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Updates Required to Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition, as a Result of Recent Publications (Updated June 13, 2014) As necessitated by recent publications, updates to the Third Edition of our textbook will be provided in this document. It is hoped that this list will facilitate the efficient incorporation new systematic information into systematic courses in which our textbook is used. Plant systematics is a dynamic field, and new information on phylogenetic relationships is constantly being published. Thus, it is not surprising that even introductory texts require constant modification in order to stay current. The updates are organized by chapter and page number. Some require only minor changes, as indicated below, while others will require more extensive modifications of the wording in the text or figures, and in such cases we have presented here only a summary of the major points. The eventual fourth edition will, of course, contain many organizational changes not treated below. Page iv: Meriania hernandii Meriania hernandoi Chapter 1. Page 12, in Literature Cited, replace “Stuessy, T. F. 1990” with “Stuessy, T. F. 2009,” which is the second edition of this book. Stuessy, T. F. 2009. Plant taxonomy: The systematic evaluation of comparative data. 2nd ed. Columbia University Press, New York. Chapter 2. Page 37, column 1, line 5: Stuessy 1983, 1990;… Stuessy 1983, 2009; … And in Literature Cited, replace “Stuessy 1990” with: Stuessy, T. F. 2009. Plant taxonomy: The systematic evaluation of comparative data. 2nd ed. Columbia University Press, New York. Chapter 4. Page 58, column 1, line 5: and Dilcher 1974). …, Dilcher 1974, and Ellis et al. 2009). Page 58, column 1, line 10 under Leaf margin: /// Ep;gr 1975). …Wolfe 1975 and Ellis et al. 2009). Page 65, Box 4A, third column, last line: Walters & Keil 1995.) Walters et al. 2006.) Page 74, column 2, line 9: …or inflorescences) …or inflorescences; Dickinson 1978) Page 83, column 2, line 14: … occur in vascular plants. … occur in vascular plants (Prabhakar 2004). Page 91, column 1, line 21-25: …in the same species. Diploid (2n = 14) Tolmiea menziesii (Saxifragaceae), which grows in northern California and southern Oregon, and tetraploid (2n = 28) T. menziesii, which grows from central Oregon to southern Alaska, are morphologically very similar. In the spring beauty… in the same species. For example, Callirhoe papaver (Malvaceae) is composed of morphologically similar tetraploid (2n = 56) and octoploid (2n = 112) plants (Bates et al. 1998). In the spring beauty…to about 191. However, some autopolyploids likely represent cryptic species. Tolmiea diplomenziesii (Saxifragaceae) is diploid (2n = 14) and grows in northern California and southern Oregon, while the morphologically similar T. menziesii is tetraploid (2n = 28) and grows from central Oregon to southern Alaska (Judd et al. 2007; Soltis et al. 2007). Page 91, Table 4.4: add – Tolmiea menziesii, youth-on-age … Autotetraploid … 28 Page 95, column 2, next to last line under “Secondary Metabolites”: add Hegnauer (1962-1996), and Hegnauer and Hegnauer (2001). Delete from references (under “Morphology”): Walters & Keil (1995) and replace with the following: 1 Walters, D. R., D. J. Keil, and Z. E. Murrell. 2006. Vascular plant taxonomy, 5th ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. Update under references to morphology, embryology, anatomy, secondary metabolites, replacing “Stuessy 1990” with “Stuessy 2009” [see above]. Add to references at end of chapter (under “Morphology”) Ellis, B., D. C. Daly, L. J. Hickey, K. R. Johnson, J. D. Mitchell, P. Wilf, and S. L. Wing. 2009. Manual of leaf architecture. Comstock Publishing Assoc., Ithaca, New York. Add to references at end of chapter (under “Inflorescences, fruits, and seeds”)” Dickinson, T. A. 1978. Epiphylly in angiosperms. Bot. Rev. 44: 181-232. Schmidt, R. 1986. On Cornerian and other terminology of angiospermous and gymnospermous seed coats: historical perspective and terminological recommendations. Taxon 35: 476-491. Add to references (under “Anatomy”): Prabhakar, M. 2004. Structure, delimitation, nomenclature and classification of stomata. Acta Bot. Sinica 46: 242-252. Add to references at end of chapter (under “Chromosomes” section): Bates, D. M., L. J. Dorr, and O. J. Blanchard, Jr. 1989. Chromosome numbers in Callirhoe (Malvaceae). Brittonia 41: 143-151. Judd, W. S., D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, and G. Ionta. 