, Denmark, lapidum =Petrobia tritici = cyminum (jintan, cumin), France, Germany, Italy, Tetranobia decepta Coriandrum sativum Netherlands, Poland, Spain, =Tetranychia tritici (ketumbar, corriander), Oryza United Kingdom =Tetranychopsis paupera sativa (padi, paddy), Cucumis Oceania: Australia =Tetranychopsis simplex sativus (mentimun, 138

=Tetranychus anauniensis cucumber), Cucumis melo =Tetranychus longipes= (melon, melon), Daucus carota Trombidium (wortel, carrot), lapidum);Prostigmata: Sorghumbicolor(sorgum, Tetranychidae; brown sorghum), Gladiol, Iris, wheat mite Malusdomestica (apel,apple), Gossypiumbarbadens(kapas,c otton), Medicagosativa(alfalfa,lucerne ), Clover 15. Phyllocoptes vitis Nalepa; (= II Vitis vinifera (anggur, leaf Africa: South Africa Phyllocoptes viticolus); grapevine) Asia: India. Prostigmata: Eriophydae; Europe: Austria, Czech grapevine rust mite, Republic, Slovakia, Germany, acarinosis of vine, vine rust Hungary, Italy, Portugal, mite Slovakia, Slovenia, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 16. Phytonemus pallidus II Begonia, Begonia cucullata plant, shoot Africa: South Africa (Banks) var. hookeri (Perpetual America: Brazil, Canada, (=Steneotarsonemus begonia), Capsicum annuum Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, fragariae (cabaibesar, paprika, bell Peru, USA, Venezuela =Steneotarsonemus pallidus pepper), Chrysanthemum Asia: Japan, Republic of Korea =Tarsonemus destructor (daisy), Chrysanthemum (South Korea), Philippines, =Tarsonemus fragariae frutescens, Consolida Taiwan, Turkey =Tarsonemus pallidus); ambigua, Cyclamen persicum Europe: Austria, Belgium, Prostigmata:Tarsonemidae; (cyclamens), Fragaria Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, strawberry mite, cyclamen (strawberry), Rhododendron France, Germany, Greece, mite simsii Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, 139

United Kingdom Oceania: Australia 17. Retracus elaeis Keifer; II Elaeis guineensis (kelapa leaf, seed America: Costa Rica, Colombia Prostigmata: Phytoptidae; sawit, oilpalm) oil palm mite 18. Rhizoglyphus echinopus II Allium cepa (bawang bombay, plant, part of America: USA Fumouze & Robin onion), Allium sativum plant Asia: Taiwan, Japan, Korea, (=Coepophagus echinopus (bawang putih, garlic),Panax Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, =Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi ginseng (asiatic ginseng) Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, =Rhizoglyphus spinitarsus Uzbekistan =Tyroglyphus echincopus); Europe: Belarus, Latvia, Astigmata: Acaridae; bulb Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, mite Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraina, Russia, Hungary, Spain Oceania: New Zealand 19. Steneotarsonemus laticeps II Narcissus (daffodil), bulb, tuber, Europe: UK, Netherlands, (Halbert);(=Tarsonemus Hippeastrum spp. (amarilis, corm, shoot Poland, Slovakia approximatus =Tarsonemus amaryllis),Cyrtanthus spp. approximatus narcissi (fire lily),Eucharis spp. =Tarsonemus (Amazon lily, eucharist hydrocephalus lily),Sprekelia spp. (Jacobean =Tarsonemus laticeps); lily) Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae; bulb scale mite 20. Tarsonemus myceliophagus II Mushroom Mushroom’s America: USA Hussey; Prostigmata: stem Europe:UK, New Zealand, Tarsonemidae Netherlands, Germany. Oceania: Australia 21. Tetranychus pacificus II Vitis vinifera (anggur, plant, shoot America: Canada, Mexico, McGregor;Prostigmata:Tetr grapevine), Prunus, USA

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anychidae; Pacific mite, Gossypium hirsutum, Pacific spider mite Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Phaseolus vulgaris(common bean), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean). Zea mays (jagung, maize, corn), Ficus carica (ara, fig), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, flax), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Salvia sp., Morning glory, Fragaria (strawberry), Rosa (roses), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Vicia (vetch.Begonia, Begonia cucullata var. hookeri (Perpetual begonia), Capsicum annuum (cabai besar, paprika, bell pepper), Chrysanthemum (daisy), Chrysanthemum frutescens (marguerite), Consolida ambigua (rocket larkspur), Cyclamen persicum (cyclamens), Rhododendron simsii (Sim's azalea) 22. Tetranychus schoenei II Malus domestica (apel, apple), plant, shoot America: USA McGregor; Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Europe: All (=Septanychus schoenei Prunus domesticum (plum), McGregor); Prostigmata: Vitis vinifera (anggur, 141

Tetranychidae; schoene grapevine), Gossypium mite barbadens (kapas, cotton) 23. Tyrophagus putrescentiae II Cucumis sativus (mentimun, leaf, flower, Africa:Angola, Egypt, Kenya, Schrank(=Acarus cucumber), komoditas Zimbabwe. putrescentiae =Tyroglyphus simpan, America:Barbados, Brazil, americanus = Tyroglyphus jamur, debu, Canada, Chile, Colombia, castellanii= Tyroglyphus polen, soil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, lintneri =Tyroglyphus moss, Peru, Panama, Mexico, muscae =Tyroglyphus kotoran dan USA,Venezuela nadinus =Tyroglyphus sarang Asia:Bangladesh, China, India, putrescentiae =Tyrophagus berbagai Iraq, Israel, Japan, Republic of brauni =Tyrophagus bulleri hewan Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, =Tyrophagus castellanii Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, =Tyrophagus lintneri Taiwan, Turkey =Tyrophagus longior var. Europe:Belgium, castellanii =Tyrophagus CzechRepublic and Slovakia, noxius);Astigmata: Denmark, Finland, France, Acaridae; cereal mite, Germany, Greece, Ireland, cheese mite, copra itch Italy, Netherlands, Poland, mite, forage mite, mill mite, Scandinavia, Slovakia, Spain, mold mite, mould mite Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia

III. KEONG (SNAIL) DAN SIPUT (SLUG)

NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR / KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGAN No INANG / HOSTS PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ / GROUP PATHWAYS DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Achatina craven Smith; II Coffeaspp.(kopi, coffee), bibit Africa: Zanzibar, Lake Achatinidae; Giant African Sesamumindicum(wijen, Tanganyika,Mozambique

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snail sesame), planthias(perdu) 2. Achatina zanzibarica Bourg; II Gossypiumbarbadens(kapas, bibit Africa: all Giant African snail, Giant land cotton), Agave sisalana snail (sisal), planthias(perdu) 3. Ariolimax columbianus Gould; II Musaspp.(pisang, banana), leaf, sisa America: USA, North Pacific banana slug garden plant and flowers plant, America seedling, plant 4. Arion circumscriptus Johnston; II Nicotianatabacum(tembakau, seedling, America: North America, (=Arion bourguignati); Arionidae; tobacco), bulb, tuber, USA Brownbanded arion, white Daucuscarota(wortel, carrot), corm Europe: Czech Republic, soled slug Fragaria vesca (arbei, Great Britain, Ireland, strawberry), Solanum Scandinavia tuberosum (kentang, potato), Tanamanjagung (plantofcorn), Apiumgraveolens (seledri, celery), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), rape, poppy,rye 5. Arion intermedius Normand; II Daucuscarota(wortel, carrot), seedling, America: USA, Canada, Arionidae; Hedgehog arion, Solanumtuberosum(kentang, bulb, tuber, Hawaii Hedgehog slug potato), corm Asia: Sri Lanka Apiumgraveolens(seledri, Europe: Western and celery), tulip, Zea mays L Central Europe (Jagung, corn), Triticum spp. Oceania: New Zealand (gandum, wheat), Ornamental plants 6. Arion rufus L.; (=Limax rufus II Nicotianatabacum(tembakau, seed, America: USA, Canada =Arion ater =Arion tobacco), seedling, Europe: Western and empiricorum); Arionidae; Solanumtuberosum(kentang, plant Sothern Europe

143

Chocolate arion, European red potato), Triticum aestivum slug (gandum, wheat), medicinalherbs, poppy, rape, Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), rye, Fragaria ananassa (stroberi, strawberry), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Brassica oleracea (kubis, cabbage), Petroselinum crispum (peterseli, parsley) 7. Arion subfuscus Drap; (=Limax II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, seed, bulb, America:USA, Canada subfuscus =Arion krynickii potato), Daucuscarota(wortel, tuber, corm, Europe: UK (Britain, East =Arion brunneus =Arion carrot), leaf, stem, Anglia) esthonicus); Arionidae; Apiumgraveolens(seledri, flower, fruit Dusky arion celery), Fragaria ananassa(stroberi, strawberry), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato) 8. Bradybaena fructicum Muller; II Vitisvinifera(anggur, bibit Africa: all Bradybaenidae; brush snail, grapevine), pod-polongan Asia: all bush snail (legumes), planthias Europe: all (anggrek, leafy plant/puring), Apium graveolens(seledri, celery) 9. Cecilioides acicula Muller; II Asparagusoffinalis bibit Africa: South Africa Ferussaciidae; blind snail, (asparagus, asparagus), America: Argentina, blind awlsnail Apiumgraveolens (seledri, Bermuda, Barbadaos, celery) Hawaii, USA Europe: Canary Island, Great Britain, Ireland, 144

Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine Oceania: New Zealand, Australia 10. De rocera sagreste II Fragariavesca(arbei, seedling, America: all L;(=Limaxagrestis =Agriolimax strawberry), sayuran bulb, tuber, Asia:all agrestis =Agrolimax (vegetables), Solanum corm, root, Europe:North Europe, fedschenkoi =Agrolimax tuberosum(kentang, potato), plant Central Europe transcaucasicus coeciger); Daucuscarota(wortel, carrot), (Scandinavia, Russia Agriolimacidae; Field slug, grey Brassicaceae, Trifoliumsp, Oceania: Australia field slug, milky slug Cynarascolymus(Artichoke), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce) 11. Discus rotundatus II Orchidaceae plant, part of America:USA, Canada Muller;(=Helix rotundatus); plant Europe:Southern Discidae;Rotund disc Scandinavia, Northern Scotland to Algeria, Spain, Ireland, Ukraine, Turkey, Denmark, Norway 12. D rymaeus dormani Binney: II Citrusspp.(jeruk, orange) bibit America: all Bulimulidae; Manatee Treesnail 13. Geo malacus maculosus II Betavulgarisvar.saccharifera bibit Europe, Ireland, Spain, Allman;Arionidae; (Bitgula, sugarbeet) Portugal, France Kerry slug, Kerry spotted slug 14. Helix aspersa Muller; (=Cornu II Actinidiachinensis(kiwi, seedling, leaf, Africa:Algeria, Egypt, aspersum =Cantareus asperses Chinesegooseberry), Beta root, stem, Gambia, Lesotho, Lybia, =Cryptomphalus aspersus); vulgaris(bit, beetroot), seed, wood, Mauritius, Morocco, Helicidae; Brassicasp, Citrus, kulit wood, Portugal, Reunion, Brown garden snail, common Capsicum, bulb, tuber, SaintHelena, Seychelles,

145

snail, garden snail Fragariaananassa corm, flower, South Africa, Tunisia, (strawberry), Lactuca fruit Zimbabwe, Spain sativa(selada, lettuce), America:Argentina, Brazil, Lycopersicumesculentum Canada, Chile, Ecuador, (tomat, tomato), Persea FrenchGuiana, Haiti, americana(avokad, avocado), Mexico, Peru, USAUruguay, Phaseolusvulgaris, (common Guadeloupe, Martinique, bean), Pyrus communis(pir, Colombia, Guyana, pear), Ribes nigrum Venezuela. (blackcurrant), Asia:China, Israel, Zeamays(jagung, corn, Lebanon, Philippines, Saudi maize), Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Alliumcepa(bawangbombai, Thailand, Uzbekistan onion), Brassica oleraceae Europe:Albania, Andorra, var. capitata (kubis, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, cabbage), Polyphagous, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, apricot) Canary Island, Denmark, Alcea sp., Allium spp. (onion, Estonia, France, Germany, garlic, leek, etc), Alnus sp. Greece, Gibraltar, Hungary, (alders), Alyssum sp. Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, (alison), Avena sativa (oat), Luxembourg, Malta, Calibrachoa sp., Consolida Moldova, Montenegro, sp., Coriandrum sativum Netherlands, Norway, (coriander), Dahlia sp, Poland, Portugal, Russian Delphiniumsp. (larkspur), Federation, Romania, Dianthus sp (carnation), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Hedera helix (ivy), Hordeum Sweden, Switzerland, UK, vulgare (barley), Poaceae, Ukraine, Yugoslavia Coriandrum Oceania: Fiji, French sativum(ketumbar, cor- Polynesia, New Caledonia, riander) Australia, NewZealand, 146

Humuluslupulus(hop), Iberis Nonfolk Is Heliland, sp. (candytuft), Laburnum Pitcairn Island, Samoa anagyroides (common laburnum), Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea), Lilium sp. (lily), Malus domestica (apple), Medicago lupulina (black medick), Nasturtium (watercress), Opuntia ficus- indica (pricky pear), Penstemon sp., Petunia sp., Pisum sativum (pea), Primula sieboldii, Ranunculus repens (creeping buttercarp), Raphanus sativus (radish), Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Yucca sp., Zinnia sp., Nasturtium officinale(seladaair, watercress), Rosmarinus officinalis(rosemary), Rosa sp., Thymus vulgaris(thyme), Helianthus annuus(bunga matahari, sunflower), Trifolium alexandrium (egyptian clover), Vitis vinifera(anggur, grapevine), strawberry, Citrusspp.(jeruk, orange), Triticum aestivum(gandum, wheat) 15. Helix pomatia L.; Helicidae; II Nicotianatabacum(tembakau, bibit America:Canada Roman snail, edible snail, tobacco), Europe: Denmark, 147

vineyard snail, burgundy snail Vitisvinifera(anggur, Belarus, Latvia, grapevine), Triticum Lithuania, Estonia, aestivum(gandum, wheat), Moldova, Armenia, dansayuran (vegetables) Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbia, Republic of Macedonia, Great Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Norway, Finland, Ukraine, Portugal, Greece 16. Helix rufescens Pennant; II Fragariavesca bibit America: all Helicidae; reddish snail (arbei, strawberry) 17. Lanistes ovum Trosch; II Oryzasativa(padi, paddy) tanaman Africa: Botswana, Congo, (=Lanistes connollyi =Lanistes Chad, Ghana, Cameroon, elator =Lanistes innesi Gambia, Angola, Namibia, =Lanistes procerus); Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, Ampullariidae; freshwater Mozambique, Zimbabwe, snail South Africa 18. Leh mania valentiana Ferussac; II Orchidaceae(anggrek, seedling, Africa: South Africa Limacidae; terrestrial orchid), bulb, tuber, America: USA, Canada, pulmonate gastropod mollusk Solanumtuberosum(kentang, corm, root Chile, Peru, Colombia. potato), sayuran (vegetables) Asia: China, Japan 148

Europe: Andora, Austria, Azores, Balearis Island, Belgium, Britain Island, Canary Island, Corsica, Czech Republic, Danish Mainland, French Mainland, Gibraltar, Hungary, Ireland, Italian Island, Lithuania, Madeira, Malta, Poland, Portuguese, Romania, Russia, Spanish Mainland, Sweden, The Netherland. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 19. Li max cinereoniger Wolf; II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, seed, bulb, Europe: all (=Limax antiquorum); potato), tuber, corm Limacidae; Ash-grey slug, Apiumgraveolens(seledri, black keel-slug celery), Daucuscarota(wortel, carrot), plant hias (anggrek, anthurium, leafy plant) 20. Li max maximus L; (=Limax II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, seed, bulb, America:USA, Hawaii maculatus =Limax cellarius potato), tuber, corm Europe:Italy, Norway =Limax cinereus =Limacella Apiumgraveolens(seledri, Oceania: New Zealand parma =Limax antiquorum); celery), Cucumis Limacidae; sativus(ketimun, cucumber), Giant garden slug, Great slug, Lycopersicumesculentum(tom Tiger slug, Spotted leopard at, tomato), slug Daucuscarota(wortel, carrot), Brassica oleraceavar.capitata(kubis, cabbage), 149

Cucurbitamoschata(labu, pumpkin), planthias (anggrek, anthurium, leafy plant), jamur (mushroom) 21. M arisa cornuarietis L.; II Oryzasativa(padi, paddy). tanaman. Africa: all Ampullariidae; Giant America: USA, Hawaii, ramshorn snail, apple snail Karibia 22. M ilax budapestensis Hazay; II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, seed, bulb, Europe: all Milacidae; budapest slug, potato), Daucuscarota(wortel, tuber, corm keeled slug, subterranean slug carrot), sayuran, rootsayuran, Triticum aestivum(gandum, wheat), rape, poppy, rye, Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Apium graveolens(seledri, celery), Helianthusannuus(bunga matahari, sunflower) 23. M ilax gagategs Draparnaud; II Solanumtuberosum(kentang, seed, bulb, Africa:all (=Limax gagtes =Limax potato), Daucuscarota(wortel, tuber, corm, America: USA fulginosus =Milax antipodarum carrot), Brassicaoleraceavar. seedling, Asia: Japan, Sri Lanka =Limax pectinatus =Milax capitata(kubis, cabbage), root, stem Europe: Britain, hewstoni =Milax emarginata Fragariavesca(arbei, Mediterranean region =Milax tasmanicus =Milax strawberry), Cynara Oceania: New Zealand, nigricolus =Amalia scolimus(Artichoke), Glycine Australia antipodarum var. pallida max (kedelai, soyabean), =Amalia parryi =Amalia Helianthusannuus(bunga babori); Milacidae; Greenhouse matahari, sunflower), slug, Keeled slug (oilseed rape)

24. M ilax sowerbyi Tandonia II Solanum tuberosum seed, bulb, Europe: all sowerbyi; sowerby’s slug, bulb- (kentang, potato), tuber, corm

150

eating slug Apiumgraveolens(seledri, celery), Daucus carota(wortel, carrot) 25. Otala lacteal Muller; Helicidae; II Alliumsativum(bawangputih, seed, bulb, Africa: NorthAfrica Milk snail, Milky snail garlic), tuber, corm America:Bermuda,Argentin Apiumgraveolens(seledri, a, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, celery), Chile, Venezuela, Brassicaoleraceavar.botrytis( DominicanRepublic, kembang kol, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, cauliflower),Brassicaoleracea Uruguay, FrenchGuiana, capitata(kubis,cabbage), USA, Cuba, Jamaica Brassicaoleraceavar.italica(b Europe:Netherlands, Spain rokoli, broccoli), Oceania: Australia Brassicaceae, Citrus, Caricapapaya(pepaya,papay a), Lactuca sativa(selada, lettuce), Pimpinella anisum (anise), lily, yucca, 26. Oxychilus cellarius Muller; II Orchidaceae (Anggrek, stem, root, Africa: North Africa Zonitidae; Cellar glass snail orchid), legumes, fruit America: USA, Canada Cucumissativus(ketimun, Asia:all cucumber), Cucurbita Europe: all moschata (labu, pumpkin), Oceania: New Zealand Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Cucumis melo (melon, melon) 27. O xychilus draparnaudi Beck; II Orchidaceae(Anggrek, stem, root, Europe: all Zonitidae; Dark bodied glass orchid), legumes, fruit snail Cucumissativus(ketimun, cucumber), Cucurbita moschata(labu, pumpkin) 28. Pila globosa (Swainson); II Oryzasativa(padi, paddy), seedling, sisa Asia:Argentina, Bolivia, common freshwater gastropod plantair tanaman Brazil, Colombia, Chile, 151

Venezuela, DominicanRepublic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, FrenchGuiana 29. Theba pisana Muller; (=Helix II Vitis vinifera (anggur, grape), seed, Africa: South Africa, pisana); Helicidae; White Citrusspp.(jeruk, orange), seedling Somaliland garden snail, mediteranean Brassicaoleraceacapitata America: USA, Atlantic sandsnail, sandhill snail, white (kubis, cabbage), Island, Bermuda, Canary snail Lycopersicumesculentum(tom Island at, tomato), legumes Asia: Iran (kacang-kacangan), Europe: Western France, Medicago sativa (alfalfa), England, Wales, Ireland ornamental plant, Triticum Oceania:Australia aestivum (gandum, wheat),Hordeumvulgare(barli ,barley),Daucus carota (wortel, carrot) 30. V aginula hedleyi Simroth; II Nicotianatabacum(tembakau, seed America: all Veronicellidae; Vaginula slugs tobacco), Ipomoeabatatas(ubi jalar, sweetpotato), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne)

IV. NEMATODA (NEMATODES)

152

NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ N GOLONGA INANG/ SCIENTIFIC NAME/ PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL O N/ GROUP HOST SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON PATHWAYS DISTRIBUTION NAME 1. Anguina agrostis (Steinbuch) I: for Agrostis canina(velvet buds, leaf, Africa: South Africa Filipjev; (=Anguillula agrostidis unproces bentgrass), Agrostis seed, America: Canada, USA =A.agrostis =A.phalaridis sed exarata(spike bentgrass), stem/litter, Asia: China, Kyrgyzstan =Anguillulina agrostis commodit Agrostis stolonifera var. root, flower, Europe: Czech, Estonia, =A.phalaridis =Anguina y. Palustris(creeping stolon, soil Finland, Germany, funesta =A.lolii =A.phalaridis II: for bentgrass), Agrostis Ireland, Netherlands, =A.poophila =Tylenchus processed capillaris(colonial Norway, Poland, Russia, agrostidis =T.agrostis commodit bentgrass), Bromus Slovakia, Sweden, =T.phalaridis =T.phlei =Vibrio y erectus(erect brome), Ukraine, UK agrostis =Vibrio phalaridis); Dactylis Oceania:Australia, New Anguinidae; rye grass glomerata(orchardgrass), Zealand. nematode, bentgrass Festuca ovina(sheep fescue), nematode, grass seed eelworm Festuca nigrescens(red fescue), Lolium rigidum(wimmera ryegrass), Phleum pratense(timothy), Phleum boehmeri, Phleum phleoides(boehmer's cat's- tail), Poa alpina(alpine bluegrass), Poa annua(annual bluegrass), Poa pratensis(kentucky bluegrass), Trisetum flavescens(yellow oatgrass)

2. Anguina tritici (Steinbuch) I: for Secale cereale (rye), Triticum buds, Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia 153

Chitwood; (=Anguillula tritici unproces aestivum (gandum, wheat), flower, leaf, America:USA, Brazil, =Anguillulina tritici =Rhabditis sed Triticum dicoccum, Triticum stem, litter, Canada tritici =Tylenchus scandens commodit spelta seed, soil Asia: China, Iran, India, =T.tritici =Vibrio tritici); y. Avena sativa (oat, oats ), Syria, Iraq, Israel, Anguinidae; wheat nematode, II: for Hordeum vulgare (barli, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, wheatgall nematode, eelworm processed barley), Triticum turgidum South Korea, Pakistan, disease, earcockles, bunted commodity Saudi Arabia, Turkey wheat, hard smut, cockle Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, wheat, purples Croatia, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 3. Aphasmatylenchus straturatus I: for Arachys hypogaea (kacang root, pod, Africa: Burkina Faso Germani; Hoplolaimidae; unproces tanah, peanut). soil ground nut chlorosis sed Cajanus cajan (kacang nematode commodit gude, pigeon pea), Glycine y. max (kedelai, soyabean), II: for Vigna cylindrical (kacang processed tunggak, long bean), commodity Voandzeia subterranea(bambara groundnut)

4. Aphelenchoides arachidis I: for Arachys hypogaea (kacang buds, pod, Africa: Nigeria, Cameroon, 154

Bos.; Aphelenchoididae; unproces tanah, peanut) root, seed, Egypt groundnut testa nematode, sed Oryza sativa (padi, paddy, soil peanut testa nematode commodit rice), Pennisetum y. glaucum(pearl millet), II: for Saccharumofficinarum processed (tebu, sugarcane), Sorghum commodity bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 5. Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi I: for Chrysanthemum morifolium seed, leaf, Africa: South Africa, (Schwartz) Steiner & Buhrer; unproces (krisan, chrysanthemum stem, root, Mauritius (=Aphelenchoides ribes sed (florists), Dahlia, Fragaria flower, bulb, America: Brazil, Chile, =Aphelenchus phyllophagus commodit vesca (stroberi, tuber, corm, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, =A.ribes =A.ritzemabosi y. wildstrawberry), Fragaria kormus, USA, Venezuela. =Pathoaphelenchus II: for ananassa (stroberi, stolon, Asia: China, India, Iran, ritzemabosi processed strawberry) growing Japan, Kazakhtans, South =Pseudaphelenchoides commodity Asplenium nidus(bird's nest media, soil Korea, Uzbekistan ritzemabosi =Tylenchus ribes); fern), Bergenia Europe: Bosnia and Aphelenchoididae; bud and spp.(elephant-leaved Herzegovina, Bulgaria, leaf nematode, Chrysant foliar saxifrage), Calceolaria Croatia, Germany, eelworm, leaf wilt nematode of spp.(pouch flower), Hungary,Ireland, Italy, Chrysant, Chrysant foliar Campanula Latvia, Montenegro, nematode, Blackcurrant spp.(campanulas), Macedonia, Netherlands, nematode Campanula Poland, Portugal, Russia, pyramidalis(chimney Spain, Switzerland, Serbia, bellflower), Consolida Slovenia, UK, Ukraine, ambigua(rocket larkspur), Oceania: New Zealand, Fiji Crassula coccinea, Callistephus chinensis(China aster), Geranium spp.(cranesbill), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), 155

Hibiscus rosa – sinensis (kembang sepatu, china- rose), Helleborus niger(christmas rose), Lavandula angustifolia(lavender), Lotus corniculatus, Lupinus spp. (lupine), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Limonium sinuatum (sea pink), Lotus corniculatus (bird's-foot trefoil), Lupinus (lupins), Medicago sativa (lucerne), Mimulus spp.(monkey-flower), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Ocimum basilicum (kemangi, basil), Passiflora quadrangularis(markisa, passionfruit, granadilla), Peperomia sp., Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Philadelphus coronarius (mock orange), Ranunculus (buttercup), Rheum hybridum(rhubarb), Rhododendron spp. (azalea), Rudbeckia spp. (coneflower), Salvia splendens(scarlet sage), Sinningia speciosa(gloxinia), 156

St.paulia spp.(african violet), St.paulia ionantha(african violet), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Solanum nigrum(black nightshade), Verbena spp.(vervain), Viburnum spp., Viola spp. (violet), Ribes nigrum(blackcurrant), Veronica (speedwell), Limonium sinuatum, Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Zinnia elegans(zinnia), Buddleia spp., Eleusine coracana(finger millet),Ribes uva-crispa (gooseberry), Rumex (Dock), Ranunculus spp., Sambucus spp.(elderberry), Senecio spp.(groundsel), Sonchus spp., Veronica spp., Echium spp., Rumex spp., Stellaria media 6. Belonolaimus longicaudatus I: for Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah America: Bahama, Rau; Belonolaimidae; sting unproces tanah, peanut), Brassica berpasir, Bermuda, Costa Rica, nematode sed spp., Cynodon kerikil, root, Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA. commodit dactylon(Bermuda grass), seedling Asia: Pakistan, Saudi y. Citrus sinensis (jeruk Arabia, Turkey II: for manis, navel orange), 157

processed Cucumis melo (melon, commodity melon), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Fragaria spp., (stroberi, strawberry), Gossypium hirsutum(kapas, bourbon cotton), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Poaceae, Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, lady’s finger), Acer spp.(maples), Acer pseudoplatanus(sycamore), Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris(bent grass), Allium cepa (bawang bombay, onion), Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Baccharis halimifolia (groundsel- bush), Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot),Brassica oleracea (cabbages, cauliflowers), Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (bunga kol, cauliflower), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (kubis, cabbage), Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (turnip rape)Capsicum annuum (cabai, hot pepper, chillies, red pepper), Casuarina equisetifolia(casuarina), 158

Chrysanthemum spp.(daisy), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Desmodium tortuosum(florida beggarweed), Digitaria decumbens(pangolagrass), Digitaria sanguinalis(large crabgrass), Diospyros kaki (kesemek, persimmon),Eremochloa ophiuroides(centipedegrass), Festuca arundinacea(reed fescue), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Hordeum vulgare (sorgum, sorghum), Ilex (holly), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Ipomoea purpurea (Tall morning glory), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Liquidambar styraciflua(sweet gum), Lolium multiflorum(italian ryegrass), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato),Mentha spicata (Spear mint), Ocimum basilicum (kemangi, basil), 159

Oxalis (wood sorrels), Paspalum notatum(bahiagrass), Pennisetum glaucum(pearl millet), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Pinus palustris(longleaf pine), Pinus taeda(loblolly pine), Pisum sativum (pea), Pittosporum tobira(Japanese pittosporum), Poaceae (grasses), Pharbitis purpurea, Rumex crispus(curled dock), Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Schinus terebinthifolius(Brazilian pepper tree), Secale cereale (rye), Sesbania exaltata(coffeebean (USA)), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum Sudanense(Sudan grass), Stenotaphrum 160

secundatum(buffalograss), Trifolium spp.(clovers), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), turfgrasses, Ulmus parvifolia(lacebark elm), Vaccinium corymbosum(blueberry), Vigna unguiculata(cowpea), Baccharis halimifolia, Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Vitis rotundifolia(Muscadine grape) 7. Bursaphelenchus cocophilus I: for Cocos nucifera (kelapa , buds, kulit America: Belize, Brazil, (Cobb) Baujard; unproces coconut), Elaeis guineensis wood, Colombia, Costa Rica, (=Aphelenchoides cocophilus sed (kelapa sawit, oilpalm) planlet, Ecuador, El =Aphelenchus cocophilus commodit Phoenix canariensis, stem, leaf, Salvador,Guatemala, =Rhadinaphelenchus y. Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, root, wood, Guyana, Grenada, cocophilus II: for dates-palm), Sabal palmetto soil, Honduras, Mexico, =Chitinoaphelenchus processed seedling Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, cocophilus); Aphelenchoididae; commodity St. Vincent and the red ring nematode Vector: Grenadines, Suriname, Coleoptera, Trinidad and Tobago, Curculionid Venezuela, French Guiana ae: Rhynchopho rus palmarum, R. cruentatus 8. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus I: for Pinus spp. kulit wood, Africa: South Africa (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle; unproces Abies spp., (fir), Cedrus stem, wood, America: Canada, Mexico, (=Aphelenchoides xylophilus sed deodara (deodar cedar), kemasan USA. 161

=Bursaphelenchus lignicolus); commodit Cedrus atlantica, kayu Asia: China, Japan, South Parasitaphelenchidae; pine y. Chamaecyparis Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan wood nematode, pine wilt II: for nootkatensis (alaska cedar), Vector:Coleo Europe: Portugal nematode processed Picea spp. (spruce), ptera, commodity Pseudotsuga menziesii Cerambycid (douglas-fir), Larix spp. ae: (larch) Monochamu s alternatus, M. nitens 9. Cactodera cacti (Filipjev & I: for Schlumbergera truncata root, stem, Africa: Algeria Schuumans Stekhoven) Krall unproces (christmas cactus), soil America: Argentina, & Krall; (=Heterodera cacti); sed Epiphyllum spp., Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Heteroderidae; cactus cyst commodit Epiphyllum ackermannii, Cuba, Mexico, USA, nematode, cactus cyst y. Echinopsis spp., Erysimum Asia: China, India, Israel, eelworm, cactus root eelworm II: for allionii, Ferocactus spp., Japan, South Korea, processed Opuntia microdasys(angel's Uzbekistan, Vietnam, commodity wings), Opuntiastricta(erect Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, prickly pear), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan Saccharumofficinarum Europe: Austria, Belgium, (tebu, sugarcane), famili Czech, Denmark, cactaceae Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraina, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 162

Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia. 10. Ditylenchus africanusWendt I: for Arachis hypogaea (kacang seed, pod, Africa:Mozambieque, et. al.;Anguinidae; thepeanut unproces tanah, peanut) root, bulb, South Africa pod nematode, groundnut pod sed Chenopodium album (fat tuber, corm, Asia: China nematode commodit hen), Datura stramonium fruit y. (jimsonweed), Eleusine II: for indica (goose grass), Glycine processed max (kedelai, soyabean), commodity Gossypium hirsutum (Bourbon cotton), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Lupinus albus (white lupine), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Tagetes minuta (stinking Roger), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea), Xanthium strumarium (common cocklebur), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 11. Ditylenchus destructor Thorne; I: for Allium ascalonicum (bawang pod, bulb, Africa: South Africa 163

Anguinidae; potato rot unproces merah, shallot), Allium tuber, corm, America: Canada, nematode, potato tuber sed sativum (bawang putih, rimpang, Ecuador, Haiti, Mexico, nematode, potato eelworm commodit garlic), Arachys hypogaea stem, Peru, USA y. (kacang tanah, peanut), stolon, Asia: Azerbaijan, China, II: for Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), kormus, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, processed Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), root, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, commodity Chrysanthemum spp. planlet, soil Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, (krisan, chrysant), Citrus Tajikistan, Turkey, sinensis (jeruk manis, navel Uzbekistan, orange), Capsicum annuum Europe: Albania, Austria, (paprika, bell-pepper), Belarusia, Belgium, Cucumis sativus Netherlands, Bulgaria, (mentimun, cucumber), Czech, Estonia, Finland, Cucurbita maxima (waluh, France, Germany, Greece, labu parang, pumpkin), Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Daucus carota (wortel, Latvia, Lithuania, carrot),Dahlia hybrids, Luxembourg, Moldova, Fragaria ananassa Norway, Poland, Rumania, (stroberi, strawberry), Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Gladiolus hybrids(sword Sweden, Switzerland, lily), Glycine max (kedelai, Ukraine, UK soyabean), Humulus lupulus Oceania: Australia, New (hops), Irish spp., Ipomoea Zealand batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Mentha spp. (mentol, mint), Panax schinseng (ginseng), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Trifolium spp., 164

Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Tulipa spp., Zea mays (jagung, corn) 12. Ditylenchus dipsaci (Khun.) I: for Allium ascalonicum (bawang bulb, tuber, Africa: Algeria, Kenya, Filipjev; (=Aguillulina dipsaci unproces merah, shallot), Allium corm, fruit, Morocco, Nigeria, Réunion, =A. Dipsaci var. tobaensis sed sativum (bawang putih, flower, leaf, South Africa, Tunisia. =Tylenchus dipsaci =T. commodit garlic), Allium cepa (bawang seedling, America: Argentina, devastator =T. devastatrix = y. bombay, onion), Allium stem, seed, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Anguillula dipsaci =A. secalis = II: for fistulosum (bawang leaf, stolon, soil Chile, Colombia, Costa A. devastatrix= Ditylenchus processed welch onion), Allium porrum Rica, Dominican Republic, allocotus =D. amsinckiae = D. commodit (bawang leaf, leek), Avena Ecuador, Haiti, Mexico, fragariae = D. sochophila = D. y sativa (oat, oats), Begonia, Paraguay, Peru, USA trifolii =D. dipsaci var. Beta vulgaris var. (Hawaii), Uruguay, Communis =Tylenchus saccharifera (bit gula, Venezuela. putrefaciens =T. havensteinii = sugarbeet), Cannabis Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, T. hyacinthi =T. Allii; sativa(hemp), Fragaria China, Georgia (Republic), Anguinidae; nematoda ananassa (stroberi, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, umbi/brown ring disease of strawberry), Gladiolus Jordan, Kazakhstan, hyacinth, stem and bulb hybrids (sword lily), South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, nematode, onion bloat, bulb Hyacinthus orientalis Oman, Pakistan, Syria, eelworm, ring disease of bulbs (hyacinth), Medicago sativa Turkey, Uzbekistan, (alfalfa, lucerne), Narcissus Yemen (daffodil), Narcissus Europe: Europe (as a pseudonarcissus, Nicotiana whole), Albania, Austria, tabacum (tembakau, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia tobacco), Phlox drummondii and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, (phlox), Phlox paniculata Croatia, Cyprus, Czech (garden phlox), Pisum Republic, Denmark, sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Estonia, Finland, France, Secale cereale (gandum, Germany, Greece, Hungary, rye), Trifolium pratense Iceland, Ireland, Italy, (purple clover), Trifolium Latvia, Lithuania, 165

repens (white clover), Macedonia, Malta, Solanum tuberosum Moldova, Netherlands, (kentang, potato), Tulipa Norway, Poland, Portugal, spp., Vicia faba (broad Romania, Russia (Central bean), Zea mays (jagung, Russia, Russian Far East, corn). Siberia, Southern Russia, Allium cepa var. aggregatum Western Siberia), Slovakia, (bawang merah, shallot), Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Apium graveolens (seledri, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK celery), Abrosia spp., Avena (England and Wales, spp., Agropiron spp., Scotland), Serbia, Slovenia, Brassica napus var. napus Croatia, Montenegro, (rape), Bergenia, Brassica Macedonia. rapa subsp. rapa (turnip), Oceania: Australia, New Carduus acanthoides Zealand. (welted thistle), Crocus sativus (kuma-kuma, safron, saffron), Cucurbitae, Chenopodium murale (nettleleaf goosefoot), Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle), Convolvulus arvensis (bindweed), Chrysanthemun spp., Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle), Dianthus caryophyllus (anyelir, carnation),Erigeron spp.,Iris spp., Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweetpotato), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), 166

Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Delpinium spp., Hydrangea (hydrangeas), Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris (lentil, lentil), Onobrychis vicifolia (sainfoin), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Phaseolus coccineus (runner bean), Triticum (gandum, wheat), Orchidaceae (anggrek, orchids), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Lactucasativa (selada, lettuce), Lepidium spp., Tagetes spp., Trifolium spp., Plantago spp., Hyacinthes spp., Hieracium pilosella (mouse-ear hawkweed), Lamium album (white deadnettle), Lamium amplexicaule (henbit deadnettle), Lamium purpureum (purple deadnettel), Myriophyllum verticillatum (whorled watermilfoil), Nerine sarniensis (guernsey lily), Ranunculus arvensis (Corn buttercup), Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), Stellaria media (common 167

chickweed), Taraxacum officinale complex (dandelion) 13. Globodera tabacum I: for Nicotiana tabacum root, bulb, Africa: Madagascar, (Lownsbery & Lownsbery) unproces (tembakau, tobacco), tuber, corm, Morocco Skarbilovich; (=Globodera sed Nicotiana rustica (wild soil America: Argentina, tabacum =Heterodera commodit tobacco), Lycopersicum Canada, Colombia, tabacum); Heteroderidae; y. esculentum (tomat, tomato) Mexico, USA. tobaco cyst nematode II: for Solanum melongena (terung, Asia: China, Japan, South processed eggplant), Solanum Korea, Pakistan, commodit nigrum(black nightshade), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, y Solanum gilo(gilo), Solanum Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, indicum, Solanum Uzbekistan mauritianum(tree tobacco), Europe:Bulgaria, Spain, Solanum Armenia, Azerbaijan, quitoense(Narangillo), Belarus, Estonis, Georgia, Solanum tuberosum Latvia, Lithuania, (kentang, potato) Moldova, Ukraine, France, Greece, Italy, Rusia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia 14. Hemicycliophora arenaria I: for Citrus limonia (mandarin root, America: Argentina, Raski; Criconematidae; sheath unproces lime), Citrus aurantiifolia seedling, Brazil, USA. nematode sed (jeruk nipis, lime), Citrus soil Oceania: Australian commodit reticulate (jeruk mandarin, y. mandarin), Lycopersicum II: for esculentum (tomat, tomato), processed Cucurbita maxima (waluh, commodit labu parang, pumpkin) y Apium graveolens (selederi, celery), Citrus limettioides 168

(palestine sweet lime), Citrus macrophylla(alemow), Citrus Taiwanica(nanshodaidai), Capsicum annuum (cabai, hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Capsicum frustecens (chili), Libocedrus Chilensis(Chilean cedar), Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea),Vigna cylindrical (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 15. Heterodera avenae I: for Avena sativa (oat, oats), seedling, Africa: Algeria, Libya, Wollenweber; (=Bidera avenae unproces Hordeum vulgare (barli, root, soil Morocco, South Africa, =B.ustinovi =Heterodera major sed barley), Secale cereale (rye), Tunisia =H. schachtii maior commodit Triticale spp., Triticum America: Canada, Peru, =H.schachtii var. avenae =H. y. aestivum (gandum, wheat) USA ustinovi); Heteroderidae; oat II: for Poaceae(grasses), Zea mays Asia: China, India, Iran, cyst nematode, cereal cyst processed (jagung, corn) Israel, Japan, Kazakstan, nematode, cereal cyst commodit Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, eelworm, oat root eelworm y Turkey Europe: Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,Czech, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Malta, 169

Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Ukraine, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 16. Heterodera carotae Jones; I: for Daucus carota (wortel, bulb, tuber, America: USA Heteroderidae; carrot cyst unproces carrot), Olea europaea corm, root, Europe:Armenia, nematode, carrot cyst sed subsp. europaea (olive) soil Azerbaijan, Belarus, eelworm, carrot root eelworm commodit Estonia, France, Germany, y. Georgia, Poland, Portugal, II: for Italy, Lithuania, Moldova, processed Russia, Tajikistan, commodit Turkmenistan, Latvia, UK, y Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Switzerland 17. Heterodera cruciferae I: for Brassica napus var. root, soil Asia: Pakistan. Franklin; Heteroderidae; unproces napobrassica (swede), Europe: All crucifer cyst nematode sed Brassica napus var. napus Oceania: Australia commodit (rape), Cruciferae, y. Raphanus sativus (lobak, II: for radish) processed Brassica oleracea var. commodit botrytis (bunga kol, y cauliflower), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (kubis, cabbage)

18. Heterodera goettingiana I: for Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet seedling, Africa: Algeria 170

Liebscher; (= Heterodera unproces pea), Vicia faba(kacang root, soil America: USA. göttingiana); Heteroderidae; sed babi, broadbean) Asia: China, Israel, Iran, pea cyst nematode, pea cyst commodit Cicer arietinum(kacang Jordan, Japan, Turkey, eelworm, pea root eelworm y. arab, chickpea), Glycine Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, II: for max (kedelai, soyabean), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, processed Lathyrus cicera (flat-podded Uzbekistan commodit vetchling), Lathyrus Europe: Belgium, y odoratus (sweet Bulgaria, Belarus, Latvia, pea),Lathyrus sativus Lithuania, Estonia, (grasspea), Lens esculentum Moldova, Armenia, (lentil, lentil), Lens culinaris Azerbaijan, Georgia, subsp. culinaris (lentil), Ukraine, Russia, France, Lupinus albus (white Germany, Italy, Malta, lupine), Lupinus luteus Poland, Portugal, Spain, (yellow lupin), Medicago UK sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Vicia (vetch), Vicia benghalensis (purple vetch), Vicia calcarata, Vicia cracca (Tufted vetch), Vicia ervilia (Bitter vetch) 19. Heterodera oryzicola Rao & I: for Oryza sativa (padi, rice, root, Africa: Ivory Coast Jayaprakash; Heteroderidae; unproces paddy) bonggol, Asia: India. rice cyst nematoda, paddy sed Brachiara decumbens(signal seedling, cyst nematode commodit grass), Urochloa decumbens soil y. (signal grass), Musa II: for paradisiaca(pisang, processed plantain), Cynodon commodit dactylon(bermuda grass) y

20. Heterodera sacchari Luc.& I: for Oryza sativa (padi, rice, root, soil Africa: Benin, Burkina 171

Merny.; Heteroderidae; unproces paddy), Zea mays (jagung, Faso, Chad, Congo, Ivory sugarcane cyst nematode sed corn), Coast, Gambia, Ghana, commodit Saccharumofficinarum Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal. y. (tebu, sugarcane), Nicotiana Asia: India, Pakistan, II: for tabacum (tembakau, Thailand processed tobacco) commodit Axonopus compressus y (carpet grass), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Echinochloa colona (junglerice), Eleusine indica (goose grass), Psapalum conjugatum (sour paspalum), Saccharumspontaneum (wild sugarcane), Urochloa brizantha (palisadegrass) 21. Heterodera schachtii Schmidt; I: for Alliaria petiolata (garlic root, Africa: Algeria, Cape (=Heterobolbus schachtii unproces mustard), Alyssum seedling, Verde, Gambia, Libya, =Heterodera schachtii sed argentium, Amaranthus stem, bulb, Morocco, Senegal, South minor=Tylenchus schachtii); commodit spp., Apium dulce, Arabis tuber, corm, Africa, Tunisia, Heteroderidae; sugarbeet y. spp., Armoracia soil America: Chile, Canada, nematode, beet cyst eelworm II: for rusticana(horseradish), Mexico, Peru, USA, processed Atriplex spp., Aubrieta Uruguay commodit spp.(rainbow rock-cress), Asia: Azerbaijan, China, y Aubrieta columnae, Alyssum Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, argentium, Beta spp., Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Brassica spp., Dianthus Pakistan, Syria, Turkey spp., Europe: Albania, Austria, Gypsophila acutifolia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Gypsophila elegans(baby's Croatia, Czech Republic, breath), Phaseolus vulgaris Denmark, Estonia, (buncis, common bean), Hungary, Finland, Serbia, 172

