Market Insider Quarterly Bulletin

MEDICINAL PLANTS & NATURAL INGREDIENTS

MARKET INSIDER

June 2016

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Contact: Market Insider International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Tel: +4122 730 01 11 Fax: +4122 730 05 72 Email: [email protected] Twitter: @ITCMktInsider Web: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market-insider/

Market Insider for Medicinal Plants is prepared by: Josef A. Brinckmann ITC Consultant [email protected]

Cover Picture: Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) ripe fruits and leaves. Photo by Josef A. Brinckmann, 2015.

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Contents About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients ...... 3 Some Useful Terminology ...... 3 1. Industry News and Trends ...... 5 1.1. Leaving London: the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products ...... 5 1.2. Wild collection of ginseng now prohibited on most public lands in Virginia...... 5 1.3. EUROPAM Workshop on PA-Contamination of MAP Crops ...... 6 1.4. FairWild industry workshop this week in Cambridge ...... 7 1.5. Destruction of habitat is the biggest threat to wild medicinal plants ...... 7 1.6. Public comment invited on EU herbal monograph for Sweet Marjoram Herb ...... 8 1.7. Establishment of eco-region in BiH to create decent jobs in organic medicinal plant farming 9 2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts ...... 10 2.1. Muliru Farmers Conservation Group processing 700 kg daily of African blue basil leaf ...... 10 3. Markets for Asian Medicinal Plants and Extracts ...... 10 3.1. Southern China severe weather impact on 2016 medicinal plant yields, qualities and prices 10 3.2. Herbal formulation developed by CCRAS licensed to Chaturbhuj Pharmaceutical Co...... 11 3.3. Increasing labour costs pushing medicinal rhubarb prices up ...... 12 3.4. 2016 Chinese caterpillar fungus harvest begins ...... 12 3.5. New CIMAP program to promote cultivation of high-value MAPs on marginal land ...... 13 3.6. CBI bringing Pakistani and South African MAP suppliers to Vitafoods Europe ...... 14 4. Markets for South American Medicinal Plants and Extracts ...... 15 4.1. Paraguayan domestic market for medicinal plants about USD 300 million ...... 15 5. Currency Rates of Exchange ...... 16 6. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients ...... 17 7. Selected Events ...... 27 8. Herb Profile: Greater Galangal Rhizome ...... 32 9. Company Profile: Koerner Agro Export Center Co. Ltd...... 36 10. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations ...... 37

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About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients

The Market Insider for medicinal plants & natural ingredients provides market intelligence on the production and international trade of selected botanical raw materials and value-added forms such as extracts and oils.

Market insights are presented for key developments on medicinal plants and botanical nutritional ingredients including analysis of international trade data, market trends, indicative market prices for selected botanical ingredients, trade specifications, market size and growth, target markets, business opportunities, legislation affecting the sector, technology, trade events, producer and product profiles.

New sources of information, news that subscribers and readers might have on their specific products or areas are welcome. See more at: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market- insider/medicinal-plants/

Some Useful Terminology

AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy CBD: Convention on Biodiversity CCC: Standard Classification of Commodities of Taiwan CCCCS: Commodity Classification for China Customs Statistics cfu/g: Colony-forming units per gram C&F: Cost & Freight; means the price includes cost and freight charges CFR: Seller has the same responsibilities as when shipping FOB, but shipping costs are prepaid by the seller CIF: Cost Insurance Freight; means the price includes cost, freight and insurance CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora & Fauna CL: Container load C/S: Cut and sifted COMTRADE: Commodity Trade Statistics Database EDQM: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines EMA: European Medicines Agency Essential Oils: Odorous product, usually of complex composition, obtained from a botanically defined plant raw material by steam distillation, dry distillation, or a suitable mechanical process without heating Extracts: Preparations of liquid (liquid extracts and tinctures), semi-solid (soft extracts and oleoresins) or solid (dry extracts) consistency obtained from Herbal Drugs or animal matter prepared by suitable methods using ethanol or other suitable solvents EXW: Ex works - Buyer arranges for pick-up of goods at the seller's location. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, and preparing goods for shipment on a specified date or time frame Farm Gate Price: Refers to the dollar value of agricultural products that you receive from direct farm sales or the value of primary products used for processing FAS: Free alongside ship - Buyer arranges for ocean transport. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, preparing goods for shipment and delivering the goods to the dock FAS Value: Value of exports at the seaport, airport, or border port of exportation, based on the transaction price including inland freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier at the port of export

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FCA: Free carrier: seller is responsible for costs until the buyer's named freight carrier takes charge FCL: Full container load FLO: Fairtrade International FOB: Free On Board - means that the price only includes the cost of the item. Seller arranges for transport of the goods, preparing goods for shipment, and loading the goods onto the vessel FOR & FOT: Free On Rail or Free on Truck; both refer to goods being carried by rail and should only be used when the goods are carried by rail. The risk of loss or damage is transferred when the goods are loaded onto the rail FTA: Free Trade Agreement GACP: Good Agricultural and Collection Practice GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice ha: Hectare Herbal Drug Preparations: Obtained by subjecting Herbal Drugs to treatments such as: extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation. These include comminuted or powdered herbal drugs, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates Herbal Drugs: Whole, fragmented, or cut plants, parts of plants, algae, fungi or lichen, in an unprocessed state, usually in dried form but sometimes fresh. Certain exudates that have not been subjected to a specific treatment are also considered to be herbal drugs Herbal Teas: Consist exclusive of one or more Herbal Drugs intended for oral aqueous preparations by means of decoction, infusion or maceration; usually supplied in bulk form or in sachets HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPTLC: High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography HS Code: Harmonized System Tariff Code ITC (HS) Indian Trade Classification Harmonized System ITC International Trade Centre / UNCTAD / WTO MAP: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants NLT: Not less than NESOI: Not Elsewhere Specified or Included NMT: Not more than NOP: National Organic Program (USDA) NTFP: Non Timber Forest Products OTC: Over the Counter medicines: Medicines sold without a prescription PE: Powdered Extract PhEur: European Pharmacopoeia PPRC: Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China SE: Soft Extract TBC: Tea bag cut TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine THMP: Traditional Herbal Medicinal Product TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography UPI: Unani Pharmacopoeia of India USD: United States Dollar USP: United States Pharmacopeia VAT: Value Added Tax

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1. Industry News and Trends

1.1. Leaving London: the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products by Market Insider Monday, 27 Jun. 2016

The Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC), established in 2004 with its secretariat housed at the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in London, is tasked with “establishment of a draft 'European Union list of herbal substances, preparations and combinations thereof for use in traditional herbal medicinal products', as well as the establishment of European Union herbal monographs.”

With last week’s vote by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to leave the European Union, EMA will also need to give notice and start the process towards relocating its operation to within the European Union. Officials in several EU-Member States including Kingdom of Denmark, Kingdom of Sweden, and Republic of Italy, have already expressed interest in hosting the EMA.

It is not yet known how long the transition will take nor what the consequences will be for companies that are currently in the process of registering herbal medicinal products for sale in the UK according to requirements of EU Directives that will no longer apply in the UK.

Sources: 1. Collis H. Brexit vote sets off race to seat European Medicines Agency. Politico. 24 June 2016. 2. Hirschler B. Brexit spells upheaval for EU and UK drug regulation. Reuters. 24 June 2016. 3. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Herbal Medicinal Products: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/general/general_content_000208 .jsp&mid=WC0b01ac05800240cf

1.2. Wild collection of ginseng now prohibited on most public lands in Virginia by Market Insider Thursday, 23 Jun. 2016

Known as American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius is a medicinal plant of North American biodiversity native to forests of the Eastern United States and Canada. Due to concerns of overharvesting, American ginseng was added to Appendix II of the Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) already in 1975. There is also cultivation of American ginseng in several U.S. states, especially Wisconsin, and Canadian provinces, especially Ontario. The Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS) assigns HS 1211200040 to wild ginseng root and HS 1211200020 to cultivated ginseng root.

The high-value mature roots are wild-collected by local people for household income in several states with most all of the annual harvest exported to Asian markets. One licensed ginseng buyer, interviewed for an article published this week in a Martinsville, Virginia newspaper, said that the market price last season reached as high as US$ 650.00 lb (= $1,433.00 / kg). In 2015, exports of wild American ginseng root reached 69.5 MT (of which 52.3 MT went to Hong Kong SAR, 14.5 MT to People’s Republic of China, 1.8 MT to Republic of Singapore, 0.5 MT to Republic of the Philippines, and 0.3 MT to Chinese Taipei). In 2015, the United States also exported 258.5 MT of cultivated American ginseng root, again mainly to China and Hong Kong, but also to Canada.

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In Canada, cultivated American ginseng root is permitted for use as an active ingredient of licensed natural health products (NHPs) with indications for use including “as supportive therapy for the promotion of healthy glucose levels”, “to help relieve nervousness (as mild sedative)”, “to help relieve nervous dyspepsia / to help digestion in cases of nervousness and/or stress”, and “as an adaptogen to help maintain a healthy immune system”.

On Wednesday 08 June 2016, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service released the following statement:

“The USDA Forest Service, the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF), and the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) are working to protect rare and threatened species on public lands in Virginia. Once abundant ginseng populations have declined over the last several decades in Virginia due to continued harvest of the plant for consumption and sale. In order to protect plant populations, ginseng collection is prohibited on most public lands in Virginia, including national forest land. Illegal collection of ginseng continues to be a problem.

Ginseng is a listed threatened species in the state of Virginia through the Endangered Plant and Insect Species Act. The Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF) enforces state regulations on National Forest and Virginia state lands. VDGIF arrested 95 individuals in 2015 under ginseng-related charges, doubling the number of those charged in 2014.”