2007. Tolmiea diplomenziesii: A new species from the Pacific Northwest and the diploid sister taxon of the autotetraploid T. menziesii (Saxifragaceae). Brittonia 59: 217- 225. Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, D. W. Schemske, J. F. Hancock, J. N. Thompson, B. C. Husband, and W. S. Judd. 2007. Autopolyploidy in angiosperms: have we grossly underestimated the number of species? Taxon 56: 13-30. Add to references at end of chapter (under “Secondary Metabolites” section): Hegnauer, R. 1962-1996. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Vols. 1-11b-1. Birkäuser, Basel. Hegnauer, R. and M. Hegnauer. 2001. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Vol. 11b-2. Birkhäuser, Basel. Chapter 6. Page 140, column 1, line 10 in paragraph following “Frequency of polyploidy in plants” add as reference to last sentence in paragraph: (see Soltis et al. 2009). Soltis, D. E., V. A. Albert, J. Leebens-Mack, C. D. Bell, A. H. Peterson, C. Zhang, D. Sankoff, C. W. dePamphilis, P. Kerr Wall, and P. S. Soltis. 2009. Polyploidy and angiosperm diversification. Amer. J. Bot. 96: 336-348. Page 141, add to Box 6E a statement that allopolyploid speciation in Tragopogon recently has been documented in several Old World species, and cite the following: Macrodiev, E. V., P. S. Soltis, & D. E. Soltis. 2008. Putative parentage of six Old World polyploids in Tragopogon L. (Asteraceae; Scorzonerinae) based on ITS, ETS, and plastid sequence data. Taxon 57: 1215-1232. Page 145, column 1, line 10 from bottom: add de Queiroz 2008 to list of references discussing species concepts. Add to references at end of chapter: de Queiroz, K. 2007. Species concepts and species delimitation. Syst. Biol. 56: 879-886. Chapter 8. 2 Page 190, column 1, line 2 from bottom: recent DNA evidence recent DNA and morphological evidence Page 191, column 2: under references add: Schneider et al. 2009 Schneider, H., A. R. Smith, and K. M. Pryer. 2009. Is morphology really at odds with molecules in estimating fern phylogeny. Syst. Bot. 34: 455-475. Page 191, Fig. 8.3: Add Rai & Graham (2010) to “Modified from”. Page 196, Plate 8.1: Osmunda cinnamomea Osmundastrum cinnamomeum Page 197, column 1, line 23: 2001, 2004; Schneider et al. 2004; 2001, 2004; Schuettpelz and Pryer 2997; Schneider et al. 2004; Schuettpelz, E. and K. M. Pryer. 2007. Fern phylogeny inferred from 400 leptosporangiate species and three plastid genes. Taxon 56: 1037-1050. Page 197, column 2, line 12: Genera/species: 3/18. Genera/species: 4/18. Page 197, column 2, line 13: and Todea (2). Todea (2), and Osmundastrum (1). Page 198, column 1, line 2: Osmunda cinnamomea Osmundastrum cinnamomeum Page 198, column 1, line 3: O. regalis Osmunda regalis Page 198, column 1, line 11: O. cinnamomea Osmundastrum cinnamomeum Page 198, column 1, line 14: in references, insert Metzgar et al. 2008 Page 199, column 2, line 34: Add Korall et al. 2007 to the list of references for Cyatheaceae. Korall, P., D. S. Conant, J. S. Metzgar, H. Schneider, and K. M. Pryer. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 94: 873-886. Page 207, column 1, line 10: Beetles (and…from another plant. Beetles (usually weevils [Curculionoidae], but sometimes sap beetles [Nitidulidae]) and to a lesser extent bees are the major pollen vectors. Metzgar, J. S., J. E. Skog, E. A. Zimmer, and K. M. Pryer. 2008. The paraphyly of Osmunda is confirmed by phylogenetic analyses of seven plastid loci. Syst. Bot. 33: 31-36. Page 208, column 1, add the following to references (for Cycadaceae). Kono, M. and H. Tobe. 2007. Is Cycas revoluta (Cycadaceae) wind - or insect – pollinated? Amer. J. Bot. 94: 847- 855. Page 208, column 2, add the following reference to references (for Zamiaceae). Procheş, Ş. And S. D. Johnson. 2009. Beetle pollination of the fruit-scented cones of the South African cycad Stangeria eriopus. Amer. J. Bot. 96: 1722-1730. Page 215, column 1, line 19: add Gernandt et al. 2008 to “References” under Pinaceae: Gernandt, D. S., S. Magallón, G. Geada López, O. Zerón Flores, A. Willyard, and A. Liston. 2008. Use of simultaneous analyses to guide fossil-based calibrations of Pinaceae phylogeny. Int. J. Plant Sci. 169: 1086- 1099. Page 217, column 2, References: Adams 1993 Adams 1993, 2011 Add the following reference: Adams, R. P. 2011. Junipers of the world: The genus Juniperus, 3rd ed. Trafford Publ., Bloomington, IN. Page 219, Figure 8.27: Taxus floridana Taxus globosa var. floridana 3 Page 220, column 1, line 41: Add Spjut 2007 to the list of references for Taxaceae. Spjut, R. W. 2007. Taxonomy and nomenclature of Taxus (Taxaceae). J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 1: 203-289. ** Rai, H.S. and S. W. Graham. 