Phytolacca acinosa, Pisum Slovenia, Bosnia and sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Herzegovina, Ireland, Italy, Polygonum spp., Polygonum Latvia, Moldova convolvulus(black Montenegro, Macedonia, bindweed), Portulaca France, Germany, Greece, oleracea (purslane), Oryza Netherlands, Poland, sativa (padi, rice, paddy), Portugal, Rumania, Thlaspi arvense, Raphanus Russia, Spain, Sweden, maritimus, Raphanus Switzerland, Ukraine, UK raphanistrum(wild radish), Oceania: Australia, New Raphanus sativus (lobak, Zealand radish), Rheum hybridum(rhubarb), Rorippa amphibia(great yellowcress), Rorippa islandica(yellow marshcress), Rumex spp., Saponaria ocymoides(rock soapwort), Saponaria officinalis(soapwort), Sesbania macrocarpa, Sesbania exaltata(coffeebean (USA)), Silene armeria(garden catchfly), Silene maritima, Silene nutans(nottingham catchfly (UK)), Silene quadrifida, Silene saxifraga, Sinapis arvensis, Sinapis eruca, Sisymbrium austriacum, Sisymbrium spp., Solanum sarrachoides(green 173

nightshade (UK)), Spinacia glabra, Spinacia oleracea(spinach),Tetragoni a tetragonioides(New Zealand spinach), Thlaspi arvense (field pennycress), Tropaeolum perigrinum, Vaccaria hispanica(bladder soapwort), Vicia benghalensis(purple vetch), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Vigna catjang Chenopodium (goosefoot), Stellaria media (common chickweed) 22. Heterodera trifolii Goffart; I: for Dianthus caryophyllus root, bulb, Africa: Tunisia Heteroderidae; clover cyst unproces (anyelir, carnation) tuber, corm, America: Canada, USA, nematode, clover cyst eelworm sed Poaceae (grasses), Beta soil Argentina, Chile, Colombia commodit vulgaris var. saccharifera Asia: India, Iran, Israel, y. (bit gula, sugar beet), Japan, Kazakhstan, II: for Solanum tuberosum Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, processed (kentang, potato), Trifolium Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan commodit spp. (clovers), Trifolium Europe: Belgium, y pratense(purple clover), Bulgaria, Denmark, Trifolium repens(white Armenia, Azerbaijan, clover), Leguminosae Belarus, Estonis, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, 174

Ukraine, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 23. Heterodera vigni Edward & I: for Vigna sinensis (kacang root, soil Africa: Egypt. Mura; (=Heterodera cajani); unproces panjang, cowpea), Cajanus Asia: India, Pakistan Heteroderidae; pigeonpea cyst sed cajan (kacang gude, pigeon nematode, cowpea cyst commodit pea), Cyamopsis nematode y. tetragonoloba(guar bean), II: for Lablab purpureus(banner processed bean), Vigna aconitifolia(mat commodit Bean), Vigna radiata y (kacang hijau, mungbean), Vigna mungo, Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Sesamum indicum (wijen, sesame), Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean) Crotalaria juncea(cascavelle), Sesbania cannabina(sesbania) 24. Heterodera zeae Koshy, I: for Zea mays (jagung, corn) root, Africa: Egypt Swarup & Sethi; unproces Avena sativa (oat, oats), seedling, America: USA Heteroderidae; corn/maize sed Hordeum vulgare (barli, soil Asia:Afghanistan, India, cyst nematode commodit barley), Oryza sativa (padi, Pakistan, Nepal, Thailand y. rice, paddy), Setaria Europe: Greece, Portugal II: for italyca(foxtail millet), processed Sorghum Sudanense(Sudan commodit grass), Sorghum bicolor y (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum 175

aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea mays subsp. mexicana (teosinte), Poaceae 25. Hirschmanniella miticausa I: for Colocasia esculenta (talas, bulb, tuber, Oceania: Papua New Bridge Mortimer & Jackson; unproces taro) corm, Guinea, Solomon Islands Pratylenchidae; miti miti sed seedling, disease commodit root, soil y. II: for processed commodit y 26. Hirschmanniella spinicaudata I: for Oryza sativa (padi, rice, bulb, tuber, Africa: Benin, Burkina (Schuurmans Steekhoven) Luc unproces paddy), corm, Faso, Cameroon, Congo, & Goodey; (=Hirschmannia sed Saccharumofficinarum seedling, Ivory Coast, Gambia, spinicaudata =Radopholus commodit (tebu, sugarcane) planlet, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, lavabri =Tylenchorhynchus y. Fimbristylis dichotoma(tall root, soil South Africa, Togo, spinicaudatus); II: for fringe rush), Cyperaceae Zambia Pratylenchidae; rice root tip processed (sedges), Oryza America: Brazil, Costa nematode, root lesion commodit longistaminata (perennial Rica, Cuba, USA, nematode y wild rice), Poaceae (grasses), Venezuela Juncus(rushes), Asia: China, Pakistan Typha(reedmace)

27. Hoplolaimus columbus Sher.; I: for Cyperus esculentus(yellow root, soil. Africa: Egypt (=Hoplolaimus colombuson unproces nutsedge), Glycine max America: USA, Trinidad =Basirolaimus colombus); sed (kedelai, soyabean), and Tobago. Hoplolaimidae; commodit Gossypium barbadens Asia: India, Pakistan Coltuber/Columbia lance y. (kapas, cotton), nematode II: for Saccharumofficinarum processed (tebu, sugarcane), Sorghum 176

commodit bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), y Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 28. Hoplolaimus galeatus (Cobb) I: for Diospyros kaki (kesemek, root, soil America: USA, Canada Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekh; unproces persimmon) Asia: Pakistan Hoplolaimidae: lance sed Arachis hypogea (kacang nematode commodit tanah, peanut), y. Brassica oleraceae var. II: for capitata (kubis, cabbage), processed Bambusa (bambu, bamboo), commodit Borrichia frutescens (sea- y oxeye), Citrus sinensis (jeruk manis, navel orange), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass), Poaceae (grasses), Musa (pisang, banana), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Sansevieria trifasciata (snake plant), Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalograss), Trifolium spp. (clovers), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 29. Hoplolaimus indicus Sher.; I: for Oryza sativa (padi, rice, root, bulb, Asia: Bangladesh, China, (=Basirolaimus arachidis unproces paddy) tuber, corm, India, Iran, Pakistan. =Basirolaimus indicus sed Abelmoschus moschatus soil =Hoplolaimus arachidis); commodit (okra, lady’s finger), 177

Hoplolaimidae; lance y. Arachys hypogaea (kacang nematode II: for tanah, peanut), Basella processed spp., Brassica oleracea commodit botrytis (bunga kol, y cauliflower), Brassica oleracea capitata (kubis, cabbage), Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, pigeon pea), Chrysanthemum spp. (krisan, chrysant ), Citrus jambhiri(rough lemon), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(guar bean), Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell-pepper), Capsicum annuum (cabai rawit, hot pepper, chilies, red pepper), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Eleusine coracana(finger millet), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, Sweet potato), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Pennisetum glaucum(pearl millet), Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, mungbean), Vigna mungo(black gram), Pisum 178

sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Poncirus trifoliata(hardy orange), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Psidium spp., (guava)Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Trifolium alexandrinum(egyptian clover), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Senna siamea(siamese cassia), Pinus roxburghii, Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane) 30. Hoplolaimus pararobustus I: for Musa spp. (pisang, banana) root, Africa: Angola, Burkina (Schuurmans stekhoven & unproces Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), bonggol, Faso, Cameroon, Congo, Teunissen) Sher. In Coomans; sed Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), soil. Egypt, Gambia, Guinea, (=Gottholdsteineria commodit Psidium guajava (jambu Ivory Coast, Kenya, pararobusta =Hoplolaimus y. seed, guava), Madagascar, Malawi, angustulatus =H.capensis II: for Saccharumofficinarum Mozambique, Niger, =H.casparus =H. kittenbergeri processed (tebu, sugarcane), Elaeis Nigeria, Réunion, Sao =H.pararobustus =Rotylenchus commodit guineensis (kelapa sawit, Tome & Principe, Senegal, pararobustus y oilpalm), Gossypium South Africa, Tanzania, =Tylenchorhynchus hirsutum, Mangifera indica Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe 179

pararobustus); Hoplolaimidae; (mangga, mango), Carica America: Dominica, lance nematode papaya (pepaya, papaya, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. pawpaw), Oryza sativa Vincent and the (padi, rice, paddy), Grenadines. Dioscorea spp., Ananas Asia: China, Pakistan, Sri comosus (nenas, pineapple), Lanka Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Citrus, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Eleusine coracana, kakao, Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) 31. Longidorus attenuatus Hooper; I: for Hordeum vulgare (barli, root, bulb, Africa: Nigeria Longidoridae; needle unproces barley), Brassica sp. (kubis, tuber, corm, Europe:Russia, Bulgaria, nematode sed cabbage), Trifolium sp. stolon, soil France, Italy, Germany, commodit (cengkeh, clover), Fragaria Poland, Spain, UK y. ananassa (strawberry), sebagai II: for Fragaria vesca (stroberi, Vector:Toma processed wildstrawberry), Beta to black ring commodit vulgaris var saccharifera (bit virus y gula, sugar beetroot), Triticum sp. (gandum, wheat), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Cucurbita sp. (labu, pumpkin), Vitis sp. (anggur, grape) 32. Lon gidorus caespiticola I: for Fragaria vesca (stroberi, root, stolon, Europe: Western Europe Hooper; Longidoridae; needle unproces wildstrawberry), Rosa spp. soil 180

nematode sed (mawar, rose) commodit sebagai y. Vector:Rasp II: for berry processed ringspot commodit virus, y Cherry leaf roll virus 33. Longidorus elongatus (de Man) I: for Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), root, stolon, Africa: South Africa Thorne & Swanger; unproces Daucus carota (wortel, bulb, tuber, America: Canada, USA (=Dorylaimus elongatus sed carrot), Fragaria ananassa corm, pod, Asia: Georgia, India, =Dorylaimus tenuis commodit (stroberi, strawberry), soil Kazakhtan, Pakistan, =Longidorus menthasolanus y. Fragaria vesca (stroberi, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, =Longidorus monohystera II: for wildstrawberry), Lolium sebagai Vietnam =Trichodorus elongatus); processed perenne(perennial ryegrass), Vector: Europe:Austria, Belgium, Longidoridae; needle commodit Mentha piperita Raspberry Netherlands, Bulgaria, nematode, tomato black ring y (peppermint) ringspot Czech, Denmark, Estonia, eelworm Allium spp., Apium virus, Finland, France, Germany, graveolens (seledri, celery), Tomato Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Avena sativa (oat, oats), black ring Italy, Latvia, Moldova, Brassica oleracea var. virus Norway, Poland, Portugal, Gemmifera(Brussels Rumania, Russia, sprouts), Brassica oleracea Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, capitata (kubis, cabbage), Switzerland, Ukraine, UK Ficus carica(fig), Hordeum Oceania:New Zealand. vulgare (barli, barley), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Ribes nigrum(blackcurrant), Ribes 181

rubrum(red currant), Trifolium pratense(purple clover), Urtica dioica(stinging nettle), Vitis vinifera(anggur, grapevine), Arachys hypogaea (kacang tanah, peanut), Brassica rapa subspec. rapa (turnip, turnip), Polygonum convolvulus(black bindweed), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Ranunculus acris, Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Rubus idaeus(raspberry), Capsella burs-pastoris (shepherd's purse), Dactylis glomerata (orchardgrass), Lolium multiforum (Italian ryegrass), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass), Stellaria media(common chickweed) 34. Longidorus leptocephalus I: for Cerealia, Daucus carota root, bulb, Europe:Denmark, Hooper; Longidoridae; needle unproces (wortel, carrot), Solanum tuber, corm, Germany, Ireland, Norway, nematode sed tuberosum (kentang, soil Sweden, Netherlands, UK, commodit potato), grass, Tagetes spp. Slovenia, Slovakia, y. (marigold), Rosa sp. sebagai Scotland, England, II: for (mawar, rose), Beta vulgaris Vector: Russia, Poland processed (bit gula, sugarbeet), Tulipa Raspberry commodit sp. (Tulip), Brassica rapa ringspot 182

y (turnip), Malus domestica virus, (apel, apple), Prunus avium Cherry leaf (ceri, cherry), Prunus roll virus domestica (prem, plum) 35. Longidorus macrosoma I: for Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), root, stolon, Europe: all Hooper; Longidoridae; needle unproces Fragaria vesca (stroberi, soil nematode sed wildstrawberry), Vitis sebagai commodit vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Vector: y. Prunus avium (ceri, cherry) Rasberry II: for ringspot processed virus commodit y 36. Meloidogyne acronea Coetzee; I: for Gossypium barbadens root, pod, Africa: Malawi, South (=Hypsoperine (Hypsoperine) unproces (kapas, cotton), Gossypium bulb, tuber, Africa. acronea =Hypsoperine sed hirsutum (Bourbon cotton) corm, acronea); Meloidogynidae; commodit Arachys hypogaea (kacang seedling, African cotton root nematode y. tanah, peanut), Cajanus soil II: for cajan (kacang gude, pigeon processed pea), Cassia spp., Chloris commodit gayana(rhodes grass), y Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(guar), Croton tiglium(purging croton), Eleusine coracana(finger millet), Eragrostis spp.(lovegrasses), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Hibiscus sabdariffa(jamaica sorrel), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), 183

Pennisetum glaucum(pearl millet), Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) 37. Meloi dogyne brevicauda Loos; I: for Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), root, bulb, Asia: Azerbaijan, India, Meloidogynidae; Indian unproces Crocus sativus(kuma-kuma, tuber, corm, Srilanka. rootknot nematode, tea sed safron, saffron) planlet, rootknot nematode commodit seedling, y. soil II: for processed commodit y 38. Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden II Daucus carota (wortel, root, bulb, Africa: South Africa O’ Bannon, Santo & Finley; carrot), Lycopersicum tuber, corm, America: Argentina, Meloidogynidae; Columbia esculentum (tomat, tomato), seedling, Mexico, USA. root-knot nematode Medicago sativa (alfalfa, soil Asia: Turkey lucene), Solanum tuberosum Europe: Belgium, (kentang, potato) Germany, Netherland, Vigna spp. (buncis, France, Italy, Portugal cowpea), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Scorzonera hispanica(oyster plant), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Avena sativa (oat, oats), Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (bit gula, 184

sugarbeet), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Poaceae, Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat) 39. Meloidogyne coffeicola Lordello I: for Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) root, soil America: Brazil & Zamith; Meloidogynidae; unproces Eupatorium (Asteraceae) coffeerootknot nematode sed commodit y. II: for processed commodit y

40. Meloidogyne decalineata I: for Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) root, soil Africa: Tanzania, Sao Whitehead; Meloidogynidae; unproces Tome & Principe. African coffee rootknot sed nematode commodit y. II: for processed commodit y 41. Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi; II Allium ascalonicum (bawang bulb, tuber, America: Bolivia, Brazil, (=Heterodera exigua); merah, shallot), Allium cepa corm, Chile, Colombia, Costa Meloidogynidae; coffee (bawang bombay, onion), bonggol, Rica, Dominica, El rootknot nematode, Brazilian Bidens pilosa(blackjack), root, soil Salvador, French Guiana, pyroid coffee nematode, root- Citrus aurantium (jeruk Guatemala, Guadeloupe, knot nematode nipis, lime), Citrullus Guyana, Honduras, vulgaris (semangka, Martini, Nicaragua, Puerto watermelon), Capsicum Rico, Peru, Suriname, annuum (paprika, bell- Trinidad, Venezuela. 185

pepper), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cyphomandra betacea(tree tomato), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Musa spp. (pisang, banana), Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Pilea spp., Poncirus trifoliata(trifoliate orange), Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum nigrum(black nightshade), Stachys arvensis(staggerweed), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Ipomoea acuminata.

42. Meloidogyne fallax Karssen; I: for Daucus carota subsp. seedling, America: USA (=Meloidogyne chitwoodi unproces sativus (wortel, carrot), root, soil Eropa: Belgium, France, (Baexem) B Type (van sed Scorzonera hispanica (oyster Germany, Switzerland, Maggelen et al 1994); commodit plant), Solanum Netherlands Meloidogynidae; false y. tuberosum(Kentang, potato) Oceania: Australia, New Colombia root-knot nematode II: for Arachis hypogea (peanut) Zealand processed Asparagus officinalis commodit (asparagus), Beta y vulgaris(beetroot), Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (bit gula, beet, sugarbeet), Chenopodium album (lambsquarters), Cynara scolynus, Cynara 186

cardunculus var. scolymus (globeartichoke), Dahlia spp. (dahlia), Fragaria sp., Fragaria ananassa (stroberi, strawberry), Hemerocallis sp. (daylily), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce),Lamprocapnos spectabilis (bleeding heart), Lolium sp., Lolium perenne subsp. multiforum (ryegrass, Italian ryegrass), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Oenothera biennis, O. glazioviana (primrose), Phacelia tenacetifolia (lacy phacelia), Sinapsis alba (mustard), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Triticum sp., T. aestivum, T. durum (gandum, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, corn), 43. Meloidogyne minor Karssen et I: for Lycopersicon esculentum root, bulb, America: USA al.; unproces (tomat, tomato), Solanum tuber, corm, Europe: Belgium, Ireland, Meloidogynidae sed tuberosum (kentang, potato) soil Netherlands, UK commodit Agrostis stolonifer (creeping y. bentgrass) II: for processed commodit y 187

44. Meloidogyne naasi Franklinl; II Hordeum vulgare (barli, root, bulb, America: USA Meloidogynidae; rootknot barley), Trifolium tuber, corm, Europe: France, Hungary, nematode repens(white clover), soil UK Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Beta vulgaris var. sacchraifera (bit gula, sugar beetroot), cerealea, Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean) Turfgrasses 45. Meloidogyne oteifae Elm iligy; I: for Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), root, soil Africa: Angola, DR Congo Meloidogynidae; rootknot unproces Peuraria spp. nematode sed commodit y. II: for processed commodit y 46. Nacobbus aberrans (Thome) I: for Solanum tuberosum bulb, tuber, Africa: Egypt Thorne & Allen; (=Nacobbus unproces (kentang, potato), corm, root, America: Argentina, batatiformis =N.serendipiticus sed Lycopersicum esculentum seedling, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, bolivianus =Pratylenchus commodit (tomat, tomato), Beta soil Mexico, Peru, USA aberrans =Nacobbus y. vulgaris var. sacchraifera Europe: Italy, serendipiticus =Anguillulina II: for (bit gula, sugar beetroot), Netherlands, Russia, UK aberrans); Pratylenchidae; processed Brassica napus var. false rootknot nematode, commodit napobrassica (swede), potato rosery nematode y Brassica nigra (black mustard), Brassica oleracea (kubis, flower kol, cabbages, cauliflowers), Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera 188

(Brussels sprouts), Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes (kohlrabi), Brassica oleracea var. italica (brokoli, broccoli), Brassica oleracea var. viridis (collards), Brassica rapa subsp. Pekinensis (petsai), Amaranthus hybridus (bayam, spinach), Atriplex confertifolia(shadscale saltbush), Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Chenopodium album(fat hen), Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell-pepper), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cucurbita maxima(giant pumpkin), Cucurbita pepo (labu kuning, zucchini), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Gaillardia spp., Kochia spp., Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Opuntia spp.(pricklypear), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Sisymbrium irio(london rocket), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant), Spergula arvensis(corn spurry), 189

Spinacia oleracea(spinach), Tribulus terrestris(puncture vine), Tragopogon porrifolius(oysterplant), Solanum nigrum(black nightshade), Ullucus tuberosus(ulluco) 47. Paratrichodorus porosus I: for Allium cepa (bawang seedling, Africa: South Africa (Allen) Siddiqi; unproces bombay, onion), Brassica bulb, tuber, America: USA, Brazil, (=Trichodorus porosus=T. sed oleracea var. capitata corm, Chile, Costa Rica Bucrius =Paratrichodorus commodit (kubis, cabbage), Brassica bonggol, Asia: China, India, Iran, (Atlantadorus) y. rapa subsp. chinensis root, soil Japan, South Korea, porosus=Atlantadorus II: for (kubis, Chinese cabbage), Srilanka, Uzbekistan, porosus); Trichodoridae processed Camellia, Camellia sinensis sebagai Vietnam commodit (teh, tea), Citrus jambhiri Vector: Europe: Italy,Portugal, y (rough lemon), Citrus limon Tobravirus Russia (jeruk lemon, lemon), Citrus Oceania: Australia, Papua reticulata (jeruk mandarin, New Guinea mandarin), Citrus sinensis (jeruk manis, navel orange), Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit), Dioscorea (yam), Dioscorea batatas (Chinese yam), Juglans regia (walnut), Lycopersicon peruvianum, Musa (pisang, banana), Musa x paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus persica (peach), Pyrus communis (European pear), Rubus 190

loganobaccus (loganberry), Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Tagetes erecta (African marigold), Tagetes patula (French marigold), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zea mays (jagung, corn) Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, okra), Allium sativum (bawang putih, garlic), Bambusa vulgaris (bambu, common bamboo), Cucurbita maxima (giant pumpkin), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tree), Ficus carica (fig), Gardenia, Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Lagerstroemia indica (indian crape myrtle), Lupinus (lupins), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Morus alba (mora), Olea europaea subsp. europaea (zaitun, olive), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Poncirus trifoliata (Trifoliate orange), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb 191

cherry), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Rhododendron (Azalea), Rosa (mawar, roses), Acer palmatum (Japanese maple), Aphananthe aspera (muku), Aucuba japonica (Japanese aucuba), Bambusa tuldoides (punting-pole bamboo), Butia(jelly palm), Callicarpa japonica(Japanese callicarpa), Carpinus tschonoskii, Castanea crenata (Japanese chestnut), Castanopsis cuspidata (chinkapin), Casuarina (beefwood), Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarina), Celtis sinensis (Chinese elm), Cercidiphyllum japonicum (katsura), Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel), Cleyera japonica, Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar), Daphniphyllum macropodum, Fatsia japonica (Japanese aralia), Ginkgo biloba (kew tree), Idesia polycarpa (idesia), 192

Ilex crenata (Japanese holly), Ilex integra (mochi), Ilex rotunda (kurogane holly), Juniperus (junipers), Magnolia hypoleuca (Japanese big-leaved magnolia), Musa acuminata (wild banana), Neolitsea sericea, Pinopsida (conifers), Pinus densiflora (Japanese umbrella pine), Pinus pseudostrobus var. pseudostrobus, Pinus thunbergii (Japanese black pine), Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum), Pyrus amygdaliformis, Quercus acutissima (sawtooth oak), Quercus glandulifera (Glandbearing oak), Quercus salicina, Rhododendron indicum (Satsuki azalea), Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew), Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Viburnum odoratissimum 48. Pratylenchus goodeyi Sher & I: for Musa spp. (pisang, banana), bulb, tuber, Africa: Burundi, Allen; (=Anguillulina musicola unproces Musa xparadisiaca (pisang corm, Cameroon, Canary Island, =Tylenchus musicola); sed kepok, plantain) bonggol, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Pratylenchidae; banana lesion commodit Zea mays (jagung, corn), seedling, Rwanda, Tanzania, nematode y. Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, root, soil Uganda. II: for common bean), Vigna spp. Europe: Greece, Portugal, 193

processed (kacang panjang, cowpea), Spain commodit Commelina Oceania: Australia y benghalensis(wandering jew), Sesbania grandiflora (turi, agati), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) 49. Pratylenchus neglectus I: for Triticum aestivum (gandum, root, stolon, Africa: Morocco, South (Rensch)Fili&Schuur.Steekh.; unproces wheat), Zea mays (jagung, bulb, tuber, Africa Pratylenchidae; California root sed corn), Agropyron corm, soil America: Canada, Mexico, lesion nematode, California commodit cristatum(crested USA meadow nematode y. wheatgrass), Brassica Asia: Japan, Pakistan, II: for oleracea var.capitata (kubis, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, processed cabbage), Fragaria (stroberi, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, commodit strawberry), Malus Uzbekistan y domestica(apel, apple), Europe: Croatia, Estonia, Medicago sativa (alfalfa, Italy, Poland, Armenia, lucerne), Solanum Azerbaijan, Belarus, tuberosum (kentang, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, potato), Pistacia vera Moldova, Ukraine, Russia, (pistachio) Spain Oceania: Australia 50. Pratylenchus scribneri Steiner; I: for Gossypium barbadens root, bulb, Africa: Cameroon Pratylenchidae; lesion unproces (kapas, cotton), Malus tuber, corm, America:South America, nematode sed domestica (apel, apple), stolon, soil USA, Mexico. commodit Mentha spicata(Spear mint), Asia: Pakistan, Japan, y. Parthenium India, Israel, Turkey II: for argentatum(Guayule), Europe: Bulgaria, Sweden, processed Solanum tuberosum Italy commodit (kentang, potato), Sorghum 194

y halepense(Johnson grass), Zea mays (jagung, corn), Fragaria vesca (stroberi, strawberry), Hippeastrum spp. (amarilis, amaryllis). 51. Pratylenchus thornei Sher. & I: for Cicer arietinum(chickpea), root, bulb, Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Allen; Pratylenchidae; unproces Pinus merkusii (tusam, tuber, corm, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Thorne's root lesion nematode sed pinetree), Triticum aestivum pod, stolon, South Africa, Sudan, commodit (gandum, wheat), Quercus seedling, Tunisia y. spp., Zea mays (jagung, stem, soil America:Canada, II: for corn), Argentina, Mexico, USA, processed Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Chile, Venezuela commodit Fabaceae, Agrostis Asia: Afghanistan, India, y spp.(bentgrasses), Allium Iran, Israel, Japan, ascalonicum (bawang Jordan, Pakistan, Saudi merah, shallot), Apium Arabia, Syria, Turkey graveolens (seledri, celery), Europe: Belgium, Arachys hypogaea (kacang Bulgaria, Netherlands, tanah, peanut), Avena Croatia, Cyprus, sativa (oat, oats), Beta Denmark, Serbia, vulgaris (bit, beetroot), Slovenia, Slovakia, Citrullus vulgaris Croatia, Bosnia and (semangka, watermelon), Herzegovina, Montenegro, Cupressus spp.(cypresses), Macedonia, Germany, Cynara scolymus Greece, Italy, Portugal, (artichoke), Daucus carota Russia, Spain, UK (wortel, carrot), Fragaria Oceania: Australia. vesca (stroberi, strawberry), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Iberis spp.(candytuft), Juglans 195

regia (walnut), Lens esculenta (lentil), Lathyrus odoratus(sweet pea), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Mentha piperita(Peppermint), Mentha spicata(Spear mint), Vigna spp. (kacang panjang, cowpea), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Prunus spp.(stone fruit), Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Trifolium spp., Vicia faba(faba bean), Vigna cylindrica (kacang tunggak, long bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Brassica oleracea (cabbages, cauliflowers)

52. Pratylenchus vulnus (Allen & I: for Actinidia arguta (tara vine), root, stolon, Africa: Cameroon, Egypt, Jensen); Pratylenchidae; unproces Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi, seedling, Kenya, Rѐunion walnut root lesion nematode; sed kiwifruit), Araucaria bulb, tuber, America: Argentina, root lesion nematode; meadow commodit araucana (monkey puzzle), corm, soil, Brazil, Cuba, Canada, nematode y. Bambusa sp. (bambu, stem, kulit USA, Uruguay II: for bamboo), Berberis kayu Asia: China, India, Iran, processed thunbergii (Japanese Israel, Japan, Philippines, commodit barberry), Brassica oleracea South Korea, North Korea, 196

y var. capitata (kubis, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, cabbage), Buxus Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, sempervirens (common uzbekistan, Pakistan, Sri boxwood), Carya Lanka illinoinensis (pecan), Citrus Europe: Belgium, aurantium (sour orange), Bulgaria, Denmark, Citrus sinensis (jeruk Finland, France, Germany, manis, navel orange), Citrus Greece, Italy, Netherlands, x paradisi (grapefruit), Norway, Russia, Spain, Corylus avellana (hazel), UK, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Crotalaria juncea (sunn Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, hemp), Crotalaria Latvia, Lithuania, spectabilis (Showy Moldova, Ukraine rattlepod), Cydonia oblonga Oceania: Australia, New (quince), Cytisus scoparius Zealand (broom), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Ficus carica (ara), Forsythia intermedia (Golden bells), Fragaria ananassa (stroberi, strawberry), Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, Bourbon cotton), Hamamelis (witchhazel), Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam), Juglans hindsii (californian black walnut), Juglans major (arizona walnut), Juglans microcarpa (River walnut tree), Juglans nigra (black 197

walnut), Juglans regia (walnut), Juniperus chinensis (Chinese juniper), Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea), Ligustrum ovalifolium (california privet), Lilium longiflorum (Easter lily), Lilium speciosum (Showy lily), Lotus corniculatus (bird's-foot trefoil), Mahonia (holly grape), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Melilotus alba (honey clover), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Olea europaea subsp. europaea (zaitun, olive), Papaver somniferum (Opium poppy), Persea americana (avokad, avocado), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Pistacia vera (pistachio), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Prunus amygdalus, Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus besseyi (bessey cherry), Prunus 198

cerasifera (myrobalan plum), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Pterocarya stenoptera (chinese wing nut), Pyrus communis (European pear), Rosa (roses), Rosa canina (Dog rose), Rosa chinensis (China rose), Rosa multiflora (Multiflora rose), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Taxus baccata (English yew), Vicia benghalensis (purple vetch), Vicia faba (kacang babi, broad bean), Vigna catjang, Vitis rupestris (sand-grape), Vitis vinifera (grapevine), Zea mays (jagung, corn)

53. Punctodera punctata (Thorne) I: for Agrostis stolonifera var. root, Africa: Morocco Mulvey & Stone; (=Heterodera unproces Palustris(bent grass), seedling, America: Argentina, punctata); Heteroderidae; sed Agrostis stolonifera(creeping soil Canada, Chile, Mexico, grass cyst nematode, grass commodit bentgrass), Agrostis USA. cyst eelworm y. capillaris(brown bentgrass), Asia: Israel, Japan II: for Festuca rubra(red fescue), Europe: Austria, Belgium, processed Lolium perenne(perennial Czech Republic, commodit ryegrass), Poa Croatia,Denmark, Estonia, 199

y annua(annual Finland, France,Serbia, meadowgrass), Poa Slovenia, Bosnia and pratensis(smooth-stalked Herzegovina, Montenegro, meadowgrass), Turfgrasses Macedonia, Germany, Avena sativa (oat, oats), Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Hordeum vulgare (barli, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, barley), Triticum aestivum Norway, Poland, Portugal, (gandum, wheat) Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK 54. Radopholus citrophilus I: for Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange) seed, soil America: USA Huettel, et al.; (=Radopholus unproces similis citrus race); sed Pratylenchidae; burrowing commodit nematode, spreading decline y. of citrus II: for processed commodit y 55. Scutellonema bradys (Steiner I: for Dioscorea spp. (yam), Vigna bulb, tuber, Africa:Benin, Burkina & Le Hew) Andrassy; unproces cylindrica (kacang tunggak, corm, Faso, Cameroon, Ivory (=Anguillulina bradys sed long bean), Zea mays seedling, Coast, Gambia, Ghana, =Hoplolaimus bradys commodit (jagung, corn), Manihot root, soil Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, =Rotylenchus blaberus y. esculenta (ubi wood, Senegal, Sudan, Togo =R.bradys =Scutellonema II: for cassava), Quercus spp. America: Barbados, blaberum =S.dioscorea); processed Abelmoschus moschatus Brazil, Costari Rica, Cuba, Hoplolaimidae; yam dry rot commodit (okra, lady’s finger), Ananas Dominica, Dominican nematode, yam nematode y comosus (nenas, pineapple), republic, Guadeloupe, Cajanus cajan (kacang Guatemala, Haiti, gude, pigeon pea), Cocos Jamaica, Martinique, nucifera (kelapa , coconut), Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Celosia argentea(celosia Tobago, USA, Venezuela

200

argentea), Corchorus Asia: India, Pakistan olitorius(jute), Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf), Hibiscus sabdariffa(jamaica sorrel), Luffa acutangula (gambas, angled loofa), Lycopersicum esculentum (tomat, tomato), Pachyrhizus erosus (bangkuang, yam-bean), Vigna radiata (kacang hijau, mungbean), Pueraria phaseoloides(tropical kudzu), Sesamum indicum (wijen, sesame), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Urena lobata(caesar weed), Synedrella nodiflora(synedrella) 56. Trichodorus similis Seinhorst; I: for Solanum tuberosum root, bulb, America: USA. Trichodoridae; stubby root unproces (kentang, potato), Sorghum tuber, corm, Asia: Turkey nematode sed bicolor (sorgum, soil sebagai Europe: Belgium, commodit sorghum),Beta vulgaris var. Vector: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, y. saccharifera (bit gula, Tobacco Netherlands, France, II: for sugarbeetroot), Dioscorea rattle virus Germany, Italy, Norway, processed batatas (Chinese yam), Poland, Sweden, UK commodit Nicotiana tabacum y (tembakau, tobacco) 57. Trichodorus viruliferus Hooper; I: for Beta vulgaris var. root, bulb, America: USA Trichodoridae; stubby root unproces saccharifera (bit gula, tuber, corm, Europe:Belgium, Bulgaria, nematode sed sugarbeetroot), Hordeum soil Czech Republic, France, commodit vulgare (barli, barley), Germany, Hungary, Italy, y. sebagai Netherlands, Poland, 201

II: for Malus domestica (apel, Vector:Pea Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, processed apple), Pisum sativum early Switzerland, UK commodit (kapri, sweet pea), Secale browning y cereale (rye), Solanum virus, tuberosum (kentang, Tobacco potato), Vitis vinifera rattle virus (anggur, grapevine), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 58. Tylenchorhynchus claytoni I: for Arachniodes adiantiformis root, Africa: South Africa Steiner; (=Tesselus claytoni) unproces (Leatherleaf fern), Avena seedling, America: Honduras, Dolichodoridae; stunt sed sativa (oats), Azaleas, bulb, tuber, Canada, USA, nematode; tobacco stunt commodit Glycine max (kedelai, corm, pod, Asia: Bangladesh, China, nematode y. soyabean), Gossypium sp. soil Japan, India, Turkey, II: for (kapas, cotton), Lolium Korea processed (ryegrasses), Medicago Europe: Belgium, commodit sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Bulgaria, Cyprus, y Nandina, Nicotiana tabacum Denmark, Germany, Italy, (tembakau, tobacco), Olea Netherlands, Switzerland, europaea subsp. europaea UK, Poland (zaitun, olive), Oryza sativa Oceania: Australia (padi, paddy, rice), Peony, Photinia glabra, Pinus resinosa (red pine), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Poaceae (grasses), Prunus persica (peach), Rhododendron (Azalea), Rhododendron indicum (Satsuki azalea), Rhododendron japonicum 202

(Japanese azalea), Rhododendron obtusum (Kirishima azalea), Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Secale cereale (rye), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium spp., Zea mays (jagung, corn) Arachis hypogaea (kacang tanah, groundnut), Aucuba japonica (Japanese aucuba), Cajanus cajan (kacang gude, pigeon pea), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus limon (lemon, lemon), Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit), Eleusine coracana (finger millet), Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, sweet potato), Litchi chinensis (leci, lichi), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Picea abies (common spruce), Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine), Pinus elliottii (slash pine), Pinus palustris (longleaf pine), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Solanum 203

melongena (terong, eggplant), Vaccinium myrtillus (blueberry), Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (bent grass), Arctium lappa (burdock), Bouteloua curtipendula (Side-oats grama), Bouteloua gracilis (blue grama), Camellia japonica (camellia), Chamaecyparis pisifera (sawara false cypress), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Echinochloa colona (junglerice), Enkianthus perulatus (white enkianthus), Erica (heaths), Festuca (fescues), Festuca arundinacea (reed fescue), Osmanthus fragrans, Pieris japonica (Lily-of-the-valley shrub), Poa pratensis (smooth-stalked meadowgrass) 59. Xiphinema americanum Cobb.; I: for Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), root, Africa: Nigeria, Senegal (=Tylencholaimus americanus unproces Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), seedling, America: Argentina, =Xiphinema taylori sed Malus domestica (apel, stolon, bulb, Brazil, Canada, Chile, =Xiphinema californicum); commodit apple), Rubus tuber, corm, Ecuador, Guatemala, Xiphinematidae; American y. idaeus(raspberry), soil. Mexico, Panama, Peru, dagger nematode, tobacco ring II: for Vaccinium spp.(blueberries), USA, Uruguay, Venezuella, spot nematode processed Vitis vinifera (anggur, sebagai Argentina, 204

commodit grapevine), Zea mays Vector:Toba Asia: China, India, Japan, y (jagung, corn), cco ring spot Kazakhtan, North Korea, Lycopersicum esculentum virus, Oman, Pakistan, (tomat, tomato), Avena Tomato ring Philippines, Sri Lanka, sativa (oat, oats), Cocos spot virus, Tajikistan, Turkey, nucifera (kelapa , coconut), Peach Uzbekistan Citrus sinensis (jeruk yellow bud Europe: Hungary, Poland, manis, navel orange), Ficus virus, Russia, Spain, UK carica (ara), Fragaria vesca Cherry rasp Oceania: Australia. (stroberi, strawberry), leaf virus Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium barbadens (kapas, cotton), Juglans regia (walnut), Dimocarpus litchii (leci, lychee), Linum usitatissimum(flax), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Prunus spp. (stone fruit), Psidium guajava (jambu seed, guava), Rubus spp.(blackberry, raspberry), Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Vaccinium spp.(blueberries), Vitis vinifera (anggur, 205

grapevine), Coffea canephora (kopi robusta, robusta coffee), Cucurbita pepo (ornamental gourd), Fragaria ananassa (stroberi, strawberry), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium hirsutum (bourbon cotton), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree), Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Pistacia vera (pistachio), Polyphagous, Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus persica (persik, peach), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Zea mays (jagung, corn) Mentha spp. (mints), Pinus spp. (pines), Achras (= Manilkara) zapota (sawo, 206

sapodilla), Onobrychis viciifolia(sainfoin), Petunia hybrida, Picea spp., Plantago spp. (plantain), Poncirus trifoliata(Trifoliate orange), Potentilla spp.(Cinquefoil), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Shorea robusta(sal), Tectona grandis (jati, teakwood), Trifolium spp. (clovers), Zoysia japonica(zoysiagrass), Agropyron spp., Codiaeum variegatum(croton), Callicarpa americana(American beautyberry), Nerium oleander(oleander), Acer platanoides(Norway maple), Agropyron cristatum(crested wheatgrass), Agropyron desertorum(crested wheatgrass (USA)), Anethum graveolens(dill), Bambusa (bamboo), Bambusa tuldoides(punting-pole bamboo), Callicarpa americana (American beautyberry), Cichorium intybus (chicory), Codiaeum variegatum (croton), 207

Cydonia oblonga(quince), Manilkara zapota (sapodilla), Nerium oleander(oleander), Onobrychis viciifolia (sainfoin), Petunia hybrida, Picea glauca(white spruce), Picea pungens(blue spruce), Plantago (Plantain), Poncirus trifoliate(Trifoliate orange), Potentilla(Cinquefoil), Rosa (mawar, roses), Shorea robusta (sal), Tectona grandis (teak), Trifolium (clovers), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Trifolium repens (white clover), Zoysia japonica (zoysiagrass) 60. Xiphinema diversicaudatum I: for Beta vulgaris (bit, beetroot), root, bulb, Africa: Algeria, South (Micoletzky) Thorne; unproces Fragaria ananassa tuber, corm, Africa (=Dorylaimus (Longidorus) sed (stroberi, strawberry), stolon, America: USA diversicaudatus =D.elongatus commodit Prunus spp., Rosa spp. seedling, Asia: Turkey =Longidorus diversicaudatus y. (mawar, rose), Rubus soil Australia: New Zealand =Xiphinema (Diversiphinema) II: for fruticosa(blackberry), Rubus Europe: Austria, Belgium, diversicaudatum processed idaeus (raspberry), Vitis sebagai Bulgaria, Netherlands, =X.amarantum =X.basiri commodit vinifera (anggur, grapevine) Vector:Arabi Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech =X.israeliae =X. y Prunus salicina (Japanese c mosaic Republic, Denmark, paraelongatum =X.sahelense plum), Acer pseudoplatanus virus Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, =X.seredouense); (sycamore), Allium porrum Strawberry Bosnia and Herzegovina, Xiphinematidae; dagger (bawang leaf, leek), Brassica latent Montenegro, Macedonia, nematode olercea (kubis, flower kol, ringspot France, Germany, Ireland, 208

cabbage, cauliflower), virus Italy, Moldova, Norway, Chamaecyparislawsoniana Poland, Portugal, Russia, (Port Orford cedar), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Chamomilla suaveolens Switzerland, Ukraine, UK (Rounded chamomile), Chrysanthemum coronarium (garland chrysanthemum), Crataegus laevigata, Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Fagus sylvatica (common beech), Fraxinus excelsior (ash), Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple tree), Mentha arvenis (corn mint), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Pyrus communis (European pear), Sambucus nigra (elder), Senecio vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Tussilago farfara (Colt's-foot), Veronica(Speedwell) 61. Xip hinema index Thorne & I: for Vitis vinifera (anggur, root, bulb, Africa: Algeria, South Allen;(=Diversiphinema index); unproces grapevine), Ficus carica tuber, corm, Africa, Tunisia 209

Xiphinematidae; dagger sed (ara, seedling, America: Argentina, nematode, fan-leaf virus commodit fig),Muscadiniarotundifolia( soil Brazil, Chile, Peru, USA nematode y. monkhood-vine), Vitis spp. Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, II: for Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), sebagai Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, processed Ampelopsis Vector: Israel, Lebanon, Pakistan, commodit aconitifolia(monkhood-vine), Grapevine Tajikistan, Turkey, y Anacardium occidentale fanleaf virus Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (jambu mete, cashew-nut), Europe: Albania, Austria, Citrus aurantium (jeruk Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, nipis, ime), Cydonia oblonga Czech, Serbia, Slovenia, (kwinsi, quince), Juglans Croatia, Bosnia and regia (walnut), Jasminum Herzegovina, Montenegro, officinale, Lycopersicum Macedonia, France, esculentum (tomat, tomato), Germany, Greece, Malus domestica (apel, Hungary, Italy, Malta, apple), Malus sylvestris Moldova, Poland, Portugal, (crab-apple tree), Morus Romania, Russia, alba(mora), Olea europea Slovakia, Spain, subsp. europea (zaitun, Switzerland, Ukraine olive), Opuntia Oceania: Australia, New sp.(pricklypear), Zealand. Parthenicissus tricuspidata, Petunia hybrida, Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Pistacia mutica, Pistacia vera(pistachio), Prunus americana (aprikot, apricot), Prunus cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Prunus spp., Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), 210

Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Betula (birches), Chenopodium giganteum (large lambsquarters), Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Cupressus pyramidalis, Fagus silvaticus, Gomphrena globosa (Globe amaranth), Nicotiana rustica (wild tobacco), Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine), Pinus sp. (pine), Populus sp. (poplar), Quercus lucombeana, Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Thuja, Urtica urens (annual nettle), Vitis rupestris (sand-grape) 62. Xiphinema italiae Meyl.; I: for Citrus spp., Vitis vinifera root, soil Africa: Egypt, Cameroon, Xiphinematidae; dagger unproces (anggur, grapevine), Olea Libya, Nigeria, South nematode sed europea subsp. europea sebagai Africa, Tunisia. commodit (zaitun, olive) Vector:Grap Europe: Greece, Italy, y. evine Spain II: for fanleaf virus processed commodit y

V. GULMA (WEEDS) No NAMA ILMIAH/ GOLONGA MEDIA PEMBAWA/ DAERAH ASAL/ 211

SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ N/ GROUP PATHWAY GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION NAMA UMUM/ SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Agropyron repens(L.) II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Africa: Egypt, Nigeria Beauv.; (Elymus repens = Avena sativa (oat, oats), Beta America: Argentina, Canada, Ecuador, Elytrigia repens =Triticum vulgaris var saccharifera (bit gula, USA repens); Poaceae; quack sugar beet), Brassica spp., Daucus Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, grass, couch grass, quick carota (wortel, carrot), Helianthus Bangladesh, Georgia, India, Iran, grass, rope twich, scotch annuus (bunga matahari, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, quelch, dog grass, twich sunflower), Hordeum vulgare (barli, Pakistan, Turkey grass, wikens, wicks barley), Linum usitatissimum, Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Medicago sativa, Pastures, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Phaseolus spp., Pisum sativum Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, (kapri, sweet pea),Poaceae(grasses), Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherland, Secale cereale (rye), Solanum Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, tuberosum (kentang, potato), Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Trifolium (clover),Zea mays (jagung, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, corn, maize), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea 2. Alectra fulminensis (Vell.) II Saccharumofficinarum (sugarcane) America: Venezuela Stearn; Scrophulariaceae: sugarcane weed 3. Alectra orobanchoides II Leguminoceae (kacang-kacangan) Africa: Kenya (Benth); (= A. kirkii Benth. Kick); Schropulariaceae; tobacco witch weed 4. Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) II Leguminoceae (kacang-kacangan) Africa: all Kuntze; Asia: India, Myanmar, China, 212

Schropulariaceae; Philippines tobacco witch weed, yellow witch weed 5. Alectra vogelli (Benth); II Vigna unguiculata (kacang Africa: South Africa, Central Africa, Schropulariaceae; panjang, cowpea) Mali, Kenya cowpeawitch weed Arachis hypogaea (kacang Europe: Switzerland tanah,groundnut,peanut), Glycine max (kedelai, soybean), Lablab purpureus (hyacinth bean), Mucuna pruriens (Buffalobean), Phaseolus acutifolius (tepary bean), Phaseolus coccineus (runner bean), Phaseolus radiata, Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Voandzeia subterranea (bambara groundnut) 6. Alopecurus myosuroides II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Africa: Northern Africa Hudson (=A. agrestis L); Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), America: Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Poaceae; blackgrass, Brassica napus var. napus, Secale Mexico, Peru, USA, Uruguay slender meadow foxtail, cereale (rye) Asia: Afghanistan, China, India, Iran, twitch grass, black twitch Beta vulgaris (bit gula, beetroot), Iraq, Israel, Jordania, Lebanon, Allium cepa (bawang bombay, Pakistan,Turkey onion), Solanum tuberosum Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium, (kentang, potato), Zea mays Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, (jagung, corn, maize), Malus spp., Denmark, France, Corsica, Germany, Prunus (stone fruits), Pyrus Greece, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, communis (pir, pear) Netherland, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand

