A Preliminary Survey of Foliar Sclerenchyma in Neotropical Loranthaceae
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Summary Loranthus Europaeus Is an Important Medicinal Plant, Which Contains a Lot of Bioactive Compounds
Summary Loranthus europaeus is an important medicinal plant, which contains a lot of bioactive compounds. The dried plant fruits were extracted in 80% methanol by maceration. Chemical detection of crud plant extracts was performed. The total flavonoids were isolated, subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC) using different mobile systems. The purified material was augmented by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Inflammation was induced in experimental animals (rabbits) by subcutaneous injection of 2.5% formalin. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was evaluated in healing skin wounds in comparison with the synthetic pharmaceutical medication Piroxicalm Gel. Simple preparation was applied by mixing the crude compound with Vaseline and Glycerin. After healing of the wound, histopathological study was necessary to support the results. Results indicated that, L. europaeus fruits were rich with flavonoids of the total flavonoids were estimated, the major components were rutin and lueteolin and trace of quareciten and kaempferol. The healing of the skin was clear by disappearance of odema and reduction in scar size, enhancement of fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, keratinization and epithelialization as compared with the control groups. L. europaeus extracts could be considered as one of the promising plants for the treated of skin wound. Flavonoids of the plant have the ability of suppression of acute inflammation induced by chemical substance and seemed to be the most active component for healing the wound. Chapter One Introduction and Literature Review 1. Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 Introduction Chemical components of the plant medicinal are the most important for pharmaceutical companies. People are interested in medicines prepared from plants due to their little side effects, cheap and almost available compared with synthetic drugs. -
"Santalales (Including Mistletoes)"
Santalales (Including Introductory article Mistletoes) Article Contents . Introduction Daniel L Nickrent, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA . Taxonomy and Phylogenetics . Morphology, Life Cycle and Ecology . Biogeography of Mistletoes . Importance of Mistletoes Online posting date: 15th March 2011 Mistletoes are flowering plants in the sandalwood order that produce some of their own sugars via photosynthesis (Santalales) that parasitise tree branches. They evolved to holoparasites that do not photosynthesise. Holopar- five separate times in the order and are today represented asites are thus totally dependent on their host plant for by 88 genera and nearly 1600 species. Loranthaceae nutrients. Up until recently, all members of Santalales were considered hemiparasites. Molecular phylogenetic ana- (c. 1000 species) and Viscaceae (550 species) have the lyses have shown that the holoparasite family Balano- highest species diversity. In South America Misodendrum phoraceae is part of this order (Nickrent et al., 2005; (a parasite of Nothofagus) is the first to have evolved Barkman et al., 2007), however, its relationship to other the mistletoe habit ca. 80 million years ago. The family families is yet to be determined. See also: Nutrient Amphorogynaceae is of interest because some of its Acquisition, Assimilation and Utilization; Parasitism: the members are transitional between root and stem para- Variety of Parasites sites. Many mistletoes have developed mutualistic rela- The sandalwood order is of interest from the standpoint tionships with birds that act as both pollinators and seed of the evolution of parasitism because three early diverging dispersers. Although some mistletoes are serious patho- families (comprising 12 genera and 58 species) are auto- gens of forest and commercial trees (e.g. -
Interação Entre Aves Frugivoria E Espécies De Erva-De-Passarinho Em De Puxinanã E Campina Grande, Paraíba
UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DA PARAÍBA CAMPUS I – CAMPINA GRANDE CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS E DA SAÚDE CURSO DE GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS LAILSON DA SILVA ALVES INTERAÇÃO ENTRE AVES FRUGIVORIA E ESPÉCIES DE ERVA-DE-PASSARINHO EM DE PUXINANÃ E CAMPINA GRANDE, PARAÍBA CAMPINA GRANDE – PB 2011 F ICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL – UEPB A474i Alves, Lailson da Silva. Interação entre aves frugívora e espécies de erva-de-passarinho em Puxinanã e Campina Grande, Paraíba [manuscrito] / Lailson da Silva Alves. – 2011. 20 f. : il. Digitado. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em Biologia) – Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, 2011. “Orientação: Prof. Dr. Humberto Silva, Departamento de Biologia”. 1. Aves frugívoras. 2. Erva-de-passarinho. 3. Dispersão de sementes. I. Título. CDD 21. ed. 636.6 INTERAÇÃO ENTRE AVES FRUGIVORIA E ESPÉCIES DE ERVA-DE-PASSARINHO EM DE PUXINANÃ E CAMPINA GRANDE, PARAÍBA ALVES, Lailson da silva RESUMO A dispersão é um processo em que a regeneração natural das populações de plantas zoocóricas é fortemente dependente da avifauna. Uma das principais interações entre plantas e aves é a frugivoria, em que animais frugívoros colaboram na dispersão dos propágulos de diversas espécies de plantas. As ervas-de-passarinho, nome genérico dado a algumas plantas que apesar de terem ampla distribuição nos trópicos também se encontram associadas ao ambiente de caatinga, são assim chamadas devido à dispersão de suas sementes, nas quais seus frutos servem de alimentos para diversas aves e estas ao defecarem levam suas sementes a longas distâncias. São plantas hemiparasitas e devido a isto têm sua importância econômica associada aos prejuízos que causam a plantações. -
The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains Including the Capertee, Coxs, Jenolan & Gurnang Areas
Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains including the Capertee, Coxs, Jenolan & Gurnang Areas Volume 1: Technical Report Hawkesbury-Nepean CMA CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains (including the Capertee, Cox’s, Jenolan and Gurnang Areas) Volume 1: Technical Report (Final V1.1) Project funded by the Hawkesbury – Nepean Catchment Management Authority Information and Assessment Section Metropolitan Branch Environmental Protection and Regulation Division Department of Environment and Conservation July 2006 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project has been completed by the Special thanks to: Information and Assessment Section, Metropolitan Branch. The numerous land owners including State Forests of NSW who allowed access to their Section Head, Information and Assessment properties. Julie Ravallion The Department of Natural Resources, Forests NSW and Hawkesbury – Nepean CMA for Coordinator, Bioregional Data Group comments on early drafts. Daniel Connolly This report should be referenced as follows: Vegetation Project Officer DEC (2006) The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains. Unpublished report funded by Greg Steenbeeke the Hawkesbury – Nepean Catchment Management Authority. Department of GIS, Data Management and Database Environment and Conservation, Hurstville. Coordination Peter Ewin Photos Kylie Madden Vegetation community profile photographs by Greg Steenbeeke Greg Steenbeeke unless otherwise noted. Feature cover photo by Greg Steenbeeke. All Logistics -
In Vitro Tissue Culture, Preliminar Phytochemical Analysis, and Antibacterial Activity of Psittacanthus Linearis (Killip) J.K
ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN In vitro tissue culture, preliminar phytochemical analysis, and antibacterial activity of Psittacanthus linearis (Killip) J.K. Macbride (Loranthaceae) Cultivo de tejidos in vitro, análisis fitoquímico preliminar y actividad antibacteriana de Psittacanthus linearis (Killip) J.K. Macbride (Loranthaceae) DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v21n2.83410 ABSTRACT Hemiparasitic plants commonly known as mistletoe (muérdago in Spanish) in the families Santalaceae and Loranthaceae are com- mon in various kinds of plants or trees, and many hemiparasitic plants are used for medicinal purposes in various parts of the world. The objective of the present work, carried out in Psittacanthus linearis (suelda con suelda), a representative species in the seasonally dry forest (SDF) from the north of Perú, was to study aspects of in vitro tissue culture, carry out preliminary phytochemical analysis, and assess antibacterial activity. Seeds of individuals of P. linearis, which used Prosopis pallida (algarrobo) as host plant, were collect- ed and used to induce in vitro seed germination, clonal propagation, callus induction and