Sources: 1. Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate (NNHPD). Monograph: Ginseng, American. Ottawa, ON: NNHPD. 07 July 2015: http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid- bdipsn/dbImages/614 2. Williams BR. Local collectors deal with new ginseng regulations. Martinsville Bulletin. 21 June 2016. 3. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) Global Agricultural Trade System (GATS) online database: http://apps.fas.usda.gov/GATS/ 4. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service. Ginseng Collection Prohibited on Most Public Lands in Virginia. 08 June 2016: http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/gwj/news- events/?cid=FSEPRD504731

1.3. EUROPAM Workshop on PA-Contamination of MAP Crops by Market Insider Friday, 17 Jun. 2016

Detection of undesired alkaloids in medicinal plant crops, in particular pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), has become a hot topic as more and more testing is taking place in recent years. The detected presence of PAs may likely be accidental due to other PA-containing wild plants getting mixed with the target species during machine harvesting.

On Thursday 07 July 2016, the European Herb Growers Association (EUROPAM) is hosting its 2nd EUROPAM Workshop “Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, GACP, Breeding and Harvesting” in Krems, Republic of Austria. The workshop is co- organized with Waldland Naturstoffe (Friedersbach, Austria) and the working group “Functional Compounds”, University of Veterinary Medicine (Vienna, Austria).

PA contamination presentations include:

Barbara Steinhoff, Bundesverband der Arzneimittelhersteller, Germany: Current activities to avoid or to reduce PA contamination in herbal medicinal products;

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Bernhard Klier, Phytolab, Germany: Status of PA analysis of medicinal and aromatic plants; Andreas Plescher, Pharmaplant, Germany: What are the PA-containing weeds in medicinal plant cultivation? Dirk Selmer, TU-Braunschweig, Germany: Uptake of pyrrolizidine alkaloids – an example for the "Horizontal Natural Product Transfer“

Sources: 1. 2nd EUROPAM Workshop “Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, GACP, Breeding and Harvesting”: http://www.phytolab.com/fileadmin/user_upload/tnn_phytolab/news- media/Europam_2016_2nd_EUROPAM_workshop.pdf

1.4. FairWild industry workshop this week in Cambridge by Market Insider Monday, 13 Jun. 2016

The mission of the FairWild Foundation (FWF), a sustainability standards setting organization, aims “to provide a worldwide framework for implementing a sustainable, fair and value-added management and trading system for wild-collected natural ingredients and products thereof.”

According to FWF: “The increasing demand for wild plants – as ingredients for food, cosmetics, well-being and medicinal products – poses major ecological and social challenges. The pressure on potentially vulnerable plant species can endanger local ecosystems and the livelihoods of collectors, who often belong to the poorest social groups in the counties of origin. As a response to these concerns, the FairWild Foundation promotes the FairWild Standard and certification system for the sustainable management and collection of wild plants, fungi and lichen. The FairWild certification system is under implementation worldwide.”

On Wednesday 15th June, FWF will be holding a focused workshop with industry stakeholders on the FairWild Standard and certification scheme. Held in connection with the annual FairWild Board of Trustees meeting, the event is an opportunity for engaged companies to learn the latest FairWild news, exchange experience on sustainable sourcing, and work with FWF on the further development of FairWild initiative.

The workshop is targeted to current participants of the FairWild certification scheme, and companies committed to ethical and sustainable sourcing that wish to learn more. The event is hosted by TRAFFIC, partner of the FairWild Foundation (www.traffic.org), at the David Attenborough Building, Cambridge, UK.

Source: FairWild Foundation: http://www.fairwild.org/

1.5. Destruction of habitat is the biggest threat to wild medicinal plants by Market Insider Wednesday, 11 May. 2016

The Royal Botanical Gardens (RBG) Kew has published its ‘State of the World’s Plants 2016’ report, which, they say, ‘provides, for the first time, a baseline assessment of our current knowledge on the diversity of plants on earth, the global threats these plants currently face, and the policies in place and their effectiveness in dealing with these threats.’

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The 80-page report quantifies an estimated ~391,000 vascular plants known to science, of which 31,128 plant species have a documented use such as medicine (17,810 medicinal plant species or 57.2% of known ‘useful’ plants), plants used for textiles and building materials (11,365 species or 36.5%), and human food (5,538 species or 17.8%), among other categories of useful plants.

Due to a range of factors, the authors estimate that about 21% of the world’s plants are currently threatened with extinction. The three biggest factors threatening plant species with extinction are the destruction of habitats, for example due to land-use change for farming and cattle ranching (31%), deforestation for timber (21.3%), and residential and commercial development (12.8%).

In conjunction with the launch of the report, scientists and policymakers will gather at Kew for the first annual ‘State of the World’s Plants Symposium’, 11-12 May 2016.

Sources: 1. Carrington D. One in five of world's plant species at risk of extinction. The Guardian. 09 May 2016: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/10/one-in-five-of-worlds-plant-species- at-risk-of-extinction 2. RBG Kew (2016) The State of the World’s Plants Report - 2016. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew: http://science.kew.org/strategic-output/state-worlds-plants

1.6. Public comment invited on EU herbal monograph for Sweet Marjoram Herb by Market Insider Wednesday, 11 May. 2016

Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana) herb is a product of Mediterranean biodiversity, native to Republic of Cyprus and nearby Anatolian region of Republic of Turkey. It has naturalized in other parts of the Mediterranean especially in the Arab Republic of Egypt and it also widely cultivated around the world.

Early in 2014, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) put out a call for scientific data to be used in the assessment of sweet marjoram herb as part of the establishment of a European Union herbal monograph which would provide labelling standards for licensed or registered herbal medicinal products. In 2016, the EMA published a draft European Union labelling standards monograph for public consultation up until 15 May 2016.

EMA proposes that registered Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products (THMPs) containing sweet marjoram herb, prepared as an herbal tea, should be labelled with the following indication for use: ‘Traditional herbal medicinal product used for the symptomatic relief of mild spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints such as bloating and flatulence’. EMA also proposes a topical application preparation containing extract (1:5) of sweet marjoram herb with white petroleum jelly (preparation as specified in Farmakopea Polska 1995) with the claim statement: ‘Traditional herbal medicinal product used for relief of irritated skin around the nostrils’.

Comments on the sweet marjoram herb monograph may be submitted by email to the EMA Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) up until the deadline of 15 May 2016: [email protected]

Sources:

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1. European Medicines Agency (EMA) Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Draft European Union herbal monograph on Origanum majorana L., herba. London, UK: EMA. 02 February 2016: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_- _Herbal_monograph/2016/02/WC500201951.pdf 2. Padulosi, S., editor. 1997. Oregano. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 14. Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshop on Oregano, 8-12 May 1996, CIHEAM, Valenzano (Bari), Italy. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. 3. Prerna and Vasudeva N. Origanum majorana L. -Phyto-pharmacological review. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources (IJNPR). December 2015;6(4):261-267

1.7. Establishment of eco-region in BiH to create decent jobs in organic medicinal plant farming by Market Insider Friday, 29 Apr. 2016

Four municipalities in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) have joined forces to establish an ‘eco-region’. Embedded in this ecological and socio-economic ‘eco-region’ concept are projects including the ‘aromatic and medicinal plants from organic farming’ project, where high quality medicinal plants for the international market are to be grown and processed.

The four neighbouring municipalities, Kozarska Dubica, Prnjavor, Srbac, Gradiška, envisage the creation of decent jobs for over 350 farming families. The marketing concept is not just about organically grown herbs but the fact that the medicinal plants will be produced in an entirely ecologically oriented region that is focused on environmental protection, sustainable agriculture, sustainable biofuels, renewable energy, recycling, eco-tourism, and value adding. It is believed that this will lead to better and more reliable income for the farmers, a stronger local economy in the long run and a better future for the next generation.

The project structure includes an Eco-Institute, and Eco-Foundation, and a company called Eco-Pro that will function to purchase and process produce and handle sales and marketing. In this project, individual family farmers who cannot, on their own, afford the capital investments necessary to dry and process the herbs, will organize to share post-harvest drying and processing facilities. In this way, larger quantities of uniformly processed herbs can be marketed internationally in ways that individual farmers would not be able to accomplish on their own.

A capital investment of €105,000 is needed to get the post-harvest drying equipment installed and operational for the farmers to start. The project has already received €23,000 in donations from the municipality of Srbac and from private individuals. A crowdfunding effort is ongoing to raise the additional €82,000 needed by 31 May 2016.

For more information on this unique social and economic development project for organic medicinal plant farmers in northern BiH, visit:

Startnext Crowdingfunding page: https://www.startnext.com/oekoprojekte-in-bosnien EKO-REGIJA Gemeinwohl-Projekt website: http://www.ekopro-eu.de/ EKO-REGIJA on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/gemeinwohlprojekte/ EKO-REGIJA on Twitter: https://twitter.com/EKO_Team_BIH

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2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts

2.1. Muliru Farmers Conservation Group processing 700 kg daily of African blue basil leaf by Market Insider Wednesday, 18 May. 2016

The Muliru Farmers Conservation Group (MFCG) is an Indigenous African Community Based Organization whose members reside near the Kakamega Forest, the last surviving rainforest in Republic of Kenya. Formed in 1997, MFCG’s mission is “To relieve pressure on Biodiversity through the promotion of alternative non-forest derived income generating activities to the local community.”

Benson Bouyia, Secretary of MFCG, this week told Xinhua News that an estimated 300 small-scale farmers living near the Kakamega Forest are involved with the cultivation of medicinal herbs that are supplied to MFCG for value-adding and manufacture of herbal medicinal products. For example, Bouyia told Xinhua that the local farmers presently supply 700 kg per day of African blue basil leaf (Ocimum kilimandscharicum Gürke), an endemic medicinal plant of Kenya.

MFCG runs their own processing facility for manufacture of an extract of African blue basil leaf and then use it as an active ingredient of their own range of Naturub® brand herbal remedies which are registered medicines through the Pharmacy and Poisons Board of Kenya. Their Naturub® products are indicated for alleviation of muscular pain relief, arthritis, flu, cold and chest congestion.