7. Asphodelus fistulosus II Cicer arietinum, Linum Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Mauritius, (L.); (=Asphodelus usitatissimum,Nicotiana tabacum Morocco, Sudan 213

tenuifolius Cav.) (tembakau, tobacco), Pisum America: Bolivia, Mexico, Peru, USA Asphodelaceae; onion sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, weed, asphodelus,wild Solanum tuberosum (kentang, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Malaysia, Nepal, onion, onion-leafed, pink potato), Triticum aestivum Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, asphodel, asphodel (gandum, wheat) Turkey, Yemen Beta vulgaris (bit gula, beetroot), Europe: Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Brassica juncea var. juncea (Indian Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, mustard), Citrus, Gossypium Macedonia, France, Greece, Italy, hirsutum (bourbon cotton), Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Medicago sativa (alfalfa, lucerne), Phoenix dactylifera (kurma, date- palm), Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Zea mays(jagung,corn,maize) 8. Buchnera hispida II Sorghum bicolor (cantel, sorghum), Africa: Southeast Africa (Bunch.-Ham. ex D. Setaria italic (jewawut, millet) Asia: India, Madagascar Don); (=Buchnera longifolia Klotzsch. =B. browniana Schinz. =B. macrocarpa Hochst.) Orobanchaceae; karanji, marathi 9. Cirsium arvense (L.) II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Africa: Angola, South Africa, Sudan, Scop.;(=Cirsium incanum Aeschynomene falcata, Avena Swaziland, Tunisia, Zimbabwe = C. lanatum =C. setosum sativa (oat, oats), Bromus, Brassica America: North America (Canada, =C. arvensis); Asteraceae; napus var. napus,Carthamus Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, california thistle, canada tinctorius, Coronilla varia, Dactylis New Brunswick, Newfoundland, thistle, creeping thistle, glomerata, Fagopyron Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, field thistle esculentum,Glycine max (kedelai, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, soybean), Gossypium barbadens Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon (kapas, cotton), Helianthus annuus Territory, Mexico, USA, Alaska, 214

(bunga matahari, sunflower), Arizona, Arkansas, California, Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Linum usitatissimum, Lotus Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, corniculatus, Pinus merkusii Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, (tusam, pinetree), Medicago sativa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Onobrychis viciifolia, Panicum Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, miliaceum, Phleum, Pisum sativum New Hampshire, New Jersey, New (kapri, sweet pea), Poa, Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Polyphagous, Secale cereale (rye), North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, sorghum), Trifolium, Triticum South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, aestivum (gandum, wheat), Zea Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West mays (jagung, corn, maize) Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming), South Allium cepa (bawang bombay, America (Chile), Brazil onion), Allium porrum Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, China, (bawangleaf,leek), Allium sativum Georgia, India, Iran, Japan, Korea, (bawang putih, garlic), Apium Lebanon, Pakistan, Turkey, graveolens (seledri, celery), Arachis Turkmenistan hypogaea (kacang tanah, Europe:Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech groundnut, peanut), Asparagus Republic, Denmark, Finland, Serbia, officinalis (asparagus, asparagus), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, (sugarbeet), Brassica juncea var. France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, juncea (Indian mustard), Brassica Italy, Netherland, Norway, Poland, nigra (black mustard), Brassica Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, oleracea (kubis (cabbages),bunga Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, Ireland kol(cauliflowers), Brassica oleracea Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. var. botrytis (bunga kol,cauliflower), Brassica oleracea var. italica (brokoli,broccoli), Brassica oleracea var. viridis (collards), Brassica rapa subsp. 215

rapa (turnip), Capsicum annuum (paprika,bell-pepper,red pepper), Chamomilla recutita (common chamomile), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Cucumis melo (melon, melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cucurbita maxima (waluh,labuparang, pumpkin), Cucurbita pepo (labukuning,zucchini), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel,apple), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau,tobacco), Petroselinum crispum (peterseli,parsley), Phaseolus (beans), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Piper nigrum (lada, pepper), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus domestica (plum), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Solanum melongena (terong, eggplant,aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), 216

Spinacia oleracea (bayam, spinach), Vicia faba (broad bean), Vigna angularis (adzuki bean), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 10. Cuscutaepilinum (Weike); II Flax, Linseed Africa:Ethiopia,Egypt,Morocco,SouthA Convolvulaceae; flax frica dodder America: Canada,USA Asia: Cyprus Europe: all 11. Cuscutaepithym II Herbaceous,Legume Africa: South Africa um (L.) Murr. America: NorthAmerica, Argentina, (=C.trifoli); Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Convolvulaceae; Venezuela, Dominican Republic, alfalfa dodder Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French Guiana Asia: Japan, WestAsia Europe: all Oceania: Australia 12. Cuscutagronovii II Herbaceous,Solanumtuberosum(ke America: NorthAmerica (Willd.); ntang,potato),Pipernigrum(lada,pep Europe: all Convolvulaceae; per), Apium swamp dodder graveolens(seledri,celery) 13. Cuscutaindecora II Leguminoceae Africa: Morocco (Choisy.); America: North dan Argentina, Convolvulaceae; thin- Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, vine dodder Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French Guiana Europe: Greece 14. Cuscutajaponica(Choisy); II Solanumtuberosum(kentang,potato) Asia: Japan Convolvulaceae; dodder ,Solanum melongena (terong,

217

seed eggplant,aubergine), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato) 15. 3Cuscutamonogyna(Vahl.); II Leguminoceae,Citrus spp. Asia: CentralEast,Afghanistan 0Convolvulaceae; eastern (jeruk,orange),Tamarix,Salix Europe:France,SouthEurope . dodder Oceania:Mediteranean 16. Cuscutapedicellata(Ledeb) II Leguminoceae Asia: CentralAsia,CentralEast Asia ; Convolvulaceae Oceania:EasternMediteranean 17. Cuscutaplaniflora(Ten.);(= II Leguminoceae America:NorthAmerica C.Approximate); Asia:CentralAsia Convolvulaceae; Oceania:Mediteranean espaguete 18. Digitaria II Agave part oflana, Ananas comosus Africa: Cameroon, Ethiopia, Malawi, scalarum(Schweinf.) (nenas, pineapple), Coffea spp. Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Chiov.; (=Digitaria (kopi, coffee), Gossypium Swaziland, Nigeria, South Africa, abyssinica =D. barbadens (kapas, cotton), Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, abyssinicavar. scalarum Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, Tanzania, Madagascar, Zambia, =D. eichingeri =D. hackelii sugarcane), Zea mays (jagung, Zimbabwe =D. merkeri =D. mutica corn, maize) Asia: Saudi Arabia, India, Sri Lanka =D. scalarum =D. Acacia (wattles), Camellia sinensis somaliensis =D. (teh, tea), Linum usitatissimum tangaensis =D. vestita (flax), Musa sp. (pisang, banana), =Panicum abyssinicum Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), =P. hackelii =P. Tanacetum cinerariifolium kafuroense =P. muticum (Pyrethrum), Triticum aestivum =P. scalarum); Poaceae; (gandum, wheat) cough grass

19. Emex australis II Avena sativa (oat, oats), Brassica Africa: Bostwana, Kenya, Lesotho, (Steinh.);Polygonaceae;Sp napus var. napus (rape), Cicer Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, iny Emex, doublegee, arietinum (chickpea), Hordeum Namibia, Ascension, South Africa, three-cornered jack vulgare (barli, barley), Lupinus Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

218

spp., Medicago sativa (lucerne), America: North America (USA, Medicago spp., Pisum sativum California, Hawaii), Central America & (kapri,sweetpea), Secale cereale Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago) (rye), Triticale, Triticum aestivum Asia: Taiwan, India, Pakistan (gandum, wheat), Vicia faba (broad Oceania: Australia, New Zealand bean), Vitis vinifera (grapevine) Allium cepa (bawang bombay, onion), Apium graveolens (seledri, celery), Arachis hypogaea (kacang tanah, groundnut, peanut), Brassica oleracea (kubis (cabbages), flower kol (cauliflowers), Citrus, Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Dactylis glomerata (orchardgrass), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Festuca arundinacea (reed fescue), Glycine max (kedelai, soybean), Gossypium (cotton), Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris (lentil), Linum usitatissimum (flax), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Prunus (stone fruit), Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant,aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Trifolium spp., Zea mays (jagung, corn,maize) 20. 3Melampyrum arvense (L.); II Cereal, Triticum aestivum (gandum, Asia: West Asia . Orobanchaceae; field wheat), Hordeum vulgare (barli, Europe: West Europe, France, 219

cow-wheat, purple cow- barley) Belgium, Germany, Netherland wheat, horse flower 21. 3Odontites verna (Bell) II Poaceae(grasses), Lucerne, Triticum America: North America . Dum; (= Bastsia odontites aestivum (gandum, wheat) Asia: Turkey = O. serotinus = O. rubra Europe: Southeast Europe, Germany gilib); Orobanchaceae; red bartsia, Eyebright, red rattle, Perlina di Primavera 22. 3Orobanche cernua II Tanaman Compositae, Solanaceae Africa: Tanzania, Uganda, Algeria, 9(Loefl.);(= O. cernua, O. Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, . bicolor, O. curviflora, O. Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia hispanica, O. gallica, O. Asia: India, Afghanistan, China, pogonanthera, O. Bahrain, Geogia, Irak, Israel, Jordania, nicotiana, O. glaucantha, Kuwait, Kazaktans, Lebanon, O. cumana); Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Orobanchaceae Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen Europe:Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, France, Greece, Hongary, Italy, Rumania, Rusia, Spain, UK Oceania: Australia 23. 4Orobanche foetida (Poir.), II Legumimosae/ Fabaceae Africa: Morocco, Tunisia, Iberian . Orobanchaceae; Peninsula, Balearic Islands Broomrapes Europe: Spain 24. 4Orobanche gracilis (SM.); II Legumimosae/ Fabaceae Africa: Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, . Orobanchaceae; Rwanda, Tanzania Broomrapes Europe: Sout East Europe 25. 3Orobanche ramosa (L.); (= II Brassica spp., Lycopersicon Africa: North Africa, South Africa 7O. Interrupta, O. esculentum (tomat, tomato), America: USA, Central America . Micrantha, Kopsia Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, (Cuba), South America, Chile interrupta, O. cannabis, tobacco), Solanum melongena Asia: Armenia, Afghanistan, China, Philipaea ramosa, (terong, eggplant, aubergine) India, Iran, Irak, Israel, Jordan, 220

Phelipanche ramosa, Allium cepa (bawang bombay, Lebanon, Nepal, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Kopsia ramosa); onion), Apium graveolens (seledri, Pakistan, Qatar, Syria, Turkey, Yemen Orobanchaceae; celery), Arachis hypogaea (kacang Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Broomrapes tanah, groundnut, peanut), Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Cannabis sativa (hemp), Capsicum Republic, Slovakia, France, Corsica, annuum (paprika, bell pepper, red Germany, Greece, Hongary, Italy, pepper), Carthamus tinctorius Malta, Moldova, Netherland, Poland, (safflower), Cicer arietinum Portugal, Rumania, Rusia, Spain, UK, (chickpea), Citrullus lanatus Switzerland (semangka, watermelon), Cucumis Oceania: Australia melo (melon), Cucumis sativus (mentimun, cucumber), Cucurbita (pumpkin), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce), Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris (lentil), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium spp., Vicia faba (broad bean) 26. Partheniumhysterophorus II Abelmoschus esculentus (okra, Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, L.; (= rgyrochaeta lady’sfinger), Allium cepa (bawang Mauritius, Mozambique, Réunion, bipinnatifida Cav. = bombay, onion), Anacardium Cornoros, Seychelles, South Africa, Villanova binnatifida occidentale (cashew nut), Arachis Somalia, Mayotte, Swaziland, Ortega) hypogaea (kacang Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe Asteraceae;parthenium tanah,groundnut, peanut), Carica America: Bermuda, North America weeds, congress grass, papaya (pepaya,papaw, papaya), (Mexico, USA)Tropical America, whiteheads, barley flower Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Citrus, Caribean Island, Central America 221

Cocos nucifera (kelapa , coconut), (Barbados, Belize, Bahama, Cuba, Coffea (kopi, coffee), Daucus carota Dominican Republik, Haiti, Honduras, (wortel, carrot), Eleusine coracana Jamaica, Poerto Rico, Costa Rica), (finger millet), Eragrostis tef (teff), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Gossypium (kapas, cotton), Brazil, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Helianthus annuus (bunga Suriname, Venezuela, Uruguay) matahari, sunflower), Lycopersicon Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, esculentum (tomat,tomato), Taiwan,India, Israel, Japan, Vietnam, Mangifera indica (mangga,mango), Nepal, Pakistan Musa (pisang,banana), Pastures, Europe: Belgium Phaseolus (beans), Psidium guajava Oceania: Eastern Queensland, (jambu seed, guava), Australia, Frenche Polinesia, New Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, Caledonia, Vanuatu sugarcane), Sesamum indicum (sesame), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant, aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Zea mays (Jagung, corn, maize), Radish 27. Praxelis clematidea R.M. II Pasture, Saccharumofficinarum America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, King & H. Robinson; (tebu, sugarcane) Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, (=Eupatorium catarium Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Veldk.); Asteraceae Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, French Guiana, Guyana Asia: Hongkong, China Oceania: Australia 28. 4Rhamphicarpa fistulosa II Oryza sativa (padi, rice, paddy), Africa: Africa Tropic, South Africa, 6(Hochst)Benth; (= R. Zea mays (jagung, corn, maize), Tanzania, Kayela, Mbunga . Longiflora); Rumput-rumputan Schropulariaceae 29. 4Rhinanthus angustifolius II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), America: North America 222

4(C. Gmelin); Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley) Asia: Turkey, Caucasus, Armenia, . (=Alecterolophus major = Azerbaijan, Georgia A. glaber= A. montanus = Europe: Denmark, Finland, Norway, R. apterus = R. glaberR. Sweden, United Kingdom, Austria, major = R. serotinus); Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Orobanchaceae; greater Hungary, Netherland, Poland, yellow-rattle Switzerland, France, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, Balkans, Russia 30. 4Rhinanthus minor (L.); II Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), America: North America, Canada, USA 5Orobanchaceae; yellow Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley) Asia: West Asia, Siberia . rattle, cockscomb Europe: Russia 31. 4Striga aspera (Willd.), (= II Zea mays (jagung, corn,maize), Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, . Euphrasia aspera Willd); millet, Oryza sativa(padi, rice, Cameroon, Sudan, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Orobanchaceae; parasitic paddy) Gambia, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Mali, weed, witchweed Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) Senegal, Togo 32. 5Striga forbesii II Zea mays (jagung, corn,maize), Africa:Madagascar, South Africa . (Benth);Orobanchaceae; Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) parasitic weed, Buchera forbesii (Benth) D. Dietr.; giant maize witchweed, giant mealie witchweed 33. 5Striga gesnerioides(Willd) II Nicotianatabacum Africa: Sudan, Egypt, Ethiopia, 3Vatke; (=S. (tembakau,tobacco), Guinea, Kenya, Mozambique, Sudan, . Orobanchoides = Ipomoeabatatas (ubijalar,sweet Zimbabwe Buchnera potato), Vignaspp.(cowpea) America: USA, Florida, Guyana gesnerioides);Orobanchac Asia: Morocco, Sri Langka, India, eae; cowpea witchweed Saudi Arabia, Cambodia, Japan, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Yemen Oceania: Australia

223

34. 4Striga hermonthica II Eleusine coracana (finger millet), Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, . (Delile)Benth.; (= S. Oryza sativa(padi, rice, paddy), Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Egypt, senegalensis);Scrophulari Panicum (millets), Gambia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, aceca; parasitic weed, Saccharumofficinarum Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, purple witchweed (tebu,sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor Ghana, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, (sorgum, sorghum), Zea mays Namibia, Madagascar, Sudan, (jagung, corn,maize) Ethiopia, Rwanda, Senegal, Sudan, Eragrostis tef (teff), Hordeum Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, vulgare (barli, barley) Zambia, Zimbabwe Asia: Cambodia, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Peninsula 35. 5Striga latericea (Vatke); (= II Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugar Africa: Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, . S. cane) Somalia, Mali, Central Africa Republic somaliensis);Orobanchac eae; parasitic weed, cowpea witchweed 36. 5Striga II Zea mays (jagung, corn,maize) Africa: Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, . passargei(Engl.);Orobanc Nigeria haceae; parasitic weed Asia: Saudi Arabia 37. 5Thesium australe (R. Br.); II Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Oceania: Australia . Santalaceae; Austral grasses, Saccharumofficinarum toadflax, Austral Toad- (tebu, sugar cane) flax, Australian Toadflax 38. 5Thesium humile (Vahl.); II Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Africa: North Africa . Santalaceae; lesser grasses, Saccharumofficinarum Asia: Israel bastardtoadflax (tebu, sugar cane) Europe: Spain 39. . Thesium II Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Africa: South Africa resdoides;Santalaceae grasses, Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugar cane)

224

VI. CENDAWAN (FUNGAL/FUNGAL LIKE ORGANISM/PSEUDOFUNGY)

NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA MEDIA GOLONG DAERAH SEBAR/ N UMUM/ INANG/ PEMBAWA AN/ GEOGRAPHICAL o SCIENTIFIC NAME/ HOST / GROUP DISTRIBUTION SYNONIM/ TAXON/ PATHWAY COMMON NAME 1. [a]: - I Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, seed, Africa: Angola, Botswana, [s]: Claviceps africana (Fr.) ; sorghum) growing Burundi, Ethiopia, Ghana, =Sphacelia sorghi; Sorghum halepense media Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Ascomycota, (Johnson grass) Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Pezizomycotina, Senegal. Swaziland, Tanzania, Sordariomycetes Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela. Asia: India, Japan, Thailand, Yemen. Oceania: Australia. 2. [a]: - I Zea mays (jagung, corn, seed, America: Mexico [s]: Claviceps gigantea maize) growing (Fuentes), de la Ista, media Ullstrup & Rodrigues(1964); ( =Sphacelia gigantea); Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; ergot of maize, horse's tooth 225

3. [a]: - I: for Agrostis (bentgrasses), seed, Africa: Algeria, Ethiopia, [s]: Sphacelia segetum Lév., unproce Avena sativa (oat, oats), growing Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, 1827 ssed Cynodon (quickgrass), media Mauritania, Mauritius, ( =Claviceps purpurea commod Festuca (fescues), Hordeum Morocco, South Africa (Sudan, (Mantle); =Sphacelia ity. (barleys), Hordeum vulgare Tanzania, Zimbabwe). sorghi =Claviceps II: for (barley), Lolium (rye grasses), America: Canada, Mexico, microcephala (Wallr.) processe Lolium perenne (perennial USA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Tul., 1853; d rye grass), Phleum Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, Ascomycota, commod (timothies), Poa (meadow Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Pezizomycotina, ity grass), Poa pratensis Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Sordariomycetes; sugary (smooth-stalked French Guiana disease meadowgrass), Poaceae Asia: Armenia, China, India, (grasses), Secale (rye), Secale Iran, Israel, Japan, cereale (rye), Sorghum bicolor Kazakhstan, South Korea, (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Philippines, (wheat), Triticum aestivum Turkey. (gandum, wheat) Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bromus (bromegrasses), Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, Echinochloa spp., Panicum Faroe Islands, Finland, France, (millets), Pennisetum (feather Germany, Greece, Hungary, grass) Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 4. [a]: - I: for Theobroma cacao (kakao, part of America: Belize, Bolivia, [s]:Moniliophthora perniciosa unproce cocoa), plant Brazil, Colombia, Dominica, 226

(Stahel) Aime & Phillips- ssed Bixa orellana Ecuador, Grenada, Guyana, Mora (2006) =Marasmius commod Panama, Peru,St. Vincent and perniciosus (Stahel, 1915) ity. the Grenadines, Suriname, =Crinipellis perniciosa II: for Trinidad and Tobago, (Stahel) (Singer, 1943) processe Venezuela Basidiomycota, d Agaricomycotina, commod Agaricomycetes; cocoa ity witches’ broom disease 5. [a]: - I: for Camellia sinensis (teh, tea) leaf, stem Asia: China, Taiwan, Japan, [s]: Exobasidium reticulatum unproce muda Malaysia Ito & Sawada; ssed Basidiomycota, commod Ustilaginomycotina, ity. Exobasidiomycetes; net II: for blister blight of tea processe d commod ity 6. [a]: - I: for Albizia falcataria (L.), Albizia stem, root Africa: Jamaica [s]: Fomes robiniae (Murr) unproce lelbeck, Robinia pseudo Asia: India, Ceylon, Pakistan Sacc and D. Sacc (1905) ssed acacia, Anogeissus latifolia, Oceania: Australia, Samon =F. rimosus =Phellinus commod Boswellia serrata, Casuarina robiniae (Murrill) A. Ames ity. strieta, Dalberbia sissoo, 1913 =Pyropolyporus II: for Eucalyptus spp, Querus sp., robiniae Murrill 1903 processe Shrea robusta, Terminalia =Fulvifomes robiniae d bellarica, Terminalia (Murrill) Murrill 1914; commod tomentosa, Morus alba, Basidiomycota, ity Pistacia lentiscus Agaricomycotina, Agaricomycetes; Yellow spongy rot 227

7. [a]: - I: for Abies alba (silver fir), Abies stem, root Africa: Egypt, Morocco [s]:Fomitopsis pinicola(Sw.: unproce amabilis (Pacific silver fir), America: Guatemala, Canada, Fr.) P. Karst. 1881; ( ssed Abies concolor (Rocky Mexico, USA, Brazil =Boletus pinicola Sw.: Fr. commod Mountain white fir), Abies Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, 1810; Fomes pinicola ity. holophylla (Manchurian fir), China, Taiwan, India, Iran, (Sw.: Fr.) Fr. 1849; II: for Abies magnifica (red fir), Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Placodes pinicola (Sw.: processe Abies nephrolepis (Khingan Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Fr.) Pat. 1887; Polyporus d fir), Abiesprocera (noble fir), Thailand, Turkey pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) Fr. commod Abies religiosa (sacred fir), Europe: Austria, Belarus, 1821; Pseudofomes ity Acer macrophyllum Bulgaria, Czech Republic, pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) Lázaro (broadleaf maple), Agathis, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ibiza 1916; Trametes Betula papyrifera (paper Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) P. birch), Larix gmelinii Bosnia and Herzegovina, Karst. 1882 (Dahurian larch), Picea abies Montenegro, Macedonia, Basidiomycota, (common spruce), Picea France, Germany, Greece, Agaricomycotina, glauca (white spruce), Picea Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Agaricomycetes; brown jezoensis (Yeddo spruce), Lithuania, Netherlands, crumbly rot, pinicola conk, Picea koraiensis (Korean Norway, Poland, Romania, red belt fungus, root rot spruce), Picea mariana Russia, Slovakia, Spain, conifers, brown rot of (black spruce), Picea obovata Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, conifers, brown cubical (Siberian spruce), Picea UK heart rot of fir rubens (red spruce), Picea Oceania: Australia, sitchensis (Sitka spruce), Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine), Pinusedulis (pinyon), Pinus flexilis (limber pine), Pinus koraiensis (fruit pine), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Prunus persica (peach), Prunus sargentii (sargent's cherry), Prunus serotina (black cherry), Pseudotsuga 228

menziesii (Douglas-fir), Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock), Tsuga mertensiana (Patton's hemlock), Vitis (grape) Abies balsamea (balsam fir), Abies grandis (grand fir), Abies lasiocarpa (rocky mountain fir), Abies nordmanniana (Nordmann fir), Acer pictum (painted maple), Alnus glutinosa (European alder), Alnus incana (grey alder), Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch), Betula pendula (common silver birch), Betula platyphylla (Manchurian birch), Betula populifolia (gray birch), Calocedrus decurrens (bastard cedar), Carpinus betulus (hornbeam), Carpinus cordata (heart-leaved hornbeam), Carya (hickories), Castanea (chestnuts), Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Alaska cedar), Corylusavellana (hazel), Fagus grandifolia (American beech), Fagus sylvatica (common beech), Larix 229

kaempferi (Japanese larch), Larix komarovii, Larix laricina (American larch), Magnolia, Malus domestica (apple), Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce), Picea pungens (blue spruce), Pinus lambertiana (big pine), Pinus monophylla (single-leaf pinyon pine), Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine), Pinus sibirica (Siberian stone pine), Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), Pinus tabuliformis (chinese pine), Platanus occidentalis (sycamore), Platanus orientalis (plane), Populus grandidentata (Bigtooth aspen), Populus maximowiczii (Japanese poplar), Populus nigra (black poplar), Populus tremula (aspen (European)), Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen), Prunusavium (sweet cherry), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Salix alba (white willow), Salix caprea (pussy willow), Salix fragilis (crack willow), Sequoia sempervirens (coast 230

redwood), Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash), Thuja occidentalis (Eastern white cedar), Thuja plicata (western redcedar), Tilia cordata (small-leaf lime), Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) 8. [a]: - I: for Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), root, stem, Africa: Egypt, South Africa [s]:Gaeumannomyces unproce Triticum aestivum (gandum, leaf, seed, America: Peru, USA graminis var. graminis ssed wheat), Zea mays (jagung, growing Asia: India, Philippines (Sacc.) Arx & D.L. Olivier commod corn, maize), Zizania spp., media (1952); ( =Rhaphidophora ity. Avena spp., secale, Poaceae, graminis Sacc. (1875); II: for Cynodon spp., Eremochloa Gaeumannomyces processe ophiuroides, Pennisetum graminis (Sacc.) Arx & D. d clandestinum, Stenotaphrum Olivier (1952); Ophiobolus commod secundatum, Zoysia japonica graminis (Sacc.) Sacc. ity (1881); Ophiobolus oryzinus Sacc. (1916); Linocarpon oryzinum (Sacc.) Petr. (1952); Gaeumannomyces oryzinus (Sacc.) Schrantz (1961) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; crown sheath rot, crown sheath rot of rice, patch disease of turf, white-heads of grasses 9. [a]: - I: for Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, leaf Asia: Taiwan 231

[s]: Leptosphaeria unproce sugarcane) Taiwanensis W.Y. Yen & ssed C.C. Chi: 213 (1952); ( commod =Didymella Taiwanensis ity (J.M. Yen & C.C. Chi) II. for Shoemaker & C.E. Babc., processe (1989); Saccharicola d Taiwanensis (J.M. Yen & commod C.C. Chi) O.E. Erikss. & ity D. Hawksw., (2003) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; sugar cane leaf blight 10. [a]: - I: for Cocos nucifera (kelapa , fruit, leaf, Africa: Kenya,Tanzania [s]:Marasmiellus cocophilus unproce coconut) stem, Oceania: Solomon Islands Pegler; ssed Cynodon dactylon, growing Basidiomycota, commod Echinochloa colona, Eleusine media Agaricomycotina, ity indica Agaricomycetes; basal stem II. for break, lethal bole rot of processe coconut d commod ity 11. [a]: - I: for Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) root, leaf, Africa: Egypt [s]:Marasmiellus inoderma unproce Zea mays (jagung, corn, stem, Oceania: Samoa America, (Berk.) Singer (1955); (= ssed maize), Musa spp. (pisang, plant, soil. Samoa Marasmius inoderma commod banana), Orchidaceae Berk. ity (anggrek, orchids) Basidiomycota, II. for Agaricomycotina, processe Agaricomycetes; crown rot d 232

of rice, pre-emergence shoot commod rot, root rot of maize, ity sheath rot of maize 12. [a]: - I: for Vitis vinifera (anggur, fruit America: USA [s]:Microthyriella unproce grapevine), Malus Asia: China, India, Japan rubiPetr.;(=Schizothyrina ssed domesticum (apel, apple), rubiSchizothyrina rubi commod Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange) (Petr.)) ity Ascomycota, II. for Pezizomycotina, processe Dothideomycetes; fly speck d commod ity 13. [a]: - I: for Theobroma cacao (kakao, fruit, seed America: Brazil, [s]:Moniliophthora roreri unproce cocoa) Colombia,Costa Rica, Ecuador, (Cif.) H.C. Evans, ssed Guatemala, Honduras, Stalpers, Samson & commod Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Benny (1978); (= Monilia ity Venezuela roreri Cif. (1933) II. for Basidiomycota, processe Agaricomycotina, d Agaricomycetes; frosty pod commod rot, monilia pod rot, pod rot ity of cocoa, quevedo disease, watery pod rot of cocoa 14. [a]: - I: for Manihot esculenta (singkong, bulb, Africa: Madagascar [s]:Laetiporus baudonii (Pat.) unproce cassava), tuber, Ryvarden (1991); ( ssed corm, root, =Polyporus baudonii Pat. commod stem (1914) =Polyporus ity baudoni =Cladoporus II. for baudonii (Pat.) Teixeira processe 233

(1994) =Pseudophaeolus d baudonii (Pat.) Ryvarden commod (1975) =Phaeolus ity manihotis R. Heim (1931) Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina, Agaricomycetes; root rot 15. [a]: - I: for Crataegus monogyna leaf, fruit, Africa: Libya, Mauritius, [s]: Podosphaera clandestina unproce (hawthorn), Cydonia oblonga stem Morocco, Zimbabwe var. clandestina, (1851); ssed (quince), Prunus armeniaca muda America: Canada, USA (=Alphitomorpha commod (apricot), Prunus avium Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, clandestina Wallr., (1819) ity (sweet cherry), Prunus China, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, =Erysiphe clandestina II. for domestica (plum), Prunus Kazakhstan, Korea Republic of (Wallr.) Link, (1824) processe salicina (Japanese plum) (South Korea), Kyrgyzstan, =Erysiphe oxyacanthae d Lebanon, Turkey, DC., (1815) =Podosphaera commod Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan kunzei Lév., (1851) ity Europe: Austria, Belgium, =Microsphaera fulvofulcra Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Cooke (1851) Republic, Denmark, Estonia, =Podosphaera minor Finland, Serbia, Slovenia, Howe, (1874) Croatia, Bosnia and Ascomycota, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Pezizomycotina, Macedonia, France, Germany, Leotiomycetes; powdery Greece, Hungary, Ireland, mildew of cherry; powdery Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, mildew of hawthorn; mildew Netherlands, Norway, Poland, of quince Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand

234

16. [a]: Sclerotium cepivorum I: for Allium (onions, garlic, leek, bulb, Africa: Egypt, Libya, South [s]:Stromatinia cepivorum unproce etc.), Alliumcepa (onion), tuber, Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe (Berk.) Whetzel ; ssed Allium cepa var. aggregatum corm, root, America: Canada, Mexico, ≡Stromatinia cepivora commod (shallot), Allium fistulosum stem USA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, (Berk.,1945) ity (Welsh onion), Allium porrum Chile, Colombia, Guyana, =Stromatinia cepivorum II. for (leek), Allium sativum Uruguay, Venezuela (Berk., 1945) processe (garlic), Allium Asia: China, India, Iran, Basidiomycota, d schoenoprasum (chives) Japan, Philippines Agaricomycotina, commod Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Agaricomycetes; white rot of ity Cyprus, Czech Republic and onion and garlic, onion Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, white root rot, bulb rot of France, Germany, Greece, onion, Allium white rot, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, onion white rot Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 17. [a]: - I: for Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, seed Africa: Botswana, Burundi, [s]:Sporisorium unproce sorghum) Cameroon, Central Africa, cruentum(J.G. Kühn) ssed Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, Chad, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Vanky (1985); ( commod sugarcane) Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, =Sphacelotheca ity Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, cruenta(J.G. Kühn) II. for Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Potter(1912) =S.holci processe Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, =Ustilago cruentaJ.G. d South Africa, Sudan, Kühn (1872) commod Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, =Endothlaspis sorghi ity Zambia, Zimbabwe Sorokin (1890) America: Argentina, Barbados, =Cintractia sorghi Brazil, Cuba, El Salvador, 235

(Sorokin) De Toni (1888) Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, =Sphacelotheca Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, sorokiniana Cif. (1928) Puerto Rico, USA,Venezuela =Ustilago sorghi Pass. Asia: Afghanistan, China, (1873) Taiwan, India, Iran, Iraq, Basidiomycota, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Ustilaginomycotina, Lebanon, Myanmar, Pakistan, Ustilaginomycetes; loose Turkey, Yemen kernel smut, loose smut, Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, sorghum loose kernel smut Czech, Slovakia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Rusia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia 18. [a]: - I: for Triticum aestivum (gandum, seed Africa: South Africa, Mexico, [s]:Tilletia indica unproce wheat) USA Mitra(1931)( =Neovossia ssed Asia: Afghanistan, India, Iran, indica(Mitra) Mundk commod Iraq, Nepal, Pakistan (1940); ity Basidiomycota, II. for Ustilaginomycotina, processe Exobasidiomycetes; Karnal d bunt of wheat, Indian bunt commod of wheat, partial bunt of ity wheat, new bunt 19. [a]: - I: for Triticum aestivum (gandum, seed, Africa: Algeria, Angola, Egypt, [s]:Tilletia laevis J. G. unproce wheat) stem, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Kühn(1873); ( =Tilletia ssed . flower Libya, Morocco, Somalia, foetens (Berk. & M.A. commod South Africa, Tunisia, Curtis) J. Schröt (1877) ity Zimbabwe =Tilletia foetida =Ustilago II. for America: Argentina, Canada, 236

foetensBerk. & M.A. processe Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Curtis (1874); d USA, Uruguay, Venezuela, Basidiomycota, commod Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Ustilaginomycotina, ity Azerbaijan, China, India, Iran, Exobasidiomycetes; Iraq, Israel, Japan, common bunt, complete Kazakhstan, Korea, Lebanon, bunt, covered smut, hill Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, bunt, smooth-spored wheat Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, bunt, stinking bunt, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan stinking wheat smut Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Finland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rusia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine Oceania : Australia, New Zealand 20. [a]: - I: for Triticum spp. (gandum, seed, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, [s]:Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) G. unproce wheat) flower, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Libya, Winter (1884); ( =Tilletia ssed Agropyron spp., Bromusspp., stem Morocco, South Africa, caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul. commod Elymusspp., Festucaspp., Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe (1847) =Uredo caries DC. ity Hordeumspp., Poaspp., America: Argentina, Canada, (1815) =Uredo Sitophila II. for Secale sereale, Lolium spp. Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Ditmar (1816) =Caeoma processe Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, sitophilum (Ditmar) Link d Peru, USA, Uruguay, (1825) =Tilletia sitophila commod Venezuela 237

(Ditmar) J. Schröt. (1877) ity Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Basidiomycota, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, China, Ustilaginomycotina, Taiwan, India, Iran, Iraq, Exobasidiomycetes; Israel, Japan, Jordan, complete bunt, covered Kazakhstan, Korea, smut, hill bunt, rough- Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, spored wheat bunt, stinking Mongolia, Pakistan, Saudi smut, wheat bunt, common Arabia, Syria, Turkey, bunt Uzbekistan Europe: Austria, Belgium,Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Slovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,Greece,Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rusia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 21. [a]: - I: for Triticum aestivum (gandum, flower, Africa: Algeria, Egypt,Morocco, [s]:Urocystis unproce wheat) leaf,stalk South Africa, Tunisia agropyri(Preuss) A.A. ssed Agropyron, Elymus repens, malai, America: Argentina, Canada, Fisch. Waldh. (1867); ( commod Agropyron smithii, Agrostis seed Chile, Falkland Islands, =Uredo agropyri Preuss ity stolonifera var. palustris, Greenland, Guatemala, (1848) =Polycystis II. for Agrostis capillaris, Mexico, USA, Uruguay, agrropyri (Preuss) J. processe Alopecurus, Avena sativa Venezuela 238

Schröt. (1877) d (oat, oats ), Bromus Asia: Afghanistan, =Tuburcinia agropyri commod carinatus, Bromus China,Taiwan, India, Iran, (Preuss) Liro (1922) ity marginatus, Carex, Dactylis Iraq, Israel, Japan, =Tubircinia agropyri- glomerata, Elymus, Festuca Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, juncei Vienn.-Bourg. rubra, Lolium, Phleum Nepal, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey, (1954) =Urocystis pratense, Poa spp., Trisetum Uzbekistan agropyri-juncei (Vienn.- Europe: Baltic area, Bulgaria, Bourg.) H. Zogg. (1986) Cyprus, Czech, Slovakia, =Tuburcinia elymi Cif. Denmark, Estonia, Finlania, (1931) =Urocystis elymi France, Greece, Hungary, (Cif.) Schwarzman (1960) Ireland, Italy, Latvia, =Urocystis preussii J.G. Lithuania, Netherlands, Kühn (1874) Norway, Poland, Portugal, Basidiomycota, Romania, Rusia, Spain, Ustilaginomycotina, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Ustilaginomycetes; flag UK smut, flag smut of wheat, Oceania: Australia, New stem smut, stripe smut Zealand 22. [a]: - I: for Allium spp. bulb, Africa: Egypt, Gabon, Morocco [s]:Urocystis cepulae Frost. unproce Anthirinum sp. tuber, America: Canada,Chile, Cuba, (1877)( =Tuburcinia ssed corm, leaf, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. cepulae Frost (1877) commod stem Lucia, USA =Urocystis magica Pass. ity Asia: China, Taiwan, India, (1875) =Tuburcinia II. for Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, magica (Pass.) Liro (1922) processe Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, =Urocystis allii Schellenb. d Philippines, Tajikistan, (1911) =Tuburcinia allii commod Thailand (Schellenb.) Liro (1922) ity Europe: Austria, Belgium, =Tuburcinia oblonga Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, Massenot (1953) Malta, Denmark, Finlania, =Urocystis oblonga France, Germany, Greece, (Massenot) H. Zogg (1986) Italy, Netherlands, Norway, 239

Basidiomycota, Romania, Rusia, Ustilaginomycotina, Slovakia,Sweden, Switzerland, Ustilaginomycetes; leek UK,Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, smut, onion smut Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 23. [a]: - I: for Gladiolus spp. bulb, Asia: Iran [s]:Urocystis unproce tuber, gladiolicolaAinsw. (1950); ssed corm, leaf ( =Tuburcinia gladiolicola commod (Ainsw.) Cif. (1963) ity Basidiomycota, II. for Ustilaginomycotina, processe Ustilaginomycetes; smut d commod ity 24. [a]: - I: for Triticum aestivum (gandum, flower, Africa: Egypt [s]: Ustilago nuda f.sptritici unproce wheat), Secale sereale leaf, stalk America: Canada, USA (Schaffnit); ( =Ustilago ssed (barley) malai, Asia: China, India, Pakistan nuda f.sp. hordei); commod seed Europe: Ireland, Rusia, Basidiomycota, ity Switzerland, UK Ustilaginomycotina, II. for Oceania: Australia Ustilaginomycetes; barley processe loose smut d commod ity 25. [a]: - I: for Silene pratensis, Cerastium, flower, America: North America, USA [s]:Ustilago violacea(Pers.) unproce Dyanthus,Caryophyllaceae leaf, stalk Europe: Sweden, Roussel; ( =( ssed malai, =Microbotryum violaceum commod seed (Pers.) G. Deml & Oberw. ity 240

=Uredo violacea Pers. II. for =Caeoma violaceum processe (Pers.) Nees =Uredo d antherarum DC. =Ustilago commod antherarum (DC.) Fr. ity =Caeoma antherarum (DC.) Schltdl. =Microbotryum antherarum (DC.) Lév. =Erysibe antherarum (DC.) Wallr. =Ustilago silenes-nutantis Liro) Basidiomycota, Ustilaginomycotina, Ustilaginomycetes; Caryophyllaceae anther smut 26. [a]: - I: for Sorghum sudanense, seed, Africa: Burkina Faso, [s]: Sphacelotheca reiliana unproce Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, flower, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, DR (J. G. Kühn) G.P Clinton;( ssed sorghum), Zea mays leaf, root, Congo, Egypt, Erythrea, =Cintractia reiliana (J. G. commod (jagung, corn, maize), Zea stem, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Kühn) Clinton ity mays subsp. mays (sweet growing Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, =Sorosporium holci- II. for corn) media Mauritius, Morocco, sorghi (Rivolta) Moesz processe Andropogon, Zea mexicana Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, =Sorosporium d (Zea mays subsp. mexicana) Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, reilianum(J.G. Kühn) commod South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, McAlpine =Sphacelotheca ity Togo, Uganda, Zambia, holci-sorghi (Rivolta) Cif. Zimbabwe =Sporisorium holci- America: Argentina, Barbados, sorghi (Rivolta) Vánky Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, =Sporisorium Colombia, El Salvador, reilianum(J. G. Kühn) Guatemala, Honduras, 241

Langdon & Full. Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, =Ustilago holci-sorghi USA, Uruguay Rivolta =Ustilago reiliana Asia: Bhutan, China, India, J. G. Kühn) Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Basidiomycota; Kazakhstan, Korea Republic of, Microbotryales;Microbotryac Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, eae; Head smut of maize, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, loose smut Yemen Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Estonia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro,Moldova, Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea 27. [a]: Alternaria citriEllis & N. I: for Citrus sp., Citrus jambhiri fruit, leaf Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Pierce(1992); unproce (rough lemon), Citrus junos Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, [s]: - ssed (yuzu), Citrus limon (lemon), Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Ascomycota, commod Citrus medica (citron), Citrus Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Pezizomycotina, ity reticulata (mandarin), Citrus Zimbabwe Dothideomycetes; stalk end II. for sinensis (navel orange) America: Cuba, Jamaica, rot, stem end rot, navel end processe Puerto Rico, North America, rot, core rot of citrus, black d Mexico, USA, Argentina, rot of citrus fruit, brown commod Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, spot of citrus, black rot of ity Chile, Venezuela, Dominican Citrus, fruit rot of Citrus, Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, core rot of Citrus. Peru, Uruguay, French 242

Guiana, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay Asia: Bhutan, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Korea Republic of (South Korea), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey, Vietnam Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Russia, Spain Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 28. [a]: Aposphaeria ulei Henn. I: for Hevea brasiliensis (karet, plant, America: Belize, Bolivia, (1904); ( = Fusicladium unproce rubber tree) stem Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, heveae K. Schub. & U. ssed muda, Ecuador,El Salvador, Guyana Braun (2003) commod leaf, fruit, France, Guatemala, Guyana, =Fusicladium ity alat Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, macrosporum Kuyper II. for angkut, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, (1911) =Passalora heveae processe alat Suriname, Trinidad and Massee 1913 d pertanian, Tobago, Venezuela [s]:Microcyclus ulei (Henn.) commod media Arx (1962); ( =Dothidella ity pembawa ulei Henn. (1904) lainnya =Melanopsammopsis ulei (Henn.) Stahel (1917) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; American leaf blight of rubber 29. [a]: Armillaria heimii Pegler I: for Anacardium occidentalis root, stem, Africa: Angola, Cameroon, DR (1977); (=Clitocybe unproce (jambu mede, cashew nut), soil Congo, Congo, Ivory Coast, elegans R. Heim (1963); ssed Camellia cinensis (teh, tea), Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, 243

Armillariella elegans (R. commod Coffea arabica (kopi, arabica Madagascar, Mozambique, Heim, 1974) ity coffe), Coffea canephora Nigeria, Reunion, South Africa, [s]: - II. for (kopi, robusta coffea), Hevea Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Basidiomycota, processe brasiliensis (karet, rubber), Zimbabwe Agaricomycotina, d Manihot esculenta (ubi wood, Agaricomycetes; armillaria commod cassava), Pinus ellioti (slash root rot; honey root rot ity pine), Pinus radiate (radiate pine), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus persica (Japanese plum), Tectona grandis (teak), Theobromoa cacao (coklat, cocoa) Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), Acacia melanoxylon (Australian blackwood), Araucaria cunninghamii (colonial pine), Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarinas), Cinnamamum camphora (camphor laurel), Cocos nucifera (kelapa , coconut), Delonix regia (gold mohar), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Eucalyptus citriodora (lemon- scented gum), Grevillea robusta (silky oak), Jacaranda mimosifolia (Brazilian rosewood), Musa paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Pinus strobes (eastern white pine), Prunus 244

(buah batu, stone fruit), Schinus molle (false pepper tree), swietenia (mahogany). 30. [a]: Ascochyta boltshauseri I: for Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea) seed, pod, America: Colombia Sacc. =Stagonosporopsis unproce Fabaceae, Poaceae leaf, stem, hortensis =Stagonospora ssed soil hortensis =Ascochyta commod hortensis = ity Stagonosporopsis II. for boltshauseri =Phoma processe boltshauseri d =Hendersonia hortensis commod =Phoma subboltshauseri); ity [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; bean blotch, bean leaf spot 31. [a]: Ascochyta I: for Gossypium barbadens seed, fruit, Africa: Benin, DR Congo, gossypii(Woronichin) unproce (kapas, cotton) leaf, stem Ethiopia, Kenya, Syd.; ssed Capsicum annuum (cabai, Mauritius,Nigeria, South [s]: - commod hot pepper, chilies, red Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Ascomycota, ity pepper), Abelmoschus Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Pezizomycotina, II. for moschatus (okra, lady’s America: Argentina, Brazil, Dothideomycetes; ascochyta processe finger), Solanum melongena Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, blight of cotton, ascochyta d (terung, eggplant, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, leaf spot, ascochyta commod aubergine),Nicotiana Puerto Rico, USA,Venezuela seedling blight, ashen spot, ity tabacum (tembakau, Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, wet weather blight of cotton. tobacco), Glycine max China, Taiwan, Georgia, India, (kedelai, soybean), Vigna Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, unguiculata, Hibiscus spp., Philippines Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea) Europe: Greece 245

Oceania: Australia, Papua New Guinea 32. [a]: Boeremia exigua var. I: for Linum ussitatissimum (flax) fruit, America: Canada linicola (Naumov & unproce Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea) flower, Europe: Belgium, Czech, Vassiljevsky) Aveskamp, ssed seed, Denmark, Estonia, France, Gruyter & Verkley (2010); commod stem, root, Germany, Italy, Latvia, ( = Ascochyta linicola ity Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Naumov & Vassiljevsky II. for Slovakia (1926) processe Oceania: Australia, New [s]: Phoma exigua f. sp. d Zealand linicola (Naumov & commod Vassiljevsky) Malc. & ity E.G. Gray (1968) =Phoma exigua var. linicola (Naumov & Vassiljevsky) P.W.T. Maas (1965) =Phoma belgica Cash (1972) =Phoma linicola É.J. Marchal & Verpl. (1926) =Diplodina lini Moesz & Smarods (1930) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; foot rot of flax 33. [a]: Botrytis aclada Fresen. I: for Allium (onions, garlic, leek, umbi Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, =Botrytis allii Munn unproce etc.), Allium cepa (onion), lapis,leaf, South Africa, Tanzania, =Botrytis septospora El- ssed Allium cepa var. aggregatum flower, Zambia Helaly et al.; commod (shallot) seed America: Costa Rica, [s]: - ity Allium porrum (leek), Allium Guatemala, Jamaica, Panama, Ascomycota, II. for sativum (garlic) Canada, USA, Brazil, Chile, Pezizomycotina, processe Colombia, Venezuela 246