organogenesis. Stems, leaves and fruits of individuals of P. linearis were dried, powdered, and subjected to ethanol extraction. Posteriorly the extract was first recovered with ethanol and the remnant with chloroform, which formed the ethanolic and chloroformic fraction. A preliminary phytochemical screening was performed and preliminary antibacterial studies with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeru- ginosa were carried out and their results are discussed. This is the first report about in vitro tissue culture, phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of P. linearis. The results may have important implications for understanding physiological and biochemical interactions between host and hemiparasitic species as well as P. -
35. ORCHIDACEAE/SCAPHYGLOTTIS 301 PSYGMORCHIS Dods
35. ORCHIDACEAE/SCAPHYGLOTTIS 301 PSYGMORCHIS Dods. & Dressl. each segment, usually only the uppermost persisting, linear, 5-25 cm long, 1.5-4.5 mm broad, obscurely emar- Psygmorchis pusilla (L.) Dods. & Dressl., Phytologia ginate at apex. Inflorescences single flowers or more com- 24:288. 1972 monly few-flowered fascicles or abbreviated, few-flowered Oncidium pusillum (L.) Reichb.f. racemes, borne at apex of stems; flowers white, 3.5-4.5 Dwarf epiphyte, to 8 cm tall; pseudobulbs lacking. Leaves mm long; sepals 3-4.5 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; petals as ± dense, spreading like a fan, equitant, ± linear, 2-6 cm long as sepals, 0.5-1 mm wide; lip 3.5-5 mm long, 2-3.5 long, to 1 cm wide. Inflorescences 1-6 from base of mm wide, entire or obscurely trilobate; column narrowly leaves, about equaling leaves, consisting of long scapes, winged. Fruits oblong-elliptic, ca 1 cm long (including the apices with several acute, strongly compressed, im- the long narrowly tapered base), ca 2 mm wide. Croat bricating sheaths; flowers produced in succession from 8079. axils of sheaths; flowers 2-2.5 cm long; sepals free, Common in the forest, usually high in trees. Flowers spreading, bright yellow, keeled and apiculate, the dorsal in the early dry season (December to March), especially sepal ca 5 mm long, nearly as wide, the lateral sepals in January and February. The fruits mature in the middle 4-5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, hidden by lateral lobes to late dry season. of lip; petals to 8 mm long and 4 mm wide, bright yellow Confused with S. -
Title Slide. I Want to Thank Dave Watson for Inviting Me to Talk at This Symposium
Title Slide. I want to thank Dave Watson for inviting me to talk at this Symposium. It’s always a pleasure to speak to an audience that is already pre- selected as being interested in mistletoes! 1 Slide. Studies of Loranthaceae. The largest family of mistletoes is Loranthaceae. And as one might expect, it has been the subject of many scientific studies. This slide shows a variety of subdisciplines within biology that have focused on Loranthaceae, as well as a few areas that to date have not received any attention. 2 Slide. My talk today will focus upon the taxonomy and evolutionary biology of Loranthaceae. As indicated in the title, I want to demonstrate how developing a meaningful taxonomy for a group is best accomplished using the most powerful tool in the systematist’s toolkit: molecular phylogenetics. 3 Slide. Santalales: The Largest Group of Parasitic Plants. Among the twelve orders of flowering plants in which haustorial parasitism evolved, only two have more than three genera: Lamiales and Santalales. Of these, Lamiales contains a single family of hemi- and holoparasitic plants: Orobanchaceae with 93 genera (32%) and 1725 species (39%). Santalales is the largest order of parasitic plants, with 179 genera (61%) and 2407 species (54%). It’s the only order of parasitic plant with more than one family. 4 Slide. Within Santalales, Loranthaceae has by far the highest number of genera (75) with Balanophoraceae coming in second (17). 5 Slide. Loranthaceae also the highest number of species (987) with Viscaceae and Thesiaceae coming in second and third. 6 Slide. This slide has sorted the loranth genera according to size (number of species). -
A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Upper Palumeu River Watershed (Grensgebergte and Kasikasima) of Southeastern Suriname