Sources: 1. Xinhua. West Kenya farmers seeks value addition on medicinal herbs. African Xinhuanet.com. 15 May 2016: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-05/15/c_135360870.htm 2. Muliru Farmers Conservation Group website: http://www.mulirufcg.or.ke/ 3. United Nations Development Programme. 2012. Muliru Farmers Conservation Group, Kenya. Equator Initiative Case Study Series. New York, NY: http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/winners/110/casestudy/case_1348163412.pdf 4. Kloibhofer M, Heuër A, Marquard H. Muliru Farmers Cultivating traditional medicinal plants to protect the last Kenyan rainforest. Berlin, Germany: SEED c/o adelphi research GmbH: https://www.seed.uno/images/casestudies/SEED_CaseStudy_Muliru_Kenya.pdf

3. Markets for Asian Medicinal Plants and Extracts

3.1. Southern China severe weather impact on 2016 medicinal plant yields, qualities and prices by Market Insider Monday, 27 Jun. 2016

Extremely high temperatures, hailstorms, high winds, heavy rain and flooding in parts of China this June are predicted to have a negative impact on the yields, quality, availability and market prices of many Chinese medicinal plants, both cultivated and wild-collected.

For example, the heavy rain and hail are expected to impact quality and yields of certain medicinal flowers this year including Carthami Flos (dried flower of Carthamus tinctorius), Chrysanthemi Indici Flos (dried capitulum of Chrysanthemum indicum), Lonicerae Japonicae

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Flos (dried flower bud of Lonicera japonica), and Sophorae Flos (dried flower and flower bud of Sophora japonica).

Jiangxi province has been among the hardest hit areas of extreme flooding, and with it bringing worries about this year’s harvests of Aurantii Fructus (dried immature fruit of Citrus aurantium), Lygodii Spora (dried ripe spores of Lygodium japonicum), Rosae Laevigatae Fructus (dried ripe fruit of Rosa laevigata), Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix (dried root of Stephania tetrandra), and Viticis Fructus (dried ripe fruit of Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia or Vitex trifolia).

Price fluctuations due to extreme weather conditions are also expected for other wild- collected materials including Epimedii Folium (dried leaf of Epimedium brevicornum, Epimedium sagittatum, Epimedium pubescens, and/or Epimedium koreanum), Sedi Herba (dried herb of Sedum sarmentosum) and Cordyceps (composite consisting of the stroma of the fungus, Cordyceps sinensis parasitized on the larva of dead caterpillar), among many others.

Sources: 1. 解占梅. 老天频繁变脸 药农着急上火. 22 June 2016. Available at: http://www.zyctd.com/article- 236181-1.html

3.2. Herbal formulation developed by CCRAS licensed to Chaturbhuj Pharmaceutical Co. by Market Insider Friday, 10 Jun. 2016

“AYUSH-82,” an herbal drug preparation developed by the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), New Delhi, an Autonomous Organisation under the Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy) has been licensed to Chaturbhuj Pharmaceutical Co. of Haridwar, Uttarakhand state, for commercialisation.

According to a press release today from the Ministry of Science & Technology, the licence agreement was signed by Dr. H. Purushotham, Chairman & Managing Director of National Research Development Corporation, New Delhi and Shri Murari Sharma, Proprietor, Chaturbhuj Pharmaceutical Co, Haridwar. Government of India’s National Research Development Corporation has so far licensed 13 Ayurvedic technologies developed by CCRAS to over 33 Indian companies.

Founded in 2005, products marketed by Chaturbhuj Pharmaceutical Co. are available only in medical stores.

AYUSH-82 is a clinically-tested anti-diabetic medicinal product containing a combination of hypoglycemic herbal drugs, namely Amra beeja (seeds of Mangifera indica), Karavellaka beeja (seeds of Momordica charantia), Jambu beeja (seeds of Syzygium cumini), and Gudmara (leaves of Gymnema sylvestre).

According to the Ministry of Science & Technology “The use of this cost effective drug would help millions of people suffering from Diabetes.”

Sources: 1. Government of India, Ministry of Science & Technology. NRDC Inks Technology Commercialization Agreement for Ayush-82. Press Information Bureau. 10-June-2016.

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2. Srikanth N, Haripriya N, Renu Singh, Manjula, Devesh Tewari. Diabetes Mellitus (Madhumeha) and Ayurvedic Management: an evidence based approach. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015;4(08):881-892. 3. Kumar A. Diabetes Mellitus and Ayurvedic Management: Evidence Based Approach. Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi –INDIA. 2014.

3.3. Increasing labour costs pushing medicinal rhubarb prices up by Market Insider Tuesday, 07 Jun. 2016

Medicinal rhubarb, the dried root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum, Rheum tanguticum and/or Rheum officinale is a product of Chinese biodiversity and is widely used in Asian systems of Traditional Medicine (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Tibetan, Vietnamese) as well as being used as a well-established laxative active ingredient in contemporary European medicine.

Rhubarb is wild harvested (and cultivated to a small extent) mainly in the provinces of Gansu (e.g. in Dangchang, Gangu, Huating, Lixian, and Longxi counties), Sichuan (e.g. in Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture), Shanxi (e.g. Xiangfen County) and Qinghai (e.g. Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County).

It has been reported from sources in Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County, Gansu Province, that labour costs for rhubarb harvesters has been increasing each year causing not only the prices at origin to rise but also less material is being harvested. This is leading to lower quantities available at the Chinese medicinal plant markets.

Prices being paid at origin in Qinghai province are reported to be about 18 CNY per kg (= about US $2.74 / kg). Current average market prices for rhubarb root wild collected in Sichuan province are reaching to 21 CNY per kg (= about US $3.20 / kg) at the Anguo and Chengdu markets.

Sources: 1. 张艳, 青海省大同县大黄价格上涨, 05 June 2016: http://www.zyctd.com/article-235247-1.html 2. 野生马蹄 四川, 07 June 2016: http://sj.zyctd.com/exchange-prices-118-1-0.html 3. 大黄, 市场报价, 07 June 2016: http://www.zyctd.com/search.php?searchsubmit=yes&srchtxt=%E5%A4%A7%E9%BB%84 4. Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2010. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. Beijing, China: China Medical Science Press. 5. ITC. Herb Profile: Rhubarb root and rhizome. Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients. September 2015; pp. 32-34. Available at: http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Exporters/Market_Data_and_Informati on/Market_information/Market_Insider/Medicinal_plants/MI_Medicinal_Plants_2015_September.p df

3.4. 2016 Chinese caterpillar fungus harvest begins by Market Insider Tuesday, 24 May. 2016

In early May, an army of thousands of medicinal fungus harvesters descended upon Zadoi County, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. This was the first county

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to begin the 2016 harvest of Chinese caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), probably the highest-value medicinal fungus in the world.

It is wild-collected mainly in high-altitude areas of the People’s Republic of China (Gansu Province, Sichuan Province, Qinghai Province, and Tibet Autonomous Region) as well as in Kingdom of Bhutan and Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. About 50% of China’s annual harvest comes from Qinghai Province.

Chinese Caterpillar Fungus is actually a composite substance consisting of the stroma of the fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, parasitized on the larva of host insects of the Hepialidae family and the dead caterpillar. It is collected in early summer when the stromata rise up out of the ground but the spores have not yet ejected.

Current market prices in Tibet, depending on the quality grade, are ranging anywhere from 80,000 CNY (Chinese Yuan Renminbi) to 160,000 CNY per kg (= USD 12,206~ 24,411). It’s extremely high price has led it to be referred to in China as ‘soft gold’.

Average farmgate prices being paid at origin this week are 70,000 CNY / kg in Barkam (Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province), 68,000 CNY / kg in Kangding (Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province), and 95,000 CNY per kg in Nagqu County (Nagqu Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region). Harvesting is also taking place in Nyingchi Prefecture (Tibetan Autonomous Region) and Dingxi Prefecture (Gansu Province). Harvesting through June is expected in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and in Yulshul Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, both in Qinghai Province.

Sources: 1. Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2010. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. Beijing, China: China Medical Science Press. 2. 荷花池市场. 荷花池市场冬虫夏草关注商家增多. 20 May 2016: http://www.zyctd.com/article- 234450-1.html 3. 周兴. 冬虫夏草采挖季 品质是价格保证. 17 May 2016: http://www.zyctd.com/article-234260-1.html 4. Lo H-C, Hsieh C, Lin F-Y, Hsu T-H. A Systematic Review of the Mysterious Caterpillar Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Dong-ChongXiaCao (冬蟲夏草 Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo) and Related Bioactive Ingredients. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2013;3(1):16-32. doi:10.4103/2225-4110.106538

3.5. New CIMAP program to promote cultivation of high-value MAPs on marginal land by Market Insider Tuesday, 17 May. 2016

On 11 May 2016, at a medicinal and aromatic plant (MAP) industry meeting organized by the Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, a new initiative called the ‘Aroma and Phytopharmaceutical Mission’ was announced by Professor Anil Kumar Tripathi, director of CIMAP and mission director for the project.

Economically important MAPs will be selected for cultivation at suitable sites that are presently considered unproductive, marginal wastelands including areas affected by drought, salinity or floods. The idea is not to convert existing farmland but to make an estimated 6,000 hectares productive with high-value MAPs within the next two years.

CIMAP also plans to support training and implementation of new technologies for cultivation, post-harvest processing, value-addition, product development and marketing of MAPs. The

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project aims to provide good job opportunities for farmers in rural areas through cultivation of high-value crops and prevent the flight of farmers from rural areas adversely affected by climate change.

MAP crops presently being considered for this farmer support initiative include Andrographis (Andrographis paniculata) herb, Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root, Chirata (Swertia chirayita) herb, East Indian lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) leaf, Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) leaf, Mint (Mentha spp.) leaf, Senna (Cassia angustifolia) leaf and pod, Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) root, and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome.

Sources: 1. Aroma Mission' to boost medicinal, aromatic plant cultivation. The Times of India. 15 May 2016 2. CIMAP to promote farming of medicinal and aromatic plants. Hindustan Times. 15 May 2016. 3. Mint Growers Association of India. https://www.facebook.com/mintgrowersassociationofindia/

3.6. CBI bringing Pakistani and South African MAP suppliers to Vitafoods Europe by Market Insider Monday, 02 May. 2016

The ‘Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries’ (CBI) is supporting the participation of selected medicinal and aromatic plant (MAP) producers and exporters from both the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and Republic of South Africa to exhibit at Vitafoods Europe, taking place 10-12 May 2016 at Palexpo, Geneva. CBI is part of the Netherlands Enterprise Agency and commissioned by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

During Vitafoods 2016, CBI will present five companies at Stand K122 offering a range of natural ingredients from marine and terrestrial sources, from wild-collection and cultivation.