Leotiomycetes; grey mould d Asia: Afghanistan, of onion, neck rot of onion, commod Bangladesh, China, Taiwan, leaf rot of onion, small ity India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, sclerotial neck rot fungus, Korea Republic of (South neck rot fungus, grey mould Korea), Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi neck rot of onion, small Arabia, Turkey, Vietnam sclerotial onion neck rot Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Finland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 34. [a]: Botrytis gladiolorum I: for Gladiolus spp. bulb, Asia: Pakistan Timmerm(1941)( unproce tuber, =Sclerotinia draytonii) ssed corm, [s]:Botryotinia commod plant draytonii(Buddin & ity Wakefield) Seaver; II. for Ascomycetes; corm rot processe d commod ity 35. [a]: Botrytis porri N.F. I: for Allium (onions, garlic, leek, umbi America: Canada, USA, Chile Buchw. (1949); unproce etc.), Allium cepa (onion), lapis,leaf, Europe: Finland, Germany, (=Sclerotinia porri J.F.H. ssed Allium porrum (leek) flower, Hungary, Norway, UK Beyma (1927) commod seed Oceania: Australia, New [s]: Botryotinia porri(H.J.F. ity Zealand 247

Beyma) Whetzel (1945); II. for Ascomycetes; Botrytis rot of processe garlic, Botrytis rot of leek, d seedling damping-off of commod onion, neck rot of onion, ity mycelia onion neck rot 36. [a]: Botrytis squamosal J.C. I: for Allium (onions, garlic, leek, umbi Africa: Mauritius Walker, (1925) unproce etc.), Allium cepa (onion) lapis,leaf, America: Canada, USA, Brazil [s]:Botryotinia squamosal ssed Allium chinense (spring flower, Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Vienn.-Bourg. (1953); commod onion), Allium fistulosum seed DPR, Korea Republic of (South (=Sclerotinia squamosa ity (Welsh onion), Allium Korea) (Vienn.-Bourg. 1956) II. for schoenoprasum (chives), Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Ascomycota, processe Allium tuberosum (Oriental Czech Republic, France, Pezizomycotina, d garlic) Germany, Ireland, Italy, Leotiomycetes; leaf blight of commod Netherlands, Poland, UK, onion, neck rot of onion, ity Scotland small sclerotial neck rot, Oceania: New Caledonia, New onion leaf blight, onion Zealand neck rot 37. [a]: Botrytis tulipae Lind. I: for Tulipa (tulip) umbi America: Canada, USA, (1913) =Sclerotium tulipae unproce Allium cepa (onion), Lilium lapis,leaf, Argentina, Chile Lib. =Botrytis parasitica ssed (lily) flower, Asia: Iraq, Japan, Korea, DPR, Cavara (1888); commod seed Korea Republic of (South [s]: - ity Korea), Philippines Ascomycota, II. for Europe: Austria, Belgium, Pezizomycotina, processe Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Leotiomycetes; tulip fire d Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, commod Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, ity Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, 248

Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Italy, Jersey, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 38. [a]: Catacauma huberi I: for Hevea brasiliensis (karet, leaf, stem America: Brazil, Guyana (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd. unproce rubber tree) muda 1915; ( = Phyllachora ssed huberi Henn. (1900) commod [s]: - ity Ascomycota, II. for Pezizomycotina, processe Sordariomycetes; black d spot, tar spot commod ity 39. [a]: I: for Glycine max (kedelai, seed Africa: Egypt Cephalosporiumgregatum unproce soybean) America: Canada, Mexico, Alling & Chamb; ssed USA =Acremoniumgregatum commod Asia:Japan =Phialophora gregata ity Europe: Serbia, Slovenia, (Allington & D.W. II. for Croatia, Bosnia and Chamb.) W. Gams, processe Herzegovina, Montenegro, (1971); d Macedonia [s]:Cadophora gregata commod (Allington & D.W. ity Chamb.) T.C. Harr. & 249

McNew, (2003); Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes;brown stem rot 40. [a]: Cercospora duddiae I: for Allium ascalonicum (bawang plant, leaf America: Barbados, Jamaica Welles (1923); unproce merah, shallot), Allium Asia: India [s]: - ssed schoenoprasum (bawang Ascomycota, commod daun/leeks, chives) Pezizomycotina, ity Dothideomycetes; leaf spot II. for of onion and garlic, processe withertip onion of and d garlic, leaf spot: garlic, leaf commod spot: onion ity 41. [a]: Cercospora elaeidis I: for Elaeis guineensis (kelapa fruit, seed, Africa: Angola, Benin, Steyaert (1948); unproce sawit, oilpalm) leaf, Cameroon, DR Congo, Congo, [s]:Pseudospiropes elaeidis ssed Gabon, Ghana, Guinea- (Steyaert) Deighton, commod Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, (1985); ity Liberia, Nigeria, Sao Tome & Ascomycota, II. for Principe, Senegal, Sierra Pezizomycotina, processe Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Dothideomycetes; d Zimbabwe, Antilles cercospora leaf spot, freckle commod Netherlands, Suriname of oil palm, leaf spot of oil ity Oceania: Australia palm, oil palm leaf spot 42. [a]: Cercospora epipactidis; I: for Orchidaceae (anggrek, leaf, stem, Europe: Italy, Germany, Rusia. =Cercospora missal ex. unproce orchids) flower Sacc. (1911); ssed stalk [s]: - commod Ascomycota, ity Pezizomycotina, II. for 250

Dothideomycetes; leaf spot processe d commod ity 43. [a]: Colletotrichum kahawae I: for Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) fruit, Africa: Angola, Burundi, J.M Waller & Bridge unproce flower, Cameroon, Central Africa, DR (1993); (=Colletotrichum ssed stem, Congo,Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, coffeanum =C.coffeanum commod Malawi, Mozambique, 'var. virulans'); ity Rwanda,Tanzania, Uganda, [s]: - II. for Zambia, Zimbabwe Ascomycota, processe America: Cuba Pezizomycotina, d Sordariomycetes; commod anthracnose of coffee, ity brown blight of coffee, coffee berry disease 44. [a]: Colletotrichum I: for Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, seed, Africa: Benin, Botswana, sublineolum (Henn.) ex unproce sorghum) flower, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Sacc. & Trotter (1913) ssed Poaceae (grasses), Zizania leaf, stem, Cameroon, Central Africa, =Colletotrichum commod aquatica (annual wildrice) Chad, DR Congo, Ethiopia, sublineolum Henn. ex ity Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Sacc. & Trotter (1913); II. for Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, [s]: - processe Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Ascomycota, d Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Pezizomycotina, commod Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Sordariomycetes; sorghum ity Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, anthracnose, stalk red rot Zambia, Zimbabwe. of sorghum, red leaf spot of America: Argentina, Brazil, sorghum, head blight of Barbados, Canada, Colombia, sorghum Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua,

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Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Guyana, Venezuela Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Taiwan, India, Japan, South Korea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand. Europe: Romania, UK. Oceania: Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands 45. [a]: Coniothyrium fuckelii I: for Rubus spp., Rosa spp. plant, Africa: Kenya, Malawi, Sacc. (1878); ( unproce (mawar, rose). stem, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, =Microsphaeropsis fuckelii ssed Ribes, Vaccinium, Fragaria, growing Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Sacc.) Boerema commod Bambusa, Juniperus, Malus media America: Argentina, Brazil, [s]:Sphaeria coniothyrium ity domesticum (apel, apple), Colombia, Cuba, Canada, USA Fuckel, (1870); ( II. for Pinus sylvestris, fruit batu Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei, =Leptosphaeria processe (stone fruit), Taxus, Thuja China, India, Japan, Kuwait, coniothyrium (Fuckel) d Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sacc., (1875); Diapleella commod Thailand, Turkmenistan coniothyrium (Fuckel) ity Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, M.E. Barr, (1986); Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, Kalmusia coniothyrium Estonia, Finland, France, (Fuckel) Huhndorf, Germany, Greece, Hungary, (1992); Melanomma Ireland, Italy, Latvia, coniothyrium (Fuckel) L. Lithuania, Netherlands, Holm, (1957); Sphaeria Poland, Portugal, Rusia, coniothyrium Fuckel, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, (1870) UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Ascomycota, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Pezizomycotina, Montenegro, Macedonia,

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Dothideomycetes; cane Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New blight, rose blight, apple Zealand, Papua New Guinea canker, pine needle blight, rose stem canker 46. [a]: Coniothyrium I: for Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) plant, America: Canada, USA wernsdorffiae Laubert unproce stem Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, (91905); =Coniothyrium ssed Denmark, France, Germany, cystotricha; commod Greece, Italy, Lithuania, [s]: - ity Netherlands, Poland, Rusia, Ascomycota, II. for Sweden, Ukraine, UK Pezizomycotina, processe Oceania: Australia Dothideomycetes; rose d brand canker commod ity 47. [a]: Cylindrocarpon I: for Albizia lebbeck, Acer stem, fruit, Africa: South Africa, heteronemum (Berk. & unproce pseudoplatanus, Aesculus pod Madagascar Broome) Wollenw. (1928); ssed hippocastanum, Ainus America: North America ( = Fusarium willkommii commod glutinosa, Batula pubescens, Asia: Japan J. Lindau (1909) ity Juglans sp, Fraxinus Europe: England =Cylindrocarpon II. for excelsior, Fogus silvatica, willkommii (Lindau) processe Platanus orientalis, Pupulus Wollenw. (1928) d spp, Quercus robus, Salix =Cylindrocarpon commod alba, S. vitallina, Tillia spp, willkommii var. minus ity Ulmus glabra Wollenw. (1928) =Cylindrocarpon willkommii var. pluriseptatum Wollenw. (1928) [s]:Neonectria ditissima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Samuels & Rossman (2006); 253

(=Nectria ditissima Tul. & C. Tul. (1865) =Nectria ditissima var. ditissima Wollenw. (1865) =Nectria ditissima var. arctica Wollenw. (1926) =Nectria galligena Bres.(1901) =Neonectria galligena (Bres.) Rossman & Samuels (1999) =Fusarium heteronemum Berk. & Broome (1865) =Cylindrocarpon heteronema (Berk. & Broome) Wollenw. (1928) =Nectria magnoliae M.L. Lohman & Hepting (1943) =Fusarium mali Allesch. (1892) =Cylindrocarpon mali (Allesch.) Wollenw. (1928) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; Hardwoods perennial canker, nectria cancer 48. [a]: Dematophora necatrix R. I: for Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi, kiwi plant, Africa: Central Africa, DR Hartig (1883) =Graphium unproce fruit), Begonia, Boehmeria bulb, Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, desmazierii Sacc. ssed nivea (rami, ramie), Camellia tuber, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, (1878)[1879] =Hypoxylon commod sinensis (teh, tea), Citrus corm, root, South Africa, Réunion necatrix (R. Hartig) ity spp., Cydonia oblonga, stem, America: Argentina, Brazil, P.M.D. Martin (1976) II. for Cynara scolymus (artisyok, growing Colombia, Dominica, Mexico, 254

=Rhizomorpha necatrix R. processe artichoke), Cyclamen, media USA Hartig (1883) d Dianthus, Eriobotrya Asia: China,Taiwan, Georgia, [s]:Rosellinia necatrix commod japonica, Ficus carica, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Prill.(1902); ity Fragaria vesca (arbei, South Korea, Lebanon, Ascomycota, strawberry), Jasminum Philippines, Turkey Pezizomycotina, sambac (melati, jasmine), Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Sordariomycetes; Malus domesticum (apel, Cyprus, France, Germany, dematophora root rot, white apple), Morus, Narcissus, Greece, Italy, Portugal, root rot of trees Olea europea sub sp. Romania, Southern Russia, europea (zaitum, olive), Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, Paeonia, Populus, Prunus UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Pyrus Bosnia and Herzegovina, communis (pir, pear), Rosa Montenegro, Macedonia, spp. (mawar, rose), Viola, Oceania: New Zealand Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) cerealia, Abies alba, Acacia, Acer, Aesculus, Annona,Asparagus officinalis (asparagus, asparagus), Beta vulgaris var saccharifera (bit gula, sugar beet), Berberis, Brassica oleracea capitata (kubis, cabbage), Ceanothus megacarpus, Cedrus atlantica, Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Castanea sativa, Cotoneaster, Carya, Corylus avellana, Cyperus esculentus, Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Diospyros, Eucalyptus, Fagus,Feijoa 255

sellowiana, Fragaria, Gladiolus hybrids, Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Humulus lupulus, Hyacinthus, Ilex aquifolium, Iris, Juglans, Juglans regia, Ixia, Lavandula, Larix decidua, Ligustrum vulgare, Laurus nobilis, Malus, Manihot esculenta (ubi wood, cassava), Macadamia, Medicago sativa, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Passiflora quadrangularis (markisa, passion- fruit, granadilla), Persea americana (alpokat, avocado), Pelargonium, Phaseolus, Pistacia vera, Picea abies, Piper nigrum (lada, pepper), Pinus merkusii (tusam, pinetree), Platanus, fruit batu (stone fruit), Protea, Punica granatum (delima, pomegranate), Pyracantha, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), azalea, Ribes, Rubus spp., Rumex, Salix, Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorbus aucuparia, 256

Theobroma cacao (kakao, cocoa), Crocosmia crocosmiiflora, Tulipa, Ulmus, Viburnum, Vicia, Vitis, Zea mays (jagung, corn, maize), Ziziphus jujuba, Zantedeschia 49. [a]: Denticularia mangiferae I: for Mangifera indica (mangga, leaf, fruit Africa: Kenya (Bitanc. & Jenkins) unproce mango) America: Brazil, Canada, Alcorn, Grice & R.A. ssed Cuba, Dominica, Haiti, Peterson 1999 commod Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, =Sphaceloma mangiferae ity USA Bitanc. & Jenkins 1956 II. for Asia: Taiwan, India, Nepal, [s]:Elsinoe mangiferae processe Philippines Bitanc. & Jenkins 1946 d Oceania: Australia Ascomycetes; mango scab commod ity 50. [a]: Diplodia laelio-cattleyae I: for Cattleya sp. (anggrek plant, leaf America: all Sibilia (1927); unproce cattleya, cattleya) [s]: - ssed Ascomycota, commod Pezizomycotina, ity Dothideomycetes; leaf spot II. for processe d commod ity 51. [a]: Fusarium avenaceum I: for Albizia julibrissin (silk tree) seed,roots, Africa: Kenya, Nigeria (Fr.: Fr.) Sacc. (1886) unproce Clausena lansium (wampi), fruit, stem, America: Brazil, Chile, Mexico, =Fusarium roseum var. ssed Cucurbita (pumpkin), growing Puerto Rico, Peru, USA avenaceum Fr.: Fr.) commod Fraxinus excelsior (ash), media Asia: China, India, Iran Wollenw. (1930 ity Gossypium (cotton), Ipomea Europe: Hungary, Poland, 257

=Fusarium avenaceum II. for batatas, (sweet potato), Slovenia, UK f.sp. fabae =Fusarium processe Morus (melberrytree), Oryza Oceania: Australia, New avenaceum subsp. d sativa (rice), Piper betle (betel Zealand. aywerte) commod pepper), Pseudotsuga [s]: Gibberella avenaceae ity menziesii (Douglas-fir), Pyrus R.J. Cook (1967); communis (European pear), Ascomycota, Solanum tuberosum (potato), Pezizomycotina, Theobroma cacao (cocoa) Sordariomycetes; Fusarium blight; head blight; stem base disease; scab 52. [a]: Fusarium I: for Morus (mulberrytree), seed, root, Africa: widespread, Nigeria chlamydosporum unproce Pennisetum glaucum (pearl stem, America: USA. Wollenw. & Reinking ssed millet), Sorghum bicolor growing Asia: China, India (Haryana), 1925; (=Fusarium commod (sorgum, sorghum) media Saudi Arabia. fusarioides (Gonz. Frag. & ity Oceania: Australia Cif. ) C. Booth 1971; II. for Fusarium sporotrichioides processe var. chlamydosporum d (Wollenw. & Reinking) commod Joffe 1974 =Dactylium ity fusarioides Gonz. Frag. & Cif. 1928 [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; wilt cotton 53. [a]: Fusarium graminearum I: for Alopecurus pratensis seed, fruit, Africa: widespread, Egypt, Schwabe (1838) ( unproce (Meadow foxtail), Avena flower, Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, =Fusarium roseum Link ssed sativa (oats), Glycine max leaf, root, Nigeria, South Africa, Tunisia, emend Snyder & Hansen commod (kedelai, soyabean), stem, Zambia, Zimbabwe. (1945) ity Hordeum vulgare (barley), growing America: Costa Rica, 258

[s]:Gibberella zeae II. for Linum usitassimum (flax), media Dominica, Grenada, Honduras, (Schwein.: Fr.) Petch processe Lupinus (lupins), Nicotiana St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the (1936); ( =Sphaeria zeae d tabacum (tembakau, Grenadines, Windward Island, Schwein.: Fr. (1822) =; commod tobacco), Oryza sativa (padi, Canada, Mexico, USA., Gibberella roseum (Link) ity rice), Pennisetum glaucum Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, W.C. Snyder & E.M. (pearl millet), Secale cereale Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Hans. (1945) =; (rye), Sorghum bicolor Uruguay. Gibberella roseum f. (sorghum), Triticum aestivum Asia: China, Iran, Japan, cerealis (Cooke) W.C. (wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Snyder & H.N. Hansen; = maize) Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Gibberella saubinetii; Acacia mearnsii (black Arabia, Sri Lanka, Turkey. =Gibberella cyanogena; wattle), Azadirachta indica Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Dothidea zeae Schwein. (neem tree), Brassica, Croatia, Czech, Finland, (1832) Dianthus (carnation), France, Germany, Greece, Ascomycota, Gardenia jasminoides (cape Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Pezizomycotina, jasmine), Gossypium Italy, Lithuania, Moldova, Sordariomycetes; (cotton), Lycopersicon, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, headblight of maize, scab of Mangifera indica (mangga, Portugal, Romania, Russia, maize, root rot of maize, mango), Medicago (medic), Russia, Serbia-Montenegro, stalk rot of maize, ear rot of Medicago littoralis (strand Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, maize, gibberella stalk rot, medick), Musa x paradisiaca Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, gibberella ear rot, red ear (plantain), Panicum UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, rot, pink ear rot, fusarium miliaceum (millet), Phaseolus Bosnia and Herzegovina, root and stalk rot, cobweb vulgaris (common bean), Montenegro, Macedonia, disease Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Pisum (pea), Rubus idaeus Zealand. Papua New Guinea, (raspberry), Solanum Solomon Islands Islands. (nightshade), Trifolium (clovers), Triticale, Vicia faba ( Broad bean), Zingiber officinale (jahe, ginger)

259

54. [a]: Fusarium oxysporum I: for Elaeis guineensis (kelapa seed, fruit, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, DR f.sp. elaeidis Schltdl.: Fr. unproce sawit, oilpalm) flower, Congo, Congo, Ivory Coast, (1824) ( =Fusarium ssed stem, leaf, Ghana, Nigeria angustum Sherb. (1915); commod root, America: Brazil, Colombia, [s]: - ity growing Ecuador, Suriname, Costa Ascomycota, II. for media Rica Pezizomycotina, processe Sordariomycetes; fusarium d wilt of oil palm, vascular oil commod palm wilt ity 55. [a]: Fusarium I: for Avena sativa (oats), seed, Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Sierra sporotrichioides Sherb. unproce Hordeum vulgare (barley), stem, Leone, South Africa, Tanzania (1915); ( =Fusarium ssed Lolium perenne (perennial growing America: Barbados, Canada, sporotrichiella var. commod ryegrass), Triticum aestivum media USA, Brazil sporotrichioides (Sherb.) ity (wheat), Zea mays (maize) Asia: China, India, Japan, Bilai (1953); Fusarium II. for Glycine max (soyabean), Pakistan, Thailand, Turkey sporotrichioides var. processe Medicago sativa (lucerne), Europe: Austria, Cyprus, sporotrichioides Sherb. d Pinus strobus (eastern white Czech Republic, Denmark, (1915) commod pine), Pisum sativum (pea), Germany, Ireland, Italy, [s]: - ity turfgrasses, Zizania palustris Poland, Portugal, Russia, UK Ascomycota, (northern wild rice (USA) Oceania: Australia, New Pezizomycotina, Zealand Sordariomycetes; kernel rot of maize, blight of grasses, foot rot of carnation 56. [a]: Fusarium xylarioides I: for Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) root, stem, Africa: Angola, Burkina Faso, Steyaert (1948); = unproce Gossypium barbadens growing Cameroon, Central Africa, Fusarium lateritium f. sp. ssed (kapas, cotton), Solanum media Congo, DR Congo, Ivory Coast, xylarioides W.L. Gordon commod lycopersicum (tomat, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, (1965); =Fusarium ity tomato), Musa paradisiaca Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, oxysporum f. xylarioides II. for (pisang kepok, plantain) Guinea, Niger, Nigeria, (Steyaert) Delassus processe Rwanda, Senegal, South 260

(1954) d Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, [s]:Gibberella xylarioides R. commod Tanzania, Togo,Uganda, Heim & Saccas (1950) ity Zimbabwe Ascomycota, America: El Salvador Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; coffee wilt, sudden death of coffee, tracheomycosis of coffee, vascular wilt of coffee 57. [a]: Fusicladium porni (Fr.: I: for Malus domesticum (apel, fruit, Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Fr.) Lind;( =Spilicaea porni unproce apple) flower, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Fr.: Fr. =Spilocaea ssed Crataegus laevigata, leaf, stem South Africa, Zimbabwe amelanchieris I.C. Harv. commod Cotoneaster, Malus, America: Argentina, Bolivia, =Actinonema crataegi ity Pyracantha, Pyrus communis Brazil, Canada, Chile, Pers. =Capillaria crataegi II. for (pir, pear), Sorbus, Viburnum Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, (Pers.) Link =Phlyctidium processe Peru, USA, Uruguay crataegi (Pers.) Wallr. d Asia: Afghanistan, Bhutan, =Spilocaea crataegi (Pers.) commod China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, S. Hughes =Asteroma ity Japan, Jordan, Korea, crataegi (Pers.) Rabenh. Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi =Asteroma crataegi var. Arabia, Syria, Turkey porni Desm. =Asteroma Europe: Austria, Belgium, crataegi var. sorbi Desm. Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, =Cladosporium Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, dendriticum Wallr. France, Germany, Greece, =Fusicladium dendriticum Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malta, f. microsperma Roum. Netherlands, Norway, Poland, =Fusicladium dendriticum Portugal, Romania, Rusia, var. eriobotyrae Scalia Sweden, Switzerland, UK, =Fusicladium dendriticum Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, var. pyracanthae Thüm. Bosnia and Herzegovina, =Fusicladium dendriticum Montenegro, Macedonia 261

var. sorbi-torminalis Oceania: Australia, New Savul. & Sandu Zealand =Fusicladium dendriticum var. sorbinum Sacc. =Basiascum eriobotryae Cavara =Fusicladium eriobotryae (Cavara) Cavara =Fusicladium melanconioides Ferraris =Spilocaea eriobotryae (Cavara) S. Hughes =Fusicladium lalandi É.J. Marchal & Verpl. =Asteroma mali Desm. =Coniosporium mali Dearn. & W.R. Foster =Fumago mali Pers. =Cladosporium orbiculatum Desm. =Fusicladium orbiculatum (Desm.) Thüm. =Passalora dendritica var. orbiculata (Desm.) Berk. =Fusicladium dendriticum var. orbiculatum (Desm.) Sacc. =Fusicladium photinicola McClain =Spilocaea photinicola (McClain) M.B. Ellis =Spilocaea photiniicola (McClain) M.B. Ellis =Fusicladium pirinum var. 262

amelanchieris Sacc. =Fusicladium pirinum var. pyracanthae Thüm. =Fusicladium pyrinum var. pyracanthae Thüm. =Actinonema pomi Lév. =Passalora pyracanthae G.H. Otth =Spilocaea pyracanthae (G.H. Otth) Arx =Fusicladium pyracanthae (G.H. Otth) Vienn.-ourg. =Napicladium soraueri Thüm. =Fusicladium dendriticum var. soraueri (Thüm.) Sacc. =Fusicladium dendriticum var. soraureri (Thüm.) Sacc. =Napicladium saraureri Thüm. =Fusicladium dendriticum var. soraureri (Thüm.) Sacc. =Scolecotrichum venosum Bonord. =Scolicotrichum venosum Bonord.) [s]:Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G.Winter; ( =Sphaerella inaequalis Cooke =Endostigme cinerascens (Aderh.) Jorst. =Spilosticta 263

cinerascens (Aderh.) Petr. =Didymosphaeria inaequalis (Cooke) Niessl =Endostigme inaequalis (Cooke) Syd. =Spilosticta inaequalis (Cooke) Petr. =Venturia inaequalis var. cinerascens Aderh. =Phaeosphaerella berolinensis Kirschst. =Venturia chlorospora f. sp. mali Aderh. =Sphaerella cinerascens Fleischh. =Sphaeria cinerascens Fuckel =Venturia inaequalis f. sp. mali R. Menon) Ascomycota; Pleosporales; Venturiaceae; apple scab, apple black spot, apple scab, black spot 58. [a]: Gloeocercospora sorghi I: for Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, seed, leaf, Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, D.C. Bain & Edgerton ex unproce sorghum) plant Central African Republic, Deighton, (1971); ( ssed Agrostis capillaris (brown Chad, Congo, Eritrea, =Microdochium sorghi commod bentgrass), Agrostis Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, (D.C. Bain & Edgerton ex ity stolonifera var. palustris Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Deighton) U. Braun, II. for (bent grass), Cynodon Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, (1995); processe dactylon (Bermuda grass), Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, [s]: - d Pennisetum glaucum (pearl Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Ascomycota, commod millet), Pennisetum America: Belize, El Salvador, Pezizomycotina, ity purpureum (elephant grass), Guatemala, Haiti, Nicaragua, Sordariomycetes; zonate Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, Panama, Mexico, USA, 264

leaf spot sugarcane), Sorghum Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela. halepense (Johnson grass), Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Sorghum sudanense (Sudan Japan, North Korea, Malaysia, grass), Zea mays (jagung, Philippines, Thailand. maize) Europe: Russia Oceania: American, Samoa, Australia, Samoa, Tonga. 59. [a]: Gloeodes pomigena I: for Malus domesticum (apel, leaf, America: Brazil,USA (Schwein.) Colby (1920) unproce apple) branches, Asia: India, Japan [s]:Dothidea pomigena ssed Citrus spp., Magnolia spp., fruit Europe: Germany Schwein. (1832); ( commod Vitis vinifera (anggur, =Phyllachora pomigena ity grapevine), Orchidaceae (Schwein.) Sacc. (1883) II. for (anggrek, orchid), Querqus Ascomycota, Gloeodes; processe spp. sooty blotch on twig & fruit d commod ity 60. [a]: Heterosporium allii-cepae I: for Allium cepa (onion), Allium leaf, bulb, America:Brazil Ranoj., (1910); ( unproce porum (leek), Allium tuber, Asia: South Korea =Cladosporium allii-cepae ssed fistulosum (welsh onoin) corm Europe: Germany, (Ranoj.) M.B. Ellis, (1976) commod Switzerland, UK [s]:Davidiella allii-cepae ity (M.M. Jord., Maude & II. for Burchill) Crous & U. processe Braun, (2003) d Ascomycota, commod Pezizomycotina, ity Dothideomycetes; leafspot 61. [a]: Hypoxylon nummularium I: for Camellia sinensis (teh, tea), plant, root, Africa: Kenya, South Africa Bull., (1791); ( unproce Malus domesticum (apel, stem, Asia: Japan =Biscogniauxia ssed apple), Pyrus communis (pir, growing Europe: UK nummularia (Bull.) commod pear) media 265

Kuntze, (1891); ity Vitis vinifera (anggur, Hypoxylon nummularium II. for grapevine) var. nummularium; processe Nemania decorticata d (Sowerby) Gray, (1821); commod Nummularia nummularia ity (Bull.) J. Schröt., (1897); Numulariola nummularia (Bull.) House, (1925); [s]:Sphaeria decorticata Sowerby, (1799) (=Sphaeria decorticans Sowerby; Sphaeria nummularia (Bull.) DC., (1805) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; tea wood rot, tea root rot, rot root, tarry root rot 62. [a]: Micronectriella nivalis I: for Avena sativa (oat, oats), seed, Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, (Schaffnit) C. Booth unproce Hordeum vulgare (barley), flower, Senegal, Zambia. (1971) =Fusarium nivale ssed Secale cereale (rye), Triticum leaf, stem, America: Canada, Mexico, =.Gerlachia nivalis commod aestivum (gandum, wheat). root USA, Bolivia, Brazil. =Fusarium nivale f.sp. ity Agrostis canina (velvet Asia: Bahrain, China, India, graminicola =Fusarium II. for bentgrass), Agrostis Japan, Pakistan. nivale var.nivale processe stolonifera (creeping Europe: Austria, Belgium, =Fusarium nivale var. d bentgrass), Festuca rubra Czech, Denmark, Estonia, majus =Microdochium commod (red fescue), Oryza sativa Finland, Belarus, Latvia, nivale =Calonectria ity (padi, rice), turfgrasses. Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, graminicola F.Stevens); Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, [s]: Monographella nivalis Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, 266

(Schaffnit) E. Müll. Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, (1977); ( = Calonectria Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, nivalis Schaffnit (1913) Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, =Griphosphaeria nivalis Bosnia and Herzegovina, (Schaffnit) E. Müll. & Arx Montenegro, Macedonia, (1955) France, Germany, Iceland, Ascomycota, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Pezizomycotina, Lithuania, Netherlands, Sordariomycetes; foot rot of Norway, Poland, Romania, cereals, snow blight of Russia, Serbia-Montenegro, cereals, head blight of Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, cereals, pink snow mould of Ukraine, UK. cereals, seedling blight of Oceania: Australia, New cereals, snow mould of Zealand cereals, Fusarium patch of turf, Microdochium patch of turf, pink snow mould of turf

63. [a]: Monilia fructicola L.R. I: for Prunus avium (sweet cherry), flower, Africa: Egypt, Nigeria, South Batra unproce Prunus domestica (plum), fruit, leaf, Africa, Zimbabwe [s]: Monilinia fructicola (G. ssed Prunus persica (peach), stalk fruit, America: Canada, Mexico, Winter) Honey ( commod Prunus salicina (Japanese growing USA, Guatemala, Panama, =Sclerotinia fructicola (G. ity plum) media Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Winter) Rehm) II. for Carica papaya (papaw), Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Ascomycota; Helotiales; processe Malus domestica (apple), Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela Sclerotiniaceae; Brown rot, d Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Asia: China, India, Korea American brown rot of stone commod Prunus cerasus (sour Republic of, Taiwan, Yemen fruit, brown rot of apple, ity cherry), Prunus dulcis Europe: Austria, Belgium, brown rot of cherry, twig (almond), Rubus fruticosus Czech Republic and Slovakia, canker of stone fruit (blackberry) France, Germany, Hungary, 267

Italy, Netherland, Serbia,Spain, Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand 64. [a]: Monilia laxa (Ehrenb.) I: for Prunus armeniaca (apricot), fruit, Africa: Morocco, South Africa Sacc. & Voglino (1886); ( unproce Prunusavium (sweet cherry), flower, America: Guatemala, Canada, = Oidium laxum Ehrenb. ssed Prunus cerasus (sour leaf, stem USA, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, (1818) =Oospora laxa commod cherry), Prunus domestica Uruguay, (Ehrenb.) Wallr. (1833) ity (plum), Prunusdulcis Asia: Afghanistan, Bhutan, =Acrosporium laxum II. for (almond), Prunus persica China, India, Iraq, Israel, (Ehrenb.) Pers. (1822) processe (peach) Japan, Lebanon, Turkey, =Sclerotinia cerasi d Cydonia oblonga (quince), Europe: Austria, Belgium, Woronin (1895) commod Malus domestica (apple), Bulgaria, Czech Republic, =Stromatinia cerasi ity Prunus triloba (Rose tree of Czech Republic and Slovakia, (Woronin) Boud. (1907) China), Pyrus communis Denmark, Finland, Belarus, =Monilia cinerea Bonord. (European pear) Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, (1851) =Sclerotinia Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, cinerea (Bonord.) J. Georgia, Kazakhstan, Schröt. (1893) =Monilia Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, oregonensis Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, [s]:Sclerotinia laxa Aderh. & Ukraina, Russia, Serbia, Ruhland (1905) Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and (=Stromatinia laxa (Aderh. Herzegovina, Montenegro, & Ruhland) Macedonia, France, Germany, (Chifflot,1921) Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Ascomycota, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Pezizomycotina, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Leotiomycetes; blossom Romania, Slovakia, Spain, blight, mummufying fruit, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, blossom wilt, brown rot of UK stone fruits, spur blight, Oceania: Australia, New twig canker, wither tip Zealand 268

65. [a]: Monilochaetes infuscans I: for Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, bulb, Africa: Sierra Leone, South Ellis & Halst. (1890); ( = unproce sweet potato) tuber, Africa, Zimbabwe Dischloridium ssed corm, America: Argentina, Brazil, cylindrospermum S.K. commod stem, USA Srivast. (1987)[1986] ity growing Asia: China, Taiwan, Israel, [s]: - II. for media Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka Ascomycota, processe Europe: Italy, Portugal Pezizomycotina, d Oceania: Australia, Palau, Sordariomycetes; scurf of commod Cook Islands, Micronesia, New sweet potato, manure stain, ity Zealand, Northern Mariana soils stain Island, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu 66. [a]: Oidium anacardii F. I: for Anacardium occidentale plant, leaf, Africa: Malawi, Tanzania Noack (1898); ( = unproce (jambu mete, cashew-nut) fruit Acrosporium anacardii (F. ssed Noack) J.A. Stev. (1975) commod =Oidium erysiphoidesf. ity citri J.M. Yen (1967) II. for =Oidium citri (J.M. Yen) processe U. Braun (1982) =Oidium d heveae B.A. Steinm. commod (1925) =Acrosporium ity heveae (B.A. Steinm.) Subram. (1971) =Oidium mangiferae Berthet (1914) =Acrosporium mangiferae (Berthet) Subram. (1971) [s]:Erysiphe quercicola S. Takam. & U. Braun (2007) Ascomycota, 269

Pezizomycotina, Leotiomycetes; powdery mildew 67. [a]: Oidium passerinii Bertol. I: for Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus fruit Africa: Agypt. Libya, Morocco, [s]: Podosphaera tridactyla unproce armeniaca (apricot), Prunus South Africa, Spain (Wallr.) de Bary( ssed avium (sweet cherry), Prunus America: Canada, USA, =Podosphaera commod dulcis (almond) Argentina, Chile, Acuador, oxyacanthae var. ity Peru tridactyla (Wallr.)Salmon II. for Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, =Podosphaera processe Azerbaijan, Georgia Republic clandestina var. tridactyla d of, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, (Wallr.) W.B. Cooke commod Japan, Jordan, Korea Republic =Alphitomorpha tridactyla ity of, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Saudi Wallr. =Erysiphe Arabia, Taiwan, Tajikistan, tridactyla (Wallr.) Turkey, Turkmenistan, Rabenh. =Erysiphe Uzbekistan, Yemen bertolinii Roum.) Europe: Bulgaria, Czech Ascomycota; Erysiphales; Republic and Slovakia, Erysiphaceae Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukaraine, UK, Serbia and Monteneggro (Yugoslavia) Oceania: Australia, Ne Zealand 68. [a]: Penicillium expansum I: for Malus domestica (apple) fruit Africa: Agypt, Ghana, Kenya, Link. ( =Penicillium unproce Brassica oleracea var. Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, crustaceum Link. ssed gemmifera (Brussels South Africa, Zimbabwe 270

=Penicillium glaucum commod sprouts), Cydonia oblonga America: Canada, USA, Stoll.) ity (quince), Fragaria ananassa Honduras, Nicaragua, [s]: - II. for (strawberry), Gossypium Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ascomycota; Eurotiales; processe hirsutum (Bourbon cotton), Uruguay, Venezuela Trichocomaceae; Blue d Hordeum vulgare (barley), Asia: Armenia, Brunei mould of stored apple, soft commod Lilium (lily), Phoenix Darussalam, China, Georgia rot of apple, soft rot of ity dactylifera (date-palm), Republic of, India, Iran, Israel, grape, storage rot of fruit Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea Prunus avium (sweet cherry), DPR (North Korea), Korea Prunus domestica (plum), Republic of (South Korea), Prunus persica (peach), Philippines, Sri Lanka, Saudi Punica granatum Arabia, Turkey (pomegranate), Pyrus Aurope: Belgium, Bulgaria, communis (European pear), Cyprus, Czech Republic and Rheum hybridum (rhubarb), Slovakia, Denmark, France, Solanum lycopersicum Greece, Italy, Latvia, (tomato), Triticum aestivum Lithuania, Poland, Romania, (wheat), Vaccinium Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, (blueberries), Vitis vinifera Ukraine, UK, Serbia and (grapevine), Zea mays Montenegro (maize), Allium cepa (onion), Oceania: Australia, New Allium sativum (garlic), Beta Zealand vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet) 69. [a]: Periconia manihoticola I: for Hevea brasiliensis (karet, plant, leaf, Asia: India (Vincens) Viegas, unproce rubber tree), Acasia spp., stem Oceania: Fiji, Papua New Bragantia 14:63 (1955); ( ssed Pisum spp., Manihot Guinea, Solomon Islands, =Haplographium commod esculenta (ubi wood, Vanuatu manihoticola Vincens: 24, ity cassava) (1916) II. for [s]: - processe Ascomycota, d 271

Pezizomycotina, commod Dothideomycetes; Periconia ity blight 70. [a]: Phoma cucurbitacearum I: for Cucurbitaceae, Citrullus seed, Africa: Ethiopia, Gabon, (Fr. ex Fr.) Sacc.; unproce vulgaris (semangka, stem,leaf, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Ascochyta cucumis ssed watermelon), Cucumis melo fruit, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Fautrey & Roum. commod (melon, melon), Cucumis growing Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe =Phyllosticta citrullina ity sativus (mentimun, media America: Argentina, Barbados, Chester =Ascochyta II. for cucumber), Cucurbita spp., Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, melonis Potebnja processe Momordica charantia (paria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Costa =Ascochyta citrullina d bitter gourd), Sechium edule Rica, Cuba, Dominica, El (CHESTER) SMITH commod (labu siam), Solanum Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, =Cercospora citrullina ity tuberosum (kentang, potato) Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, Cooke =Cercospora Trinidad and Tobago, USA cucurbitae Ell. & Ev. Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei, [s]: Didymella bryoniae China,Taiwan, India, Iraq, (Auersw.) Rehm Israel, Japan, South Korea, =Mycosphaerella melonis Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, (Pass.) Chiu & Walker Pakistan, Philippines, Sri =Didymosphaeria Lanka, Thailand melonisPidoplichko = Europe: Austria, Didymosphaeria effusa Bulgaria,Czech, Denmark, Sacc. =Mycosphaerella Rusia, Germany, Greece, citrullina =Didymella Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, melonis Pass. =Sphaeria Norway, Poland, Romania, bryoniae FUCKEL Rusia, Slovakia, Sweden, =Sphaerella bryoniae Switzerland, Ukraine, UK AUERSW.; Oceania: Samoa America, Ascomycota, Australia, Fiji, France Pezizomycotina, Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Dothideomycetes; gummy Zealand, Pitcairn, Samoa, stem blight, leaf spot of Solomon Islands,Tonga 272

cucurbits, cercospora leafspot of squash, cucumber black rot, cucurbits stem blight, cucurbits leaf spot, cucurbits stem-end rot 71. [a]: Phoma tracheiphila I: for Citrusspp. fruit, root, Africa: Algeria,Tunisia (Petri) L.A. Kantsch. & unproce Fortunella, Poncirus stem,seed, Asia: Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Gikaschvili (1948); ( = ssed Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Yemen Deuterophoma commod Europe: Albania, Cyprus, tracheiphila Petri (1929) ity France, Greece, Italy, Russia =Bakerophoma II. for tracheiphila (Petri) Cif. processe (1946) d [s]: - commod Ascomycota, ity Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; mal secco disease of citrus, wilt of citrus, citrus wilt, citrus mal secco 72. [a]: Phomopsis perceae I: for Persea americana (alpokat, fruit America: USA. Serova unproce avocado) [s]: - ssed Ascomycota, commod Pezizomycotina, ity Dothideomycetes; fruit rot II. for processe d commod ity 73. [a]: Phomopsis viticola (Sacc.) I: for Vitis vinifera (grapevine) fruit, Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South 273

Sacc. (1915); ( = unproce Parthenocissus quinquefolia flower, Africa, Zimbabwe Phomopsis viticola var. ssed (creeper), Vitis labrusca (fox leaf, stem. America: Canada, Mexico, viticola (Sacc.) Sacc. commod grape), Vitis rupestris (sand- USA, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela (1919) =Phomopsis ity grape) Asia: Brunei Darussalam, ampelopsidis Petr. (1916) II. for China, Taiwan, India, Japan, [s]:Cryptosporella viticola processe Turkey Shear (1911) d Europe: Austria, Belgium, Ascomycota, commod Bosnia and Herzegovina, Pezizomycotina, ity Bulgaria, Croatia, Serbia, Dothideomycetes; Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Phomopsis cane and leaf Herzegovina, Montenegro, spot; Phomopsis cane and Macedonia, France, Germany, leaf blight; black knot: Greece, Hungary, Italy, Jersey, grapevine; black rot: Macedonia, Moldova, grapevine; dead-arm: Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, grapevine; necrosis of Romania, Russia, Serbia and grapevine Montenegro, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 74. [a]: Phyllosticta ampelicida I: for Vitis vinifera (anggur, fruit, Africa: Morocco, Mozambique, (Engelm.) Aa, (1973) unproce grapevine) flower, Sudan [s]:Guignardia bidwellii ssed Ampelopsis, Cissus, leaf,stem,c America: Argentina, Barbados, (Ellis) Viala & Ravaz, commod Parthenocissus, Citrus spp. alix Brazil, Canada, Chile, Cuba, El (1892); ( =Botryosphaeria ity Salvador, Guyana, Haiti, bidwellii (Ellis) Petr., II. for Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, (1958); sin: Carlia processe Panama, USA bidwellii (Ellis) Magnus d Asia: China,Taiwan, India, (1892); Carlia bidwellii commod Iran, Japan, North Korea, (Ellis) Prunet (1989); ity Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey Laestadia bidwellii (Ellis) Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Viala & Ravaz (1888); Cyprus, France, Germany, 274

Phyllachorella bidwellii Italy, Romania, Rusia, (Ellis) Theiss., (1919); Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, Physalospora bidwellii Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, (Ellis) Sacc., (1882); Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sphaerella bidwellii (Ellis) Montenegro, Macedonia Ellis (1890); Sphaeria Oceania: Christmas Island bidwellii Ellis (1880) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; black rot 75. [a]: Phyllosticta arbutifolia I: for Malus domesticum (apel, fruit, leaf America: Canada, USA Ellis & G. Martin (1886); ( unproce apple) = Phyllosticta arbutifoliae ssed Crataegus sp.,Pyrus Ellis & G. Martin (1886) commod coronaria =Phyllosticta solitaria Ellis ity & Everh. (1895) II. for =Phyllostictina solitaria processe (Ellis & Everh.) d [s]: - commod Ascomycota, ity Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; apple blotch

76. [a]: Phyllosticta capitalensis I: for Orcidaceae (anggrek, plant, leaf, America: Hawaii Henn. (1908); (= unproce orchids) stalk, Phyllosticta cymbidii ssed flower Sawada (1943) commod =Phyllostictina mangiferae ity Bat. & A.F. Vital 1952 II. for =Phyllosticta processe 275

anacardiacearum d =Phyllosticta ophiopogonis commod Wulandari, Wikee & Hyde ity (2012) =Phyllosticta phalenopsidis Marchal & Verpl. (1927)[1926] =Variant spelling Phyllosticta phalaenopsidis Marchal & Verpl. (1927)[1936] =Phyllosticta phalenopsidis var. vanillae Verpl. & Claess. (1934) =Phyllostictina pyriformis E.K. Cash & A.M.J. Watson (1955) =Phyllostictina theicola Petr. (1927) =Phyllosticta theacearum Aa (1973) =Macrophoma theicola Siemaszko (1923 - illegitimate later homonym, not included in search] Note: Illegitimate later homonym of Macrophoma theicola Petch 1917). [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; leaf spot 276

77. [a]: Phyllosticta phaseolina I: for Glycine max (kedelai, plant, leaf, America: Barbados, Jamaica Sacc.(1878) unproce soybean), Phaseolus spp. fruit, stem, [s]:- ssed Vanilla sp. pod Ascomycota, commod Pezizomycotina, ity Dothideomycetes; leaf spot, II. for fruit blotch, twig canker processe d commod ity 78. [a]: Phymatotrichopsis I: for Fabaceae, Juglandaceae, root, stem, America: Mexico, USA, omnivora (Shear) unproce Malvaceae, Rosa ceae, growing Venezuela Hennebert (1973); ( = ssed Umbelliferae, Abelmoschus media Ozonium omnivorum commod moschatus (okra, lady’s Shear (1907) ity finger), Arachys hypogaea =Phymatotrichum II. for (kacang tanah, groundnut, omnivorum (Shear) processe peanut), Beta vulgaris var Duggar (1916) =Ozonium d saccharifera (bit gula, sugar auricomum commod beet) Carya illinoinensis, [s]:Hydnum omnivorum ity Ficus carica (ara), Glycine Ascomycota, max (kedelai, soybean), Pezizomycotina, Gossypium barbadens Pezizomycetes; cotton root (kapas, cotton), Juglans rot, root rot of cotton, soft regia, Malus domesticum rot of cotton, cotton soft rot, (apel, apple), Medicago grapevine root rot sativa, Phaseolus, Populus,Prunus spp., Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Salix, Ulmus, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 79. [a]: Plenodomus destruens I: for Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, seed, bulb, America: Brazil, Caribbean, Harter (1913) unproce sweet potato) tuber, USA [s]: - ssed corm Ascomycota, commod Pezizomycotina, ity 277

Dothideomycetes; foot rot of II. for sweet potato processe d commod ity 80. [a]: Polyscytalum pustulans I: for Solanum tuberosum bulb, Africa: South Africa (M.N. Owen & Wakef.) unproce (kentang, potato) tuber, America: Canada,USA M.B. Ellis (1976); ( = ssed Solanum spp. corm Europe: Estonia, Germany, Oospora pustulans M.N. commod Ireland, Lithuania, Norway, Owen & Wakef. (1919) ity Romania, Russia, UK [s]: - II. for Oceania: Australia, New Ascomycota, processe Zealand Pezizomycotina, d Polyscytalum; potato skin commod spot ity 81. [a]: Pseudocercospora I: for Aleurites moluccana (kemiri, Leaf Asia: China aleuritis (I. Miyake) unproce candle-nut) Oceania: Tonga, Cook Islands, Deighton (1976); ( = ssed New Zealand Cercospora aleuritidis I. commod Miyake (1912) ity =Cercosporina aleuritis II. for (Miyake) Sacc. (1931) processe [s]:Mycosphaerella aleuritis d S.H. Ou (1940); ( commod =Mycosphaerella ity aleuritidis S.H. Ou (1940) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; angular leaf spot 82. [a]: Pseudocercospora I: for Musa spp. (pisang, banana) leaf Africa: Benin, Burundi, fijiensis (M. Morelet) unproce Cameroon, Central African 278

Deighton (1976); ( = ssed Republic, Comoros, DR Congo, Cercospora fijiensis M. commod Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Morelet (1969) ity Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, =Paracercospora fijiensis II. for Madagascar, Malawi, Niger, (M. Morelet) Deighton processe Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome (1979) =Cercospora d and Principe, Tanzania, Togo, fijiensis var. difformis J.L. commod Uganda, Zambia. Mulder & R.H. Stover ity America: Belize, Bolivia, (1976) =Paracercospora Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, fijiensis var. difformis Cuba, Dominican Republic, (J.L. Mulder & R.H. Ecuador, El Salvador, Stover) Deighton (1979) Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, [s]:Mycosphaerella fijiensis Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, M. Morelet (1969); ( Netherlands Antilles, =Mycosphaerella fijiensis Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, var. difformis J.L. Mulder USA, Hawaii, Venezuela. & R.H. Stover (1976) Asia: Bhutan, China (Fujian, Ascomycota, Hainan, Taiwan), Malaysia, Pezizomycotina, Philippines, Singapore, Dothideomycetes; Black Thailand, Vietnam. sigatoka Oceania: American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Federated states of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis, Futuna.