Rapid Assessment Program A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Upper Palumeu River Watershed (Grensgebergte and Kasikasima) of Southeastern Suriname Editors: Leeanne E. Alonso and Trond H. Larsen 67 CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL - SURINAME CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ANTON DE KOM UNIVERSITY OF SURINAME THE SURINAME FOREST SERVICE (LBB) NATURE CONSERVATION DIVISION (NB) FOUNDATION FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION CONTROL (SBB) SURINAME CONSERVATION FOUNDATION THE HARBERS FAMILY FOUNDATION Rapid Assessment Program A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Upper Palumeu River Watershed RAP (Grensgebergte and Kasikasima) of Southeastern Suriname Bulletin of Biological Assessment 67 Editors: Leeanne E. Alonso and Trond H. Larsen CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL - SURINAME CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ANTON DE KOM UNIVERSITY OF SURINAME THE SURINAME FOREST SERVICE (LBB) NATURE CONSERVATION DIVISION (NB) FOUNDATION FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION CONTROL (SBB) SURINAME CONSERVATION FOUNDATION THE HARBERS FAMILY FOUNDATION The RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment is published by: Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500 Arlington, VA USA 22202 Tel : +1 703-341-2400 www.conservation.org Cover photos: The RAP team surveyed the Grensgebergte Mountains and Upper Palumeu Watershed, as well as the Middle Palumeu River and Kasikasima Mountains visible here. Freshwater resources originating here are vital for all of Suriname. (T. Larsen) Glass frogs (Hyalinobatrachium cf. taylori) lay their -
Lectotypification of Loranthus Thyrsiflorus (Loranthaceae) and Its Placement in Struthanthus
Phytotaxa 181 (2): 120–120 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press Correspondence ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.181.2.5 Lectotypification of Loranthus thyrsiflorus (Loranthaceae) and its placement in Struthanthus JOB KUIJT 649 Lost Lake Road, Victoria, BC V9B6E3, Canada [email protected] The species Loranthus thyrsiflorus Chamisso & Schlechtendal (1828) was based on an unnumbered specimen collected by Friedrich Sellow from an unknown Brazilian locality. Its protologue, unfortunately, does not adequately distinguish the species from most other, presently known, Brazilian entities in Struthanthus, its current generic position. The original material forming the basis of the species was destroyed in Berlin during World War II. The name Loranthus thyrsiflorus has not been typified. A possible syntype of Loranthus thyrsiflorus exists in the Paris Museum (P 00210889). It represents three flowering branches bearing slender, narrow leaves as well as inflorescences that are nearly as long, or longer than, the leaf blades, the number of triad pairs being three or four. A standard “Ex Museo botanico Berolinensis” label is present. Curiously, it bears the notation “Loranthus thyrsiflorus Cham. et Schlecht.” in A. W. Eichler’s hand writing, even though it was received by the Paris Museum in 1875, seven years after Eichler’s publication (1868), where it was placed in synonymy under Struthanthus syringifolius (Martius) Martius. It was collected in “Brasilia” by Sellow. In Paris, it was also identified as S. syringifolius. To my knowledge, the epithet “thyrsiflorus” has surfaced in botanical writings only twice since its original publication. -
1965) 278-307 Haustorium, (Loranthaceae
Acta Botanica Neerlandica 14 (1965) 278-307 On the Nature and Action of the Santalalean Haustorium, as exemplified by Phthirusa and Antidaphne (Loranthaceae) Job Kuijt {Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada) (received June 30th, 1965) Abstract The original intent ofthe present study was an inquiry into the architecture of the secondary haustoria of the mistletoes Antidaphne viscoidea and Phthirusa pyrifolia, each representing one of the two subfamilies ofLoranthaceae. In the course of this study it fundamental has become clear that there are similarities uniting the haustoria of the entire order, Santalales. The needfor integration of all knowledge of Santalalean haustoria became the work and more pressing as proceeded has culminatedin this article form. in its present This work, then, represents an integrated review of the structure mechanism of Santalalean and haustoria, introduced by anaccount of the haustoria of Phthirusa and Antidaphne. Phthirusa and Antidaphne the The mistletoe haustorium of temperate zones is a direct out- growth of the radicular apex of the seedling. Even such complex those of absorptive systems as Arceuthobium, Phrygilanthus aphyllus, and some species of Phoradendron can be traced back to their origin from the apical meristem of the primary root. In a large numberof tropical and some subtropical Loranthaceae, however, secondary roots are formed from the base of the plant or from branches. Such roots are known as the the epicortical roots, and follow branches of host, producing secon- dary haustoria at irregular intervals. Secondary haustoria, partly their limited have received little through geographic occurrence, attention from anatomists. The present account of the young secon- dary haustoria of Phthirusa pyrifolia (HBK) Eichl. -