2010. Utility of a large, multigene plastid data set in inferring higher-order relationships in ferns and relatives (monilophytes). Amer. J. Bot. 97: 1444-1459. Chapter 9. Page 225, line 5: Chaw et al. 1997; Chaw et al. 1997; Qiu et al. 2007; Page 225, line 22: both chloroplast and nuclear genes chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genes Page 225, lines 24, 25: Support for monophyly of monocots: add Soltis et al. 2011, Lee et al. 2011, Moore et al. 2011 Page 225, lines 24, 25: Qiu et al. 2005; Qiu et al. 2005, 2007; Page 225, last line: (Chase et al. 1993; (Burleigh et al. 2009; Chase et al. 1993; Page 226, column 1, line 1: add “Moore et al. 2007, 2010, 2011” and “Lee et al. 2011” and “Soltis et al. 2011” to list of references cited in support of Eudicot monophyly.
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    Chapter 6 ENUMERATION . ENUMERATION The spermatophytic plants with their accepted names as per The Plant List [http://www.theplantlist.org/ ], through proper taxonomic treatments of recorded species and infra-specific taxa, collected from Gorumara National Park has been arranged in compliance with the presently accepted APG-III (Chase & Reveal, 2009) system of classification. Further, for better convenience the presentation of each species in the enumeration the genera and species under the families are arranged in alphabetical order. In case of Gymnosperms, four families with their genera and species also arranged in alphabetical order. The following sequence of enumeration is taken into consideration while enumerating each identified plants. (a) Accepted name, (b) Basionym if any, (c) Synonyms if any, (d) Homonym if any, (e) Vernacular name if any, (f) Description, (g) Flowering and fruiting periods, (h) Specimen cited, (i) Local distribution, and (j) General distribution. Each individual taxon is being treated here with the protologue at first along with the author citation and then referring the available important references for overall and/or adjacent floras and taxonomic treatments. Mentioned below is the list of important books, selected scientific journals, papers, newsletters and periodicals those have been referred during the citation of references. Chronicles of literature of reference: Names of the important books referred: Beng. Pl. : Bengal Plants En. Fl .Pl. Nepal : An Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Fasc.Fl.India : Fascicles of Flora of India Fl.Brit.India : The Flora of British India Fl.Bhutan : Flora of Bhutan Fl.E.Him. : Flora of Eastern Himalaya Fl.India : Flora of India Fl Indi.
  • Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids in Support of Their Expanding Medical Use

    Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids in Support of Their Expanding Medical Use

    Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 11713-11741; doi:10.3390/ijms140611713 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Review Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids in Support of Their Expanding Medical Use Adam M. Takos and Fred Rook * Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +45-3533-3343; Fax: +45-3533-3300. Received: 28 April 2013; in revised form: 26 May 2013 / Accepted: 27 May 2013 / Published: 31 May 2013 Abstract: The alkaloids characteristically produced by the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllidaceae, bulbous plant species that include well know genera such as Narcissus (daffodils) and Galanthus (snowdrops), are a source of new pharmaceutical compounds. Presently, only the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, is produced commercially as a drug from cultivated plants. However, several Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have shown great promise as anti-cancer drugs, but their further clinical development is restricted by their limited commercial availability. Amaryllidaceae species have a long history of cultivation and breeding as ornamental bulbs, and phytochemical research has focussed on the diversity in alkaloid content and composition. In contrast to the available pharmacological and phytochemical data, ecological, physiological and molecular aspects of the Amaryllidaceae and their alkaloids are much less explored and the identity of the alkaloid biosynthetic genes is presently unknown. An improved molecular understanding of Amaryllidaceae alkaloid biosynthesis would greatly benefit the rational design of breeding programs to produce cultivars optimised for the production of pharmaceutical compounds and enable biotechnology based approaches.