CBI’s exhibitors from Pakistan are offering MAPs including wild liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) root and wild morel (Morchella esculenta) mushrooms among others. CBI exhibitors from South Africa are offering ingredients made from indigenous kelp (Ecklonia maxima) thallus and horseradish tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf.

The full exhibitor list for Vitafoods Europe 2016 is available online at: http://www.vitafoods.eu.com/exhibitor-list

Sources: 1. CBIL Vitafoods Europe Geneva 2016: https://www.cbi.eu/events/vitafoods-europe-geneva- 2016/311405/ 2. Vitafoods Europe 2016 Exhibitor List: http://www.vitafoods.eu.com/exhibitor-list

3.7. Government of India provides financial assistance to nurseries supporting medicinal plant cultivation by Market Insider Thursday, 28 Apr. 2016

In response to a question in the ‘Rajya Sabha’ (the ‘Council of States’, upper house of the Parliament of Republic of India), the Minister of State, Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy), Shri Shripad Yesso Nalk stated that the Government of India will be providing financial assistance to nurseries, of at least one

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hectare in size, that provide planting stock for the cultivation of medicinal plants that are to be used in the Indian national systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani.

Medicinal plant nurseries in all states of India are eligible to apply for the financial assistance. The program is announced in the context of a merging of two existing schemes, the “Centrally Sponsored Scheme of National Mission on Medicinal Plants” (NMPB) and the “National AYUSH Mission (NAM)”.

Source: 1. Press Information Bureau (PIB), Government of India. Government Schemes for Cultivation of Medicinal Plants for AYUSH Purpose. Available at: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=142276

4. Markets for South American Medicinal Plants and Extracts

4.1. Paraguayan domestic market for medicinal plants about USD 300 million by Market Insider Tuesday, 03 May. 2016

Paraguayan annual exports of yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis) under tariff code HS 0903 average about USD 3.1 million and exports of other medicinal plants classified under HS 1211, which includes stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) leaf, average about USD 6.3 million annually.

The potential domestic market for medicinal plants, however, has been estimated at about USD 300 million. This was reported on 2 May 2016 at a training workshop held by the Municipality of Hernandarias, Alto Paraná Department, Paraguay, that was attended by about 80 smallholder farmers.

The purpose of the training workshop was to empower smallholder farms to begin learning about the production, processing and marketing of higher value crops such as medicinal plants. Additionally the farmers were being encouraged to consider growing medicinal plants expressly for the domestic market rather than export-oriented crops.

Smallholder farmers in Paraguay are usually growing lower-value export-oriented food ingredients like cassava (Manihot esculenta) root, chia (Salvia hispanica) seed, and sesame (Sesamum indicum) seed. The workshop organizers suggest that farmers can improve household income and livelihoods by changing their focus away from reliance on external markets and towards the domestic market for higher-value medicinal plants.

Important medicinal plants of Paraguay include the aforementioned stevia leaf and yerba maté as well as burrito (Aloysia polystachya) flowering aerial parts, holly thorn (Maytenus ilicifolia) leaf and root, lemon verbena (Aloysia citriodora) leaf, and pata de vaca (Bauhinia forficata) leaf, among others.

Many non-native medicinal plants are also cultivated in Paraguay including bitter orange (Citrus × aurantium) peel, German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) flower, horseradish tree (Moringa oleifera) leaf, mint (Mentha spp.) leaf, papaya (Carica papaya) leaf, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaf, sage (Salvia officinalis) leaf, sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel, and West Indian lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaf, among others.

Sources:

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1. Capacitan a pequeños productores de la zona en la producción de nuevos rubros de renta. Diario Itaipu Eletronico. 02 May 2016: http://die.itaipu.gov.py/index.php?secao=noticias_itaipu&q=pt/node/3 2. UNDP. Project Document: Mainstreaming Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Land Management into Production Practices in all Bioregions and Biomes in Paraguay. 2014. 3. Penner R, Shanks T, Timcke A., et al. Stevia from Paraguay. Asuncion, Paraguay: USAID. September 2004: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADB003.pdf 4. USAID. Paraguay Vende - Plantas medicinales y aromáticas: una alternativa de producción commercial. 2010: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1862/plantas_medicinales.pdf

5. Currency Rates of Exchange

Rates of Exchange: 28 June 2016 CURRENCY CODE UNITS 1 / USD UNITS 1 / EUR Chinese Yuan Renminbi CNY 6.64722 7.34709 EURO EUR 0.904948 1.0000 Indian Rupee INR 67.7661 74.8883 Nepalese Rupee NPR 108.696 120.129 Russian Ruble RUB 64.4849 71.2739 United States Dollar USD 1.0000 1.10518 Source: XE Currency Converter: http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/

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6. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients

Note: Prices should be considered indicative only and reflect the price of a product of a specific grade or quality from the specified origin. Great care should be taken when comparing prices of medicinal herbs of different origins, grades, qualities and quantities.

AJOWAN FRUIT Botanical name: Trachyspermum ammi Hindi: Ajwain / Sanskrit: Yavani Pharmacopoeial name: Trachyspermi Ammi Fructus Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) flatulence with a gurgling sound; b) distension of abdomen due to obstruction to passage of urine and stools; Medicinal c) diseases of abdomen; d) abdominal lump; e) intestinal parasites; f) uses: sharp piercing pain. Traditional Unani Medicine: a) flatulence in the stomach; b) gastric pain; c) anorexia; d) colic; e) pertussis; f) diarrhoea; g) hysteria; h) cholera. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Kurnool, 10200~22222 INR / quintal $1.50628~$3.28162 / kg Andhra (= 100 kg); Modal price: (Modal price: $1.79794 / 28.06.2016 Pradesh 12175 INR / quintal kg) AMLA FRUIT Botanical name: Phyllanthus emblica Chinese: Yuganzi (餘甘子); Hindi: Amla; Nepalese: Amala; Sanskrit: Amalaki Pharmacopoeial name: Phyllanthi Fructus Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) bleeding disorders; b) hyperacidity; c) increased frequency and turbidity or urine; d) burning sensation. Medicinal Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) to remove heat in the blood and blood uses: stasis; b) maldigestion; c) dyspepsia, abdominal pain; e) cough; sore throat, and dryness of the mouth. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Nepalgunj, 55.00 NPR / kg $0.505998 / kg 13.06.2016 Nepal (wild-collected, Nepal) 12.00 CNY / kg Bohzou, (Qty.: > 500 kg seedless; $1.80440 / kg 28.06.2016 Anhui wild-collected) BARBARY WOLFBERRY FRUIT Botanical name: Lycium barbarum Chinese: gou qi zi (枸杞子) Pharmacopoeial name: Lycii Fructus Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) general debility with deficiency of vital Medicinal essence manifested by aching of the loins and knees, dizziness and uses: tinnitus; b) diabetes caused by internal heat; c) anaemia; d) impaired vision. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 64.00 CNY / kg (Grade $9.62267 / kg 27.06.2016 Sichuan I, Ningxia origin) Chengdu, 58.00 CNY / kg (Grade $8.72054 / kg 25.06.2016 Sichuan I, Xinjiang origin) BETLENUT (SEED)

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Botanical name: Areca catechu Chinese: Binglang (檳榔)/ Sanskrit: Puga, Kramuka, Ghona Pharmacopoeial name: Arecae Catechu Semen Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) tastelessness; b) contortion of the mouth; c) loss of vaginal muscle tone; d) leucorrhea (white to yellow viscid discharge from the vagina or uterine cavity). Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) taeniasis (parasitic infection caused by Medicinal the tapeworm); b) ascariasia (disease caused by the parasitic uses: roundworm); c) fasciolopsiasis (diseases caused by the intestinal fluke); d) abdominal pain due to intestinal parasitosis; e) diarrhea due to accumulation of undigested food; f) oedema and weakness of the legs; g) malaria. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 15599~23099 INR / Sirsi, quintal (Modal price: $2.30375~$3.41139 / kg 28.06.2016 Karnataka 22323 INR / quintal; (Modal price: $3.29678 /kg) Bette variety cultivated) CALAMUS RHIZOME Botanical name: Acorus calamus Chinese: zang chang pu (藏菖蒲) / Nepalese: Bojho / Sanskrit: Vaca Pharmacopoeial name: Acori Calami Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) colic pain; b) epilepsy; c) asthma; d) Medicinal constipation; e) mania; f) flatulence; g) otorrhoea; and h) weak memory. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) tonify stomach yang; b) treat maldigestion and food stagnation; c) diphtheria. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Nepalgunj, 90 NPR / kg $0.827997 / kg 13.06.2016 Nepal CHAMOMILE FLOWER (GERMAN) Botanical name: Marticaria recutita Czech: heřmánkový květ / German: Kamillenblüten / Hungarian: Kamillavirágzat Pharmacopoeial name: Matricariae flos Traditional European Medicine: a) or the symptomatic treatment of minor gastro-intestinal complaints such as bloating and minor spasms; b) for the treatment of minor ulcers and inflammations of the mouth and Medicinal throat; c) for adjuvant therapy of irritations of skin and mucosae in the anal uses: and genital region, after serious conditions have been excluded by a medical doctor; d) for the treatment of minor inflammation of the skin (sunburn) and superficial wounds and small boils (furuncles). CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg FOB US$ 3610 / MT $3.61 / kg 09.06.2016 Alexandria Port (tea bag cut / 20’ FCL) US$ 4560 (certified FOB organic; tea bag cut / $4.56 / kg 09.06.2016 Alexandria Port 20’ FCL) CHEBULIC MYROBALAN FRUIT Botanical names: Terminalia chebula or T. chebula var. tomentella Arabic: Halelaj / Chinese: he zi (訶子) / Nepali: Harro / Sanskrit: haritaki / Tamil: kaddukai Pharmacopoeial name: Chebulae Fructus Medicinal Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) Sotha (inflammation); b) Arsa (piles);