83. [a]: Pyricularia setariae Y. I: for Eleusine coracana (finger seed, Africa: Tanzania, Uganda 279

Nisik. (1927); ( = unproce millet), Setaria italica (foxtail stem, leaf, Asia: China, India, Japan, Pyricularia grisea f. sp. ssed millet) stalk malai Malaysia, Sri Lanka eleusines S. commod Avena sativa (oat, oats), Yamanaka=Pyricularia ity Hordeum vulgare (barley), oryzae Cavara,(1891) II. for Pennisetum glaucum (pearl [s]: Magnaporthe oryzae processe millet), Zea mays (jagung, B.C. Couch, (2002) d maize) Ascomycota, commod Pezizomycotina, ity Sordariomycetes; blast of millet, leaf spot of millet 84. [a]: Sarocladium strictum (W. I: for Zea mays (jagung, maize) seed,stem, Africa: Burkina Faso, Gams) Summerbell unproce Arachis hypogaea (kacang leaf Cameroon, Egypt, Libya, (2011); ( =Sarocladium ssed tanah, peanut), Avena sativa Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda. zeae W. Gams & D.R. commod (gandum, oats), Glycine soja, America: Mexico, USA, Sumner, (2011) ity Sorghum bicolor, (sorghum), Argentina, Brazil, Chile. =Acremonium strictum II. for Asia: China, India, Iran, W.Gams (1971) processe Pakistan, Syria, Turkey. =Tilachlidium medietatis d Europe: Czech Republic and Novobr, (1972) commod Slovakia, Italy, Netherlands, =Acremonium stricta ity Poland, Russia, Spain. =Hyalopus acremonium Oceania: Australia (Corda) M.A.J. Barbosa =Cephalosporium acremonium Corda [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; acremonium wilt, black bundle disease of maize, kernel rot of maize; 85. [a]: Sclerotium gladioli I: for Gladiolus spp. bulb, Africa: South Africa 280

Massee (1928) unproce tuber, Europe: UK [s]:Stromatinia gladioli ssed corm, root, (Drayton) Whetzel (1945)( commod stem =Sclerotinia gladioli ity Drayton (1934) II. for Basidiomycota, processe Agaricomycotina, d Agaricomycetes; gladiolus commod dry rot ity 86. [a]: Septoria pisi Westend I: for Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet seed, leaf, America: Canada, USA (1857); unproce pea), Vicia faba pod Europe: Denmark, Finland, [s]: - ssed Ireland, Norway, Sweden Ascomycota, commod Oceania: New Zealand Pezizomycotina, ity Dothideomycetes; septoria II. for blight/blotch processe d commod ity 87. [a]: Septoria I: for Orchidaceae plant, leaf, America selenophomoides Cash & unproce flower Watson (1955); ssed stalk [s]: - commod Ascomycota, ity Pezizomycotina, II. for Dothideomycetes; leaf spot processe d commod ity 88. [a]: Setophoma terrestris I: for Allium spp. plant, Africa: Senegal (H.N. Hansen) Gruyter, unproce Asparagus officinalis bulb, America: Argentina,USA, Aveskamp & Verkley ssed (asparagus, asparagus), tuber, Venezuela Oceania: Australia 281

(2010); ( = Phoma commod Triticum aestivum (gandum, corm, root Europe: Netherlands, Greece, terrestris H.N. Hansen ity wheat), Zea mays (jagung, Poland, Israel (1929) =Pyrenochaeta II. for corn, maize) terrestris (H.N. Hansen) processe Gorenz, J.C. Walker & d Larson (1948) commod [s]: - ity Setophoma; onion pink root 89. [a]: Sphaceloma arachidis I: for Arachys hypogaea (kacang stem, leaf, Africa: Swaziland bitanc & Jenkins (1940); unproce tanah, groundnut, peanut) America: Argentina, Brazil, [s]: - ssed Colombia Ascomycota, commod Asia: China, Japan Pezizomycotina, ity Dothideomycetes; II. for groundnut scab, peanut processe scab, scab of groundnut, d scab: groundnut commod ity 90. [a]: Sphaceloma manihoticola I: for Manihot esculenta (ubi wood, young America: Barbados, Brazil, Bitanc. & Jenkins unproce cassava) stem, leaf Colombia, Mexico, Panama, [s]:Elsinoe brasiliensis ssed Venezuela Bitanc. & Jenkins 1942(= commod Oceania: Cook Islands Elsinoë jatrophae); ity Ascomycota, II. for Pezizomycotina, processe Dothideomycetes; d superelongation disease of commod cassava, cassava root ity enlargement 91. [a]: Sphaceloma rosarum I: for Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) stem, leaf, America: USA. (Pass.) Jenk. 1932 unproce flower =Phyllosticta rosarum ssed stalk 282

Pass. 1881 commod [s]: Elsinoe rosa rumJenk. & ity bitanc; II. for Ascomycetes; kudis, scab processe d commod ity 92. [a]: Stagonospora nodorum I: for Triticum aestivum (gandum, seed, leaf Africa: Angola, Ethiopia, (Berk.) Castell. & E.G. unproce wheat), Secale cereale (rye), Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, Germano (1977); ( = ssed Hordeum vulgare (barli, South Africa, Tanzania, Depazea nodorum Berk. commod barley) Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe (1845) =Hendersonia ity Agropyron, Bromus inermis, America: Argentina, Bolivia, nodorum (Berk.) Petr. II. for Cynodon dactylon, Lolium Brazil, Chile, Colombia, (1947) =Septoria nodorum processe perenne, Triticale Ecuador, Mexico, USA (Berk.) Berk. (1845) d Asia: Armenia, Bhutan, =Septoria glumarum Pass. commod China,Taiwan, India, Israel, (1879) =Phoma ity Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Nepal, hennebergii J.G. Kühn Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi (1877) =Macrophoma Arabia hennebergii (J.G. Kühn) Europe: Austria, Belgium, Berl. & Voglino (1886) Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, =Rhabdospora Finland, France, Germany, hennebergii (J.G. Kühn) Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Sacc. & D. Sacc. (1906) Netherlands, Norway,Poland, =Stagonospora Portugal, Romania, Rusia, hennebergii (J.G. Kühn) Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Petr. & Syd. (1925) Switzerland, UK, Serbia, =Septoria holci Pass. Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and (1879) Herzegovina, Montenegro, [s]:Phaeosphaeria nodorum Macedonia, (E. Müll.) Hedjaroude Oceania: Australia, New (1968); ( =Leptosphaeria Zealand 283

nodorum E. Müll. (1952) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; glum blotch

93. [a]: Stenocarpella maydis I: for Zea diploperennis, Zea mays seed, leaf, Africa: Congo, DR Congo, (Berk) B. Sutton (1980); ( unproce (jagung, maize), Zea mays stem, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, =Sphaeria maydis Berk. ssed subsp. mays (sweetcorn) flower Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, (1847) =Diplodia zeae commod Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Lév. (1848) =Diplodia ity Zimbabwe maydis(Berk.) Sacc. II. for America: Belize, Honduras, (1884) =Diplodia processe Canada, Mexico, USA, maydicola Speg. (1910) d Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, =Macrodiplodia zeae commod Ecuador. (Lév.) Petr. & syd. (1923) ity Asia: China, India, Iran, =Sphaeria zeae Schwein. Japan, South Korea, Nepal, (1832) =Hendersonia zeae Pakistan, Thailand. (Lév.) Hazsl. (1872) Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, =Phaeostagonosporopsis Czech, Italy, Serbia- zeae (Lév.) Woron. (1925) Montenegro, UK. =Diplodia zeae-maydis Oceania: Australia, New Mekht. (1962) Zealand. [s]: - Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; ear rot of maize, leaf spot of maize, stalk rot of maize, seedling blight of maize, leaf blight of maize, leaf blight of 284

Sorghum spp., leaf spot of grasses, Diplodia ear and stalk rot, white ear rot of maize 94. [a]: Stilbella flavidum (Cooke) I: for Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), fruit, leaf, America: Bolivia, Brazil, Henn. (1904) unproce Citrus, Cinchona offiChinalis stem, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, [s]:Mycena citricolor (Berk. & ssed (kina, quinine tree) seedling, Dominica, Ecuador, El M.A. Curtis) Sacc.; ( commod Theobroma cacao (kakao, microprop Salvador, Guyana France, =Omphalopsis citricolor ity cocoa) agated Guadeloupe, Guatemala, (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) II. for plant Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Murrill =Omphalia flavida processe Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Maubl. & Rangel (1914) d Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, =Agaricuscitricolor commod Puerto Rico, Suriname, =Stilbum flavidum ity Trinidad and Tobago, USA Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariomycetes; American leaf spot of coffee, American: coffee leaf spot, cock's eye spot, iron spot of coffee 95. [a]: Synchytrium I: for Solanum tuberosum bulb, Africa: Algeria, South Africa, endobioticum (Schilb.) unproce (kentang, potato) tuber, Tunisia Percival (1909); ssed Solanum nigrum, Solanum corm, root, America: Bolivia, Canada, =Chrysophlyctis commod dulcamara, Hyoscyamus growing Chile, Ecuador, Falkland endobioticum Schilb. ity niger, Nicandra physalcides, media Islands, Peru, USA, (1896) =Chrysophlyctis II. for Solanum lycopersicum Asia: Armenia, Bhutan, India, endobiotica Schilb (1896) processe (tomat, tomato) Nepal =Synchytrium d Europe: Austria, Belarus, solanMassee (1910); commod Belgium,Czech, Denmark, [s]: - ity Estonia,Faroe Islands, Finland, Chytridiomycota, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, 285

Chytridiomycetes; black Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, wart of potato, potato black Luxembourg, Netherlands, scab, potato wart disease, Norway, Poland, Portugal, wart disease of potato Romania, Rusia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: New Zealand 96. [a]: Thanatophytum crocorum I: for Beta vulgaris var bulb, Africa: Algeria, Ethiopia, (Pers.: Fr.) Nees (1816); ( unproce saccharifera (bit gula, sugar tuber, Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, =Rhizoctonia crocorum ssed beetroot) corm, root, Rhodesia, South Africa, (Pers.) DC., (1815); commod Araucaria cuninghamii, seedling, Tanzania, Trinidad, Tunisia, Helminthosporium ity Daucus carota (wortel, stem Zambia, Zimbabwe rhizoctonon Rabenh. II. for carrot), Ipomoea batatas (ubi America: Argentina, Barbados, (1855); Helminthosporium processe jalar, sweet potato), Solanum Canada, Colombia, Dominica, rhizoctonum Rabenh. d tuberosum (kentang, potato), Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, (1855); Hypochnus commod Morus spp. (murbei, USA, Uruguay violaceus Erikss. (1912); ity mulberry) Asia: China, India, Iran, Rhizoctonia asparagi Japan, Philippines, Turkey, Fuckel ex Erikss. (1915); Vietnam Rhizoctonia asparagi Europe: Austria, Belgium, Fuckel, (1870); Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, Rhizoctonia medicaginis England, France, Germany, DC., (1815); Rhizoctonia Greece, Hungary, Ireland, rubiae M.J. Decne., Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, (1837); Rhizoctonia Norway, Poland, Romania, violacea f. dauci J.G. Rusia, Scotland, Slovakia, Kühn (1875); Tuber croci Sweden, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Dubois, (1803); Tuber Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and parasiticum Bull., (1790) Herzegovina, Montenegro, 286

[s]:Helicobasidium Macedonia brebissonii (Desm.) Donk, Oceania: Australia, New (1958); ( =Helicobasidium Zealand purpureum (Tul.) Pat., (1885) Basidiomycota, Pucciniomycotina, Pucciniomycetes; Asparagus officinalis root rot, apple violet root rot, sweet potato, violet root rot 97. [a]: Thecaphora solani I: for Solanum tuberosum bulb, America: Bolivia,Chile, (Thirum & M.J. O'Brien) unproce (kentang, potato) tuber, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Mordue (1988); ( ssed corm, leaf, Panama, Peru, Venezuela =Angiosorus solani commod stem Thirum. & M.J. O'Brien ity (1974) =Thecaphora II. for solani Barrus (1944); processe [s]: - d Basidiomycota, commod Ustilaginomycotina, ity Ustilaginomycetes; potato smut, thecaphora smut 98. [a]: Verticillium cinerescens I: for Dianthus spp. plant, America: Canada, Colombia, Wollenw. (1930) unproce Helianthus annuus (bunga root,stem, USA [s]: Phialophora cinerescens ssed matahari, sunflower), growing Asia: China (Wollenw.) J.F.H. Beyma commod Fragaria spp. media Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, (1940); ity Croatia, Finland, France, Ascomycota, II. for Germany, Greece, Hungary, Pezizomycotina, processe Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Eurotiomycetes; d Lithuania, Netherlands, phialophora wilt, vascular commod Norway, Poland, Romania, 287

wilt of carnation, wilt of ity Rusia, Spain, Ukraine, UK, carnation Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: New Zealand 99. [a]: Zygophiala jamaicensis I: for Citrus, Diospyros, Malus fruit America: USA E.W.Mason ( unproce domesticum (apel, apple), Asia: China, India,Japan =Microbotryum violaceum ssed Pyrus communis (pir, pear), (Pers.) G. Deml & Oberw. commod Diospyros sp. (Malabar =Uredo violacea Pers. ity ebony) =Caeoma violaceum II. for (Pers.) Nees =Uredo processe antherarum DC. =Ustilago d antherarum (DC.) Fr. commod =Caeoma antherarum ity (DC.) Schltdl. =Microbotryum antherarum (DC.) Lév. =Erysibe antherarum (DC.) Wallr. =Ustilago silenes-nutantis Liro) [s]:Schizothyrium pomi(Mont.) v. Arx ( =Leptothyrium porni (Mont.) Arx =Labrella porni Mont. =Asterina gaultheriae M.A. Curtis =Microthyriella paludosa C. Booth) Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes; greasy 288

blotch, flyspeck, sooty blotch

100. [c]: Aphanomyces euteiches I: for Vigna spp. (buncis, cowpea), seedling,ro America: Canada, USA Drechsler (1925); unproce Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet ot, stem, Asia: China, India,Japan Chromista,Oomycetes; ssed pea), pod-polongan lain growing Europe: Czech, Denmark, phanomyces root rot, commod (legumes) media Finland, Rusia, France, Italy, common root rot, root rot ity Netherlands, Norway, Poland, II. for Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine processe Oceania: Australia, New d Zealand commod ity 101. [c ]:Pachymetra chaunorhiza I Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, plant, root, Oceania: Australia B.J. Croft & M.W. Dick sugarcane), Zea mays growing (1989) (jagung, corn, maize), media Oomycetes; pachymetra Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, root rot sorghum)

102. [c ]:Peronospora hyoscyami I: for Nicotiana tabacum leaf, seed America: Argentina, Brazil, f.sp. tabacina (D.B. unproce (tembakau, tobacco) Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Adam) Skalicky; ( = ssed Capsicum annuum (paprika, Dominica, El Salvador, Peronospora tabacina commod bell-pepper), Solanum Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, =Peronospora hyoscyami ity lycopersicum (tomat, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, =Peronospora nicotianae II. for tomato), Solanum melongena Puerto Rico, USA, Uruguay, Oomycetes; angular tobacco processe (terung, eggplant, aubergine) Venezuela leaf spot, blue mould of d Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, tobacco, downy mildew, commod Taiwan, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, tobacco black fire, tobacco ity Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, blue mould, tobacco wildfire Myanmar, Syria, Turkey, Uni Arab Emirat, Yemen, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia 289

Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rusia, Spain, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia 103. [c ]:Peronospora sparsa I: for Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), leaf, fruit, Africa: Egypt Berk. (1862); ( = unproce Punus laurocerasus, Rubus flower, America: USA, Canada, Brazil, Peronoplasmopara sparsa ssed spp. plant Colombia (Berk.) Uljan. (1967) commod hasilmikro Asia: Israel =Pseudoperonospora ity propagasi, Europe: Finland, Ireland, sparsa (Berk.) Jacz. II. for root, stem France, Scandinavia, UK, (1928) =Peronospora processe Russia, Russia rosae-gallicae Savul. & d Oceania: Australia. Rayss (1934) commod =Peronospora ity sanguisorbae Gäum. (1923) Oomycetes; downy mildew 104. [c ]:Peronospora viciaef.sppisi I: for Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet seed, fruit, Asia: India (Sydow) Boerema & unproce pea), Vicia faba flower, Europe: Scandinavia Verhoeven ssed leaf, stem Oomycetes; pea downy commod mildew ity 290

II. for processe d commod ity 105. [c ]:Phytophthora cryptogea I: for Actinidia chinensis (Chinese root, stem, Africa: Egypt, South Africa, Pethybr. & Laff. (1919) unproce gooseberry), Actinidia seedling Zimbabwe Oomycetes; tomato foot rot, ssed deliciosa (kiwifruit), Allium plant, America: Canada, USA, damping off, gerbera foot commod cepa (bawang bombay, growing Argentina, Brazil, Chile rot, black neck of ity onion), Antirrhinum majus media Asia: China, Iran, Japan, chrysanthemum, tulip II. for (snapdragon), Apium Jordan, Korea shanking, corm, stem and processe graveolens (seledri, celery), Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, leaf rot of gloxinia, pink rot d Asparagus officinalis Croatia, Czech, Denmark, of potato, stem rot, root rot, commod (asparagus), Aster, Brassica Finland, France, Germany, damping-off ity oleracea var. botrytis (bunga Greece, Hungary, Ireland, kol, cauliflower), Cajanus Italy, Netherlands, Poland, cajan (pigeon pea), Calathea, Russia, Serbia-Montenegro, Calendula officinalis (Pot Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, UK marigold), Callistephus Oceania: Australia, New chinensis (China aster), Zealand, Papua New Guinea Capsicum annuum (bell pepper), Castanea (chestnuts), Celosia argentea (celosia), Chrysanthemum (daisy), Chrysanthemum frutescens (marguerite), Chrysanthemum vestitum, Cichorium (chicory), Cichorium intybus (chicory), Citrullus lanatus (semangka, watermelon), Citrus, Clarkia (satin flowers), Consolida 291

ambigua (rocket larkspur), Cotoneaster, Cucumis melo (melon), Cucumis sativus (ketimun, cucumber), Cucurbita (pumpkin), Cucurbita maxima (giant pumpkin), Cucurbita moschata (labu, pumpkin), Cucurbita pepo (ornamental gourd), Cupressus (cypresses), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar), Cyphomandra betacea (tree tomato), Dahlia, Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Dianthus barbatus (sweet williams), Dianthus caryophyllus (anyelir, carnation), Erica (heaths), Erysimum cheiri (wallflower), Eucalyptus spp., Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia), Fragaria (strawberry), Gerbera (Barbeton daisy), Gerbera jamesonii (African daisy), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gynura bicolor, Gypsophila paniculata (babysbreath), Hebe, Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Humulus lupulus 292

(hop), Juglans regia (walnut), Juniperus chinensis (Chinese juniper), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Liatris spicata (spike gayfeather), Limonium sinuatum (sea pink), Lupinus spp.,Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Malus domestica (apel, apple), Maranta (arrowroot), Matthiola incana (stock), Medicago sativa (lucerne), Nasturtium officinale (watercress), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Onobrychis viciifolia (sainfoin), Papaver nudicaule (Iceland poppy), Parthenium argentatum (Guayule), Pericallis cruenta (common cineraria), Persea americana (avocado), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Petunia hybrida, Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Picea (spruces), Pinus (pines), Pinus lambertiana (big pine), Pinus mugo (mountain pine), Pinus nigra (black pine), Pinus radiata (radiata pine), Pisum spp., Populus simonii (Simon 293

poplar), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus cerasus (sour cherry), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus persica (peach), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), St.paulia ionantha (African violet), Salvia officinalis (common sage), Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), Solanum melongena (terung, aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Spinacia oleracea (bayam, spinach), Syzygium samarangense (water apple), Tagetes erecta (African marigold), Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Pyrethrum), Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Tulipa (tulip), Vicia villosa, Viola (violet), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zinnia elegans (zinnia) 106. [c ]:Phytophthora megakarya I: for Theobroma cacao (kakao, fruit, stem Africa: Cameroon, Equatorial Brasier & M.J. Griffin unproce cocoa) Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, (1979) ssed Guinea, Nigeria, Togo Oomycetes; black pod of commod cocoa, seedling blight of ity 294

cocoa, trunk canker of II. for cocoa processe d commod ity 107. [c ]:Phytophthora I: for Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit), plant, America: Canada, USA, megasperma Drechsler unproce Asparagus officinalis bulb, Argentina, Chile 1931; ( = Phytophthora ssed (asparagus), Brassica tuber, Asia: China, India, Iran, megasperma var. commod oleracea (cabbages, corm, Japan, Korea Republic of megasperma Drechsler ity cauliflowers), Brassica fruit, pod, (South Korea), Philippines 1931 =Pythiomorpha II. for oleracea var. botrytis leaf, root, Europe: Serbia, Slovenia, miyabeana S. Ito & Nagai processe (cauliflower), Brassica stem, Croatia, Bosnia and 1931 d oleracea var. capitata seedling, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Oomycetes; root rot, crown commod (cabbage), Brassica oleracea bahan Macedonia, France, Greece, rot, trunk canker, collar rot, ity var. gemmifera (Brussels perbanyak Ireland, Italy, Spain, UK, apoplexy, sudden wilt, fruit sprouts), Brassica rapa an Scotland rot, stem blight, seed-piece subsp. pekinensis (Pe-tsai), tanaman Oceania: Australia, New rot, tuber rot, pod rot, black Daucus carota (carrot), (microprop Zealand rot, blight, spear rot Juglans regia (walnut), agated) Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), Malus domestica (apple), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Prunus cerasus (sour cherry), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry), Prunus persica (peach), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), 295

Solanum tuberosum (potato) Aesculus hippocastanum (buckeye), Alcea rosea (Hollyhock), Banksia, Buddleia (Butterflybush), Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), Castanea sativa (chestnut), Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port Orford cedar), Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Cytisus (Broom), Dahlia, Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tree), Matthiola incana (stock), Narcissus (daffodil), Parthenium argentatum (Guayule), Pinus (pines), Ribes uva-crispa (gooseberry), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Saccharumofficinarum (sugarcane), Sorbus aria (whitebeam), Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash), Vicia faba (broad bean) 108. [c ]:Phytophthora phaseoli I: for Phaseolus lunatus seed, Africa: DR Congo Thaxt. (1889); ( = unproce leaf,stem, America: Mexico, Puerto Rico, Phytophthora infestans ssed root, USA var. phaseoli (Thaxt.) commod growing Asia: Sri Lanka, Philippines Leonian (1925) ity media Europe: Italy,Rusia Oomycetes; Phaseolus leaf II. for 296

blight, collar rot of lima processe bean d commod ity 109. [c]: Phytophthora I: for Glycine max (kedelai, pod, seed, America: Argentina, Brazil, sojaeKaufm & Gerd.;( unproce soyabean) growing Canada, Chile, USA =P.megasperma var. ssed Lupinus sp. media Asia: China, Iran, Japan, sojaeHildebr. commod (soil), leaf, Korea Republic of (South =Phytophthora ity root, stem, Korea), Mongolia, Pakistan megasperma f.sp. II. for Europe:Bulgaria, France, Italy, glycinea T.L. Kuan & processe Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Erwin; d Switzerland, Ukraine =Phytophthora.sojae f.sp. commod Oceania:Australia glycines); ity Chromista; Oomycota; Pythiales; Pythiaceae; Phytophthora root and stem rot, root and stem rot of soybean, root and stem rot of soyabean 110. [c]: Sclerophthora I: for Avena sativa (oat, oats), media Africa: Ethiopia, macrospora (Sacc.) unproce Eleusine coracana (finger tanam, Mauritius,South Africa, Thirum., C.G. Shaw & ssed millet), Hordeum vulgare flower, Uganda. Naras; ( =Sclerospora commod (barley), Oryza sativa (padi, leaf, root, American: Cuba, Canada, oryzae = ity paddy, rice), Pennisetum stem, seed Mexico, USA, Brazil, Peru, Phytophthora macrospora II. for glaucum (pearl millet), Venezuela. =Sclerospora kriegeriana processe Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, Asia: China, India, Iran, Iraq, =Nozemia macrospora d sugarcane), Sorghum bicolor Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, =Sclerospora macrospora); commod (sorgum, sorghum), Triticum Pakistan, Syria, Thailand, Oomycetes; downy mildew; ity (wheat), Tritcum aestivum Turkey. crazy top of maize, yellow (gandum, wheat), Zea mays Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, wilt of rice, witches' broom (jagung, maize). Germany, Italy, Poland, 297

on maize Bromus inermis (Awnless Serbia-Montenegro, Slovenia, brome), Digitaria sanguinalis Switzerland. (large crabgrass), Oceania: Australia, New Echinochloa crus-galli Zealand (barnyard grass), Eleusine indica (goose grass) Elymus repens (quackgrass) Eragrostis (lovegrasses), Lolium temulentum (darnel), Panicum capillare (tumble panicgrass), Poa (meadow grass), Setaria viridis (green foxtail), Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalograss) 111. [c]: Sclerospora graminicola I: for Pennisetum glaucum (pearl flower, Africa: Burkina Faso, Chad, (Sacc.) J. Schrot (1886); ( unproce millet), Zea mexicana stem, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Gambia, =Sclerospora graminicola ssed (teosinte) seed, leaf Ghana, Malawi, Mauritania, var. setariae-italicae commod Saccharumofficinarum Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, =Protomyces graminicola ity (sugarcane), Zea mays Senegal, Sierra Leone, South =Peronospora graminicola II. for (maize) Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, =Peronospora setariae processe Uganda, Zimbabwe =Ustilago urbani); d America: Puerto Rico, Canada, Oomycetes; downy mildew commod Mexico, USA, Hawaii, of pearl millet, green ear ity Argentina Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Pakistan, Yemen Europe: Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, 298

Russia (Europe), Spain, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Oceania: Fiji 112. [c ]:Trachysphaera fructigena I: for Theobroma cacao (kakao, fruit, Africa: Cameroon,Central Tabor & Bunting (1923); unproce cocoa), Musaspp. flower Africa, Chad, DR Congo, Oomycetes; cigar end rot of ssed Pyrus, Prunus, Malus and Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial banana, berry rot of coffee, commod Citrus, Coffea spp. (kopi, Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, fungus rot of banana, mealy ity coffee), Persea americana Guinea, Madagascar, Nigeria, pod of cacao, fruit rot of II. for (alpokat, avocado) Sierra Leone coffee, pod rot of cacao processe d commod ity 113. [r]: Aecidium cantense I: for Solanum tuberosum plant,flowe America: Peru Arthur (1929); unproce (kentang, potato), Solanum r, fruit, Basidiomycota, ssed lycopersicum (tomat, stem, leaf Pucciniomycotina; commod tomato), Ullucus tuberosus Pucciniomycetes; Aecidium ity potato rust, deforming II. for potato rust, deforming rust, processe Peruvian rust d commod ity 114. [r]: Armillaria luteobubalina I: for Acacia dealbata (acacia root, stem, Oceania: Australia, Papua New Watling & Kile (1978); unproce bernier), Acacia melanoxylon seedling, Guinea Basidiomycota, ssed (Australian blackwood), bulb, Agaricomycotina, commod Actinidia chinensis (Chinese tuber, Agaricomycetes; armillaria ity gooseberry), Prunus persica corm root rot; honey root rot II. for (persik, peach), Citrus 299

processe reticulata (jeruk mandarin, d mandarin orange), Citrus commod sinensis (jeruk, navel ity orange), Cotoneaster, Cycas revoluta (sago cycas), Hibiscus (rosemallows), Malus (ornamental species apple), Melia azedarach (Chinaberry), Nerium oleander (oleander), Pinus radiata (radiata pine), Prunus (buah batu, stone fruit), Prunus dulcis (almond), Rhododendron indicum (Satsuki azalea), Salix (willows), Taxus (yew), Viburnum, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine) 115. [r]: Hemileia coffeicola I: for Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) leaf Africa: Cameroon, Central Maubl & Roger, (1934); ( unproce Africa, DR Congo, Ivory Coast, =Uredo coffeicola); ssed Nigeria, Sao Tome & Principe, Basidiomycetes, commod Togo, Uganda Pucciniomycotina, ity Pucciniomycetes; grey rust II. for of coffee powdery rust of processe coffee, coffee rust d commod ity 116. [r ]:Phragmidium I: for Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) leaf, stem Africa: Egypt mucronatum (Pers.) unproce America: Chile Schlect; ( = Phragmidium ssed Asia: Japan disciflorum commod Europe: Bulgaria, Germany, 300

Basidiomycetes; rust ity Italy II. for processe d commod ity 117. [r]: Puccinia asparagi DC. I: for Asparagus officinalis leaf, stem, Africa: Angola, Ethiopia, (1805); (=Uredo asparagi unproce (asparagus, asparagus) seed, Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Lasch (1848) =Aecidium ssed seedling Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia asparagi Lasch (1848) commod America: Canada, Cuba, =Dicaeoma asparagi (DC.) ity Dominica, Mexico, USA Kuntze (1898) II. for Asia: Azerbaijan, China, =Persooniella asparagi processe Taiwan, Georgia, India, Iran, (DC.) Syd.(1922) d Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, =Puccinia discoidearum commod Philippines, Turkey, var. asparagi (DC.) Wallr. ity Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan (1833) Europe: Austria, Belgium, Urediniomycetes; asparagus Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, rust Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norwagia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia 118. [r ]:Puccinia coronata Corda I: for Agrostis capillaris (brown flower, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, (1837); ( = Puccinia unproce bentgrass), Agrostis gigantea leaf, stem Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, coronata var. bromi W.P. ssed (black bent), Agrostis Tanzania Fraser & Ledingham commod stolonifera (creeping America: Canada, Mexico, (1933) =Puccinia coronata ity bentgrass), Alopecurus USA, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, var. calamagrostis W.P. II. for aequalis (Dent foxtail), Uruguay Fraser & Ledingham processe Arrhenatherum elatius (false Asia: India, Israel, Japan, (1933) =Puccinia coronata d oatgrass), Avena sativa Kazakhstan, Mongolia, var. elaeagni W.P. Fraser commod (oats), Bromus erectus Uzbekistan 301

& Ledingham (1933) ity (upright brome(grass)), Europe: Austria, Belarus, =Puccinia lolii =Puccinia Bromus tectorum (downy Bosnia and Herzegovina, sertata =Puccinia brome), Calamagrostis Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, coronata var. lolii epigejos, Festuca Denmark, Estonia, Finland, =Puccinia coronata var. arundinacea (reed fescue), France, Corsica, Germany, sertata =Puccinia Festuca ovina (sheeps Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, alpiniae-coronata fescue), Festuca pratensis Lithuania, Netherlands, =Puccinia mediterranea (English bluegrass), Festuca Norway, Poland, Portugal, =Puccinia coronata f. holci rubra (red fescue), Lolium Romania, Russia, Serbia- =Puccinia coronata var. rigidum (rigid ryegrass), Montenegro, Slovakia, Spain, calamagrosteos Phalaris canariensis Canary Islands, Sweden, =Aecidium alaterni (Canarygrass), Phleum Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, =Aecidium cathartici pratense (timothy), Secale Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, =Aecidium frangulae cereale (rye), Trisetum Bosnia and Herzegovina, =Aecidium rhamni flavescens (yellow oatgrass) Montenegro, Macedonia, =Aecidium rhamni-alipnae Rhamnus caroliniana Oceania: Australia, New =Aecidium rhamni- (Carolina buckthorn), Zealand infectoriae =Puccinia Rhamnus cathartica coronata var. intermedia (buckthorn), Rhamnus =Puccinia pumilae- frangula (alder buckthorn), coronata =Puccinia turfgrasses alpinae-coronata =Puccinia coronata var. avenae); Urediniomycetes; crown rust, crown rust of oat, oat crown rust, leaf rust of oats

119. [r]: Sphenospora saphena I: for Oncydium orchids leaf, stalk America: USA Cummins; unproce Basidiomycetes; rust ssed commod 302

ity II. for processe d commod ity 120. [r ]:Uredo nigropuncta Henn. I: for Orchidaceae, Cattleya sp, leaf, stalk America: Argentina, USA, (1896); ( =Uredo guacae unproce Epidendrum sp. Nicaragua, Bahama, Brazil, Mayor (1913) =Uredo ssed Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba. behnickiana Henn. (1896) commod =Uredo epidendri Henn ity =Uredo nigropuncta Henn) II. for Basidiomycetes; rust processe d commod ity

VII. BAKTERI (BACTERIA) DAN FITOPLASMA (PHYTOPLASMA)

NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGA INANG/ No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ N/ GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Acetobacter aceti (Pasteur, I Ananas comosus (nanas, fruit America: USA 1864) Beijerinck 1989 pineapple), Malus Asia: Philippines (= Bacterium aceti Beij, domestica (apel, apple), Oceania: Australia Mycoderma aceti Pasteur) Pyrus communis (European pink disease of pineapple pear) 2. Acidovorax citrulli (Manns) I Cucumis melo (melon, seed, leaf, America: USA, Brazil, Willems et al melon), Citrullus vulgaris fruit, stem, Costarica (=Acidovorax avenae subsp. (semangka, watermelon), seedling Asia: Turkey, China, Japan,

303

citrulli(Manns) Willems et Cucurbita maxima (waluh, Taiwan, Thailand al.=Pseudomonas avenae labu parang, pumpkin), Oceania: Australia, Guam, subsp. citrulli = Cucumis sativus Northern Mariana Island P.pseudoalcaligenes subsp. (mentimun, cucumber) citrulli); Burkholderiales, Comamonadaceae; busuk fruit, fruit blotch, fruit rot 3. Burkholderia andropogonis I Zea mays (jagung, corn, flower, Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, (Smith) Gilliset al.; maize), Triticum aestivum buds, Mauritania, Nigeria, Rwanda, (=Aplanobacter stizolobii (gandum, wheat), Sorghum meristem South Africa, Sudan, Togo, =Bacterium andropogonis bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), tissue, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. =B.stizolobii =B.woodsii Dianthus spp. (anyelir, micropropa America: Argentina, Brazil, =Phytobacterium andropogonis carnation), Bougainvillea gated plant, Canada, Colombia, Costa =P.Stizolobii =P.woodsii spp. (bogenvil, bougenville), seedling Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, =Phytomonas andropogonis Trifolium repens (white Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, =P.stizolobii =P.woodsii clover), Vicia sativa USA, Uruguay, Venezuela =Pseudomonas andropogonis (common vetch), Ceratonia Asia: China, Hongkong, Iraq, =P.andropogonis pv. Stizolobii siliqua (locust bean), Cicer Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, =P.stizolobii =P.woodsii); arietinum (chick paea), Thailand, Taiwan Burkhoderiales: Gypsophila paniculata Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, Burkholderiacea; (baby’s breath), Limonium Italy, Polandia, Portugal, bacterialstripe, striping sinuatum (sea pink), Russia, United Kingdom Ruscus, Trifolium pratense Oceania: Australia, Federasi (purple clover), Trifolium Micronesia, New Zealand. subterraneum (subterraneum clover), Tulipa (tulip), Vaccinium (blueberries), Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), Dypsis lutescens (golden cane palm)

304

4. Burkholderia gladioli Yabuuchi I Gladiolus spp., Asplenium bulb, tuber, Africa: Algeria. et al.; (=Pseudomonas gladioli); nidus (bird's nest fern), corm, root, America: USA Burkholderiales: Crocus sativus (saffron), stem, leaf, Asia: China, Japan. Burkholderiacea;spot of Eustoma grandiflorum flower, fruit, orchids; soft rot of orchids; (Lisianthus (cut flower growing bacterial crown rot of crop), Orchidaceae media lisianthus; busuk umbi (orchids), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass). 5. Clavibacter michiganensis I Zea mays (jagung, corn, seed, root, America: USA, Canada subsp. Nebraskensis (Vidaver maize), stem, leaf, & Mandel) Davis et al.; Saccharumofficinarum flower, fruit, (=Corynebacterium (tebu, sugarcane), Sorghum seedling, michiganense pv. nebraskensis bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), micropropa =C.michiganense subsp. Sorghum sudanense (Sudan gated plant nebraskense grass), Zea mexicana =C.nebraskense);Actynomyceta (teosinte) les: Microbacteriaceae;bacterial Triticum aestivum (gandum, stripe, freckles and wilt wheat), Echinochloa crus- galli (barnyard grass)

6. Clavibacter michiganensis I Solanum tuberosum bulb, tuber, Africa: Algeria subsp.sepedonicus (kentang, potato) corm, seed, America: Canada, USA, (Spieckermann & Kotthoff) Solanum lycopersicum growing Venezuela, Mexico, Costa Davis et al.; (=Aplanobacter (tomat, tomato), Solanum media, root, Rica, Haiti, Panama, Peru sepedonicus =Bacterium melongena (terung, stem, leaf, Asia: Afganistan, Cambodia, sepedonicum =Corynebacterium eggplant), Lycopersicon flower, fruit, China, Israel, Taiwan, Japan, michiganense pv. sepedonicum pimpinellifolium (currant soil, Kazakhstan, Korea, Lebanon, =C. michiganense subsp. tomato) seedling, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey, sepedonicum =C.sepedonicum micropropa Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Europe: =Mycobacterium sepedonicum gated plant Austria, Belarus, Croatia, =Phytomonas sepedonica Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, =Pseudobacterium Estonia, Finland, France, 305

sepedonicum); Germany, Greece, Crete, Actynomycetales: Latvia, Lithuania, Microbacteriaceae; bacterial Netherlands, Norway, Poland, ring rot Russia, Siberia, Sweden, Ukraine, Belgia, Bulgaria, Hungaria, Irlandia, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom 7. Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens I Glycine max (kedelai, seed, fruit, Africa: Mauritius, Tunisia, pv. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) soybean), Zea mays stem, Kenya Collins & Jones; (=Bacterium (jagung, corn, maize), Vigna seedling, America: Brazil, Colombia, flaccumfaciens = radiata (kacang hijau, micropropa USA, Venezuela, Canada, Corynebacterium mungbean), Vigna spp. gated plant Mexico flaccumfaciens pv. (kacang panjang, cowpea), (planlet) Asia: Turkey flaccumfaciens Phaseolus coccineus Europe: Romania, Russia, =C.flaccumfaciens (runner bean), Phaseolus Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, =C.flaccumfaciens ssp. lunatus (lima bean), France, Germany, Greece, flaccumfaciens =Phytomonas Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, Hungary, Italy, Netherland, flaccumfaciens =Pseudomonas common bean), Zornia.spp., Poland, Portugal, Russia, flaccumfaciens); Ipomoea (morning glory), Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Actynomycetales: Lablab purpureus (hyacinth Ukraine, Yugoslavia Microbacteriaceae; bacterial bean) Oceania: Australia wilt 8. Dickeya chrysanthemi. I Chrysanthemum spp., bulb, tuber, Africa: Algeria, Comoros, (= Erwinia chrysanthemi Araceae, Aglaonema, Aloe corm, stem, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, (Bulkholder, Mc. Fadden & vera (lidah buaya), Allium leaf, Morocco, Reunion, South Dimock); =Erwinia carotovora spp. (bawang-bawangan), growing Africa, Sudan, Zimbabwe, f.sp. parthenii =E.carotovora Begonia, Brachiaria, media (soil) America: Aruba, Bolivia, f.sp. zeae =E.carotovora var. Brassica oleraceae var. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, chrysanthemi botrytis (kol flower, Cuba, Ecuador, French =E.dieffenbachiae =E.maydis cauliflower), Dieffenbachia, Guiana, Guadeloupe, 306

=E.paradisiaca=Pectobacterium Dianthus, Dracaena Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, carotovorum f. sp. marginata, Elettaria Honduras, Jamaica, chrysanthemi =P.carotovorum cardamomum, Pelargonium Martinique, Panama, Peru, var. chrysanthemi zonale hybrids, Petunia Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, =P.carotovorum var. hybridaPhilodendron, United States of America, graminarum Anggrek Vanda, Venezuela =P.chrysanthemi=P.chrysanthe Phalaenopsis. Asia: Bangladesh, China, mi pv. zeae =P.parthenii- Aglaonema commutatum, India, Iran, Japan, Korea dianthicola); Enterobacteriales: Ananas comosus (nenas, Dem. People's Republic, Korea Enterobacteriaceae; busuk pineapple), Apium Republic, Malaysia, Nepal, kaki, bacterial wilt, bacterial graveolens (seladeri, celery), Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sri soft rot Brachiaria mutica, Brassica Lanka, Syria, Taiwan oleracea var. capitata Europe: Austria, Belarus, (kubis, cabbage), Capsicum Belgium, Denmark, Finland, annuum (paprika, bell- France, Germany, Greece, pepper), Hungary, Italy, Poland, Dieffenbachiamaculata, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Dianthus spp., Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Lycopersicum esculentum Switzerland, United Kingdom (tomat, tomato), Panicum (England, Scotland). maximum, Pennisetum Oceania: Australia, Cook purpureum, Philodendron Islands, New Zealand, Papua spp., Aechmea fasciata, New Guinea, Solomon Islands Anemone, Celosia argentea, Cichorium endivia (andewi, endevi), Cichorium intybus, Canna, Consolida ambigua, Cucumis melo (melun, melon), Colocasia esculenta (taleus, taro), Cynara scolimus (artichoke), Cyclamen, Dahlia pinnata, Daucus carota (wortel,

307

carrot), Euphorbia pulcherrima, Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Hyacinthus, Imperata cylindrica (alang- alang, bedding grass), Ipomoea batatas (ubi rambat, sweet potato), Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Lactuca sativa (selada, lettuce) Medicago sativa, Musa paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Musa textilis, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Oryza sativa (padi, paddy ), Paspalum, Parthenium argentatum, Phalaenopsis sp.Pyrus communis, Raphanus sativus (lobak, radish), Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Sedum spectabile, Saintpaulia ionantha, Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant) Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Sweet potato, Syngonium podophyllum, Tagetes patula (French

308

marigold)Tulip spp., Xanthosoma caracu, Zea mays (jagung, corn, maize)

9. Dickeya dadantii; I Pelargonium sp., Solanum bulb, tuber, Asia: China, Enterobacteriales: tuberosum (kentang, corm, stem, America: USA, Honduras, Enterobacteriaceae;bacterial potato), Ananas comosus leaf, Puerto Rico, wilt and soft rot of ornamentals (nanas, pineapple), growing Europe: Belgium, France, and potato Dianthus spp., Euphorbia media (soil) Germany, Italy, United sp., Ipomoea batatas (ubi Kingdom jalar, sweet potato), Musa sp. (pisang, banana), Zea mays (jagung, maize), Philodendron sp., Sintpaulia sp. 10. Dickeya dianthicola; I Dianthus spp, Solanum bulb, tuber, Asia: Japan, Enterobacteriales: tuberosum (kentang, corm, stem, America: USA, Enterobacteriaceae; slow wilt potato), Solanum leaf, Europe: Belgium, Denmark, of Dianthus and potato lycopersicum (tomat, growing Finland, France, Germany, tomato), Cichorium sp. media (soil) Greece, Italy, Jersey, (Chicory), Cynara sp. Netherlands, Poland, (Artichoke), Dahlia sp., Romania, Sweden, Hyacinthus sp., Iris sp., Switzerland, United Kingdom, Kalanchoe sp. Oceania: New Zealand 11. Dickeya dieffenbachiae; I Dieffenbachiae sp., bulb, tuber, Asia: China, Enterobacteriales: Solanum lycopersicum corm, stem, America: USA, Honduras, Enterobacteriaceae (tomat, tomato) leaf, Puerto Rico, growing Europe: Belgium, France, media (soil) Germany, Italy, United Kingdom 12. Dickeya paradisiacal; I Musa sp. (pisang, banana) bulb, tuber, America: Cuba, Guatemala, Enterobacteriales: corm, stem, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, 309