The Mistletoes a Literature Review
THE MISTLETOES A LITERATURE REVIEW Technical Bulletin No. 1242 June 1961 U.S. DEi>ARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE THE MISTLETOES A LITERATURE REVIEW by Lake S. Gill and Frank G. Hawksworth Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Forest Service Growth Through Agricultural Progress Technical Bulletin No. 1242 June 1961 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D.C For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price 35 cents Preface striking advances have been made in recent years in the field of plant pathology, but most of these investigations have dealt with diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses. In contrast, progress toward an understanding of diseases caused by phanerogamic parasites has been relatively slow. Dodder (Cuscuta spp.) and broom rape {Orohanche spp.) are well-known parasites of agri- cultural crops and are serious pests in certain localities. The recent introduction of witchweed (Striga sp.) a potentially serious pest for corn-growing areas, into the United States (Gariss and Wells 1956) emphasizes the need for more knowledge of phanerogamic parasites. The mistletoes, because of their unusual growth habits, have been the object of curiosity for thousands of years. Not until the present century, however, has their role as damaging pests to forest, park, orchard, and ornamental trees become apparent. The mistletoes are most abundant in tropical areas, but they are also widely distributed in the temperate zone. The peak of destructive- ness of this family seems to be reached in western North America where several species of the highly parasitic dwarfmistletoes (Arceuthobium spp,) occur. -
Mistletoes of North American Conifers
United States Department of Agriculture Mistletoes of North Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station American Conifers General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-98 September 2002 Canadian Forest Service Department of Natural Resources Canada Sanidad Forestal SEMARNAT Mexico Abstract _________________________________________________________ Geils, Brian W.; Cibrián Tovar, Jose; Moody, Benjamin, tech. coords. 2002. Mistletoes of North American Conifers. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS–GTR–98. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 123 p. Mistletoes of the families Loranthaceae and Viscaceae are the most important vascular plant parasites of conifers in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Species of the genera Psittacanthus, Phoradendron, and Arceuthobium cause the greatest economic and ecological impacts. These shrubby, aerial parasites produce either showy or cryptic flowers; they are dispersed by birds or explosive fruits. Mistletoes are obligate parasites, dependent on their host for water, nutrients, and some or most of their carbohydrates. Pathogenic effects on the host include deformation of the infected stem, growth loss, increased susceptibility to other disease agents or insects, and reduced longevity. The presence of mistletoe plants, and the brooms and tree mortality caused by them, have significant ecological and economic effects in heavily infested forest stands and recreation areas. These effects may be either beneficial or detrimental depending on management objectives. Assessment concepts and procedures are available. Biological, chemical, and cultural control methods exist and are being developed to better manage mistletoe populations for resource protection and production. Keywords: leafy mistletoe, true mistletoe, dwarf mistletoe, forest pathology, life history, silviculture, forest management Technical Coordinators_______________________________ Brian W. Geils is a Research Plant Pathologist with the Rocky Mountain Research Station in Flagstaff, AZ.