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uses: c) Aruci (tastelessness); d) Hrdroga (heart disease); e) Kasa (cough); f) Pandu (anemia); g) Prameha (increased frequency and turbidity of urine); h) Udavarta (upward movement of gases); i) Vibandha (constipation); j) Jirnajvara (chronic fever); k) Visama jvara (intermittent fever); l) Siroroga (disease of head); m) Tamaka svasa (bronchial asthma); n) Gulma (abdominal lump); o) Udararoga (diseases of abdomen). Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) protracted diarrhoea with hematochezia (passage of bright red, bloody stools) and prolapse of the rectum; b) chronic cough with sore throat and hoarseness of voice. Traditional Siddha Medicine: a) Kamalai (jaundice); b) Kan noykal (eye diseases); c) Kuruti alal (bleeding disorders); d) Malamilakki (constipation); e) Peru vayiru (ascites; abnormal accumulation fluid in the peritoneal cavity); f) Vitam (poison). Traditional Unani Medicine: a) Zof-e-Basarat (asthenopia; eye strain); b) Zof-e-Dimagh (weakness of the brain); c) Zof-e-Meda (weakness of the stomach); d) Zof-e-Ama (weakness of the intestines). CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg FOB Mumbai US$ 700 / MT $0.70 / kg 11.06.2016 Port, MH (Crushed; Qty: 15 MT) US$ 1650 / MT (Black FOB Mumbai Himej, Good Grade; $1.65 / kg 11.06.2016 Port, MH Qty: 18 MT / FCL) Kathmandu, 70 NPR / kg $0.643998 / kg 13.06.2016 Nepal (dried; without seed) CHIRATA HERB Botanical name: Swertia chirayita Nepalese: Chiraito (चिराइतो, तततो) / Sanskrit: Kiratatikta Pharmacopoeial name: Swertiae Herba Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) fever; b) thirst; c) burning sensation; Medicinal d) inflammation; e) skin diseases; f) ulcer; g) intestinal worms; h) itching; uses: and i) excessive flow of urine. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Nepalgunj, 400 NPR / kg $3.68000 / kg 13.06.2016 Nepal CRANBERRY FRUIT Botanical name: Vaccinium macrocarpon French: canneberge / Spanish: arándano agrio Pharmacopoeial name: Macrocarponii Fructus Medicinal Traditional Western Herbal Medicine: a) to help prevent recurrent uses: urinary tract infections. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Ex-whse New US$ 1.95 / lb $4.29897 / kg 21.06.2016 Jersey, USA (Min. qty: 1,000 lbs) (Min. qty: 454 kg) FENNEL FRUIT Botanical name: Foeniculum vulgare Chinese: xiao hui xiang (小茴香) / Hindi: Saunf / Sanskrit: Misreya ;شمر :Arabic Pharmacopoeial name: Foeniculi Fructus Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) colic pain; c) Medicinal cough; d) vitiated blood; e) dysentery; and f) piles. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) treatment of scrotal hernia with pain

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and cold extremities; b) dysmenorrhoea with lower abdominal pain and cold sensation; and c) distending pain in the epigastrium with anorexia. Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating, and flatulence; b) symptomatic treatment of minor spasm associated with menstrual periods; and c) as an expectorant in cough associated with cold. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg US$ 1200 / MT FOB Egypt (Purity: 99.9 %; 14 MT / $1.20 / kg 08.06.2016 20’ FCL) US$ 1600 / MT (Certified Organic; FOB Egypt $1.60 / kg 08.06.2016 Purity: 99.9 %; Qty: 14 MT / 20’ FCL) FOB Indian US$ 1020 / MT $1.02 / kg 28.06.2016 Port (Purity 99%; 13 MT) US$ 1900 / MT (Grade: FOB Mumbai Europe Bold; Qty: 18 $1.90 / kg 11.06.2016 Port, MH MT) FENUGREEK SEED Botanical name: Trigonella foenum-graecum Chinese: hu lu ba (胡蘆巴) / Sanskrit: Methi ;حلبة حصي :Arabic Pharmacopoeial name: Trigonellae Foenugraeci Semen Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) malabsorption syndrome; b) fever; c) increased frequency and turbidity of urine; and d) loss of taste sensation. Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) cold syndrome of the kidney due to Medicinal yang deficiency marked by pain and coldness in the lower abdomen; b) uses: hernia; and c) weakness and oedema of the legs caused by cold-damp. Traditional European Medicine: a) (oral) temporary loss of appetite; b) (cutaneous) symptomatic treatment of minor inflammations of the skin. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 3500~4200 INR / $0.516906~$0.620286 / kg quintal (= 100 kg); Rajkot, Gujarat (Modal price: $0.590749 / 28.06.2016 Modal price: 4000 INR kg) / quintal US$ 642~805 / MT FOB Indian (Grade: Sortex; Qty: $0.642~$0.805 / kg 28.06.2016 Port 21-24 MT / 20’ FCL) GINGER RHIZOME Botanical name: Zingiber officinale Chinese: gan jiang (干姜) / Nepalese: Sutho / Sanskrit: Sunthi Pharmacopoeial name: Zingiberis Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) flatulence; c) anaemia; d) asthma; e) abdominal diseases; and f) rheumatism. Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) epigastric pain with cold feeling, Medicinal vomiting and diarrhoea accompanied with cold extremities and faint pulse; uses: and b) dyspnoea and cough with copious expectoration. Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic relief of motion sickness; and b) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating and flatulence. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg

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Chengdu, 17.50 CNY / kg $2.63140 / kg 27.06.2016 Sichuan 12500~12500 INR / $1.84609~$1.84609 / kg Kattappana, quintal (= 100 kg); (Modal price: $1.84609 / 28.06.2016 Kerala Modal price: 12500 kg) INR / quintal US$ 2715 / MT FOB Mumbai (Grade: Good; Qty 12.5 $2.715 / kg 14.06.2016 Port, MH MT / 20’ FCL) Nepalgunj, 210 NPR / kg $1.93199 / kg 13.06.2016 Nepal GOTU KOLA HERB Botanical name: Centella asiatica Chinese: ji xue cao (积雪草) / Sanskrit: Mandukaparni Pharmacopoeial name: Centellae Asiaticae Herba Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) inflammation; b) tastelessness; c) fever; d) cough; e) itching; f) skin diseases; g) excessive bleeding disorder; h) excessive flow of urine; i) asthma; j) anaemia; k) blood Medicinal disorders. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) jaundice caused by damp-heat; b) heat stroke with diarrhoea; c) urolithiasis and haematuria; d) carbuncles and boils; e) traumatic injuries. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 20 CNY / kg $3.00875 / kg 27.06.2016 Sichuan HENNA LEAF Botanical name: Lawsonia inermis Sanskrit: Madyanti / ( اء نَِّح) Arabic: Hina Pharmacopoeial name: Lawsoniae folium Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) vertigo; b) fever; c) itching; d) Medicinal diseases of skin; e) bleeding disorder; f) jaundice; g) blood disorder; h) uses: dysuria (painful urination); i) ulcer. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg US$ 1270 / MT FOB (Powdered leaf; Qty: $1.27 / kg 09.06.2016 Alexandria Port 20’ FCL) INDIAN FRANKINCENSE EXUDATE Botanical name: Boswellia serrata Sanskrit: Kunduru, Sallaki Pharmacopoeial names: Gummi-resina Boswelliae Serratae; Olibanum Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) fever; b) excessive vaginal Medicinal discharge; c) asthma; d) conjunctivitis; e) discharging of gravelly or sandy uses: urine; f) pain due to ulcer; g) disease of mouth. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg FOB US$ 5650 / MT $5.65 / kg 04.06.2016 Mumbai Port (Grade A/ min 5 MT) FOB US$ 5150 / MT $5.15 / kg 04.06.2016 Mumbai Port (Grade B / min 5 MT) ISPAGHULA HUSK Botanical name: Plantago ovata Pharmacopoeial name: Plantaginis Ovatae Seminis Tegumentum

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Well-established uses: a) for the treatment of habitual constipation; b) for conditions in which easy defecation with soft stool is desirable, e.g. in Medicinal cases of painful defecation after rectal or anal surgery, anal fissures and uses: haemorrhoids; and c) in patients to whom an increased daily fibre intake may be advisable e.g. as an adjuvant in constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome, as an adjuvant to diet in hypercholesterolemia. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg US$ 7300 / MT (Grade: FOB Mumbai 95% Pure; Qty: 9 MT / $7.30 / kg 11.06.2016 Port, MH 20’ FCL) US$ 8900 / MT (Grade: FOB Mumbai 99% Pure; Qty: 9 MT / $8.90 / kg 11.06.2016 Port, MH 20’ FCL) ISPAGHULA SEED Botanical name: Plantago ovata Sanskrit: Sat isabgola, Isabgola Pharmacopoeial name: Plantaginis Ovatae Semen Well-established uses: a) for the treatment of habitual constipation; and Medicinal b) for conditions in which easy defecation with soft stool is desirable, e.g. uses: in cases of painful defecation after rectal or anal surgery, anal fissures and haemorrhoids. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 10225~11290 INR / Unjha, quintal (= 100 kg); $1.50991~$1.66717/ kg 28.06.2016 Gujarat Modal price: 10700 (Modal price: $1.58005/ kg) INR / quintal US$ 2200 / MT FOB Mumbai (Machine Clean; Qty: $2.20 / kg 11.06.2016 Port, MH 18 MT) JATAMANSI ROOT AND RHIZOME Botanical name: Nardostachys jatamansi Chinese: gan song (甘松) / Nepalese: Jatamansi / Sanskrit: Jatamansi Pharmacopoeial name: Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) diseases of skin; b) erysipelas (bacterial skin infection); c) burning sensation; d) mental disorders; e) Medicinal insomnia. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) (oral) epigastric and abdominal distension with anorexia and vomiting; b) (external) for toothache and swelling of the foot. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 42.50 CNY / kg $6.39408 / kg 27.06.2016 Sichuan (wild-collected Sichuan) Nepalgunj, 675.00 NPR / kg $6.20998 / kg 13.06.2016 Nepal (wild-collected Nepal) LIQUORICE ROOT Botanical name(s): Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. inflata, or G. glabra Chinese: gan cao (甘草) / Sanskrit: Yasti Pharmacopoeial name: Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) cough; b) hoarseness of voice; c) Medicinal phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease, weakness, diseases due to vata uses: dosha); d) ulcer; and e) gout.