Enterobacteriaceae leaf, Colombia, Venezuela growing Oceania: Papua New Guinea media (soil) 13. Dickeya solani; I Solanum tuberosum bulb, tuber, Europe: Belgium, Finland, Enterobacteriales: (kentang, potato) corm, stem, France, Poland, Netherlands, Enterobacteriaceae leaf, Spain) growing Africa: Israel media (soil) 14. Dickeya zeae; I Zea mays (jagung, Maize), bulb, tuber, Asia: China, India, Iran, Enterobacteriales: Solanum tuberosum corm, stem, Japan, Korea Dpr, Korea Enterobacteriaceae (kentang, potato), Ananas leaf, Republic Of, Malaysia, comosus (nanas, growing Philippines, Taiwan, pineapple), Musa sp. media (soil) Africa: Comoros, Egypt, (pisang, banana), Nicotiana Mauritius, Réunion, South tabacum (tembakau, Africa, Sudan, Zimbabwe, tobacco), Oryza sativa America: Usa, Costa Rica, (padi, rice), Brachiaria sp, Cuba, Honduras, Jamaica, Chrysanthemum sp. Panama, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Europe: France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Russian Federation, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Oceania: Australia, Cook Islands, New Zealand 15. Erwinia amylovora (Burrill); I Malus domesticum (apel, buds, Africa: Egypt, Algeria, (=Bacillus amylovorus apple), Prunus dulcis micropropa Morocco =Bacterium amylovorum (almon, almond), Prunus gated America: Bermuda, =Erwinia amylovora f.sp. rubi americana (aprikot, plant(planle Guatemala, Mexico, USA, =Micrococcus amylovorus); apricot), Prunus cerrasus t), fruit, Canada Enterobacteriales: (ceri, cherry), Pyrus flower, leaf, Asia: Armenia, Iran, Israel, 310

Enterobacteriaceae, fire blight communis (pir, pear), stem Jordan, Libanon, Turkey, Prunus persica (persik, Seedling, Azerbajian, China, India, Iran, peach), Amelanchier spp., wood Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea, Cydonia oblonga, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Rubusspp., Sorbusspp. Taiwan, Turkey, Vietnam, Asia Tenggara (South-east Asia) Europe: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia. Oceania: New Zealand 16. Erwinia rhapontici I Rheum hybridum (rhubarb), seed, bulb, America: North America (=Pectobacterium rhapontici Triticum (wheat), Triticum tuber, corm (Canada), Mexico, USA (Millard 1924) Patel & Kulkarni aestivum (gandum, wheat) lapis, fruit, Asia: Iran, Israel, Jepan, 1951 =Erwinia carotovora var. Allium cepa (bawang seedling, Korea, Malaysia rhapontici =Aplanobacter bombay, onion), Allium stem, root, Europe: Belgium, Czech rhapontici = Bacillus rhapontici sativum (bawang putih, planlet, Republic and Slovakia, =Bacterium rhapontici garlic), Beta vulgaris var. growing France, Italy (Sardinia), =Phytomonas rhapontici saccharifera (sugarbeet), media, Lithuania, Netherlands, =Pseudobacterium rhapontici = Cichorium (chicory), tuber, Norway, Poland, Ukraine, UK Xanthomonas rhapontici); Cyclamen persicum corms, (England, Wales) 311

Enterobacteriales; (cyclamens), Dianthus rhizome Oceania: Australia Enterobacteriaceae; rhubarb (carnation), Hippeastrum, crown rot; wheat pink seed; Hyacinthus orientalis cereal pink grain (hyacinth), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Morus (mulberrytree), Morus alba (mora), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Pyrus (pir, pears), Armoracia rusticana (horseradish), Amaranthus hybridus (smooth pigweed) 17. Erwinia tracheiphila (Holland) I Cucumis sativus flower, leaf, Africa: DR Congo, South Smith; (=Bacillus tracheiphilus (mentimun, cucumber), root, stem, Africa, Smith =Bacillus tracheiphilus Cucumis melo (melon, seedling, America: Canada, Honduras, f.sp. cucumis =Bacterium melon), labu, Cucurbita micropropa Peru, USA, New Mexico tracheiphilum =Erwinia maxima (waluh, labu gated plants Asia: China, Iraq, Japan, amylovora var. tracheiphila); parang, pumpkin), Citrullus Korea, Thailand, Iran, Taiwan Enterobacteriales: Entero vulgaris (semangka, Vector: Europe: Czech, Slovakia, bacteriaceae; bacterial wilt watermelon), Cucurbitaceae Coleoptera, Lithuania, Russia. lainnya Chrysomeli Oceania: Australia. dae: Acalymma vittata 18. Herbaspirillum I Saccharumofficinarum leaf, stem Africa: Angola, Benin, Central rubrisubalbicans (tebu, sugarcane), Zea Africa, Ivory Coast, (=Pseudomonas mays (jagung, corn, maize), Madagascar, Malawi, rubrisubalbicansNorth. & Sorghum halepense Mauritius, Nigeria, Réunion, Smith; (=Bacterium (Johnson grass), South Africa, Tanzania, rubrisubalbicans = Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Burundi, Cote d’Ivore, Togo =Phytomonas sorghum), Oryza sativa America: Barbados, Brazil, 312

rubrisubalbicans=Xanthomonas (padi, paddy) Colombia, Guadeloupe, rubrisubalbicans); Jamaica, Martinique, Pseudomonadales: Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico, Pseudomonadaceae; mottled USA, Venezuela, Cuba, stripe, bacterialstripe Panama Asia: Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Thailand Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand 19. Pantoea agglomerans I Ananas comosus (nenas, fruit, pod, Africa: Egypt, Burkina Faso, (=Bacterium herbicola pineapple), Medicago sativa root, stem, Cameroon, Gabon, =B.typhiflavum (alfalfa, lucerne), Allium leaf, flower Madagaskar, Mali, Niger, =Corynebacterium beticola spp. (bawang-bawangan), Senegal, South Africa, Togo, =Enterobacter agglomerans Vitis vinifera (anggur, Tunisia =E.agglomeranspv. millettiae grapevine), Malus sylvestris America: Barbados, Cuba, =Erwinia herbicola =E.herbicola (apel, apple), Pyrus USA, Costarica, El Salvador, pv. millettiae=E.lathyri communis (pir, pear) Honduras, Nicaragua, =E.mangiferae =E.millettiae =E. Abelmoschus moschatus Panama, Mexico, Colombia, vitivora =Flavobacterium (okra, lady’s finger), Citrus Bolivia, Equador, Venezuela herbicola =F.rhenanum spp. (jeruk, orange), Asia: Israel, Japan, Saudi =F.trifolii =Kurthia baccarinii Impatiens balsamina, Arabia., Bangladesh, =Pantoea agglomerans pv. Lathyrus odoratus, Kambodia, China, India, millettiae =Phytomonas itoana Solanum lycopersicum Korea DPR (North Korea), =Pseudomonas herbicola (tomat, tomato), Manihot Republic of Korea (South =P.itoana esculenta (ubi wood, Korea), Laos, Malaysia, =P.trifolii=Xanthomonas cassava), Mangifera indica Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, cosmosicola =X.indica =X.itoana (mangga, mango), Oryza Philipine, Sri Lanka, =X.maydis =X.penniseti =X. sativa (padi, paddy ), Thailand, Vietnam rubrisorghi Setaria italica, Vitis vinifera Europe: France, Germany, =X.tagetis=X.translucens f.sp. (anggur, grapevine), Zea Poland, Spain, UK., Italy, oryzae =X.trifolii); mays (jagung, corn, maize), Moldova, Poland Enterobacteriales: Allium sativum (bawang Oceania: New Zealand., 313

Enterobacteriaceae; bacterial putih, garlic), Carthamus Australia grapevine blight, bacterial tinctorius, Daucus carota riceblight, pink disease of (wortel, carrot), Glycine max pineapple (kedelai, soyabean), Gossypium hirsutum (kapas, cotton), Hordeum vulgare, Morus, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Saccharumofficinarum (tebu, sugarcane), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato) 20. Pantoea ananatis (Serrano, I Ananas comosus (nenas, buds, fruit, Africa: Nigeria, South Africa, 1928), Mergaert, 1931 pineapple), seed, stem, Zimbabwe (= Pectobacterium ananas Saccharumofficinarum leaf, America: Brazil, Guatemala, (Serrano) Patel & Kulkarni (tebu, sugarcane), Cucumis micropropa Guyana, Haiti, Mexico, Puerto =Pantoea ananatis pv. ananatis melo (melon, melon), Allium gated plant Rico, USA, Venezuela, New (Serrano) Mergaert et al.= cepa (bawang bombay, (planlet) York, Argentina Erwinia uredovora Pon et Onion), Eucalyptus grandis Asia: China, Taiwan, al.=Pantoea ananatis pv. (saligna gum), Eucalyptus Malaysia, Philippines, India, uredovora (Pon et al.) Mergaert nitens (shining gum) Japan. etal. Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Eropa: Polandia = Bacillus ananas Serrano Zea mays (jagung, corn), Oceania: Australia =Bacterium ananas (Serrano) Solanum lycopersicum Burgvits =Chromobacterium (tomat, tomato), sorghum ananas (Serrano) Krasil'nikov bicolor (sorgum, sorghum) =Erwinia herbicola var. ananas (Serrano) Dye= Pectobacterium ananas (Serrano) Patel & Kulkarni =Erwinia ananas pv. uredovora (Pon et al.) Dye = Erwinia urediniolytica Borders 314

=Xanthomonas uredovora =Pantoea ananas pv. ananas (Serrano) Mergaert et al. =Pantoea ananas pv. uredovora (Pon et al.) comb. Nov; Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae 21. Pectobacterium aroidearum; I Zantedeschia aethiopica bulb, tuber, Africa: South Africa Enterobacteriales: (lilium, calla lily, arum lily) corm, leaf, Enterobacteriaceae root, stem, soil 22. Pectobacterium atrosepticum I Solanum tuberosum bulb, tuber, Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, (Van Hall) Jennison; (=Erwinia (kentang, potato), corm, leaf, Cyprus, Czech, Slovakia, caricae =Bacillus atrosepticus = Euphorbia pulcherrima root, stem, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Bacillus melanogenes (poinsettia) soil. France, Germany, Greece, =B.phytophthorus =Bacterium Saccharumofficinarum Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, atrosepticum =B.carotovorum (tebu, sugarcane), Lithuania, Malta, =B.carotovorum pv Brassicaceae, Allium Netherlands, Norway, Poland, atrosepticum =B.melanogenum ascalonicum (bawang Portugal, Romania, Russia, =B.phytophthorum =Erwinia merah, shallot), Asparagus Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, carotovora =E.carotovora pv. officinalis (asparagus, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, atroseptica =E.dahliae asparagus), Carica papaya Bosnia and Herzegovina, =E.melonis =E.papayae (pepaya, pawpaw), Coffea Montenegro, Macedonia., =E.phytophthora spp. (kopi, coffee), Cucumis Yugoslavia =E.phytophthorus sativus (mentimun, Asia: Azerbaijan, Bhutan, =Pectobacterium atrosepticum cucumber), Daucus carota China, India, Iran, Israel, =P.carotovorum =P.carotovorum (wortel, carrot), Glycine max Japan, Kazakhstan, Libanon, pv atrosepticum =P.carotovorum (kedelai, soybean), Philippines, Turkey, Vietnam. pv carotovorum Helianthus annuus (bunga Africa: Algeria, Egypt, =P.phytophthorum =Erwinia matahari, sunflower), Iris Mauritius, Morocco, atroseptica =E.carotovora var. spp., Lycopersicum Mozambique, South Africa, atroseptica); Enterobacteriales: esculentum (tomat, tomato), Tanzania, Tunisia, Zimbabwe. 315

Enterobacteriaceae;blackleg Musa spp. (pisang, America: Argentina, Belize, banana), Nicotiana tabacum Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, (tembakau, tobacco), Vigna Canada, Chile, Colombia, spp. (buncis, cowpea), Zea Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, mays (jagung, corn, maize) French West Indies, Allium cepa (bawang Guadeloupe, Honduras, bombay, onion), Consolida Martinique, Mexico, Peru, St. ambigua (rocket larkspur), Lucia, Grenadines, Suriname, Cyphomandra betacea (tree Trinidad, Tobago, USA., Saint tomato), Datura Vincent and the Grenadines, stramonium (jimson weed), Venezuela Phaseouls vulgaris Oceania: Australia, New (common bean), Saccarum Zealand. offiicinarum (sugarcane), Saintpaulia (African violet), Solanaceae, Iris (Irises), Lupinus (Lupin), Nicotiana glauca ( Tree tobacco), Nicotiana rustica (wild tobacco), Nicandra physalodes (apple of Peru)

23. Pectobacterium betavasculorum I Beta vulgaris var. root, stem, America: USA (= Sacharifera (Sugarbeet), leaf, flower, Erwinia carotovora subsp. Solanum tuberosum fruit Betavasculorum; =Erwinia (kentang, Potato) betavasculorum); Enterobacteriace; sugarbeet rot

24. Pectobacterium I Opuntia spp. (Kaktus, bulb, tuber, America: USA, Columbia, 316

cacticida;Enterobacteriales: cactus, cacti) corm, leaf, Guatemala Enterobacteriaceae root, stem, soil 25. Pectobacterium I Eutrema wasabi (Wasabi), bulb, tuber, Asia: Japan, Malaysia wasabiae;Enterobacteriales: Brassica oleracea var. corm, leaf, America: Canada Enterobacteriaceae capitata (kubis, cabbage), root, stem, Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, soil sweet potato), Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Solanum melongena (terung, eggplant, aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato) 26. Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. I Phaseolus acutifolius Fruit, pod, Africa: Burundi, DR Congo, phaseolicola (tepary bean), Phaseolus growing Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, (Burkholder)Gardan et al.(= coccineus (runner bean), point, leaf, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phaseolus lunatus (lima seed, stem, Mauritius (Rodriguez Island), phaseolicola =Pseudomonas bean), Phaseolus vulgaris seedling, Morocco, Mozambique, South phaseolicola = Pseudomonas (buncis, common bean) flower Africa, Rwanda, Swaziland, medicaginis = Pseudomonas Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, medicaginis var. phaseolicola Centrosema, Desmodium Zimbabwe. =Bacterium medicaginis var. (tick clovers), Glycine max America: Central America & phaseolicola = Phytomonas (kedelai, soyabean), Lablab Caribbiean (Barbados, Costa medicaginis var. phaseolicola purpureus (hyacinth bean), Rica, Guadeloupe, =Phytomonas puerariae = Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet Martinique, Saint Vincent and Pseudomonas medicaginis f.sp. pea), Pueraria var. lobata the Grenadines), North phaseolicola = Xanthomonas (kudzu), Vigna angularis America (Canada), Mexico, medicaginis var. phaseolicola = (adzuki bean), Vigna USA, Hawaii, Argentina, Pseudomonas vignae = radiata (kacang hijau, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Phytomonas vignae = mung bean), Vigna Chile, Venezuela, Dominican Bacterium puerariae = unguiculata (kacang Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, 317

Xanthomonas phaseolicola = panjang, cowpea) Peru, Uruguay, French Pseudomonas cerasi (=cerasus) Guiana, Suriname, = Pseudomonas holci) ; Asia: Georgia, India, Israel, Pseudomonadales; Japan, Pakistan, Saudi Pseudomonadaceae; halo blight Arabia, Turki, Yaman (of beans); grease spot (of Europe: Austria, Belgium, beans) Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Denmark, Frence, Germany, Greece, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jersey, Lithuaina, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia (Russia (Europe), Spain, Sweeden, Switzerland, UK (Channel Islands) Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand 27. Pseudomonas syringaepv. I Prunus avium (sweet fruit, flower, Africa: South Africa morsprunorum(Wormald) Young cherry), Prunus domestica leaf, stem, America: North America et al. (=Pseudomonas mors- (plum), Prunus salicina wood, bark (Canada), USA prunorum = Agrobacterium (Japanese plum) Asia: India, Japan, Libanon mors-prunorum = Bacterium Prunus cerasus (sour Eroupe: Czech Republic, mors-prunorum = Phytomonas cherry) Czech Republic and Slovakia, mors-prunorum; Denmark, Finland, Belarus, Pseudomonadales; Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Pseudomonadaceae; bacterial Moldova, Armenia, canker of stone fruits;spot of Azerbaijan, Georgia, stone fruits; shoot wilt of stone Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, fruits; gummosis; blossom Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, 318

blast Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, French, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Serbia and Montenegro, Ukraine, UK, Switzerland Oceania: Australia 28. Pseudomonas syringae pv. I Passiflora (passionflower), leaf, fruit, Africa: South Africa passiflorae (= Passiflora edulis (markisa, stem America: Dominica Pseudomonas passiflora passionfruit) Oceania: Australia dan New (Reid) Young et al.); Zeland Phytobacterium passiflorae (Reid) Magrou & Prévot; Phytomonas passiflorae Reid; Pseudomonas passiflorae (Reid) Burkholder); grease spot of passion fruit; necrotic spots 29. Pseudomonas I Coriandrum sativum seed, America: Ohio syringaepv.coriandricolaToben (ketumbar, coriander), seedling, Asia: India & Rudolph; Pseudomonadales: Petroselinum crispum stem, leaf. Europe: Germany, Spain Pseudomonadaceae;blight, (Parsley ) Oceania: Australia bacterial blight 30. Pseudomonas syringae pv. I Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee). Tanaman Africa: Kenya garcae Teix. & Pinh.; Solanum lycopersicum micropropa America: Brazil (=P. garcae); Pseudomonadales: (tomat, tomato), Solanum gated Pseudomonadaceae;bacterialsp tuberosum (kentang, (planlet), ot, bacterial blight of coffee potato), Vigna spp. (kacang seedling panjang, cowpea), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Citrus sp.(jeruk, orange) 319

31. Pseudomonas syringae pv. I Brassica oleracea capitata stem, leaf, Africa: Algeria, Algeria, Maculicola (McCulloch) Young (kubis, cabbage), Brassica root, stem, Mauritius, Mozambique, et al.; (=Bacterium rapa gongylodes (kohlrabi), leaf, flower, South Africa, Zimbabwe maccullochianum = Brassica rapa sub sp. rapa fruit America: Argentina, B.maculicola =B.maculicola var. (turnip, turnip), Brassica Bermuda, Brazil, Karibia, japonicum =Phytomonas juncea var. juncea, Brassica Cuba, El Salvador, North maculicola =Pseudomonas nigra, Brassica oleracea America, Puerto Rico, maculicola); Pseudomonadales: var. viridis, Brassica Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Pseudomonadaceae; pepper oleracea var. gemmifera, Colombia, Chile, Venezuela, spot, spot Brassica rapa sub sp. Dominican Republic, pekinensis, Raphanus Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, sativus (lobak,radish), Uruguay, French Guiana, Brassica oleracea USA, Canada var.botrytis (bunga kol, Asia: China, Georgia cauliflower), Brassica (Republic), Japan, Korea DPR oleracea var. italica (North Korea), Republic of (broccoli) Korea (South Korea), Turkey, Taiwan Europe: Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Rusia, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Yugoslavia Oceania: Australia, Palau, Micronesia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea

320

32. Pseudomonas syringaepv.pisi I Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet planlet, Africa: Kenya, Malawi, (=Bacterium pisi= Chlorobacter pea), Lathyrus, Pisum fruit, flower, Morocco, South Africa, pisi =Phytomonas pisi sativum var. arvense leaf, plant, Tanzania, Zimbabwe =Pseudomonas pisi); Vicia benghalensis, Lablab stem, seed. America: Argentina, Pseudomonadales: purpureus, Lathyrus Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, Pseudomonadaceae; bacterial latifolius, Lathyrus Colombia, Costa Rica, pea blight odoratus, Vicia spp., Ecuador, Mexico, USA, Cynodon dactylon, Galium Uruguay aparine, Reseda lutea, Asia: Armenia, Georgia, India, Digitaria sanguinalis, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lepidium campestre, Vicia Kyrgyzstan, Libanon, Nepal, (vetch) Pakistan, Syria Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Caldarera, Sicily, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Southern Rusia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK (England, Wales), Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Yugoslavia, Spain Oceania: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand 33. Pseudomonas syringae pv. I Cucurbita maxima (waluh, seed, root, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, syringae ( van Hall) Young et labu parang, pumpkin), stem, leaf, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, al.; (=Bacillus cerasi =B.gummis Cyphomandra betacea (tree flower, fruit, Malawi, Morocco, South =B.matthiolae =B.spongiosus tomato), Lactuca sativa growing Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, =Bacterium cerasi =B.cerasi (lettuce), Prunus avium media Uganda, Zimbabwe, 321

var. prunicola =B.citrarefaciens (Sweet Cherry), Pyrus (pir, America: Argentina, =B.citriputeale =B.gummis pear), Passiflora edulis Barbados, Brazil, Chile, El =B.hibisci =B.holci = (passionfruit) Salvador, Guatemala, B.nectalaphilum =B.prunicola Malus domesticum (apel, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, =B.rimaefaciens =B.spongiosum apple), Prunus spp., Vigna Puerto Rico, USA, Uruguay =B.syringae =B.trifoliorum spp. (kacang panjang, Asia: Azerbaijan, China, =B.utiformica =B.vignae cowpea), Syringa vulgaris, Georgia, India, Iran, Israel, =B.vignae var. leguminophilum Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, =B.viridifaciens =Chlorobacter sorghum), Aconitum spp., Kyrgyzstan, Libanon, Sri syringae =Phytomonas cerasi Abelmoschus moschatus Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, =P.cerasi var. prunicola (okra, lady’s finger), Uzbekistan, =P.citrarefaciens =P.citriputealis Vernicia fordii, Allium spp., Europe: Belarus, Belgium, =P.hibisci =P.holci =P.matthiolae Alnus glutinosa, Arbutus Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech, =P.nectalaphila =P.prunicola spp., Aralia spp., Actinidia Slovakia, Denmark, Serbia, =P.rimaefaciens =P.spongiosa deliciosa (kiwi, kiwi fruit), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and =P.syringae=P.trifoliorum Atriplex hortensis, Beta Herzegovina, Montenegro, =P.utiformica =P.vignae vulgaris var saccharifera Macedonia, France, Germany, =P.vignae var. leguminophila (bit gula, sugar beet), Greece, Hungary, Ireland, =P.viridifaciens =Pseudomonas Betula pendula, Brassica Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, cerasi=Pseudomonas cerasi rapa subsp. pekinensis (pe- Poland, Portugal, Romania, f.sp. pyri =P.cerasi var. tsai), Carthamus tinctorius, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, prunicola =P.cerasi var. pyri Centaurea maculosa, Ukraine, UK =P.citrarefaciens =P. Erysimum cheiri, Oceania: Australia, New citriputealis =P.hibisci Chrysanthemum indicum, Zealand =P.oryzicola Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange), =P.prunicola=P.spongiosa Cinnamomum camphora, =P.syringae =P.syringae f.sp. Calystegia sepium, prunicola (Wormald) Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, =P.trifoliorum =P.utiformica Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), =P.vignae =P.vignae var. Capsicum annuum leguminophila =P.viridifaciens (paprika, bell-pepper), =P.syringae pv. Cucumis sativus 322

japonica);Pseudomonadales: (mentimun, cucumber), Pseudomonadaceae; bacterial Cucurbita, Cydonia canker or blast (stone and oblonga, Cyphomandra pome fruits), bacterial brown betacea, Dahlia pinnata, spot (beans), apoplexy of Daphne odora, Desmodium apricots, bacterial black spot, spp., Diospyros kaki bacterial eye spot, (kesemek, persimmon), bacterialspot, bacterial sheath Echinochloa crusgalli, rot, blast of Citrus, blister spot Fortunella spp., Forsythia of apple, peach-tree short-life, intermedia, Fragaria vesca, pear blossom blight Glycine max (kedelai, soybean), Hibiscus spp., Hordeum vulgare (barli, barley), Impatiens balsamina, Juglans regia, Lactuca sativa, Lablab purpureus, Ligustrum ovalifolium, Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Magnolia spp., Medicago sativa, Mangifera indica (mangga, mango), Matthiola incana, Musa paradisiaca (pisang kepok, plantain), Mucuna deeringiana, Nerium oleander, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), Panicum spp., Passiflora quadrangularis (markisa, 323

passion- fruit, granadilla), Persea americana (alpokat, avocado), Pennisetum spp., Philadelphus, Vigna angularis, Phaseolus spp., Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Piper nigrum (lada, blackpepper), Pinus radiata, Populus spp., Quercus spp., Rhododendron, Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Rubus ursinus, Salix spp., Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Sorghum spp., Trifolium spp., Trigonella foenum-graecum, Triticum aestivum (gandum, wheat), Vaccinium sp., Vicia faba, Vicia villosa, Vigna cylindrica, Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zea mays (jagung, corn, maize). Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa), Panax ginseng (Asiatic ginseng) 34. Pseudomonas syringae I Camellia sinensis (teh, tea) leaf, stem Asia: Japan pv.theae (Hori) Young et al. ; yang muda (=Bacillus theae =Erwinia theae root, stem, =Innominatus theae leaf, flower, =Pseudomonas fruit theae);Pseudomonadales: 324

Pseudomonadaceae; shoot blight, bacterial stem blight, bacterial tea blight, red blight, tea bacterialspot 35. Pseudomonas viridiflava I Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi, seed, root, Africa: Egypt, Kenya, (Burkholder); (= Bacterium kiwifruit), Allium cepa stem, leaf, Morocco, Tanzania, Uganda, viridiflavum = Chlorobacter (bawang bombay, onion), flower, fruit, Algeria viridiflavus = Phytomonas Anethum graveolens (dill), growing America: USA, Argentina, viridiflava);Pseudomonadales; Apium graveolens (seledri, media, Brazil, Venezuela, Uruguay Pseudomonadaceae;bacterial celery), Apium graveolens seedling, Asia: China, Iran, Japan, blight of tomato; Hydrangea var. dulce (celery), Brassica micropropa Jordan, South Korea, Nepal, bud blight; bacterialnecrosis of spp., Capsicum annuum gated plant Turkey, Saudi Arabia basil; bacterial rot of lettuce; (paprika, bell pepper), Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, bacterial rot of Chinese Cucumis melo (melon, Czech, Serbia, Slovenia, cabbage; bacterial soft rot of melon), Cucumis sativus Croatia, Bosnia and tomato; bacterial blossom (mentimun, cucumber), Herzegovina, Montenegro, blight of kiwi Cucurbita maxima (waluh, Macedonia, France, Germany, labu parang, pumpkin), Greece, Hungary, Italy, Hydrangea (hydrangeas), Macedonia, Netherlands, Solanum lycopersicon Poland, Portugal, Serbia- (tomat, tomato) Montenegro, Slovakia, Spain, Actinidia chinensis (Chinese Switzerland, UK, Yugoslavia, gooseberry), Allium Russia fistulosum (Welsh onion), Oceania: Australia, New Brassica oleracea var. Zealand. botrytis (bunga kol, cauliflower), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (kubis, cabbage), Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (Brussels sprouts), Calendulaofficinalis (Pot 325

marigold), Capsicum frutescens (cabai rawit, chilli), Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), Chrysanthemum indicum (krisan, chrysanthemum), Cichorium endivia (endives), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus macrophylla (alemow), Citrus sinensis (navel orange), Cyclamen persicum (cyclamens), Eschscholzia californica (california poppy), Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia), Eutrema wasabi (Wasabi), Forsythia suspensa, Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Lablab purpureus (hyacinth bean), Lotus corniculatus (bird's- foot trefoil), Lupinus angustifolius (lupin), Medicago sativa (lucerne), Nicotiana rustica (wild tobacco), Papaver (poppies), Papaver nudicaule (Iceland poppy), Passiflora edulis (passionfruit), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Petunia hybrida, 326

Phaseolus coccineus (runner bean), Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean), Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, apricot), Prunus avium (sweet cherry), Pseudopanax, Pyruscommunis (European pear), Rosa (mawar, roses), Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Sorghum sudanense (Sudan grass), Tanacetum coccineum (common pyrethrum), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Tropaeolum majus (common nasturtium), Vacciniumcorymbosum (blueberry), Vicia faba (broad bean), Vigna angularis (adzuki bean), Vigna unguiculata (kacang panjang, cowpea), Viola (violet), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Zea mays (jagung, maize,corn), Zinnia elegans (zinnia)

327

36. Rathayibacter tritici I Triticum aestivum (gandum, seed, root, Africa: Egypt:, Ethiopia, (Hutchinson) Zgurskaya et al.; wheat), Triticum dicoccum, stem, leaf, Zambia, Marocco. (=Clavibacter tritici Triticum turgidum (durum flower, fruit, Asia: Afghanistan, China, =Corynebacterium wheat) soil, India, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan michiganense pv. tritici =C.tritici Alopecurus (foxtails), growing Europe: Cyprus =Agrobacterium tritici Hordeum vulgare (barley), media Oceania: Australia =Bacterium tritici =Phytomonas Lolium temulentum (darnel) tritici =P.tritici =Pseudomonas Vector: tritici); Actynomycetales: Tylenchida, Microbacteriaceae; spike Anguinidae: blight, tundu disease, yellow Anguina ear rot, yellow slime disease, tritici yellow spike 37. Rhizobium vitis (Ophel & Kerr) I Vitis vinifera (anggur, leaf, Africa: Tunisia Young et al. ; (=Agrobacterium grapevine) planlet, America: Brazil, Canada, biovar 3 =A.tumefaciens biovar root, stem, USA 3 = A. vitis); seed, soil, Asia: Afghanistan, China, Rhizobiales: Rhizobiaceae; growing Japan, Jordan, Korea crown gall media. Europe: France, Greece, Hungary, Spain Oceania: Australia 38. Rhodococcus fascians (Zopt.) I Asparagus densiflorus, leaf, Africa: Egypt Tsunukura; (=Bacterium Begonia tuberhybrida, planlet, America: Canada, Colombia, fascians =Phytomonas fascians Erysimum cheiri, root, stem, Mexico, USA, Guatemala =Pseudobacterium fascians Chrysanthemum spp., seed, soil, Asia: India, Iran, Israel =Rhodococcus rubropertinctus Cucumis melo (melon), bulb, tuber, Europe: Belgium, Czech, =Corynebacterium Dahlia pinnata, Dianthus corm lapis, Denmark, Estonia, France, fascians;Actinomycetales: caryophyllus, Fragaria bulb, tuber, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Nocardiaceae; witches' broom vesca (arbei, wild corm Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, syndrome, ornamental strawberry), Fragaria (tuber), Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, cauliflower disease, strawberry ananassa (strawberry), corms, Ukraine, UK, Poland cauliflower disease, strawberry Freesia spp., Gloriosa spp., rhizomes, Oceania: Australia, New 328

fasciation, tobacco leafy gall, Lilium spp., Lathyrus seedling Zealand leafy gall, fasciation odoratus, Pelargonium zonale, Triteleia spp., Vector: Brassica oleracea var Hemiptera, botrytis (bunga kol, Aphididae: cauliflower), Brodiaea, Myzus Euphorbia, Fragaria, Hebe, persicae, M. Kalanchoe, Pisum sativum ascalonicus (kapri, sweet pea), Erysimum cheiri (wallflower), Chamaemelum nobile, Antirrhinum majus, Beta vulgaris (bit, beet root), Beloperone, Brassica spp., Buddleia davidii, Cichorium intybus, Cicer arietinum, Consolida ambigua, Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell-pepper), Crysanthemum vestitum, Casuarina equisetifolia, Dactura inosia, Dianthus barbatus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Erysimum allionii, Forsythia suspensa, Gladiolus hybrids, Glycine max (kedelai, soyabean), Gypsophila paniculata, Hebe andersonii hybrids, Hyasinthus, Impatiens walleriana, Kalanchoe 329

blossfeldiana, Lycopersicon esculentum (tomat, tomato), Pelargonium, Rhododendron (Azela), Mesembryanthemum, Muscari botryoides, Nicotiana, Petunia hybrida, Phaseolus spp., Physalis spp., Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet pea), Phlox spp., azalea, Spinacia oleracea, Tagetes spp., Tropaeolum majus, Triteleia laxa, Tulip, Viburnum opulus, Vicia faba, Sorbaria sorbifolia 39. Spiroplasma citri (Saglio et. al).; I Citrus spp. (jeruk, orange), bibit Europe: Cyprus, France, Entomoplasmatales: Pisum sativum (kapri, sweet Greece, Italy, Spain. Spiroplasmataceae; stubborn pea), Trifolium pratense, Vector: Asia: Iran, Iraq, Israel, disease Trifolium repens, Vicia faba, Hemiptera, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Vinca rosea Cicadellidae Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Armoracia rusticana : Circulifer Turkey, United Arab (horseradish), Citrus tenellus, Emirates, Yemen. aurantium (sour orange), Scaphytopiu Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Citrus limon (lemon), Citrus s nitrides, S. Madagascar, Morocco, reticulata (mandarin), Citrus acutus Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia. reticulata x paradisi delongi, America: Argentina, Brazil, (tangelo), Citrus sinensis Neoaliturus Mexico, Peru, Suriname, USA, (navel orange), Citrus haematocep Venezuela. paradisi (grapefruit) s. Oceania: New Zealand. Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae (cruciferous crops), Capsella bursa- 330

pastoris (shepherd's purse), Chenopodiaceae, Citroncirus webberi (citrange), Citrus jambhiri (rough lemon), Citruslimettioides (palestine sweet lime), Citrus limonia (mandarin lime), Citrus madurensis (calamondin), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus unshiu (satsuma), Digitalis purpurea (foxglove), Fortunella (kumquats), Plantaginaceae, Plantago ovata (spogel plantain), Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass) 40. Spiroplasma kunkelii I Zea mays (jagung, corn, leaf, stem, America: Bolivia, Brazil, El (Whitcomb) Chen et al.; maize), Zea mays subsp. root Salvador, Jamaica, Mexico, Entomoplasmatales: mays (jagung manis, Peru, USA, Venezuela, Belize, spiroplasmataceae; corn stunt sweetcorn). Vector: Guatemala, Honduras, disease, corn stunt Zea mexicana (teosinte), Hemiptera, Nicaragua, Panama, spiroplasma, maize stunt Zea perennis Cicadellidae Argentina spiroplasma, Rio Grande corn : Dalbulus stunt maydis, D. eliminatus, Exitianus exitiosus, Graminella nigrifons, 331

Stirellus bicolor 41. Streptomyces ipomoeae (Person I Ipomoea batatas (ubi jalar, umbi America: USA & Martin) Waksman & Henrici; sweet potato) (tuber/ Asia: Japan, Vietnam (=Actinomyces ipomoeae); Ipomoea spp. corm/ Actinomycetales: rhizome), Streptomycetaceae; planlet, Streptomycetes soil rot (pox), root, soil, soil rot, ground rot, sweet growing potato soft rot, sweet potato media, soil rot, sweet potato pox seedling 42. Tatumella citrea (= I Ananas comosus (nanas, fruit, pod Africa:Tanzania Pantoea citrea pineapple) America: Mexico, USA = Erwinia citreus Sonoyama et Citrus reticulata (jeruk Asia: Japan, Philippines, al., 1988 mandarin, mandarin Taiwan pink fruit, pink disease of orange) Europe: Albania, Czech pineapple. Republic Oceania: Australia 43. Xanthomonas arboricola pv. I Prunus armeniaca (aprikot, fruit, leaf, Africa: South Africa, Pruni (Smith) Vauterin, Hoste, apricot), Prunus domestica stem Zimbabwe Kersters & Swings (plum), Prunus dulcis America: Central America & (=Xanthomonas pruni = Bacillus (almond), Prunus persica Caribbean (Bermuda), North pruni = Bacterium cerasi wraggi (peach), Prunus salicina America, Canada, Mexico, = Bacterium pruni = (Japanese plum) USA, Argentina, Bolivia, Phytomonas cerasi wraggi = Prunus avium (sweet Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Phytomonas pruni = cherry), Prunus cerasus Venezuela, Dominican Pseudomonas cerasi wraggi = (sour cherry), Prunus Republic, Ecuador, Uruguay, Pseudomonas pruni = japonica (Japanese bush French Guiana Xanthomonas campestris pv. cherry tree), Prunus mume Asia: China, Taiwan, India, pruni; Xanthomonadales; (Japanese apricot tree), Iran, Japan, Korea DPR Xanthomonadaceae; bacterial Prunus (stone fruit), Prunus (North Korea), Republic of canker of stone fruit; bacterial laurocerasus (cherry laurel) Korea (South Korea), 332

shot-hole of stone fruit; Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi bacterial spot of stone fruit; Arabia, Tajikistan bacterialspot of stone fruit; Europe: Bulgaria, France black spot of stone fruit (France [mainland]), Italy, Moldova, Romania, Russia (Russian Far East, Southern Russia), Slovenia, Ukraine, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Netherland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 44. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. I Glycine max (kedelai, leaf, stem, Africa: Sudan alfalfae soyabean), Lablab micropropa America: Elsalvador, Common name: bacterial purpureus (hyacinth bean), gated plant Nicaragua, USA alfalfa spot Medicago sativa (lucerne), Asia: Georgia (Republic), Medicago scutellata (snail India dan Syria medic), Phaseolus vulgaris Europe: Rumania (common bean), Pisum Oceania: Australia sativum (kapri, sweetpea), Trifolium incarnatum (Crimson clover), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Vicia benghalensis (purple vetch), Vicia sativa (common vetch), Vigna mungo (black gram) 45. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. I Allium (onions, garlic, leek, root, stem, Africa: Mauritius, Réunion, allii Roumagnac et etc.), Allium cepa (bawang leaf, flower, South Africa al.(=Xanthomonas campestris bombay, onion), Allium fruit, America: Central America & pv. allii);Xanthomonadales: cepa var. aggregatum growing Caribbean (Barbados, Cuba, Xanthomonadaceae; blight (bawang merah, shallot), media Saint Kitts and Nevis), USA, 333

Allium fistulosum (Welsh Brazil, Venezuela onion), Allium porrum (leek), Asia: Japan Allium sativum (bawang Europa: Netherland putih, garlic), Allium schoenoprasum (chives) 46. Xanthomonas I Anthurium andreanum, bulb, tuber, Africa: Réunion, South Africa axonopodispv.dieffenbachiae Philodendron hederaceum, corm, America: Barbados, (McCulloch & Pirone Philodendron hederaceum rhizome, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, Vauterin)et al. ; (=Phytomonas var. oxycardium leaf, stem, Costa Rica, Dominica, dieffenbachiae =Bacterium Aglaonema commutatum, growing Guadeloupe, Jamaica, dieffenbachiae =Xanthomonas Anthurium spp., Caladium media Martinique, Puerto Rico, St. dieffenbachiae =X.campestris bicolor hybrids, Vincent and the Grenadines, pv. dieffenbachiae Dieffenbachia maculata, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, =X.campestris pv. Epipremnum pinnatum, Venezuela, syngonii);Xanthomonadales: Araceae, Philodendron Asia: China, Philippines, Xanthomonadaceae; selloum, Syngonium Taiwan, Turkey anthurium blight, bacterial podophyllum, Xanthosoma Europe: Italy, Netherland, blight of aroids caracu, X. sagittifolium Germany, Poland, Romania, UK Oceania: Australia, France Polynesia, New Caledonia 47. Xanthomonas I Codiaeum variegatum, buds, stem, America: USA, Venezulea axonopodispv.poinsettiicola(Pat Manihot esculenta (ubi leaf Asia: Cocos Islands, el, Bhatt & Kulkarni) wood, cassava), Euphorbia Philippines, India, China, Vauterinet al. ; (=Xanthomonas heterophylla (wild Taiwan campestris pv. poinsettiicola poinsettia), Euphorbia milii Europe: Germany, Italy =X.poinsetticola (Crown-of-thorns), Oceania: Australia, New =X.poinsettiicola Euphorbia pulcherrima Zealand =X.pulcherrimae =X.ricini f.sp. (poinsettia), poinsettiicola =X.rinici f.sp. poinsetticola); Xanthomonadales: 334

Xanthomonadaceae

48. Xanthomonas axonopodis I Saccharumofficinarum leaf, seed, Africa: Ghana, Madagascar, pv.vasculorum (Cobb) Vauterin (tebu, sugarcane), planlet, Malawi, Mauritius, et al.; (=Xanthomonas Saccharum sp. stem, bulb, Mozambique, Réunion, South campestris pv. vasculorum Zea mays (jagung, corn, tuber, corm Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe =Bacillus vasculorum maize), Roystonea regia, (tuber/ America: Antigua and =Bacterium vasculorum Dictyosperma album, Areca corm/ Barbuda, Argentina, =Phytomonas vasculara catechu (pinang, betelnut rhizome), Barbados, Belize, Brazil, =P.vasculorum =Pseudomonas palm), bambu, Cocos root, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, vasculorum =Xanthomonas nucifera (kelapa , coconut), seedling, Dominican, Guyana France, vasculorum) ; Coix lacryma-jobi, Panicum wood Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Xanthomonadales: spp., Pennisetum Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Xanthomonadaceae; sugarcane purpureum, Sorghum bicolor Puerto Rico, St. Kitts & Nevis, gumming disease, Gummosis (sorgum, sorghum), St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Sorghum halepense Grenadines, Trinidad and (Johnson grass), Sorghum Tobago sudanense (Sudan grass), Europe: Portugal Thysanolaena latifolia Oceania: Australia, Fiji, (Asian broom grass), Papua New Guinea Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo), Megathyrsus maximus (Guinea grass), Sorghum sp.(sorgum, sorghum) 49. Xanthomonas axonopodis I Lactuca sativa (lettuce), leaf, stem, Africa: South Africa, pv.vitians (Brown) Vauterin et Syngonium, Syngonium seed Zimbabwe al. ; (=Bacterium lactuca podophyllum (Arrowhead America: Brazil, France West =B.vitians = Phytomonas vine), beberapa species Indies, USA, Hawaii, lactucae =P.lactucae-scariolae gulma yang termasuk Venezuela =P.vitians =Pseudomonas kedalam family Asteraceae, Asia: Japan, Republic of

335

lactucae =P.lactucae-scariolae Chenopodiaceae, Korea (South Korea) =P.vitians =Xanthomonas Malvaceae, Polygonaceae Europe: Germany, Italy, campestris pv. vitians and Portulacaceae Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, =X.lactucae =X.lactucae- Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, scariolae Azerbaijan, Georgia, =X.vitians);Xanthomonadales: Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Xanthomonadaceae; leafspot, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, lettuce bacterial spot Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia Oceania: Australia 50. Xanthomonas campestris pv. I Armoracia rusticana leaf, stem, Africa: Zimbabwe armoraciae (McCulloch) Dye; (horseradish), Brassica seed America: USA, Brazil, (=Bacterium campestre var. oleracea var. botrytis Oklahoma armoraciae = Phytomonas (bunga kol, cauliflower), Asia: China, India, Japan, campestris var. armoraciae = Brassica oleracea var. Turkey Pseudomonas campestris var. gemmifera (Brussels Europe: Ukraine armoraciae = Xanthomonas sprouts), Brassica oleracea Oceania: Australia armoraciae); Xanthomonadales: var. italica (broccoli), Iberis Xanthomonadaceae; (candytuft) Xanthomonasspot 51. Xanthomonas cassavae (ex I Manihot esculenta (ubi leaf, stem Africa: Burundi, DR Congo, Wiehe & Dows.) Vauterin et al.; wood, cassava) Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, (=Xanthomonas campestris pv. Tanzania, Uganda cassavae =X.ricini f.sp. America: Colombia cassavae); Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae; cassavaspot, cassava bacterial necrosis 52. Xanthomonas hortorum pv. I Geranium sanguineum buds, stem, Africa: Egypt, Morocco, South pelargonii (Brown) Vauterin et (bloody cranesbill), leaf, flower Africa al. ; (=Bacterium geranii Pelargonium America: Argentina, Brazil, =B.pelargonii =Phytomonas (pelargoniums), Vector: Canada, USA geranii =P.pelargonii Pelargonium graveolens Hemiptera: Asia: India, Iran, Japan 336

=Pseudomonas geranii (Rose geranium) Cicadellida, Europe: Austria, Belgium, =P.pelargonii =Xanthomonas Cercopidae Denmark, France, Germany, campestris pv. pelargonii Greece, Hungary, Italy, =X.geranii Netherlands, Portugal, =X.pelargonii);Xanthomonadale Romania, Russia, Belarus, s: Xanthomonadaceae; Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, bacterialspot Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia Oceania: Australia 53. Xanthomonas vasicola I Panicum miliaceum (millet), stem, leaf, Africa: Ivory Coast, Gambia, pv.holcicola (Elliot); Setaria italica (foxtail seed Madagascar, Niger, South (=Xanthomonas holcicola millet), Sorghum bicolor Africa, Togo. =Bacterium holcicola (sorghum), Sorghum America: Mexico, USA, =Phytomonas holcicola halepense (Johnson grass), Argentina, Venezuela. =Pseudomonas holcicola = Sorghum sudanense (Sudan Asia: Bangladesh, India, Iran, Xanthomonas campestris pv. grass) Israel, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, holcicola); Xanthomonadales: Sorghum almum Philippines, Thailand. Xanthomonadaceae; streaky (Columbusgrass), Zea mays Europe: France, Romania, spot of sorghum and Sudan (jagung, maize, corn) Russia, Ukraine. grass; melanosis of Panicum Oceania: Australia, New millet; bacterial streak of millet Zealand, Solomon Islands.