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Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) weakness of the spleen and the stomach marked by lassitude and weakness; b) cardiac palpitation and shortness of breath; c) cough with much phlegm; d) spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limbs; e) carbuncles and sores; and f) often added to formulas to reduce drastic or toxic effects of other drugs. Traditional European Medicine: a) for the relief of digestive symptoms including burning sensation and dyspepsia; and b) used as an expectorant in cough associated with cold. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg FOB US$ 3090 / MT (cut 2 $3.09 / kg 09.06.2016 Alexandria Port cm; Qty: 20’ FCL) US$ 3340 / MT FOB (certified organic; cut 2 $3.34 / kg 09.06.2016 Alexandria Port cm; Qty: 20’ FCL) Chengdu, 17.75 CNY / kg $2.67022 / kg 27.06.2016 Sichuan (wild-collected) MAHUA FLOWER Botanical name: Madhuca indica (Syn.: M. latifolia) Hindi: Mahuwa / Sanskrit: Gudapushpa Pharmacopoeial name: Madhucae Flos Medicinal Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) asthma; b) burning sensation; c) uses: wound; d) phthisis (wasting disease); e) thirst; f) fatigue, lethargy. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg 3500~4000 INR/ quintal $0.516645~$0.590451 / kg Lohardaga, (Modal price: 3800 INR (Modal price: $0.560944 / 28.06.2016 Jharkhand / quintal; wild-collected) kg) NIGELLA SEED Botanical name: Nigella sativa Hindi: Kalaunji (कल㄂जी) / Sanskrit: Upakuncika / حادوسلا ةبح :Arabic Pharmacopoeial name: Nigellae Semen Medicinal Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) abdominal lump; b) flatulence; c) uses: diarrhoea; d) worm infestation. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg FOB US$ 3950 / MT (whole; $3.95 / kg 09.06.2016 Alexandria Port Qty: 20’ FCL) US$ 4380 / MT FOB (certified organic; $4.38 / kg 09.06.2016 Alexandria Port whole; Qty: 20’ FCL) FOB Mumbai US$ 3400 / MT $3.40 / kg 11.06.2016 Port, MH (Sortex; Qty: 18 MT) PEPPERMINT LEAF Botanical name: Mentha × piperita Pharmacopoeial name: Menthae Piperitae Folium Medicinal Traditional European Medicine: a) for the symptomatic relief of digestive uses: disorders such as dyspepsia and flatulence. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg FOB US$ 2160 / MT (rubbed $2.16 / kg 09.06.2016 Alexandria Port 4 mm; Qty: 20’ FCL) FOB US$ 2660 / MT $2.66 / kg 09.06.2016

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Alexandria Port (certified organic; rubbed 4 mm; Qty: 20’ FCL) RHUBARB ROOT, CHINESE Botanical name(s): Rheum palmatum, R. tanguticum, or R. officinale Chinese: Da huang (大黄) / Tibetan: lCum-rtsa (ལྕུམ་让) Pharmacopoeial name: Rhei Radix et Rhizoma Traditional Chinese Medicine: accumulation, stagnation and constipation caused by excess heat, hematemesis (vomiting blood) caused by blood heat, red eyes and swollen throat, swelling abscess, deep-rooted boil and sore, abdominal pain caused by intestinal abscess, Medicinal blood-stasis amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), postpartum stasis uses: and obstruction, injuries from falls and fights, dampness-heat dysentery, jaundice and red urine, stranguria (slow, painful urination), edema. Well-established use in European Medicine: for short-term use in cases of occasional constipation. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 17.75 CNY / kg $2.67033 / kg 27.06.2016 Sichuan (wild-collected Sichuan) RHUBARB ROOT, HIMALAYAN Botanical name: Rheum australe (syn.: R. emodi) Indian trade name: Revandchini / Nepali: Padamchaal (पदमिाल) Pharmacopoeial name: Rhei Rhizoma Traditional Nepali Medicine: used as a laxative (for constipation), Medicinal anthelmintic (to expel parasitic worms), and to treat infection, sore throat, uses: skin disease, gastritis, liver disease, gout, pregnancy-induced hypertension. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Nepalgunj, 100 NPR / kg $0.919997 / kg 13.06.2016 Nepal (wild-collected Nepal) ROSEMARY LEAF Botanical name: Rosmarinus officinalis French: Feuille de Romarin / (إكليل الجبل) Arabic: Ikleel al-Jabal Pharmacopoeial name: Rosmarini Folium Traditional European Medicine: a) (oral use): for symptomatic relief of Medicinal dyspepsia and mild spasmodic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract; b) uses: (bath additive) as an adjuvant in the relief of minor muscular and articular pain and in minor peripheral circulatory disorders. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg US$ 2810 / MT FOB (certified organic; Qty: $2.81 / kg 09.06.2016 Alexandria Port 20’ FCL) SCHISANDRA FRUIT - NORTHERN Botanical name: Schisandra chinensis Chinese: Beiwuweizi (北五味子) Pharmacopoeial name: Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) chronic cough and dyspnoea of Medicinal deficiency type; b) dream emission and spermatorrhoea; c) enuresis and uses: frequent urination; d) chronic diarrhoea; e) spontaneous sweating and night sweating; f) thirst caused by fluid consumption; g) interior heat-

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wasting thirst; h) palpitation and insomnia. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 85.00 CNY / kg $12.7877 / kg 27.06.2016 Sichuan SCHISANDRA FRUIT - SOUTHERN Botanical name: Schisandra sphenanthera Chinese name: Nanwuweizi (南五味子) Pharmacopoeial name: Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) chronic cough and dyspnoea of deficiency type; b) dream emission and spermatorrhoea; c) enuresis and Medicinal frequent urination; d) chronic diarrhoea; e) spontaneous sweating and uses: night sweating; f) thirst caused by fluid consumption; g) interior heat- wasting thirst; h) palpitation and insomnia. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 24.00 CNY / kg $3.61065 / kg 27.06.2016 Sichuan (wild collected) SENNA LEAF Botanical name: Cassia angustifolia Chinese: fan xie yi (番瀉葉 or 番泻叶) / Sanskrit: svarnapatri / (قاروأ ىكيمانس) Arabic: sanā Pharmacopoeial name: Sennae Angustifoliae Folium Medicinal Well-established uses: a) for short-term use in cases of occasional uses: constipation. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg US$ 450~465 / MT FOB Mumbai (Indian origin; Prime 3; $0.450~0.465 / kg 14.06.2016 Port, MH Qty: 26 MT / 40’ FCL) Chengdu, 8.50 CNY / kg $1.27914 / kg 27.06.2016 Sichuan (imported) SENNA POD Botanical name: Cassia angustifolia جراب س َِّم ي كى - نرق :Arabic Pharmacopoeial name: Sennae Angustifoliae Fructus Medicinal Well-established uses: a) for short-term use in cases of occasional uses: constipation. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg FOB Mumbai US$ 960 / MT $0.960 / kg 14.06.2016 Port, MH (Qty: 26 MT / 40’ FCL) SHATAVARI ROOT Botanical name: Asparagus racemosus Nepalese name: Satawari (Kurilo) / Sanskrit name: Satavari Pharmacopoeial name: Asparagi Racemosus Radix Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) hyperacidity; b) piles; c) diarrhoea; d) abdominal lump; e) phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease); f) diarrhoea with blood; g) bleeding disorder; h) disorders of blood i) gout; j) Medicinal erysipelas (bacterial skin infection); k) inflammation; l) duodenal ulcer; m) uses: urinary disorders; n) hoarseness of voice; o) night blindness; p) puerperal disease; q) vitiation of breast milk; r) insufficient lactation. Traditional Unani Medicine: a) diarrhoea; b) spermatorrhoea; c) excessive nocturnal emission; d) leucorrhoea; e) premature ejaculation; f)

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dysentery. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Nepalgunj, 375 NPR / kg $3.44999 / kg 13.06.2016 Nepal (wild-collected, Nepal) ZEDOARY RHIZOME Botanical name(s): Curcuma zedoaria; C. phaeocaulis, C. kwangsiensis, C. wenyujin Chinese name: e zhu (莪术) / Sanskrit name: karcura Pharmacopoeial name: Curcumae rhizoma Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) piles; b) hiccup; c) fever; d) cough; e) helminthiasis / worm infestation; f) skin diseases; g) asthma; h) Medicinal abdominal lump; i) splenic disease; j) goiter. uses: Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) mass in the abdomen; b) amenorrhea due to blood stasis; c) distension and pain due to stagnation of undigested food; d) carcinoma of cervix at early stage. CONVERTED MARKET PRICE DATE OF PRICE TO US$ / kg Chengdu, 20.00 CNY / kg $3.01001 / kg 27.06.2016 Sichuan

Price Sources China: Alibaba: http://www.1688.com/ Chengdu Traditional Chinese Medicine Price Index: http://www.ysindex.com Chinese Medicinal Herb E-Commerce Office: http://www.zyctd.com/ and http://www.zyccst.com/ Egypt: Private companies India: Agmarknet, Directorate of Marketing & Inspection (DMI), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India: http://agmarknet.nic.in/arrivals1.htm Madhya Pradesh State Agricultural Marketing Board (Mandi Board): http://mpmandiboard.gov.in/ National Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Ltd. (NMCE): http://www.nmce.com/marketdata/SpotPriceInfo.aspx Private companies Nepal: Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources: http://www.ansab.org/ USA: Private companies

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7. Selected Events

June 4-8, 2016 Phytonatural Expo co-located with 4th International Phytocosmetics and Phytotherapy Congress

Exhibitor profile includes producers, suppliers, consultants or service providers related to the Phytocosmetic, Phytotherapy and Phytopharmaceutical Industries.

Antigua, Republic of Guatemala http://phytoessence.org/IPPC2016

June 9-10, 2016 18th International Conference on Medicinal Plants & Natural Products (ICMPNP 2016)

Conference topics: Medicinal Plants & Natural Products, Essential Oil: production and use, Medicinal Plants: identification, cultivation, genetics, taxonomy, biodiversity, Sustainable Practices in Research, Resource Management and Production.