337

54. Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al.; I Acer saccharum, buls, root, America: Argentina, Brazil, Xanthomonadales: Liquidambar styraciflua, fruit, flower, Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, Xanthomonadaceae; Pierce's Medicago sativa, Morus stem, leaf, Paraguay, USA, Venezuela disease of grapevines, alfalfa alba, Platanus occidentalis, seed, Asia: China, India, Taiwan, dwarf, almondscorch, citrus Pyrus communis (pir, pear), seedling. Turki. variegated chlorosis, dwarf Ulmus (elms), lucerne, scorch, phony disease Acer (maples), Carya Vector: of peach, plumscald illinoinensis (pecan), Citrus Hemiptera, latifolia (tahiti lime), Citrus Cicadellidae reticulata (mandarin), : Cicadella Citrus reticulata x paradisi viridis, (tangelo), Citrus sinensis Carneoceph (navel orange), Liquidambar ala fulgida, styraciflua (Sweet gum), Draeculacep Medicago sativa (lucerne), hala Nerium oleander (oleander), minerva, Prunus angustifolia Graphoceph (Mountain cherry tree), ala Prunus dulcis (almond), atropunctat Prunus persica (peach), a, Prunus salicina (Japanese Hemiptera, plum), Ulmus (elms), Vitis Cercopidae: labrusca (fox grape), Vitis Philaenus rupestris (sand-grape), Vitis spumarius vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Acer rubrum (red maple), Brachiaria spp. (signalgrass), Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee), Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock), Cynodon spp Cyperus (flatsedge), 338

Digitaria spp., Echinochloa frumentacea(Japanese millet), Fragaria vesca (arbei, wild strawberry), Lolium spp (ryegrasses), Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), Medicago (medic), Paspalum spp., Paspalum dilatatum (dallis grass), Passiflora foetida (red fruit passion flower), Poaceae (grasses), Quercus rubra (northern red oak), Rubus spp. (blackberry, raspberry), Sambucus spp. (Elderberry), Salix spp., Taraxacum officinale, Taraxacum officinale complex (dandelion), Trifolium spp., Trifolium (clovers), Ulmus americana (American elm), Vinca minor 55. Xylophilus ampelinus (Panag.) I Vitis vinifera (anggur, Stem Africa: South Africa Willems et al. ; (= Xanthomonas grapevine) Asia: Turkey ampelina);Pseudomonadales: Europe: France, Greece, Italy, Pseudomonadaceae; canker of Moldova, Portugal, Spain, grapevine, bacterial blight of Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, grapevine, black arm Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia

339

FITOPLASMA (PHYTOPLASMA) NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ KLASIFIKASI/ NAMA UMUM/ GOLONGAN INANG/ No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM/ / GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION TAXON/ COMMON NAME 1. Apple chat fruit phytoplasma; I Malus domesticum (apel, buds, stem, Africa: South Africa (= Apple chat fruit MLO) apple), Malus spp. plant, root, America: USA seedling Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Gibraltar, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK (England and Wales, Scotland) Ocean: New Zealand 2. Apple rubbery wood I Malus domestica (apel, vegetative Africa:South Africa phytoplasma; apple) propagating America: Canada, Mexico, Acholeplasmatales, Cydonia oblonga (quince), material, USA, Brazil Acholeplasmatacea; apple Malus baccata (siberian seedling, Asia:India rubbery wood; quince chlorotic crab apple), Prunus avium root, Europe: Austria, Czech blotch; pear rubbery wood (sweet cherry), Prunus micropropa Republic, Denmark, Serbia, disease cerasus (sour cherry), Pyrus gated plant, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and communis (European pear) stem Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy (Italy [mainland]), Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Yugoslavia Oceania: New Zealand, Australia

340

3. Candidatus Phytoplasma I Allium cepa (bawang fruit, flower, Africa: South Africa asteri; (=Aster yellows bombay, onion), leaf, root, America: Canada, Mexico, phytoplasma group); Alstroemeria (Inca lily), stem, USA, Brazil, Peru Acholeplasmatales; Anemone coronaria (Poppy Asia: China (Taiwan), India, Acholeplasmatacea; tomato big anemone), Apium Israel, Japan, Lebanon, bud; western aster yellows; graveolens (seledri, celery), Malaysia, Thailand periwinkle little leaf; eastern Brassica napus var. napus Europe: Europe (as a whole), aster yellows; purple (rape), Brassica oleracea Belgium, Czech Republic, coneflower yellows; multiplier var. capitata (kubis, France, Germany, Greece, disease cabbage), Brassica Italy, Portugal, Russia, Spain, oleracea var. italica UK, Poland, Finland (broccoli), Brassica rapa Oceania: Australia subsp. rapa (turnip), Callistephus chinensis (China aster), Chrysanthemum coronarium (garland chrysanthemum), Chrysanthemum frutescens (marguerite), Daucus carota (wortel, carrot), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Hydrangea macrophylla (French hydrangea), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Paulownia tomentosa (paulownia), Primula sp. (primrose), Ranunculus asiaticus (garden crowfoot), Spinacia oleracea 341

(spinach), Tagetes patula (French marigold), Trifolium repens (white clover), Zea mays (jagung, maize,corn) Catharanthus roseus (Pink periwinkle), Celtis australis (European nettle wood), Cornus racemosa (gray dogwood), Cryptotaenia canadensis (honewort), Cucurbita pepo (ornamental gourd), Cyclamen persicum (cyclamens), Delphinium hybrids (florist's larkspur), Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower), Eupatorium capillifolium (Dog fennel), Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia), Lotus corniculatus (bird's- foot trefoil), Solanum lycopersicon (tomat,tomato), Morus bombycis (Japanese mulberry), Myrtus communis (myrtle), Olea europaea subsp. europaea (olive), Opuntia sp. (pricklypear), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Populus 342

(poplars), Populus nigra (black poplar), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus persica var. nucipersica (nectarine), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Santalum album (Indian sandalwood), Solanum melongena (aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Solidago (Goldenrod), Spiraea tomentosa (Hardhack), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Vaccinium (blueberries), Vitis vinifera (anggur, grapevine), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), Calendula officinalis (Pot marigold), Conyza canadensis (Canadian fleabane), Lepidium draba (hoary cress), Malva (mallow), Papaver rhoeas (common poppy), Portulaca oleracea (purslane), Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), Stellaria media (common chickweed) 343

4. Candidatus Phytoplasma mali; I Malus domesticum (apel, buds, Africa: South Africa Acholeplasmatales:Acholeplas apple), Prunussalicina stolon, Asia: Turkey, India matacea; Apple proliferation (Japanese plum), vegetative Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Vitis vinifera (anggur, propagating Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, grapevine), Catharanthus material Denmark, France, Germany, roseus, Corylus avellana, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Pyrus communis (pir, pear), Vector: Moldova, Netherlands, Convolvulus arvensis Hemiptera, Norway, Poland, Romania, (bindweed), Cynodon Cercopidae: Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, dactylon (Bermuda grass), Philaenus Switzerland, Ukraine, Serbia, Dahlia sp., Lilium sp., spumarius; Bosnia and Herzegovina, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus Hemiptera, Montenegro, Macedonia., avium (sweet cherry), Aphrophori Albania, Balkans, Belgium, Prunus domestica (plum) dae: Bulgaria, Russia, UK, Finland Aphrophora alni, Lepyronia coleoptrata; Hemiptera, Psyllidae: Cacopsylla costalis, C. Mali, C. picta 5. Candidatus Phytoplasma I Cocos nucifera (kelapa , seed, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, Palmae; (=Coconut lethal coconut), Elaeis guineensis seedling Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, yellowing phytoplasma; (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), Nigeria, Tanzania, Togo coconut lethal yellowing and other Palmae (Arenga Vector: America: Belize, Cayman mycoplasma-like organism); engleri, Borassus flabellifer, Hemiptera, Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Acholeplasmatales: Caryota mitis, Howea Cixiidae: Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Acholeplasmatacea; Lethal forsteriana, Hyophorbe Myndus Mexico, USA, Bahamas, yellowing of palm;Cape St Paul verschaffeltii, Phoenix crudus; Guatemala, Saint Kitts and 344

disease;Cape Three Point canariensis, P. dactylifera, Cicadellida, Nevis, Guyana disease; Keincope; Kribi P. reclinata, P. sylvestris, Fulgoridae Asia: India Chrysalidocarpus cabadae, Eropa: Netherland Corypha utan, Oceania: Papua New Guinea, Dictyosperma album, Australia Latania spp., Livistona chinensis, L. rotundifolia, Trachycarpus fortunei, Veitchia macandielsii, Veitchia merrillii, Panandus utilis 6. Grapevine flavescence doree I Vitis vinifera (anggur, buds,stolon America: USA, Uruguay phytoplasma;Acholeplasmatale grapevine) , vegetative Europe: Croatia, France, s:Acholeplasmataceae; Chrysanthemum spp., Xleia propagating Corsica, Germany, Italy, faba, Vince rosea. material Slovenia, Spain, Serbia, Switzerland and Montenegro, Vector: Belgium, Netherland, Portugal Hemiptera, Cicadellidae : Scaphoideu s titanus 7. Potato witches broom I Dicentra spectabilis root, stem, America: Canada dan USA phytoplasma;Acholeplasmatale (bleeding heart), Medicago leaf, flower, Asia: Taiwan, India dan : Acholeplasmatacea; yellows- sativa (lucerne), Nicotiana fruit Japan, Iran, China type disease; witches’ broom tabacum (tembakau, Europe: Poland, Ukraine, phytiplasma tobacco), Solanum Former USSR tuberosum (kentang, Oceania: Tonga potato), Trifolium hybridum (Alsike clover), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Trifolium repens (white 345

clover) S:Catharanthus roseus (Pink periwinkle), Salix (willows) 8. Strawberry lethal decline I Fragaria sp.(strawberry), leaf, stem, America: Canada, USA phytoplasma(SLD); Fragaria ananassa root, Acholeplasmatales: (strawberry), Fragaria seedling Acholeplasmataceae;northwest chiloensis (Chilean plant, disease strawberry), Fragaria vesca flower. (arbei, wild strawberry)

9. Sugarcane Grassy Stunt I Saccharumofficinarum stek, buds, Africa: Sudan Disease (tebu, sugarcane), stem Asia: Bangladesh, Taiwan, (SCGSD);Acholeplasmatales: Saccharumspontaneum India, Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Acholeplasmataceae;grassy (wild sugarcane) Vector: Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, shoot disease;sugarcane Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Hemiptera, Sri Lanka, Thailand grassy;stunt sorghum), Pennisetum Aphididae: phytoplasma;grassy purpureum, Brachiaria Melanaphis shoot;gassy stunt mutica, Cynodon dactylon, sacchari phytoplasma; Sugarcane Imperata arundinacea f.sp grassy shoot; white indosacchar phytoplasmas i 10. Sugarcane Ramu Stunt Disease I Saccharumofficinarum stek, buds, Oceania: Papua New Guinea: Phytoplasma;Acholeplasmatale (tebu, sugarcane) stem, s: Acholeplasmataceae; ramu Poaceae (grasses), seedling stunt Saccharumrobustum, Saccharumspontaneum Vector: (wild sugarcane), Hemiptera, Saccharumsp. Delphacidae : Eumetopina flavipes 346

11. Sugarcane White Phytoplasma I Saccharumofficinarum stek, buds, Africa: Sudan (SCWLD); (tebu, sugarcane). root, stem, Asia: Bangladesh, Taiwan, Acholeplasmatales: Saccharumspontaneum, leaf, flower India, Iran, Japan, Myanmar, Acholeplasmataceae; Cynodon dactylon, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, whitedisease;India albino Brachiaria subquadripara, Vector: Thailand, China Dactyloctenium egyptium, Hemiptera, Chloris barbata, Sporobolus Cicadellidae fertilis, Saccharumedule, : Saccharumrobustum Matsumurat ettix hiroglyphicu s, Yamatotetti x flavovittatus

VIII. VIRUS (VIRUSES) MEDIA DAERAH SEBAR/ NAMA ILMIAH/ SINONIM/ GOLONGAN INANG/ No PEMBAWA/ GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENTIFIC NAME/ SYNONIM / GROUP HOST PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION 1. African cassava mosaic I Manihot esculenta (ubi plant, stem, Africa:Angola, Benin, begomovirus (ACMV);(= African wood, cassava), Ricinus bulb, tuber, Burkina Faso, Burundi, cassava mosaic virus, Cassava spp. corm root, Cameroon, Cape Verde, latent virus, Cassava latent Hewittia sublobata, buds, stolon Central African Republic, geminivirus, Cassava mosaic Laportea (=Fluerya) Chad, Congo, Congo virus, Cassava African mosaic aestuans, Manihot glaziovii, Democratic republic of the, begomovirus, Indian cassava Jatropha sp. Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial mosaic disease) Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, 347

Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Asia: India, Sri Lanka 2. Agropyron mosaic rymovirus I Bromus secalinus, Elymus plant, leaf America: Canada, USA (AgMV);(=Agropyron mosaic repens (quackgrass), Europe: Finland virus, Agropyron green mosaic Elytrigia intermedia, Vector: virus, Agropyron yellow mosaic Elytrigia repens, Hordeum Prostigmata, virus, Agropyron streak mosaic vulgare, Lolium multiflorum, Eriophyidae: virus, Couch grass streak Lophopyrum elongatum, Abacarus mosaic virus, Wheat virus 2, Poa pratensis, Secale hystrix Marmor agropyri, Agropyron cereal, Setaria viridis, mosaic PV75 severe isolate, Triticum aestivum (wheat), Agropyron mosaic PV101 Triticum turgidum (durum isolate, Agropyron mosaic mild wheat), Triticum durum isolate) 3. Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus I Medicago sativa, Solanum root, stem, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, (AMV);(= Alfalfa virus 1 & 2, lycopersicum (tomat, leaf, flower, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Lucerne mosaic virus, Marmor tomato), Nicotiana tabacum fruit, seed Morocco, South Africa, medicaginis, Potato calico (tembakau, tobacco), Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, virus) Solanum tuberosum Vector: Zambia (kentang, potato), Hemiptera, America: Argentina, Brazil, Cucurbitaceae, Apium Aphididae: Panama, Canada, Chile, graveolens var. rapaceum, Acyrthosipho Colombia, Mexico, Peru, USA, Apium graveolens (seladeri, n pisum, Venezuela celery), Cicer arietinum, Myzus Asia: Bangladesh, China, Capsicum annuum (cabai, persicae India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, hot pepper, chili, red Japan, Jordan, South Korea, 348

pepper), Glycine max Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, (kedelai, soybean), Lactuca Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, sativa, Vigna unguiculata Saudi Arabia, Syria, (kacang tunggak, cowpea), Tajikistan, Turkey, Vigna radiata, Trifolium Uzbekistan, Yemen incarnatum, Trifolium Europe: Austria, Belarus, pratense, Trifolium repens, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Viburnum opulus Czech, Slovakia, Denmark, Pisum sativum, Cajanus Finland, France, Germany, cajan (kacang gude), Cercis Greece, Hungary, Ireland, siliquastrum, Coriandum Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, sativum (tumbar, Poland, Portugal, Romania, coriander), Cyphomandra Russia, Slovenia, Spain, betacea, Eutrema wasabi, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Euonymus japonicus, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Hibiscus cannabinus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lavandula latifolia, Montenegro, Macedonia Pelargonium, Vigna Oceania: Australia, New angularis, Solanum Zealand melongena, Trifolium subterraneum, Vicia faba, Vinca minor, Vitis vinifera 4. Andean potato latent tymovirus I Solanum tuberosum bulb, tuber, America: Argentina, Bolivia, (APLV);(= Eggplant mosaic (kentang, potato), Ullucus corm, plant Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, tymovirus, Andean potato tuberosus (ulluco) Peru latent str., Eggplant mosaic Vector: virus (Andean potato latent Coleoptera: str.), Potato (Andean) latent Chrysomelid virus, Potato Andean latent ae: Epitrix tymovirus, Potato Andean sp. latent virus) 5. Andean potato mottle I Capsicum annuum (cabai, bulb, tuber, America: Bolivia, Brazil, 349

comovirus (APMoV);(= Potato hot pepper, chili, red corm, plant Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Andean mottle comovirus, pepper), Solanum Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru Potato Andean mottle virus) tuberosum (kentang, potato) Gomphrena globosa, Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Physalis peruviana, Amaranthus hybridus (bayam, spinach), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco) 6. Apple chlorotic leaf spot I Cydonia oblonga (quince), shoots, stem, Africa: South Africa, Tunisia trichovirus (ACLSV); Malus (ornamental species plant. America: Canada, USA, (=Apple chlorotic leaf spot apple), Malus domestica Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay virus; Bark split virus; Plum (apple), Malus platycarpa, Asia: China, Taiwan, India, bark split virus; Peach green Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, mottle virus; Pear ring pattern Prunus avium (sweet Kazakhstan, Korea Republic mosaic virus; Quince stunt cherry), Prunus cerasifera of (South Korea), Lebanon, virus; Apple latent virus type 1; (myrobalan plum), Prunus Syria, Turkey Apple latent 1 virus; Plum cerasus (sour cherry), Europe: Albania, Austria, pseudopox virus; Pear ring Prunus domestica (plum), Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, mosaic virus) Prunus persica (peach), Czech Republic, Denmark, Prunus salicina (Japanese Finland, France, Germany, plum), Prunus spinosa Greece, Hungary, Italy, (blackthorn), Prunus Latvia, Malta, Moldova, tomentosa (Nanking cherry Netherlands, Norway, Poland, tree), Pyrus communis Portugal, Romania, Russia, (European pear), Pyrus Central Russia, Serbia and pyrifolia (Oriental pear tree) Montenegro, Slovakia, Amelanchier canadensis Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, (thicket serviceberry), Switzerland, Ukraine, UK Chaenomeles (flowering Oceania: Australia, New 350

quinces), Crataegus Zealand monogyna (hawthorn), Crataegus rhipidophylla (Midland hawthorn), Mespilus germanica (medlar), Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash) 7. Apple fruit crinkle viroid I (P) Malus domesticum (apel, Plant America: USA (AFCVd);(= Apple green crinkle apple) disease, Apple green crinkle, Apple fruit crinkle apscaviroid 8. Apple mosaic ilarvirus I Betula, Corylus avellana, fruit, flower, Africa: Algeria, Kenya, (ApMV);(= Apple mosaic Fragaria, Humulus lupulus, root, stem Maroco, South Africa, ilarvirus, European plumline Malus domesticum (apel, Tunisia, Zimbabwe pattern virus, Mountain ash apple), Prunus, Prunus America: Argentina, Brazil, variegation virus, Birch line americana (aprikot, Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA, pattern virus, Birch ringspot apricot), Prunus avium, Uruguay virus, Dutch plum line pattern Prunus dulcis (almon, Asia: Azerbaijan, China, virus, Hop A virus, Horse almond), Ribes rubrum, Bangladesh, India, Japan, chestnut yellow mosaic virus, Rubus spp. (raspberry, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Rose mosaic virus, Hop virus A, blackberry, black Turkey Hop virus C, Mild apple mosaic raspberry) Europe: Austria, Belgium, virus, Severe apple mosaic Prunus domesticum (plam, Bosnia and Herzegovina, virus) plum), Prunus persica Bulgaria, Belarus, Czech, (persik, peach), Mawar Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, (Rosa sp), Cucumber, France, Germany, Greece, Vigna sinensis, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, 351

Macedonia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 9. Apple stem grooving I Citrus, Lilium, Malus Plant Africa: South Africa, capillovirus (ASGV);(= Apple pumila, Malus sylvestris, Swaziland topworking disease, Citrange Malus toringo, Prunus America: Brazil, Canada, stunt virus, Citrus tatter leaf mume, Prunus armeniaca, Antilles Netherlands, USA, virus, Crab apple decline, Pyrus communis, Pyrus Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Apple latent virus type 2, pyrifolia, Israel, Japan, North Korea, Brown line virus disease, Aronia melanocarpa, South Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Cheno-podium dark green epi- Cotoneaster bullatus, Turkey, Vietnam nasty virus, Apple dark green Cydonia oblonga, Prunus Europe: Austria, Belgium, epinasty virus, Apple E36 avium, Pyronia veitchii, Croatia, Czech, Slovakia, virus, Crab stem grooving Sorbus aucuparia, Malus Denmark, Georgia, Serbia, virus, Apple brown line virus) sp, Malus micromalus Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 10. Apple stem pitting foveavirus I Malus pumila, Pyrus plant Africa: South Africa (ASPV);(= Apple Spy 227 communis America: Brazil, Canada, epinasty & decline, Pear stony Crataegus monogyna, USA pit, Quince sooty ringspot, Pear Cydonia oblonga, Malus Asia: China, Japan, South vein yellows, Pear red mottle) sylvestris, Malus toringo, Korea Pyronia veitchii, Sorbus Europe: Austria, Belgium, discolor. Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, Denmark, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and

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Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 11. Apricot ring-pox like disease I Prunus armeniaca (Apricot), fruit, leaf, America: Canada dan USA Prunus avium (Sweet root, stem Cherry), Prunus salicina (Javanese plum), Prunus virginiana (Common Chokecherry tree) 12. Arabis mosaic nepovirus I Anagallis arvensis, Apium plant, seed Africa: South Africa (ArMV);(= Arabis mosaic virus, graveolens var. dulce, America: Canada, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Armoracia rusticana, Vector: Asia: Japan, Kazakstan, Hop nettlehead virus, Asparagus officinalis Dorylaimida, Turkey Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, (asparagus, asparagus), Longidoridae: Europe: Austria, Belgium, Rhubarb mosaic virus, Astilbe sp., Bellis perennis, Xiphinema Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech, Forsythia yellow net virus, Beta vulgaris (bit), Buxus diversicaudat Denmark, Finland, France, Jasmine yellow blotch virus, sempervirens, Capsella um, X. Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Rhabarber-Mosaik-Virus, bursa-pastoris, Carum madierense, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, rhubarb mosaic virus) segetum, Chamaecyparis X. coxi Luxembourg, Moldova, lawsoniana, Cucumis Netherlands, Norway, Poland, sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Cyphomandra betacea, Slovenia, Sweden, 353

Daphne mezereum, Daucus Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, carota, Dianthus Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, caryophyllus, Forsythia Bosnia and Herzegovina, intermedia, Fragaria vesca, Montenegro, Macedonia Fraxinus excelsior, Oceania: Australia, Caroline Humulus lupulus, Islands, New Zealand Jasminum officinale, Lactuca sativa, Lamium amplexicaule, Ligustrum vulgare, Melilotus officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Narsisus sp., Phaseolus coccineus, Plantago lanceolata, Polygonum aviculare, P. persicaria, Prunus avium, P.domestica, P.persica, Ranunculus repens, Rheum rhaponticum, Rheum hybridum, Ribessp., Rosa spp., Rubus idaeus, R. procerus, Sambucus nigra, Senecio vulgaris, Solanum nigrum, Stellaria media, Syringa vulgaris, Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium repens, Tulipa spp., Urtica dioica, U. urens, Vitis vinifera, Trifolium repens, Vitis vinifera. Alstroemeria, Fragaria, 354

Fraxinus, Hordeum vulgare, Narsisus, Ribes nigrum, Rubus 13. Arracacha virus B (AVB);(= I Arracacia xanthorrhiza, bulb, tuber, America: Bolivia, Peru. Arracacha B 'nepovirus', Oxalis tuberosa (oca), corm, leaf, Arracacha B nepovirus (oca Solanum tuberosum stolon, seed strain) Arracacha virus B (oca (kentang, potato) strain) Brassica campestris ssp.rapa, Vigna unguiculata (kacang tunggak, cowpea), Capsicum annuum, Hyoscyamus niger 14. Artichoke Italian latent I Cynara scolymus leaf, stolon, Europe: Bulgaria, Greece, nepovirus (AILV);(=Artichoke Cichorium intybus, stem Italy Italian latent virus) Gladiolus hybrids, Vector: Pelargonium zonale Dorylaimida, hybrids, Vitis vinifera Longidoridae: (anggur, grapevine) Longidorus apulus 15. Asparagus 2 ilarvirus (AV- I (P) Asparagus officinalis pollen, seed, America: Canada, Mexico, 2);(=Asparagus virus 2, (asparagus, asparagus) stolon USA Asparagus ilarvirus 2, Europe: Denmark, Germany, Asparagus virus C, Asparagus Vector: Italy, UK, Japan latent virus) Dorylaimida, Longidoridae: Longidorus apulus 16. Avocado sunblotch avsunviroid I Persea americana (alpokat, bark, fruit, Africa: South Africa (ASBVd);(= Avocado sunblotch avocado) flower, leaf, America: Peru, USA, viroid, Sunblotch viroid Cinnamomum camphora, stolon, stem, Venezuela,

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(avocado)) Cinnamomum zeylanicum, seed Europe: Spain, Israel Ocelea bullata, Oceania: Australia

17. Banana bract mosaic potyvirus I Musa paradisiaca plant, America: Ecuador (BBrMV);(= Banana bract seedling Asia: India, Philippines, Sri mosaic virus) Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Oceania: Samoa 18. Barley stripe mosaic I Hordeum vulgare (barli, polen, seed, Africa: Egypt, South Africa, hordeivirus (BSMV);(= Barley barley), Triticum aestivum plant Tunisia stripe mosaic virus, Barley (gandum, wheat) America: Argentina, Brazil, false stripe virus, Barley Poaceae, Secale cereale Canada, Mexico, Peru, USA mosaic virus, Oat stripe mosaic (rye), Zea mays (jagung, Asia: China, Israel, Japan, virus, Barley mild stripe virus, corn), Oryza sativa (padi, Jordan, South Korea, Barley yellow stripe (possibly)) paddy), Sorghum bicolor Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, (sorgum, sorghum), Turkey Panicum spp. (millet) Europe: Bulgaria, Czech, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Oceonia: Australia, New Zealand 19. Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus I Avena sativa (oats), plant, root, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, (BYDV);(=Barley yellow dwarf Hordeum vulgare (barley), stem, leaf, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, virus; Maize leaf fleck virus; Lolium multiflorum (Italian flower Morocco, Mozambique, South Wheat cereal yellow dwarf ryegrass), Lolium perenne Africa: Tanzania, Tunisia, virus; (perennial ryegrass), Oryza Vector: Zimbabwe.. Rice giallume virus; Hordeum sativa (rice), Poaceae Hemiptera, America: Canada, Mexico, virus nanescens; Red leaf (grasses), Secale cereale Aphididae:Au USA, Argentina, Bolivia, 356

disease of barley) (rye), Triticum aestivum locorthum Brazil, Colombia, Chile, (wheat), Triticum turgidum circumflexum Venezuela, Dominican (durum wheat), Zea mays (= Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, (corn) Amphorophor Peru, Uruguay, French Agrostis stolonifera a Guiana (creeping bentgrass), circumflexa, Asia: China, India, Iran, Arrhenatherum elatius Macrosiphum Israel, Japan, Jordan, (false oatgrass), Bromus circumflexa, Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, (bromegrasses), Bromus Myzus Thailand, Turkey. catharticus (prairiegrass), circumflexus, Europe: Belgium, Czech, Elymus repens Aulacorthum Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, (quackgrass), Eragrostis circumflexum Former, Serbia, Slovenia, curvula (weeping , Croatia, Bosnia and lovegrass), Festuca Siphonophor Herzegovina, Montenegro, (fescues), Leersia oryzoides a Macedonia, France, Germany, (Rice cutgrass), Miscanthus circumflexa); Greece, Hungary, Ireland, sinensis (Eulalia), Ceruraphis Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Pennisetum clandestinum eriophori; Poland, Portugal, Russia, (kikuyu grass), Phleum Metopolophiu Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, pratense (timothy), m dirhodum Ukraine, UK. Phragmites (reed), (=Acyrthosip Oceania: Australia, New Saccharumofficinarum hon Zealand. (sugarcane), Setaria italica dirhodum,); (foxtail millet), Sorghum Myzus bicolor (sorghum), Trifolium persicae; repens (white clover) Rhopalosiphu m insertum (=Rhopalosip hum annuae, Rhopalosiphu m fitchii); Rhopalosiphu m maidis

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(=Aphis maydis); Rhopalosiphu m padi (=Anuraphis padi, Rhopalosiphu m prunifoliae); Rhopalosiphu m rufiabdomina lis; Schizaphis graminum (=Toxoptera graminum); Sipha agropyrella; Macrosiphum avenae (=Macrosiphu m granarium, Sitobion avenae); Macrosiphum fragariae (=Sitobion fragariae); 20. Bean golden mosaic I Vigna unguiculata (kacang plant Africa: Nigeria begomovirus (BGMV)(=Bean tunggak, cowpea), America: Argentina, golden mosaic geminivirus, Phaseolus sp., Phaseolus Vector: Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Bean golden mosaic virus (type lathyroides, Phaseolus Hemiptera: Dominica, Guatemala,

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1) Brazil, Bean golden yellow acutifolius, Glycine max Aleyrodidae: Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, mosaic virus (type 2), (kedelai, soybean) Bemisia Puerto Rico, USA, Venezuela Caribbean mosaico dorado, Cajanus cajan (kacang argentifolii, Bean calico mosaic gude), Calopogonium B. tabaci begomovirus (possible strain)) mucunoides, Pachyrhizus erosus, Vigna angularis, Phaseolus coccineus, Vigna mungo, Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco)

21. Bean pod mottle comovirus I Glycine max (kedelai, seed, plant America: Brazil, Canada, (BPMV);(=Bean Pod mottle soybean), Fabaceae lain Ecuador, Peru, USA virus, Desmodium virus) Vector: Coleoptera, Chrysomelid ae: Cerotoma trifurcate, Diabrotica balteata, D. undecimpunc tata, Colaspis flavida, C. lata), Coleoptera, Coccinelidae: Epilachna varivestis, E. vittata 22. Beet curly top curtovirus I Beta vulgaris (bit gula, leaf Africa: Ivory Coast, Egypt (BCTV);(= Beet curly top virus, sugar beet), Capsicum America: Argentina, Bolivia,

359

Beet curly top geminivirus, annuum (cabai, hot pepper, Vector: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, Beet curly top chilies, red pepper), Vigna Hemiptera, USA, Uruguay hybrigeminivirus, Sugarbeet unguiculata (kacang Cicadellidae: Asia: India, Iran, Israel, curly top virus,Tomato yellow tunggak, cowpea), Neoaliturus Japan, South Korea, Turkey virus, Sugar beet curly-leaf Cucurbitaceae, Beta tenellus, N. Europe: Cyprus, Italy virus, Sugarbeet virus 1, vulgaris (bit, beetroot), opacipennis Tomato yellows virus, Western Cucumis sativus yellow blight virus, Potato (mentimun, cucumber), green dwarf virus) Solanum lycopersicum (tomat, tomato), Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, common bean). Linum usitatissimum (flax), Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato) 23. Beet leaf curl rhabdovirus I Beta spp. leaf, root, Europe:Germany, Poland, (BLCV);(= Beet leaf curl virus, Atriplex, Spinacia, stem, plant Turkey Beta virus 3, RubenkrSusel- Tetragonia tetragonioides Virus, Rübenkräusel sugar beet Vector: leaf crinkle virus, Sugar beet Hemiptera, leaf curl rhabdo virus, Sugar Piesmidae: beet virus 3, Beet leaf crinkle Piesma virus, Sugar beet leaf curl quadratum virus) 24. Broad bean wilt fabavirus I Apium graveolens (celery), pod, root, Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, (BBWV);(=Broad bean wilt Beta vulgaris var. stem, leaf, Morocco, South Africa, virus, Nasturtium ringspot saccharifera (sugarbeet), flower, fruit. Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, virus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot Brassica napus var. napus America: USA, Argentina virus, Tropaeolum ringspot (rape), Brassica rapa Asia: Bangladesh, China, virus, Nasturtium white spot subsp. chinensis (Chinese Taiwan, India, Iran, Iraq, 360

virus, Patchouli mild mottle cabbage), Capsicum Japan, Jordan, North Korea, virus, Petunia ringspot virus, annuum (bell pepper), South Korea, Philippines, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild Capsicum frutescens (chilli), Singapore, Syria, Turkey, mosaic virus) Cynara cardunculus L. var. Europe: Bulgaria, Czech scolymus (globe artichoke), Republic, Slovenia, Daucus carota (carrot), Macedonia, Croatia, Serbia, Glycine max (soyabean), Montenegro, Kosovo, Bosnia, Lactuca sativa (lettuce), France, Germany, Greece, Lycopersicon esculentum Hungary, Italy, Poland, (tomato), Nicotiana tabacum Slovakia, Spain, United (tobacco), Petroselinum Kingdom, crispum (parsley), Petunia Oceania: Australia hybrida, Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Pisum sativum (pea), Solanum melongena (aubergine), Spinacia oleracea (spinach), Tropaeolum majus (common nasturtium), Vicia faba (broad bean), Vigna angularis (adzuki bean), Vigna radiata (mung bean), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Vitis vinifera (grapevine) Cicer arietinum (chickpea) 25. Brome mosaic bromovirus I Bromus inermis (Awnless plant Africa: South Africa, (BMV);(=Brome mosaic virus, brome) America: North America Weidel gras mosaik virus, Avena sativa (oats), Bromus Europe: Hungary, Russian Ryegrass streak virus, Trespen (bromegrasses), Federation, Sweden, gras mosaik virus, Marmor Chenopodium quinoa Oceania: Australia 361

graminis) (quinoa), Commelina communis (common dayflower), Commelina diffusa (spreading dayflower), Hordeum vulgare (barley), Oryza sativa (rice), Poaceae (grasses), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Zea mays (corn) 26. Cacao yellow mosaic tymovirus I Theobroma cacao (kakao, root, stem, Africa: Sierra Leone (CYMV);(=Cacao yellow mosaic cocoa) leaf, flower, virus) Cola nitida, Culcasia fruit scandens 27. Carnation necrotic fleck I Dianthus caryophyllus flower, root, America: Colombia, USA, closterovirus (CNFV);(= Dianthus barbatus, leaf, stem Venezuela Carnation necrotic fleck virus, D.chinensis, Saponaria Asia: Israel, Japan Carnation streak virus, vaccaria, Silene armeria Vector: Europe: Belgium, Czech, Carnation yellow fleck virus) Hemiptera, Slovakia, Serbia, Slovenia, Aphididae: Croatia, Bosnia and Myzus Herzegovina, Montenegro, persicae Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 28. Cassava brown streak virus I Manihot esculenta (ubi buds, plant Africa: Angola, Guinea (CBSaV);(= Cassava brown wood, cassava) Ekuator, Kenya, Malawi, streak carlavirus, Cassava Mozambique, Tanzania, brown streak potyvirus, Zanzibar, Uganda, Zimbabwe Cassava brown streak- associated (?) carlavirus)

362

29. Cereal yellow dwarf I Avena sativa (oats), plant, root, Africa: Egypt, South Africa, polerovirus-RPV Hordeum vulgare (barley), stem, leaf, America: Canada, Ecuador, (CYDRV);(=Cereal yellow dwarf Secale cereale (rye), flower Mexico, USA virus) Triticum aestivum (wheat), Asia: China, India, Israel, Triticum turgidum (durum Japan, Jordan, Pakistan wheat) Europe: Belgium, Czech Republic, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 30. Cherry leafroll nepovirus I Betula (birches), Betula seed, leaf, America: Canada, USA, Chile (CLRV);(= Cherry leafroll virus, pendula (common silver plant. Asia: China, Turkey Golden elderberry virus) birch), Cornus (Flowering Europe: Albania, Belgium, dogwood), Fagus sylvatica Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech (common beech), Fraxinus Republic, Finland, France, excelsior (ash), Juglans Germany, Hungary, Italy, (walnuts), Juglans regia Netherlands, Norway, Poland, (walnut), Ligustrum (privet), Portugal, Romania, Russia, Prunus avium (sweet Serbia and Montenegro, cherry), Ptelea trifoliata Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, (Hoptree), Rubus procerus, Switzerland, UK, Scotland Sambucus canadensis Oceania: Australia, New (American elder), Zealand Sambucus racemosa (red- berried elder), Syringa vulgaris (lilac), Ulmus (elms), Ulmus americana (American elm) 363

Delphinium hybrids (florist's larkspur), Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Rubus idaeus (raspberry) (Wild hosts): Plantago (Plantain), Rumex (Dock) 31. Cherry rasp leaf nepovirus I Prunus avium, Prunus plant America: Canada, USA (CRLV);(= Apple flat apple cerasus, Prunus persica, virus, Cherry rasp leaf virus, Prunus mahaleb, Malus Flat apple virus) domesticum (apel, apple) Rubus spp. (raspberry) 32. Citrus impietratura virus;(= I Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange) root, stem, Africa: Algeria, Libya, Citrus impietratura disease) leaf, flower, Morocco, South Africa, fruit Tanzania, Zimbabwe America: Venezuela Asia: India, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey Europe: Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Spain 33. Citrus leaf rugose ilarvirus I Citrus aurantifolia, C. buds, seed America: USA (CiLRV);(= Citrus leaf rugose limon, C. paradisi Europe: Turkey ilarvirus, Citrusvariegation Vigna unguiculata (kacang Oceania: Australia virus, Citrus crinkly leaf tunggak, cowpea) ilarvirusm,Citrusvariegation ilarvirus) 34. Clover yellow vein potyvirus I Lathyrus odoratus (sweet Bulbs, America: Canada, USA, (ClYVV);(=Clover yellow vein pea), Phaseolus vulgaris tuber, Colombia, virus, Pea necrosis virus, Bean (common bean), Trifolium corms, Asia: Japan, South Korea, yellow mosaic virus-S (severe hybridum (Alsike clover), rhizomes, Yemen, strain), Bean yellow mosaic Trifolium repens (white leaf, Europe: Czech, Slovakia,

364

virus-N (necrotic strain) clover), Trifolium seedling, France, Germany, Hungary, Statice virus Y) vesiculosum (Arrowleaf stem Italy, Netherlands, Poland, clover) Spain, Sweden, United Alysicarpus vaginalis (alyce Kingdom clover), Borago officinalis Oceania: Australia, New (Borage), Coriandrum Zealand sativum (coriander), Cucurbita pepo (ornamental gourd), Gentiana (gentians), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Impatiens walleriana (Busy-lizzy), Limonium sinuatum (sea pink), Lupinus (lupins), Lupinus albus (white lupine), Lupinus angustifolius (lupin), Lupinus luteus (yellow lupin), Medicago lupulina (black medick), Medicago sativa (lucerne), Melilotus officinalis (Field melilot), Pisum sativum (pea), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (winged bean), Trifolium (clovers), Trifolium incarnatum (Crimson clover), Trifolium pratense (purple clover), Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover), Vicia faba (broad bean), Viola odorata (English violet), 365

Daucus carota (carrot), Iris (irises), Lamium amplexicaule (henbit deadnettle), Plantago major (broad-leaved plantain), Veronica persica (creeping speedwell) 35. Cocoa swollen shoot I Theobroma cacao (kakao, root, stem, Africa:Ivory Coast, Ghana, badnavirus (CSSV); (=Cocoa cocoa) leaf, flower, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, swollen shoot virus(CoNV), Ceiba pentandra (kapuk fruit Northwest Africa Cocoa necrosis nepovirus, randu, kapok) America: Colombia, Cocoa red mottle virus, Cocoa Vector:Hemi Venezuela vein clearing virus, Cacao virus ptera, Asia: Sri Lanka I, Theobroma virus I) Pseudococcid ae: Delococcus tafoensis, Ferrisia virgata, Paraputo anomalus, Phenacoccus hargreavesi, Planococcoid es njalensis, Planococcus citri, Pseudococcu s concavocerra ri, Pseudococcu s longis 366

Dorylaimida: Longidoridae Longidorus spp. 36. Coconut cadang-cadang I Cocos nucifera (kelapa , seed, fruit, Asia: Philippines, Malaysia cocadviroid (CCCVd);(=Coconut coconut), Elaeis guineensis plant Oceania: Solomon Islands cadang-cadang viroid, Palm (kelapa sawit, oilpalm), Island cadang-cadang viroid) Arenga pinnata, Borassus Vector:Prosti flabelifer (lontar, palmyra gmata, palm), Chloris, Phoenix Tenuipalpida dactylifera e: Corypha elata, Livistona Brevipalpus rotundifolia, Arecaceae, phoenicis Panandaceae, Zingiberaceae, Marantaceae (Maranta sp.), Commelinaceae 37. Coconut tinangaja cocadviroid I Cocos nucifera (kelapa , seed, fruit, Oceania: Guam (CTiVd);(=Coconut tinangaja coconut) plant viroid) 38. Coffee blister spot I Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) seed, fruit, America:, Costa Rica virus;(=Coffee blister spot plant agent) 39. Coffee ringspot rhabdovirus I Coffea spp. (kopi, coffee) seed, plant America: Brazil, Costa Rica (CoRSV);(= Coffee ringspot Asia: Philippines virus, Coffee ringspot nucleorhabdovirus) 40. Cotton anthocyanosis I Gossypium barbadens buds, plant America: Brazil virus(CAV);(=Cotton (kapas, Gallinicotton), Asia: India, Pakistan anthocyanosis (?) luteovirus; Gossypium hirsutum Vector: Cotton small leaf virus) (kapas, Bourbon cotton) Hemiptera, Abelmoschus esculentus, Aphididae: 367

Hibiscus cannabinus, Sida Aphis rhombifolia, S. micrantha gossypii 41. Cotton leaf curl begomovirus I Gossypium barbadens plant Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, (CLCuV);(= Cotton leaf curl (kapas, cotton), Cameroon, Central Africa, geminivirus, Cotton leaf Abelmoschus esculentus, Vector: Chad, Ivory Coast, Egypt, crumple begomovirus) Hibiscus cannabinus, Hemiptera, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Phaseolus vulgaris (buncis, Aleyrodidae: Togo common bean), Vigna Bemisia America: Mexico, USA, unguiculata (kacang tabaci Guatemala tunggak, cowpea) Asia: India, Pakistan, Abelmoschus esculentus, Philippines Althea rosae, Corchorus fasicularis, Castanospermum australe, Glycine max (kedelai, soybean), Hibiscus cannabius, H. escu lentus, H. sabdarifa, Malvaviscus arboreus, Malva parviflora, Phaseolus acutifolius, Vigna angularis, Sida alba 42. Cotton leaf mottle I Gossypium barbadens root, stem, Africa: Benin, Cameroon, disease;(=Cotton mosaic agent) (kapas, cotton), Gossypium leaf, flower, Central Africa, Chad, Ivory hirsutum fruit Coast, Egypt, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Vector: Togo Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae: Bemisia tabaci

368

43. Cowpea chlorotic mottle I Vigna unguiculata (kacang plant Africa: Nigeria bromovirus (CCMV);(= Bean tunggak, cowpea), Glycine America: Costa Rica, Cuba, yellow stipple virus, Cowpea max (kedelai, soybean) Vector: USA chlorotic mottle virus, Virus del Arachys hypogaea (kacang Coleoptera, Asia: India moteado amarillo, Marmor tanah, peanut), Nicotiana Chrysomelid flavopunctum) tabacum (tembakau, ae: Ceratoma tobacco), Beta vulgaris(bit), ruficornis, Cajanus cajan(kacang C.trifurcata, gude), Cassia occidentalis, Diabrotica C.tora balteata, D. undecimpunc tata, 44. Cucumber green mottle mosaic I Cucumis sativus seed, root, America: Brazil tobamovirus (CGMMV);(= (mentimun, cucumber), plant, soil, Asia: Taiwan, India, Iran, Bottlegourd indian mosaic Citrullus vulgaris air, fertilizer, Israel, Japan, South Korea, virus, Cucumber green mottle (semangka, watermelon), growing Lebanon, Saudi Arabia mosaic virus, Cucumber green Cucumis melo (melon, media Europe: Austria, Czech, mottle mosaic watermelon melon), Lagenaria Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, strain (W), Cucumber virus 2, siceraria, Momordica Vector:Coleo Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Cucumber virus 3, Cucumber charantia ptera: Bosnia and Herzegovina, virus 4, Cucumis virus 2, Prunus Americana (apricot) Chrysomelid Montenegro, Macedonia, Tobacco mosaic virus ae: Germany, Greece, Hungary, watermelon strain-W) Raphidopalp Latvia, Netherlands, Romania, a fevicollis; Russia, Spain, Sweden, Solanales, Ukraine, UK, Georgia, Convolvulace ae: Cuscuta spp.

45. Dasheen mosaic potyvirus I Aglaonema, Alocasia, leaf, plant Africa: Africa, Cameroon, (DsMV);(=Dasheen mosaic Amorphophallus, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, virus) Anthurium, Araceae, America: Costa Rica, Cuba, 369

Caladium, Colocasia, Dominican Republic, Colocasia esculenta (taro), Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Dieffenbachia (dumbcanes), Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Philodendron, USA, Brazil, Venezuela Spathiphyllum, Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Xanthosoma (cocoyam), Japan Zantedeschia (calla-lilies) Europe: Belgium, Denmark, Cyrtosperma merkusii Italy, Netherlands, United (giant swamp taro) Kingdom, Oceania: American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu 46. Dendrobium vein necrosis (?) I Orchidaceae plant, Europe: Germany closterovirus (DVNV) 47. Grapevine Bulgarian latent I Vitis spp. (anggur, stem, seed Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, nepovirus (GBLV);(=Grapevine grapevine). Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bulgarian latent virus, Virus Bosnia and Herzegovina, CM112) Montenegro, Macedonia, Portugal 48. Grapevine chrome mosaic I Vitis vinifera (anggur, bark, stem, Europe: Austria, Croatia, nepovirus (GCMV);(= grapevine) leaf, buds, Czech, Slovakia, Hungary Grapevine chrome mosaic Apium graveolens root, seed virus, Grapevine Hungarian chrome mosaic virus) 49. Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus I Vitis vinifera (anggur, buds, stolon, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, (GFLV);(= Grapevine fan leaf grapevine) plant, seed Madagascar, Morocco, virus, Grapevine veinbanding Cucumis sativus, Phaseolus Nigeria, South Africa, Tunisia

370

virus, Grapevine yellow mosaic vulgaris (buncis, common Vector: America: Argentina, Bolivia, virus, Grapevine arricciamento bean), Vigna unguiculata Dorylaimida, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Mexico, virus, Grape vine infectious (kacang tunggak, cowpea) Longidoridae: USA, Venezuela degeneration virus, Grapevine Xiphinema Asia: China, Iran, Israel, roncet virus, Grapevine index, X. Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, urticado virus) Italye Lebanon, Philippines, Syria, Turkey, Europe: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech, Slovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Crete, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain: Canary Island, Switzerland, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Armenia, Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 50. Grapevine fleck maculavirus I Vitis vinifera (anggur, stem, plant Africa: South Africa (GFkV);(= Grapevine fleck grapevine) America: Brazil, USA virus, Grapevine marbrure Asia: Jordan, Syria virus, Grapevine phloem- Europe: Albania, France, limited isometric virus) Italy,

51. Grapevine leafroll-associated I Vitis vinifera (anggur, bark, root, Africa: Algeria, Morocco, closterovirus (GLRaV);(= grapevine) stem, leaf, Tunisia, Brazil, Canada, Grapevine leafroll-associated tissue Chile, Mexico, USA 371

virus, Grapevine B virus, culture Asia: China, Taiwan, Gaza, Grapevine leafroll disease, Israel, Japan, Jordan, South Grapevine C virus) Vector: Korea, Lebanon, Turkey, Hemiptera, Yemen, Pseudococcid Europe: Albania, Austria, ae: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Pseudococcu Czech, Slovakia, Serbia, s longis, P. Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and calceolariae, Herzegovina, Montenegro, P. maritimus, Macedonia, France, Germany, P.affinis, P. Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, viburni, Moldova, Portugal, Romania, Planococcus Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, ficus, P.citri, Armenia Heliococcus Oceania: Australia, New bohemicus, Zealand Phenacoccus sp.; Hemiptera, Coccidae: Pulvinaria vitis, Parthenoleca nium corni, Neopulvinari a inummerabili s 52. Grapevine stem pitting I Vitis vinifera (anggur, buds, stolon, Africa: South Africa, Tunisia, associated closterovirus grapevine) bark, stem, South Africa (GVA);(=Grapevine corky bark leaf, buds, America: Brazil, Mexico, USA closterovirus, Grapevine stem root. Asia: Jordan, Lebanon, 372

pitting disease, Grapevine stem Yemen, Central East pitting virus, Grapevine virus Vector: Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, A, Legno Riccio (possibly), Hemiptera, Italy, Portugal Rugose wood (possibly), Pseudococcid Grapevine corky bark disease) ae 53. Grapevine vein necrosis agent I Vitis vinifera (anggur, plant, stem Europe: Hungary, Turkey (GVVN);(=Grapevine vein grapevine) necrosis virus, Grapevine vein necrosis disease) 54. Hop stunt viroid (HSVd);(= I Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange) plant, stem America: Cuba, USA Citrus cachexia viroid, Citrus xyloporosis viroid, Citrus xyloporosis 'virus', Cucumber pale fruit viroid, Hop stunt hostuviroid) 55. Impatiens necrotic spot I Chrysanthemum sp. Leaf, plant. America: Canada, Chile, tospovirus (INSV);(= Impatiens (daisy), Impatiens sp. Costa Rica, Mexico, USA necrotic spot virus) (balsam) Vector: Asia: China, Iran, Japan Cichorium sp., Cyclamen Thysanopter Europe: Austria, Belgium, persicum, Gentiana sp., a, Thripidae: Bulgaria, Czechia, Finland, Isotoma axillaris, Frankliniella France, Germany, Guernsey, Kalanchoe sp, Ocimum occidentalis Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, basilicum, Phalaenopsis Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, hybrids, Rubus, Spinacia Spain, United Kingdom oleracea, Valerianella, Oceania: New Zealand Cardamine scutata, Cerastium glomeratum, Stellaria media, Arachis hypogaea (peanut), Capsicum annuum (paprika, bell pepper), Capsicum spp., Cucumis 373

sativus (cucumber), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) 56. Johnsongrass mosaic potyvirus I Pennisetum glaucum (pearl seed, root, America: Colombia, (JGMV);(=Maize dwarf mosaic millet), stem, leaf, Venezuela virus - strain O, Johnsongrass Saccharumofficinarum flower, fruit Europe: Hungary mosaic virus, Sugarcane (tebu, sugarcane), Sorghum Oceania: Australia mosaic virus - Australian bicolor (sorghum), Sorghum Johnson grass virus, Maize halepense (Johnson grass), dwarf mosaic virus - Kansas I Urochloa brizantha strain) (palisadegrass), Zea mays (jagung, corn) 57. Lettuce mosaic virus I Cichorium intybus (chicory), leaf, plant. Africa: Egypt, Ghana, Malawi, (LMV);(=Lettuce mosaic Lactuca sativa (lettuce) Mauritius, Morocco, Sierra potyvirus, Lettuce virus 1) Carthamus tinctorius Leone, South Africa, (safflower), Cicer arietinum Tanzania, Tunisia, Zambia, (chickpea), Cichorium Zimbabwe. endivia (endives), Eustoma America: Argentina, Brazil, grandiflorum (Lisianthus Canada, Chile, Ecuador, (cut flower crop)), Pisum Jamaica, Mexico, USA, sativum (pea), Spinacia Uruguay. oleracea (spinach), Sonchus Asia: China, India, Iran, Iraq, (Sowthistle), Stellaria media Israel, Japan, Jordan, (common chickweed, Lebanon, Malaysia, Syria, Sinapis arvensis (wild Taiwan, Yemen. mustard) Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, 374

Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom. Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. 58. Little cherry virus 1 (LChV I Prunus avium (Cherry) bark, flower, America: Canada, USA 1);(=Cherry little cherry Prunus cerasus, Prunus leaf, root, Asia: Japan closteovirus, Cherry little cherry emarginata, Prunus incise, shoots Europe : Belgium, virus, Little cherry closteovirus) Prunus mahaleb, Prunus Czechia, Germany, Greece, sargentii, Prunus serrula, Italy, Poland, Romania, Prunus serrulata, Prunus Switzerland, Turkey, United subhirtella, Prunus Kingdom tomentosa, Prunus x Oceania: New Zealand sieboldii, Prunus x yedoensis, Prunus pensylvanica 59. Lucerne enation rhabdovirus I Alfalfa sp, Fabaceae, Plant Africa: South Africa, Sudan (LEV);(=Alfalva enation virus, Medicago sativa, Nicotiana America: Argentina, Canada, Lucerne enation virus) tabacum, Solanum Colombia, Peru, USA lycopersicum, Solanum Asia: Iran, Japan tuberosum Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech, Slovakia, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Switzerland Oceania: Australia 60. Maize chlorotic dwarf I Zea mays (jagung, corn) plant America: USA waikavirus (MCDV);(= Maize Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, chlorotic dwarf machlovirus, sorghum), Setaria spp. Vector: Maize chlorotic dwarf MCDV Hemiptera, group, Maize chlorotic dwarf Cicadellidae: ribotungrovirus, Maize chlorotic Amblysellus dwarf virus, Corn stunt agent) grex, 375

Dalbulus maidis, Endria inimica, Exitianus exitiosus, Graminella nigrifrons, Graminella sonora, Macrosteles severini, Planicephalu s flavo costatus, Stirellus bicolor 61. Maize chlorotic mottle I Triticum aestivum seed, plant America: Argentina, Mexico, machlomovirus (MCMV);(= (gandum, wheat), Zea Peru, USA Maize chlorotic mottle virus, mays (jagung, corn), Vector: Maize mottle virus, Peru corn Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Coleoptera, virus) sorghum) Chrysomelid ae: Bromus arvensis, Panicum Chaetocnema vurgatum, Setaria glauca, pulicaria, Zea diploperennis Diabrotica spp., Oulema melanopus, Systena frontalis Thysanopter a, Thripidae: 376

Frankliniella williamsii

62. Maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus I Sorghum halepense seedling, Africa: Ivory Coast, Egypt, (MDMV);(=Sorghum red stripe (Johnson grass), Sorghum seed Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, virus; European maize mosaic bicolor (sorgum, sorghum), Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, virus; Indian maize mosaic Zea mays (jagung, corn), South Africa, Zambia, virus; Maize dwarf mosaic Zea mays subsp. mays Zimbabwe. virus, Maize stripe mosaic virus) (sweetcorn) America: Argentina, Canada, Avena sativa (oats), Chile, Colombia, Haiti, Panicum miliaceum (millet), Honduras, Mexico, Peru, USA, Saccharumofficinarum Hawaii, Venezuela. (tebu, sugarcane) Asia: China (Taiwan), Georgia (Republic), India (Uttar Pradesh), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Korea Republic of (South Korea), Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey, Uzbekistan. Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Germany, Italy, Romania, Russia (Russia (Europe)), Spain, Ukraine, 63. Maize mosaic I Zea mays (jagung, corn), plant Africa: Kenya, Madagascar, nucleorhabdovirus (MMV);(= Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Mauritius, Mozambique, Maize mosaic virus, Maize sorghum) Vector: Nigeria, Réunion, Tanzania,

377

stripe Indian virus, Sorghum Axonopus, Hordeum Hemiptera, Zimbabwe chlorosis virus, Zea mays virus) vulgare, Rottboellia cochin Delphacidae: America: Brazil, Colombia, chinensis, Sorghum Peregrinus Cuba, Guyana France, halepense, Zea mexicana maidis Guadeloupe, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, USA, Venezuela Asia: India, Yemen 64. Maize rayado fino marafivirus I Zea mays (jagung, corn) plant America: Argentina, Brazil, (MRFV);(=Maize rayado fino Colombia, Costa Rica, El virus) Vector: Salvador, Guatemala, Hemiptera, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Cicadellidae: Panama, Peru, USA, Uruguay, Dalbulus Venezuela maidis, D.elimatus, Baldulus tripsaci, Graminella nigrifrons 65. Maize rough dwarf fijivirus I Zea mays (jagung, corn), plant America: Argentina (MRDV);(= Cereal tillering Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Asia: China, Iran, Israel, disease fijivirus, Cereal tillering sorghum), Hordeum Vector: South Korea disease reovirus, Cereal vulgare (barli, barley), Hemiptera, Europe: Czech, Slovakia, tillering disease virus, Maize Lolium perenne (perennial Delphacidae: France, Germany, Italy, rough dwarf virus) ryegrass), Zea mays subsp. Delphacodes Norway, Spain, Sweden, mays (jagung manis, propinqua, Switzerland, Slovenia, sweetcorn) Dicranotropis Croatia, Bosnia and Triticum aestivum hamata, Herzegovina, Montenegro, (gandum, wheat), Avena Laodelphax Macedonia sativa (oat, oats ), Cynodon striatellus, dactylon (rumput Javasella bermuda, bermuda grass), pellucida, 378

Digitaria sanguinalis (large Ribauto- crabgrass), Echinochloa delphax crus-galli (barnyard grass) notabilis, Sogatella vibix 66. Maize streak mastrevirus I Triticum aestivum plant Africa: Angola, Benin, (MSV);(=Maize mottle virus, (gandum, wheat), Zea Botswana, Burkina Faso, Maize streak monogeminivirus, mays (jagung, corn), Vector: Burundi, Cameroon, Central Maize streak geminivirus, Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Hemiptera, Africa, RD.Congo, Congo, Maize streak virus, sorghum), Poaceae Cicadellidae: Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, Sereal African streak virus, Oat, Hordeum vulgare Cicadulina Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Sugarcane streak virus) (barli, barley), Secale mbila, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, cereale (rye) C.arachidis, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, C. Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, bipunctella, Réunion, Sao Tome & C. triangula, Principe, Senegal, Sierra C. Leone, South Africa, Sudan, bimaculata, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, C. similis, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe C.latens, America: USA C.ghaurii, Asia: India, Yemen, C.parazeae. Nesoclutha declivata 67. Maize stripe tenuivirus I Zea mays (jagung, corn), plant Africa: Benin, Botswana, (MSpV);(= Maize chlorotic stripe Sorghum bicolor (sorgum, Cameroon, RD.Congo, Egypt, virus, Maize stripe virus, sorghum) Vector: Kenya, Madagascar, Sorghum chlorosis virus) Avena sativa (oat, oats ), Hemiptera, Mauritius, Mozambique, Hordeum vulgare (barli, Delphacidae: Nigeria, Réunion, Sao Tome & barley), Oryza sativa (padi, Peregrinus Principe, South Africa, paddy), Triticum aestivum maidis Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, (gandum, wheat), Zimbabwe 379

Saccharumofficinarum America: Argentina, Brazil, (tebu, sugarcane), Secale Costa Rica, Guadeloupe, cereale (rye) Peru, Puerto Rico, USA, Venezuela Asia: China, Taiwan, India, Philippines Oceania: Australia 68. Maize white line mosaic virus I Zea mays (jagung, corn) Plant America: USA (MWLMV);(= Maize dwarf Europe: France, Italy ringspot virus, Maize white line virus) 69. Orchid fleck rhabdovirus I Orchidaceae Plant America: Brazil, USA (OFV);(=Dendrobium leaf Asia: Japan streak virus, Dendrobium virus, Europe: Germany Laelia red leafspot, Short Oceania: Australia, New orchid rhabdovirus, Orchid Zealand rhabdovirus, Orchid fleck virus, Phalaenopsis chlorotic spot virus, Phalaenopsis hybrid virus, Phalaenopsis virus) 70. Papaya mosaic potexvirus I Carica papaya (papaya, leaf, seedling Africa: Tanzania (PapMV);(= Argentine plantago papaw) plant, root, America: Dominica, Trinidad potexvirus, Argentine plantago stem, leaf, and Tobago, USA, Brazil, virus, Australian alternanthera flower, fruit Venezuela potexvirus, Babaco yellow Oceania: Guam mosaic virus, Boussingaultia mosaic virus, Olive vein yellow virus, Papaya mild mosaic virus, Papaya mosaic virus, Pawpaw mild mosaic virus, Pawpaw mosaic virus, Portulaca virus, Salvia 380

potexvirus, Trichosanthes virus, Ullucus potexvirus) 71. Papaya necrosis I Caricapapaya (papaya, Plant America: USA virus;(=Papaya droopy necrosis papaw) virus (PDNV), Papaya apical necrosis virus (PANV)) 72. Passion fruit woodiness virus I Arachis hypogaea (peanut), Plant Africa: South Africa, (PWV);(=Passionfruit woodiness Glycine max (soyabean), America: Martinique, Brazil, potyvirus) Passiflora edulis (markisa, Ceara, Goias, passionfruit), Passiflora Asia: Japan, suberosa (Corky Oceania: Australia, passionflower), Phaseolus Queensland, New Zealand, vulgaris (common bean) Samoa Passiflora foetida (red fruit passion flower, Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) 73. Pea enatio n mosaic 1 I Vicia faba seed, plant America: USA, Canada enamovirus (PEMV-1);(= Pea Cicer arietinum, Lathyrus Asia: China, Iran enation mosaic virus-1, Pea odoratus, Lens culinaris, Vector: Europe: Austria, Czech, enation mosaic virus, Pea Medicago arabica, Pisum Hemiptera, Slovakia, Germany, UK enation mosaic virus 'group', sativum, Trifolium Aphididae: Pea virus 1) incarnatum, Vicia sativa Acyrthosipho n pisum, Myzus persicae 74. Pea seed -borne mosaic virus I Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris leaf, plant Africa: Algeria, Egypt, (PSbMV);(=Pea leaf-roll virus, (lentil), Pisum sativum Ethiopia, Libya, Morocco, Pea seed-borne mosaic virus) (green pea, pea) Sudan, Tunisia Vicia faba (broad bean) America: Brazil, Canada, Peru, USA Asia: India, Iran, Japan,

381

Jordan, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Syria, Taiwan, Yemen Europe : Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 75. Pea streak carlavirus(PeSV); (= I Pisum sativum (kapri, Plant America: Canada, USA Alfalfa latent virus, Pea streak sweet pea), Europe: widespread virus, Steinklee virus, Pea Leguminosae, Medicago streak virus) sativa, Cicer arietinum 76. Peach latent mosaic I Prunus persica (peach) fruit, pod, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, pelamoviroid(PLMVd); (=Peach Prunus armeniaca (apricot), flower, leaf, Morocco, South Africa, latent mosaic viroid; Prunus Prunus avium (sweet stem, plant. Tunisia virus 5; Peach yellow mosaic cherry), Prunus domestica America: Canada, Mexico, viroid; Peach yellow mosaic; (plum) USA, Uruguay Peach blotch; Peach virus 6; Asia: China, Japan, Lebanon, Peach American mosaic Syria disease; Peach American Europe: Austria, Bosnia and mosaic pathogen; Peach Herzegovina, Serbia, Slovenia, mosaic; Peach calico) Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, France, Greece, Italy, Romania, Montenegro, Spain Oceania: Australia

382

77. Peach rosette mosaic nepovirus I Vitis vinifera (anggur, seed, stem, Africa: Egypt (PRMV);(=Grape decline virus, grapevine), Prunus persica leaf, fruit, America: Canada, USA Grapevine degeneration virus, Vaccinium corymbosum, stolon, soil, Asia: India, Turkey Peach rosette mosaic virus, Rumex crispus, Solanum growing Rosette mosaic virus) carolinense, Taraxacum media officinale Vector: Dorylaimidae , Longidoridae : Xiphinema americanum, Longidorus diadecturus 78. Peanut chlorotic streak I Arachys hypogaea (kacang Plant Asia: India caulimovirus (PCSV);(=Peanut tanah, peanut) chlorotic streak virus, Peanut Canavalia ensiformis, chlorotic streak soymovirus) Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Glycine max, Vigna unguiculata (kacang tunggak, cowpea), Spinacia oleracea, Vicia faba(kacang babi, broad bean), Vigna radiata, 79. Peanut clump pecluvirus I Arachys hypogaea (kacang seed, plant Africa: Burkina Faso, Ivory (PCV);(= Peanut clump tanah, peanut), Coast, Senegal furovirus, Peanut clump virus, Saccharumofficinarum Vector: Asia: India, Pakistan Indian peanut clump virus (tebu, sugarcane), Triticum Protozoa, (IPCV)) aestivum (gandum, wheat), Plasmodioph Setaria Italyca (foxtail oraceae: millet) Polymyxa graminis

383

80. Peanut stunt cucumovirus I Arachys hypogaea (kacang seed, plant Africa: Morocco, Sudan (PSV);(= Black locust true tanah, peanut), Glycine America: USA mosaic virus, Clover blotch max (kedelai, soybean), Vector: Asia: China, Japan, Korea virus, Groundnut stunt virus, Solanum lycopersicum Hemiptera, Europe: France, Hungary, Peanut common mosaic virus, (tomat, tomato), Nicotiana Aphididae: Italy, Poland, Spain, Georgia Peanut stunt virus, Robinia tabacum (tembakau, Aphis mosaic virus) tobacco), pea, Phaseolus craccivora, A. vulgaris (buncis, common spiraecola, bean), Vigna unguiculata Myzus (kacang tunggak, cowpea) persicae

81. Pepino mosaic virus I Solanum lycopersicum fruit, pod, Africa: South Africa, (PepMV);(=Pepino mosaic (tomat), Solanum leaf. America: Canada, Chile, potexvirus) muricatum, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, USA Ocimum basilicum, Asia: Syria Amaranthus graecizans, Europe: Austria, Belgium, Amaranthus retroflexus, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Amaranthus viridis, Finland, France, Germany, Calendula arvensis, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Chenopodium murale, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Chrysanthemum segetum, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, Convolvulus arvensis, United Kingdom Convolvulus humilis, Malva neglecta, Malva nicaeensis, Malva parviflora, Malva sylvestris, Plantago lagopus, Plantago major, Solanum nigrum, Sonchus asper, Sonchus oleraceus, Sonchus tenerrimus, Lens culinaris (lentil)

384

82. Plum pox potyvirus (PPV); I Prunus armeniaca (apricot), fruit, pod, Africa: Egypt (=Plum pox virus; Prunus virus Prunus domestica (plum), leaf, stem, America: Canada, USA, 7; Annulus pruni; Sharka virus) Prunus dulcis (almond), root, seed, Argentina, Chile Prunus persica (peach), seedling. Asia: India, Iran, Jordan, Prunus salicina (Japanese Kazakhstan, Syria, Turkey plum) Europe: Albania, Austria, Juglans regia (walnut), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Prunus avium (sweet Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, cherry), Prunus besseyi Czech Republic, France, (bessey cherry), Prunus Germany, Greece, Hungary, cerasifera (myrobalan Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, plum), Prunus spinosa Moldova, Netherlands, (blackthorn), Prunus Norway, Poland, Portugal, tomentosa (Nanking cherry Romania, Russia, Serbia and tree) Montenegro, Slovakia, (Wild hosts): Prunus Slovenia, Spain, Ukraine, UK glandulosa (flowering almond), Prunus japonica (Japanese bush cherry tree), Prunus serotina (black cherry) 83. Potato black ringspot nepovirus I Solanum tuberosum bulb, tuber, America: Peru (PBRSV);(=Andean potato (kentang, potato) corm, plant calico strain of tobacco ringspot Arracacia xanthorrhiza, virus, Andean potato calico Oxalis tuberose strains nepovirus, Potato black ringspot virus, Potato calico strain of tobacco ringspot virus) 84. Potato mop-top pomovirus I Solanum tuberosum bulb, tuber, America: Bolivia, Canada, (PMTV); (= Potato mop-top (kentang, potato) corm, plant Chile, Peru, USA furovirus, Potato mop-top virus) Asia: China: Taiwan, Israel, Vector:Protoz Japan, Pakistan 385

oa, Europe: Czech, Slovakia, Plasmodioph Denmark, Estonia, Finland, oraceae: Germany, Ireland, Spongospora Netherlands, Norway, subterranea Sweden, UK 85. Potato spindle tuber pospiviroid I Solanum tuberosum seed, bulb, Africa: Egypt, Nigeria, (PSTVd);(= Potato spindle (kentang, potato), Solanum tuber, corm, Argentina viroid, Spindle tuber viroid, lycopersicum (tomat, polen, plant America: Canada, Chile, Potato gothic virus, Tomato tomato), Persea americana Costa Rica, Peru, USA, bunchy top viroid) (alpokat, avocado) Vector:Hemi Venezuela Beta vulgaris var ptera, Asia: Afghanistan, China, saccharifera (bit gula, Aphididae: India sugar beet) Macrosiphum Europe: Belarus, Germany, euphorbiae, Poland, Russia (Southern Myzus Russia), Ukraine persicae Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 86. Potato T trichovirus (PVT);(= I Solanum tuberosum bulb, tuber, America: Bolivia, Peru, Potato T capillovirus, Potato (kentang, potato) corm, seed, Uruguay virus T) S: Oxalis tuberosa, Ullucus plant tuberosus 87. Potato U I Solanum tuberosum bulb, tuber, America: Peru nepovirus(PVU);(=Potato virus (kentang, potato), Nicotiana corm, seed U) tabacum (tembakau, tobacco), Beta vulgaris (bit, Vector:orylai beetroot), Cucumis sativus midae, (mentimun, cucumber), Longidoridae Solanum lycopersicum : (tomat, tomato) Longidorussp . 88. Potato yellow dwarf virus I Solanum tuberosum (potato) bulbs, America: Canada, USA

386

(PYDV);(=Potato yellow dwarf Mirabilis jalapa, Nicotiana tubers, rhabdovirus, Potato yellow alata, Tagetes erecta, corms, dwarf nucleorhabdovirus) Zinnia elegans, Solanaceae, rhizomes Solanum, Apocynoideae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Lamioideae, Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana debneyi, Nicotiana glauca, Nicotiana rustica, Nicotiana tabacum, Polygalaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Catharanthus roseus (Pink periwinkle), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Mirabilis jalapa (marvel of Peru), Nicotiana alata (sweet-scented tobacco), Tagetes erecta (African marigold), Zinnia elegans (zinnia), Anthemis cotula (dog fennel), Brassica nigra (black mustard), Erysimum cheiranthoides (Treacle mustard), Lepidium campestre (Field cress), Lepidium virginicum (Virginian peppercress), Verbascum thapsus (Aaron's-rod) 89. Potato yellow dwarf virus I Solanum tuberosum tubers, America: Canada, USA (PYDV);Nucleorhabdovirus; (potato) bulbs, buds, (=Potato yellow dwarf Catharanthus roseus (Pink leaf, root, 387

nucleorhabdovirus; Potato periwinkle), Lycopersicon stem, yellow dwarf rhabdovirus, esculentum (tomato), vegetatif Yellow dwarf of potato) Mirabilis jalapa (marvel of material, Peru), Nicotiana alata plant (sweet-scented tobacco), Tagetes erecta (African marigold), Zinnia elegans (zinnia) (Wild hosts): Anthemis cotula (dog fennel), Brassica nigra (black mustard), Erysimum cheiranthoides (Treacle mustard), Lepidium campestre (Field cress), Lepidium virginicum (n peppercress), Verbascum thapsus (Aaron's-rod) 90. Potato yellow vein crinivirus I Solanum tuberosum bulb, tuber, America: Colombia, Ecuador, (PYVV); (= Potato yellow vein (kentang, potato) corm, plant Peru, Venezuela virus, Potato vein-yellowing disease, Potato yellow vein Vector:Hemi disease) ptera, Aleyrodidae: Trialeurodes vaporariorum 91. Prunus necrotic ringspot I Prunus persica, Prunus seed, polen, Africa: Algeria, Egypt, ilarvirus (PNRSV);(= Rose line cerasus, Prunus persica, stem, plant Morocco, South Africa, pattern virus, European plum Rosa spp. (mawar, rose), Tunisia, line pattern virus, Hop B virus, Prunus domesticum (plam, America: Argentina, Brazil, Hop C virus, Peach ringspot plum), Prunus dulcis Canada, Chile, Mexico, USA, virus, Plum line pattern virus, (almon, almond), Humulus, Uruguay, 388

Prunus ringspot virus, Prunus Cucumis sativus (ketimun, Asia: Afghanistan, China, necrotic ringspot ilarvirus, Red cucumber) China, India, Iran, Israel, currant necrotic ringspot virus, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Rose chlorotic mottle virus, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Rose vein banding virus, Rose Europe: Albania, Austria, yellow vein mosaic virus, Sour Belgium, Bosnia and cherry necrotic ringspot virus) Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand 92. Radish enation mosaic virus I Brassica napus var. napus tanaman Africa: Morocco (RaMV);(=Radish mosaic virus, (rape), Brassica oleracea America: USA Radish mosaic comovirus) (cabbages, cauliflowers), Asia: India, Japan, Brassica rapa. oleifera Europe: Austria, Armenia, (turnip rape), Raphanus Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, sativus (lobak, radish) Georgia, Kazakhstan, Brassica napus var. Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, napobrassica (swede), Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Eruca vesicaria (purple-vein Turkmenistan, Ukraine, rocket) Uzbekistan, Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Bosnia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, 93. Raspberry ringspot I Rubus spp. (raspberry), seed, pollen, Asia: Kazakhstan, Turkey, 389

nepovirus(RpRSV);(= Fragaria vesca (arbei, plant Siberia Raspberry ringspot virus, strawberry), Prunus Europe: Albania, Belarus, Raspberry Scottish leaf curl cerrasus (ceri, cherry), Vitis Vector: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech virus, Red currant ringspot vinifera (anggur, orylaimidae, Republic, Finland, France, virus, Red currant ringspot grapevine), Prunus cerrasus Longidoridae Germany, Greece, Ireland, virus) (ceri, cherry), Prunus : Longidorus Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, domesticum (plam, plum), elongatus, L. Netherlands, Norway, Prunus americana (aprikot, macrosoma Portugal, Russia, Serbia, apricot), Prunus persica Switzerland, Turkey, United (persik, peach), Fragaria Kingdom vesca (arbei, strawberry)Ligustrum vulgare, Narsisus pseudonar cissus, Ribes, Weigela Daphne, Forsythia, Phlox, Cynara scolymus 94. Red clover vein mosaic virus I Medicago sativa (alfalva, tanaman America: USA, (RCVMV);(=Red clover vein lucerne), Trifolium pratense Europe: Germany, Lithuania, mosaic carlavirus, Clover (red) (purple clover) Netherlands, vein mosaic virus. Marmor Cicer arietinum (chickpea), trifolii, pea stunt virus) Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Pisum sativum (pea), Trifolium repens (white clover) 95. Rice black-streaked dwarf I Avena sativa (oat, oats), seed, root, America: Argentina fijivirus (RBSDV);(=Rice black Hordeum vulgare (barley), stem, leaf, Asia: China, Japan, Korea streak virus; Rice streak dwarf Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), flower, fruit virus; Black streaked dwarf Triticum aestivum disease) (gandum, wheat), Zea mays (jagung, corn) Beckmannia syzigachne 390

(american sloughgrass), Eleusine coracana (finger millet), Festuca arundinacea (reed fescue), Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), Panicum miliaceum (millet), Phleum pratense (timothy), Poa annua (annual meadowgrass), Secale cereale (rye), Setaria italica (foxtail millet), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum), Triticum (wheat)

96. Rice dwarf I Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) tanaman Asia: China, India, Japan, phytoreovirus(RDV); (= Rice Korea, Nepal, Philippines, mosaic virus, Rice dwarf virus, Vector: Vietnam Rice stunt, Oryza virus 1) Hemiptera, Europe: Bulgaria Cicadellidae: Nephotettix cincticeps, N. nigropictus, Nephotettix spp., Recilia dorsalis 97. Rice hoja blanca tenuivirus I Oryza sativa (padi, paddy), tanaman America: Argentina, Belize, (RHBV); (= Echinochloa hoja Triticum aestivum Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, blanca virus, Rice hoja blanca (gandum, wheat), Avena Vector: Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El virus) sativa (oat, oats ) Hemiptera, Salvador, Guatemala, Hordeum vulgare (barli, Delphacidae: Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, 391

barley), Secale cereale (rye) Tagosodes Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, orizicolus Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Venezuela 98. Rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV);(= I Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) plant , seed Asia: Siberia, China, Japan, Rice stripe virus) Zea mays (jagung, corn), (kontaminan) Korea Triticum aestivum Europe: Russia (gandum, wheat), Avena Vector:Hempi sativa (oat, oats), tera, Hordeum vulgare (barli, Delphacidae: barley), Secale cereale (rye), Laodelphax Panicum miliaceum striatellus, (rumput-rumputan) Terthron albovittatum, Unkanodes sapporona, U. albifascia 99. Rice yellow mottle sobemovirus I Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) tanaman Africa: Burkina Faso, (RYMV);(= Rice yellow mottle Cameroon, Chad, Ivory Coast, virus) Vector: Gambia, Ghana, Guinea- Coleoptera, Bissau, Guinea, Kenya, Chrysomelid Liberia, Madagascar, Mali, ae: Sesselia Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, pusilla, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Chaetocnema Tanzania: Zanzibar, spp., Zimbabwe Dactylispa spp., Dicladisa viridicyanea, Trichispa sericea, Chrysomelid 392

ae lain 100. Rice yellow stunt I Oryza sativa (padi, paddy) tanaman Asia: China, Japan, Lao, nucleorhabdovirus Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, (RTYV);(=Rice yellow stunt Vector:Hemi virus, Rice transitory yellowing ptera, virus, Rice transitory yellowing Cicadellidae: rhabdovirus) Nephotettix cincticeps, N. nigropictus, N. virescens 101. Rose wilt agent;(=Rose wilt I Rosa spp. (mawar, rose) stem, plant Africa: South Africa disease, Rose leaf curl, Rose America: USA stunt, Rose dieback, Rose little Oceania: Australia, New leaf, Rose spring dwarf) Zealand 102. Satsuma dwarf I Citrus spp.(jeruk, orange) mata buds, Asia: China, Iran, Japan, nepovirus(SDV);(= Citrus seed, plant Korea, Turkey mosaic virus, Natsudaidai dwarf virus, Navel orange infectious mottling virus, Citrus satsuma dwarf nepovirus, Citrus (navel orange) infectious mottling virus, Satsuma dwarf virus, Satsuma dwarf sadwavirus) 103. Southern bean mosaic virus I Phaseolus vulgaris seedling, Africa: Benin, ivory coast, (SBMV);(= Southern bean (common bean), Vigna leaf, seed. Ghana, Morocco, Nigeria, mosaic sobemovirus, Bean mungo (black gram), Vigna Senegal, Togo, southern mosaic virus, Southern unguiculata (cowpea) America: Costa Rica, bean mosaic virus 1, Bean Glycine max (soyabean) Nicaragua, Mexico, USA, mosaic virus 4, Marmor Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, laesiofaciens, Phaseolusvirus Asia: China, India, Pakistan, laedens) Europe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, 393

Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, France, 104. Strawberry crinkle rhabdovirus I Fragaria ananassa flower, fruit, Africa: South Africa (SCrV);(=Strawberry crinkle Fragaria sp. (strawberry) seedling America: Canada, Mexico, virus, Strawberry latent virus tanaman USA, Brazil, Chile A, Strawberry crinkle Asia: China, Israel, Japan, cytorhabdovirus, Kazakhstan, Korea Strawberry latent virus B, Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Strawberry latent A, (mild Czech, France, Germany, form), Strawberry latent A, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, strawberry latent B, Serbia-Montenegro, Slovakia, Strawberry lesion A, UK, Scotland Strawberry lesion B, Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Strawberry vein chlorosis) Zealand 105. Strawberry latent C I Fragaria ananassa, suluran America: Canada, USA rhabdovirus Fragaria vesca (arbei, (stolon) Asia: Japan (STLCV);(=Strawberry latent C strawberry) virus) Fragaria sp. Vector: Hemiptera, Aphididae: Chaetosiphon fragaefolii 106. Strawberry latent ringspot I Apium graveolens, seed, plant America: USA nepovirus(SLRSV); (= Aesculus Asparagus officinalis Asia: Turkey line pattern virus, Rhubarb (asparagus, asparagus), Vector: Europe: Belgium, Czech, virus 5, Strawberry latent ring Fragaria vesca (arbei, Dorylaimida, Finland, France, Germany, spot virus, Strawberry latent strawberry), Lilium, Longidoridae Hungary, Ireland, Italy, ringspot sadwavirus) Narsisus, Prunus : Xiphinema Luxembourg, Netherlands, americana (aprikot, diversicaudat Poland, Portugal, Romania, apricot), Prunus avium, um, X. coxi, Spain, Switzerland, UK 394

Prunus domesticum (plam, Paralongidor (England, Wales), Northern plum), Prunus persica us maximus Ireland, Serbia, Slovenia, (persik, peach), Rheum Croatia, Bosnia and hybridum, Ribes nigrum, Herzegovina, Montenegro, R.rubrum, Rubus fruticosa, Macedonia Trifolium repens, Vitis Oceania: Australia vinifera (anggur, grapevine). Aesculus, Humulus lupulus, Pastinaca sativa 107. Strawberry mild yellow edge I Fragaria (strawberry), flower, fruit, Africa: South Africa potexvirus Fragaria ananassa seedling America: Canada, USA, (SMYEV);(=Strawberry mild (strawberry), Fragaria tanaman Brazil, Chile, Paraguay yellow edge disease; chiloensis (Chilean Asia: China, Israel, Japan Strawberry yellow edge; strawberry), Fragaria Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Strawberry mild yellow edge ovalis, Fragaria vesca (wild Czech, France, Germany, virus; Strawberry mild yellow strawberry), Fragaria na Hungary, Ireland, Italy, edge associated virus; (scarlet strawberry (UK)) Netherlands, Poland, Serbia- Strawberry xanthosis; Montenegro, Slovakia, strawberry virus 2) Switzerland, UK Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 108. Strawberry vein banding I Fragaria vesca (wild leaf, seedling America: Canada, USA, caulimovirus strawberry), Fragaria tanaman Brazil, Chile (SVBV);(=Strawberry vein (strawberry), Fragaria Asia: China, Japan banding virus; Strawberry ananassa (strawberry) Europe: Czech, Denmark, virus 5) Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, UK Oceania: Australia 109. Sugarcane bacilliform I Saccharumofficinarum buds, stem, America: Cuba, Morocco, badnavirus (SCBV);(= (tebu, sugarcane) shoots USA 395

Sugarcane bacilliform virus)

110. Sugarcane mild mosaic virus I Saccharumofficinarum root, stem, Africa: South Africa, Malawi, (SCMMV) (tebu, sugarcane) leaf, flower, Madagascar, Mauritius, Chad, fruit Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Zambia America: USA Vector: . Hemiptera, Pseudococcid ae: Saccharicocc us sacchari 111. Sugarcane yellow leaf I Saccharumofficinarum stem, stolon, Africa: Morocco, Uganda, luteovirus (ScYLV);(= (tebu, sugarcane) plant Senegal, Kenya, Zambia, Sugarcane yellow leaf virus) S.robustum, S. sinensis, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South S.spontaneum Vector:Hemi Africa, Reunion, Mauritius ptera, America: USA, Mexico, Cuba, Aphididae: Dominica, Peru, Brazil, Melanaphis Colombia, Argentina, Hawai, sacchari, Jamaica, Barbados, Rhopalosiphu Guatemala, El Salvador m maidis Asia: Iran, India, Thailand Oceania: Australia, Papua New Guinea 112. Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV);(= I Cucumis sativus leaf, root, Africa: South Africa Tobacco necrosis necorvirus, (cucumber), Daucus carota bulb, tuber, Amerika: Canada, USA, Brazil Bean stipple steak virus, (carrot), Phaseolus vulgaris corm, stem, Asia: China, India, Japan, Cucumber necrosis virus, Tulip (common bean), Solanum plant. Turkey necrosis virus, Chenopodium tuberosum (kentang, Europe: Belgium, Czech necrosis necrovirus potato), Tulipa (tulip) Republic, Slovakia, Denmark, cucumber systemic necrosis Beta vulgaris (beetroot), Finland, France, Germany, virus Cucurbita pepo (ornamental Hungary, Italy, Latvia, 396

Euonymus mosaic virus gourd), Cyamopsis Netherlands, Norway, strawberry necrotic rosette tetragonoloba (guar), Romania, Russian Federation, virus Euonymus europaeus, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, tulip Augusta disease virus) Fragaria ananassa United Kingdom, (strawberry), Lactuca sativa Oceania: Australia (lettuce), Lycopersicon (Queensland), New Zealand esculentum (tomato), Malus domestica (apple), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Pelargonium (pelargoniums), Pisum sativum (pea), Prunus domestica (plum), Pyrus communis (European pear), Vitis vinifera (grapevine), Echium plantagineum (Paterson's curse), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) Fraxinus excelsior (ash), Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen) 113. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV); I Beta vulgaris var. buds, leaf, Africa: Egypt, South Africa, (=Aster ringspot virus, saccharifera (sugarbeet), stem, bagian Tunisia Belladonna mosaic virus, Potato Capsicum annuum (bell vegetatif America: Cuba, Canada, stem mottle virus, Peony mosaic pepper), Freesia, Gladiolus propagation USA, Bolivia, Brazil virus, Peony ringspot virus, hybrids (sword lily), Iris material. Asia: Bangladesh, China, Paeony mosaic virus, Paeony (irises), Lilium candidum India, Israel, Japan, Korea ringspot virus, Potato corky (madonna lily), Nicotiana Republic of (South Korea), ringspot virus, Ratel virus, tabacum (tobacco), Secale Uzbekistan Tabakmauche virus, cereale (rye), Solanum Europe: Austria, Belarus, Tabakstreifenund Kra, Spinach tuberosum (potato), Tulipa Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech yellow mottle virus, Tobacco (tulip) Republic, Czech Republic and 397

rattle tobravirus, Tobacco rattle Allium cepa (onion), Allium Slovakia, Denmark, Finland, virus, Tulip white streak virus, sativum (garlic), Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Oregon yellow virus, Spinach Alstroemeria (Inca lily), Bosnia and Herzegovina, yellow mottle, Fraxinus virus) Anemone (windflower), Montenegro, Macedonia, Brassica sp., Cyclamen, France, Germany, Greece, Cynara cardunculus L. var. Hungary, Ireland, Italy, scolymus (globe artichoke), Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Fraxinus (ashes), Hosta Moldova, Netherlands, spp., Lactuca sativa Norway, Poland, Russia, (lettuce), Lilium longiflorum Sweden, Switzerland, UK (Easter lily), Narcissus Oceania: Australia, New (daffodil), Peperomia, Zealand Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Phlox, Phlox paniculata (summer perennial phlox) (Wild hosts): Amaranthus (grain amaranth), Artemisia (wormwoods), Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), Capsella bursa- pastoris (shepherd's purse), Galium mollugo (Hedge bedstraw), Malva (mallow), Physalis (Groundcherry), Plantago (Plantain), Portulaca oleracea (purslane), Rumex (Dock), Solanum nigrum (black nightshade), Sonchus (Sowthistle), Stellaria media (common 398

chickweed), Tussilago farfara (Colt's-foot), Viola arvensis (feld pansy) 114. Tobacco streak ilarvirus (TSV); I Vigna unguiculata (kacang fruit, flower, Africa: South Africa (=Asparagus stunt virus, tunggak, cowpea), leaf, buds, America: Argentina, Brazil, Asparagusstunt virus, Black Nicotiana tabacum root, stem, Canada, Mexico, Peru, USA, raspberry latent ilarvirus, (tembakau, tobacco), seed Venezuela Black raspberry latent virus, Solanum lycopersicum Asia: China, India, Iran, Bean red node strain, Black (tomat, tomato), Capsicum Israel, Japan, Singapore raspberry latent strain, Datura annuum (cabai, hot pepper, Europe: Denmark, Serbia, quercina virus, New logan chilies, red pepper), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and virus, Nicotiana virus 8, Glycine max (kedelai, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nicotiana virus vulnerans, soybean), Fragaria, Macedonia, France, Strawberry necrotic shock Asparagus officinalis Netherlands, Norway, virus, Tractus orae, Tobacco (asparagus, asparagus), Scotland streak virus) Cynara scolymus, Oceania: Australia, New Gossypium herbaceum, Zealand Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari, sunflower), Lactuca sativa (letus, lettuce), Medicago sativa, Vigna unguiculata (kacang tunggak, cowpea), Vigna angularis, Pisum sativum, Rubus sp. (black raspberry), Solanum tuberosum (kentang, potato), Trifolium pratense Carica papaya (pepaya, pawpaw), Cichorium endivia, Cicer arietinum, Cucumis sativus 399

(mentimun, cucumber), Cyphomandra betacea, Dahlia, Eustoma grandiflorum, Gladiolus hybrids, Melilotus alba, raspberry, Rubus ursinus, Trigonella foenumgraecum 115. Tomato aspermy cucumovirus I Chrysanthemumspp. seed, plant America: Canada, USA (TAV);(= Chrysanthemum (krisan, chrysant), aster, Asia: China, India, Japan, aspermy virus, Capsicum annuum (cabai, Vector: Europe: Estonia, Belarus, Chrysanthemum mild mottle hot pepper, chilies, red Hemiptera, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, virus, Tomato aspermy pepper), Solanum Aphididae: Moldova, Armenia, cucumovirus, Chrysanthemum lycopersicum (tomat, Myzus Azerbaijan, Georgia, mosaic virus, Cucumis virus tomato), Canna sp., Lilium persicae Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, 1, Lycopersicon virus 7) sp., Mentha spicata, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Petunia hybrida, Zinnia Uzbekistan, Ukraina, Russia, elegans Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Poland, Romania Oceania: Australia, New Zealand 116. Tomato black ring nepovirus I Allium cepa (onion), Allium seed, pod, America: Chile (TBRV); (Bean ringspot virus; porrum (leek), Apium root, stem, Asia: India, Japan, Turkey Beet ringspot virus; Lettuce graveolens (celery), Beta leaf, flower, Europe: Albania, Belarus, ringspot virus; Potato bouquet vulgaris var. saccharifera fruit Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, virus; Potato pseudo-aucuba (sugarbeet), Brassica Czech Republic, Finland, virus, Tomato black ring virus) napus var. napobrassica France, Germany, Greece, (swede), Brassica rapa Hungary, Ireland, Moldova, subsp. rapa (turnip), Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Capsicum (peppers), Romania, Russia, Serbia and Cucumis sativus Montenegro, Sweden, 400

(cucumber), Cynara Switzerland, UK, Scotland cardunculus L. var. scolymus (globe artichoke), Fragaria (strawberry), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Gladiolus hybrids (sword lily), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Narcissus (daffodil), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Prunus persica (peach), Ribes (currants), Rubus (blackberry, raspberry), Solanum melongena (aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Vitis vinifera (grapevine) Forsythia intermedia (Golden bells), Syringa vulgaris (lilac) (Wild hosts): Capsella bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse), Herbaceous hosts, Lamium amplexicaule (henbit deadnettle), Sambucus nigra (elder) 117. Tomato ringspot nepovirus I Fragaria chiloensis seed, plant, Africa: Egypt, Togo, Tunisia (ToRSV);(=Tomato ringspot (Chilean strawberry), Malus root, stem, America: Puerto Rico, virus, Prunus stem pitting virus, domestica (apple), leaf, flower, Canada, Mexico, USA, Blackberry (Himalaya) mosaic Nicotiana tabacum fruit Argentina, Chile, Peru, 401

virus, Nicotiana 13 virus, (tobacco), Pelargonium Venezuela Tobacco ringspot virus 2, Peach (pelargoniums), Prunus Asia: China, Iran, Japan, stem pitting virus, Prune brown (stone fruit), Prunus Jordan, South Korea, Oman, line virus, Gravelins yellow vein armeniaca (apricot), Prunus Pakistan, Turkey virus, Red currant mosaic avium (sweet cherry), Europe: Belarus, Belgium, vurus, Winter peach mosaic Prunus cerasus (sour Bulgarium, Croatia, Czech, virus, Apple union necrotic cherry), Prunus domestica Denmark, Finland, France, nepovirus) (plum), Prunus persica Germany, Greece, Ireland, (peach), Prunus salicina Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, (Japanese plum), Ribes Norway, Portugal, Russia, (currants), Rubbus Serbia, Montenegro, Slovakia, (blackberry, Raspberry), Slovenia, Sweden, UK Rubbus idaeus (raspberry), Oceania: Australia, New Vitis vinifera (grapevine), Zealand

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