San Francisco, California, United States of America http://www.waset.org/conference/2016/06/san-francisco/ICMPNP

June 17-18, 2016 Polish Herbal Committee Conference

Presentations include: New trends in cultivation of medicinal plants, contamination of botanical raw materials and finished herbal medicinal products, the Polish market for herbal products, and quality and safety of herbal ingredients for food supplements.

Stęszewie, Poznan County, Republic of Poland http://pkz.pl/aktualnosci/

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June 19-23, 2016 6th International Symposium Breeding Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (BREEDMAP 6)

Quedlinburg, Federal Republic of Germany http://breedmap6.jki.bund.de/

June 21-23, 2016 Health Ingredients China co-located with Food Ingredients Asia-China

Hi China, and its co-located shows, features health ingredients, natural food ingredients, nutraceuticals, natural ingredients, herbal extracts, and phyto-pharmaceuticals.

SNIEC, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China http://www.figlobal.com/asia-china/

June 29 – July 1, 2016 7th Annual Conference American Council for Medicinally Active Plants (ACMAP)

Conference topics include Identification of bioactive compounds from Amazonian and Andean plants, Micropropagation, conservation and sustainable production of medicinal plants, from traditional knowledge to nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products, Strategies to increase the levels of bioactives in plants and plant products, Intellectual property and commercialization of plant products for human health.

Centro de Convenciones del Colegio Medico Daniel Alcides Carrion, Lima, Republic of Peru http://www.acmap.org/2016-conference

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July 24-27, 2016 9th Joint Natural Products Conference 2016

A joint conference organized by University of Copenhagen on behalf of: The Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA), The American Society of Pharmacognosy (ASP), The Phytochemical Society of Europe (PSE), Società Italiana di Fitochimica (SIF), Association Francophone pour l’Enseignement et la Recherche en Pharmacognosie (AFERP), and The Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy (JSP)

Copenhagen, Kingdom of Denmark http://www.conferencemanager.dk/JointNaturalProductsConference2016/home.html

August 17-19, 2016 Cuarto Congreso Latinoamericano de Plantas Medicinales y su Potencial para el Desarrollo Tecnológico - Agroindustrial de la Región

Conference themes include ethnobotanical uses medicinal plants, genetic resources of medicinal plants, regulations and legal aspects, “promising” Latin American medicinal plants, quality control and regulatory framework for medicinal plants, medicinal plants as raw material for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and foods, application of biotechnology for cultivation of medicinal plants, medicinal plants production chain.

Universidad del Norte en Barranquilla, Republic of Colombia http://168.176.39.182/images/stories/boletin/20160204-colaplamed.pdf

October 4-5, 2016 Supply Side West

One of largest trade shows with 1,700 of the world's top health ingredient suppliers and equipment companies, as well as lab-testing firms, logistics and packaging experts.

Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America http://west.supplysideshow.com/

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October 5-6, 2016 BÉNÉFIQ - International Rendezvous on Health Ingredients Conference and Exhibition

Bénéfiq 2016 will include an exhibition with suppliers of natural ingredients used in natural health products, functional foods, medical foods and cosmeceuticals.

Québec City Convention Centre, Québec, Canada http://www.benefiq.ca/eng/

October 5-8, 2016 HERBAL ASIA 2016: The 10th International Trade Show & Conference for Herbal, Green & Natural Trade Show and Market Place Co-located with the 7th Herbal Asia International Conference

Exhibitors will include growers and suppliers of botanical raw materials, traders, finished herbal product manufacturers, herbal product retailers, industry associations and relevant governmental agencies.

MATRADE Exhibition & Convention Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia http://www.herbalasia.biz/

November 24-25, 2016 V Jornadas Nacionales de Plantas Aromáticas Nativas y sus aceites esenciales I Jornadas Nacionales de Plantas Medicinales Nativas

Conference objectives include providing latest research on Argentinian native medicinal and aromatic species and their essential oils, promote conservation, domestication, utilization and sustainable use, ethnomedical uses, ethnobotanical research, taxonomy, and standards for native medicinal and aromatic plants.

Centro Cultural Melipal, Esquel, Chubut, Argentine Republic http://inta.gob.ar/sites/default/files/2da_cir.5o_jorn._arom._nativas_final_- _2016_logo_nuevo_diseno.pdf

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November 29 – December 1, 2016 Health ingredients Europe (HiE) & Natural ingredients (Ni)

HiE & Ni is one of leading global events for ingredients used in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, functional foods & healthy beverages.

Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany http://www.figlobal.com/hieurope/home

March 29-30, 2017 MAP EXPO – The Global Marketplace for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

Exhibitor profile: Suppliers of medicinal and aromatic plants, essential oils, fatty oil, gums, resins, botanical active ingredients, plant-based drugs, teas and tinctures.

Beusegebouw Eindhoven, Kingdom of the Netherlands. http://www.nbi-international.com/exhibitions/

April 13-18, 2017 3rd Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MESMAP-3)

Conference themes include: Agricultural Practices of MAPs, Biodiversity, Botany & Ethnobotany & Ethnopharmacology, Conservation, Management and Sustainable Uses of MAPs & NWFPs. Herbal & Traditional Medicines, Industrial Processing Technologies of MAPs, Legislations on MAPs & NWFPs, Marketing of MAPs and Products, Non- Governmental & Non-Profit Organizations (NGO & NPO) on MAPs, Standardization and Quality of MAP Products.

Girne (Kyrenia), Republic of Cyprus http://www.mesmap.org/

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8. Herb Profile: Greater Galangal Rhizome

Greater galangal (Alpinia galanga) is a native medicinal plant of South Asian (India) and South-eastern Asian (Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam) biodiversity. It is both wild collected and cultivated in Republic of India where it is widely used in the Indian systems of Medicine (Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani). In India it grows wild in the eastern Himalayas as well as in South-western India. It is also cultivated throughout India especially in South India and in East Bengal (Bangladesh),1 as well as in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines,2 and Sri Lanka.3

Nomenclature: Pharmacopoeial names: Alpiniae Galangae Rhizoma, Languatis Galangae Rhizoma Botanical name: Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. (Zingiberaceae) Common names: Arabic: Bekh-e-Khulanjan Assamese: Khulanjaana Bengali: Barakalijan, Kulanjan, Kulinjan, Kurachi Vach Burmese: Padegaw – gyi, Padagogi Chinese: Hong dou kou (红豆蔻) English: Greater galangal rhizome Filipino: Langkawas Gujarati: Kulinja, Kulinjan Jaanu Hindi: Barakolinjan, Kulanjan Indian trade names: Kulinjan, Koshtakulinjan, Rasnamool Indonesian: Langkuas Kannada: Dumbarasme Malay: Lengkuas Malayalam: Aratta, Perasatta Marathi: Koshtkulaya, Kulinlan, Koshta Kulinjan, Mothe kolanjan Oriya: Kulanjana, Sugandhamula, Malaya Vaca, Mahabhari Vaca, Rasna Sanskrit: Sugandhmula, Malaya, Vaca, Sthulagranthih, Mahabhari Vaca, Rasna Sinhala: Aratta, Mahaaratta, Kaluwala Tamil: Anandam, Arattai, Arduban, Peraratti, Tumbarattagam Telegu: Dumparashtrakamu, Kachoramu, Peddadumparsh trokamu Thai: Kha, kha yuak Urdu: Khulanjan

Origin, Natural Distribution:

Alpinia galanga is native to Republic of India where it is widely used in the Indian systems of medicine (Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani).4 Outside of India, it also occurs in parts of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar,5 Kingdom of Thailand, Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Republic of Indonesia, Malaysia, and in the People’s Republic of China, where it reportedly

1 Unani Pharmacopoeia Committee. Khulanjan. In: The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume II. New Delhi: Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 2007. 2 Institute for Medical Research. Rhizoma Alpiniae Galangae. In: Malaysian Herbal Monograph, Volume I. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Malaysian Monograph Committee. 1999. 3 Arambewela L, Wijesinghe A. Alpinia galanga. In: Sri Lankan Medicinal Plant Monographs and Analysis, Volume 10. Colombo, Sri Lanka: National Science Foundation. 2006. 4 Ved DK, Goraya GS. Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India. Bishen Singh, Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun & FRLHT, Bangalore, India. 2008. 5 Medicinal Plants of Myanmar. Yangon: Ministry of Health, Department of Traditional Medicine. http://www.moh.gov.mm/file/Medicinal%20Plants%20of%20Myanmar.pdf

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occurs in forests, scrub, and grasslands between 100-1300 m a.s.l. in the provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Yunnan, as well as in Chinese Taipei (Taiwan).6

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) Sopha (oedema), b) Svasa (asthma), c) Hikka (hiccough), d) Pratisyaya (coryza; inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose), e) Vatavyadhi (neurological disease), f) Udararoga (diseases of the abdomen), g) Kampa (tremor), h) Visama jvara (intermittent fever), i) Kaphaja kasa (cough due to Kapha dosa), j) Asti, k) Mahakustha (group of major skin diseases), l) Vataja Sula (pain due to Vata Dosa).

Traditional Siddha Medicine: a) Cutaka vali (dysmenorrhea), b) Iyacuram (Fever due to kapam), c) Muppini (diseases caused by derangement of three humours), d) Nancu (poison/toxin), e) Nirerram (sinusitis), f) Talaippun (scalp ulcer), g) Utal vali (body ache), h) Vali noy (convulsions/seizures/fits).

Traditional Unani Medicine: a) Bakhr-ui-Fam (Ozostomia; foulness of breath / Halitosis), b) Zeeq-un-Nafas (asthma), c) Bohat-us-Saut (hoarseness), d) Zofe-Bah (sexual debility), e) Nafkh-e-Shikam (flatulence), f) Waj-ul-Mafasil (arthralgia; joint pain).

Production and Trade:

Cultivation and post-harvest practices for production of Alpinia galanga rhizome are provided by Government of India’s National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) in their ‘Agro-techniques of selected medicinal plants’,7 which is available online at: http://www.fdcm.nic.in/PDF/Agro- techniques%20of%20selected%20medicinal%20plants%20Vol%20-%20I%20Part%20- %20I.pdf. According to the NMPB, the annual domestic market demand for dried rhizome of Alpinia galanga is greater than 100 MT.

Table 1 shows that in agricultural year 2013-2014 (Apr-Mar), India exported 1,874,790 kg of HS 12119042 (“Galangal Rhizomes and Roots including Greater Galanga”). In the subsequent agricultural year 2014-2015 (Apr-Mar) 705,460 kg were exported. This tariff code may however include exports of other high-market-demand galangal species such as Chittaratha rhizome (Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe), which is cultivated in India, and Lesser Galangal (Alpinia officinarum Hance) an introduced species that is now also cultivated in India. In the 2014-2015 period, the main export destinations for Indian galangal rhizome included the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, United Arab Emirates, Islamic Republic of Iran, and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Table 1: India exports of HS 12119042 “GALANGAL RHIZOMES AND RTS INCL. GREATER GALANGA” / Agricultural Years 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 (Apr-Mar) / Values in Rs. Lacs / Quantity in thousands of kgs Country Values in Rs. Lacs Quantity in thousands of kgs 2013-2014 2014-2015 %Growth 2013-2014 2014-2015 %Growth

VIETNAM SOC REP 1,002.64 298.44 -70.23 837.00 251.00 -70.01 U ARAB EMTS 341.44 220.30 -35.48 404.00 216.00 -46.53 IRAN 74.83 110.85 48.14 96.00 100.52 4.71

6 Wu D, Larsen K. Zingiberaceae. In: Flora of China, Vol. 24. 7 National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB), Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Alpinia galanga. In: Agro-techniques of selected medicinal plants, Volume I. New Delhi, India: The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) Press. 2008: http://www.fdcm.nic.in/PDF/Agro- techniques%20of%20selected%20medicinal%20plants%20Vol%20-%20I%20Part%20-%20I.pdf

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Country Values in Rs. Lacs Quantity in thousands of kgs 2013-2014 2014-2015 %Growth 2013-2014 2014-2015 %Growth

SAUDI ARAB 43.37 88.75 104.63 67.00 84.55 26.19 KUWAIT 12.36 16.77 35.69 13.19 12.50 -5.27 NETHERLAND 31.47 14.85 -52.80 33.26 9.49 -71.47 IRAQ 1.44 9.23 541.66 2.00 9.00 350.00 BAHARAIN IS 7.26 7.03 -3.08 8.35 5.50 -34.12 JORDAN 25.35 6.61 -73.90 30.00 5.00 -83.33 FRANCE 2.12 4.07 92.18 1.50 3.00 100.00 SPAIN 3.89 0 3.00 EGYPT A RP 4.45 3.36 -24.41 8.00 1.00 -87.50 U S A 3.86 3.15 -18.39 1.72 1.28 -25.35 ITALY 1.73 0 0.87 MALAYSIA 8.21 1.48 -81.93 6.09 0.49 -92.02 U K 6.37 1.36 -78.60 3.62 0.35 -90.32 SOUTH AFRICA 1.23 0.63 -48.92 2.02 1.00 -50.37 SINGAPORE 205.20 0.41 -99.80 329.00 0.25 -99.92 PAKISTAN IR 14.06 0.35 -97.51 9.90 0.30 -96.97 KOREA RP 0.15 0.31 103.38 0.13 0.20 60.00 URUGUAY 0 0.14 0 0.10 GREECE 0.03 0.03 -20.74 0.03 0.03 0.00 BRAZIL 0 0.01 0 0.03 MOROCCO 5.47 9.00 ALGERIA 4.77 9.00 GERMANY 1.53 0.50 QATAR 1.49 2.00 LEBANON 1.05 1.00 SWITZERLAND 0.84 0.22 ARGENTINA 0.24 0.20 DENMARK 0.06 0.03 MALDIVES 0.04 0.03 ROMANIA 0.02 0.00 Total 1,801.32 793.77 -55.93 1874.79 705.46 SOURCE: EXPORT IMPORT DATA BANK Version 7.1 – TRADESTAT, Government of India, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Department of Commerce.

Quality Standards:

For quality control testing there are different applicable standards depending on the intended use including monographs available in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol V 2006), Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol I 2008), and Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol II 2007). There is also a quality standards monograph available in the Malaysian Herbal Monograph (Vol I 1999) as well as in the Sri Lankan Medicinal Plants Monographs and Analysis (Vol 10 2006).

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Table 2 provides a summary of the quality standards established for PERARATTAI (dried rhizome of Alpinia galanga) in the Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India (SPI Vol I 2008).

Table 2. Summary of quality standards for PERARATTAI (SPI 2008) Standard Specification Definition Dried rhizome of Alpinia galanga Willd. (Fam. Zingiberaceae) Colour: orange yellow (internal), reddish-brown (external) Characters Odour: pleasant and aromatic Taste: spicy and sweet Essential oil content Not less than (NLT) 0.4 per cent Starch content NLT 22 per cent Alcohol-soluble extractives NLT 6 per cent Water-soluble extractives NLT 13 percent Macroscopic evaluation; Identification tests Microscopic examination; Thin layer chromatography. Foreign matter Not more than (NMT) 2 per cent Water content No specification Total ash NMT 5 per cent Acid-insoluble ash NMT 2 per cent Heavy metals No specification Mycotoxins No specification

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9. Company Profile: Koerner Agro Export Center Co. Ltd.

Organization name: Koerner Agro Export Center Co., Ltd. European Sales Office: Winter Trading GmbH Related organizations: Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany Email: [email protected] 88 Soi Ramkhamhaeng 18 (Maenkhian3) Address: Ramkhamhaeng Road, Bangkok 10240 Kingdom of Thailand Contacts: Nattnee Bun Vichitcheep Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.koerneragro.com/ Click here for Koerner Agro’s ‘For Life – Social Responsibility Certification’ Profile: profile, provided at the website of IMOswiss AG (IMO, Institute for Marketecology). Selected MAPs exported by Koerner Agro Export Center under ‘For Life’ Certification

Greater galangal (Alpinia galanga) rhizome and West Indian lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaf

CERTIFICATIONS

IMO For Life, FLO Fairtrade, Control Union GLOBALG.A.P., and HACCP

FOR MORE INFORMATION FLOCERT database of products and organizations with Fairtrade certification or permission to trade: http://www.flocert.net/fairtrade-services/fairtrade-certification/fairtrade-customer-search/

IMO Fair for Life Social & Fair Trade Certification Programme Certified Operations: http://www.fairforlife.org/

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10. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations

Name of Organization Website Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African http://www.asnapp.org.za/ Plant Products (ASNAPP) Agricultural Export Council (AEC) Egypt, http://www.aecegypt.com/ Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Committee Albanian Essence Producers and Cultivators [email protected] Association (EPCA) American Botanical Council (ABC) http://abc.herbalgram.org/ American Council for Medicinally Active Plants http://www.acmap.org/ (ACMAP) American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) http://www.ahpa.org Arab Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic http://fapam.um5s.ac.ma/ Plants (FAPAM) Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and http://www.ansab.org/ Bioresources (ANSAB) Association for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants http://www.amapseec.org/ of Southeast European Countries (AMAPSEEC) Association for Promotion of Medicinal and http://horticulture.kar.nic.in/APMAC_website.htm Aromatic Crops (APMAC) Association of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants http://eng.eaffe.org/ of Greece (ΑMΑPs of Greece) Association Française des professionnels de la http://www.cueillettes-pro.org/ Cueillette de plantes sauvages (AFC) Association pour les Plantes Médicinales et Aromatiques de Guadeloupe (APLAMEDOM- http://aplamedarom.fr/ Guadeloupe) Association pour les Plantes Aromatiques et Medicinales de la Réunion (APLAMEDOM- http://www.aplamedom.org/ Réunion) Association Tunisienne des Plantes http://atpm.wifeo.com/ Aromatiques et Médicinales (ATPM) Associazione Italiana fra Coltivatori, Raccoglitori, Trasformatori, Importatori, Esportatori, Grossisti e Rappresentanti di Case http://www.assoerbe.eu/ Estere di Piante Medicinali, Aromatiche, Spezie, Estratti Vegetali, Oli Essenziali e loro derivati (ASSOERBE) British Herb Trade Association (BHTA) http://www.bhta.org.uk/ Canadian Herb, Spice and Natural Health http://www.saskherbspice.org/CHSNC/ Products Coalition (CHSNC) Central Herbal Agro Marketing Federation of http://www.chamf.org/ India (CHAMF) Egyptian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants http://www.emap-eg.org/ (EMAP) European Herb Growers Association http://www.europam.net/ (EUROPAM) European Herbal Infusions Association (EHIA) http://www.ehia-online.org/ Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants http://www.fedmaps.org/ Stakeholders (FEDMAPS) Federazione Italiana dei Produttori di Piante http://www.fippo.org/ Officinali (FIPPO) Instituto Peruano de Productos Naturales http://www.ippn.org.pe/ (IPPN) International Council for Medicinal and http://www.icmap.org/ Aromatic Plants (ICMAP) International Trade Union of Genuine Regional www.tugrmm.com/en/

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Name of Organization Website Materia Medica (TUGRMM) Jadi Buti Association of Nepal (JABAN) http://www.jaban.com.np/ Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Association of http://www.dmapr.org.in/MAPAI/ India (MAPAI) Medicinal Plants and Herbal Products http://www.bpc.org.bd/mphpbpc_home.php Business Promotion Council (MPHPBPC) National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) http://nmpb.nic.in/ Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association http://www.nepalherb.org/ (NEHHPA) Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency http://www.nnmda.gov.ng/ (NNMDA) PELERO CZ o.s. (Association of the Producers http://www.pelero.cz/ and Processors of Medicinals and Aromatic Plant and Spices) Phytotrade Africa http://phytotrade.com/ Polski Komitet Zielarski (Polish Herbal http://www.pkz.pl/ Committee) Regional Network for Medicinal and Aromatic plants in the Near East and North Africa http://www.aarinena.org/MHPWeb/ (AARENINA) Singapore Chinese Medicines and Health http://www.tcm.org.sg/ Products Merchant Association Société Marocaine des Plantes Aromatiques et http://somapam.voila.net/ Médicinales (SOMAPAM) Verein für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen http://www.saluplanta.de/ (SALUPLANTA e.V.)

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