328 Bhangi's Occupation of the North-West Frontier of Punjab
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Bhangi’s Occupation of the North-West Frontier of Punjab
Dr. Dalbir Singh, Assistant Professor, Punjabi University, College Chunni Khalan, Dist. Sri. Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab The Bhangi Misal was the most powerful Misal of the Dal Khalsa as far as its territories and manpower were concerned. The prominent leaders of the Misal likewise, Chhajja Singh, Bhima Singh, Hari Singh, Jhanda Singh, Ganda Singh,
Gujjar Singh and Lehna Singh continued to carry their activities against the
Mughal and Afghan authority. Soon they extended their control over the large parts of the province of Punjab and throughout the Afghan representatives from the substantial of the province of Punjab up to the North-West frontier of the Punjab and became powerful masters and the wealthiest Misal among all the Sikh Misals of
Punjab during 18th century.
Aims and objectives
>To find the political unrest in Punjab during 18th century. >To Explore how the Bhangi Sardars throughout the Afghan representative of north-west frontier. >To find who the Bhangi Sardar extend their control up to the north-west frontier of Punjab. >To analyze the importance of the North-west frontier for the Bhangi Misal. >To explore who the Bhangi Sardars protect Punjab from the invaders by occupying the North- west frontier.
The man who first started his carrier of expeditions to the direction of North-West frontier of the Punjab among the Bhangis was Hari Singh Dhillon village Pitho near pargana
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Wandi. Under his wise leadership at first, the Misal marched towards Multan in 1764. In his sway of march, he plundered Bahawalpur and then proceeded towards Multan.1 On reaching
Multan he captured the city without any difficulty but after stayed few days at Multan, he returned to Amritsar and put the city of Multan under its old master as he agree to pay annual tribute. Hari Singh next crossed the river Indus and brought the territory of Derajat under his control. He also obtained tribute from the Baluchi Chiefs of Muzaffargarh, Dera Ghazi Khan,
Dera Ismail Khan and Pind Dadan Khan. Little later after this victory, his son Jhanda Singh proceeded towards the territory of Jhang. The Sial Chief of the Jhang offered the Bhangi chiefs a formidable opposition, but he refused. He occupied his territory of Jhang including the Khushab and Chiniot. After the accomplishment, the territory Jhanda Singh appointed one of his companions named Karam Singh Dullu as a caretaker of that country.2
After receiving tidings of the latest spurt in Sikh, activities in the Punjab and the failure of his generals, Ahmed Shah Abdali crossed the river Indus in October 1764, with an army of
18,000 soldiers. The Bhangis felling no match such as a powerful invader like Ahmed Shah, in circumstances they left the territories and returned to Amritsar. Having stayed a few days in the
Punjab, Ahmed Shah also returned to his native place. 3
In December 1766, Jhanda Singh Bhangi again marched in the direction of Multan with
Ganda Singh and Lehna Singh. When Shuja Khan Governor of Multan came to know about the march of the Bhangis he at once sought help from Mubarik Khan the ruler of Bahawalpur and
* Assistsnt Prof. Department of History, University Girls College, Chunni Kalan, Sri. Fatehgarh (Punjab)
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declared war against them. A grim battle fought between them, on the banks of river Satluj, but neither side conceded defeat during this action. At last, they agreed to divide the territory from
Bahawalpur to Lahore equally between them. A treaty signed between them in which Jhanda
Singh Bhangis acknowledged as the master of the territory 208 kilometers from Lahore and 221 from Bahawalpur up to Pakpatan. They declared Pakpatan the line of demarcation between them.
A little later after this ocean, Jhanda Singh and Ganda Singh seized the territory of Muhammad
Azim Hans lying a little to the north-west of Pakpatan.4
In 1767, Jhanda Singh and Ganda Singh with their associates acquired the possession of the tract of country lying between the salt-range hills and the river Chenab, nearly as far as
Sahiwal. Jhanda Singh retained the territories of Midh and Musachuha, as dependencies of
Kadirabad, as their own share and Ganda Singh, village Maini assigned to Tara Singh, while
Bhera with Ahmadabad fell into the hands of Mann Singh. The Muslims chieftains of Sahiwal,
Mitha Tiwana and Khushab though constantly hard pressed, were able generally to resist the encroachments of their new neighbors. Although, the Bhangis had succeeded in wresting from
Muhammad Jahan of Sahiwal the greater part of his possession, thus appropriating to themselves the whole Doab east of Shahpur, while to the west of that place as far as Nihang, the country owed allegiance to the authority of the chief of Sahiwal.5
On the other, side Gujjar Singh Bhangi who had begun to nurture ambition for new and independent lands. He initiated the process of systematic subjugation of the war like tribes of the
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Salt-Range and Rawalpindi. The land between the river Jhelum and the river Indus was full of ravines. It was an arid area. Between Rohtas and Rawalpindi, including Jhera, Jagatpur,
Pharwala and Pakoke Sarae were the stronghold of the Gakhars. Gujjar Singh Bhangi soon hard pressed the Sultan Mukarram Khan of Pharwala, Karmullah Khan of Dhani and Mansur Khan of
Gheb. Gujjar Singh then conquered the territory of Pothohar, including two Parganas of Wangli and Pharwala.6
In addition to Gakhars there were other tribes such as Awans, Dhunds and Ghulers. The
Awans strongholds in the Rawalpindi district were at Chihan, Jand Bugdial and Sarwala. An
Awan clan known as Guleras, lived to the north of Rawalpindi. The Dhund tribes inhabited the hilly region to the north of Rawalpindi between Hazara and Murree. Their citadels were at
Dewal, Kahuta and Murree. It was with such people that Gujjar Singh had to deal with and make them his tributaries.7
Rawalpindi was an insignificant place in those days. It contained a few of Rawals or
Hindu mendicants. Gujjar Singh realized its strategic importance as it situated at the junction of two highways from Kabul to Lahore and from Kabul to Kashmir. Gujjar Singh, along his son
Sahib Singh, marched towards Rawalpindi in the winter of 1767. After extending his control over Rawalpindi, Gujjar Singh gave the charge of Rawalpindi to Milkha Singh Thepuria.
Thereafter, Gujjar Singh proceeded to Hasan Abdal, 46 kilometers from Rawalpindi and established his seat at Kali Sarae nearby. Gujjar Singh then went ahead to Attock, 53 kilometers
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from Hasan Abdal and captured the areas between Hasan Abdal and Attock. Gujjar Singh
Bhangi gave the charge of these areas to a Brahman named Ram Singh Padha.8
After these conquests, Gujjar Singh moved towards Attock and captured the areas between Rawalpindi and Attock, including the forts of Khairabad, Kalachita and Khairimurat hills.9 Gujjar Singh continued with his twelve years subjugation of the warlike tribes in the north- west of Punjab. The Awans, Dalals, Gakhars, Ghebas, Guleras, Janjuas, Jodras, Khatars, Runials and Tarkhelis of the Jhelum and Rawalpindi districts and the salt-range all gave way before him.
In 1770, Gujjar Singh completely won over the Gakhars. In the Pargana of Fatahpur Baoarh, the
Gakhars owned 669 villages, which were in due course of time, captured by Gujjar Singh
Bhangi. Out of these 669 villages, 192 villages granted to Milkha Singh of Rawalpindi. The remaining villages kept under his direct management and known as the Khalsa Jagir. These
Jagirs were distributed amongst the various Gakhars, Goleras, Janjuas and others like wise: 2 villages Gakhars of Anjuri, 107 villages Gakhars of Chaneri and Mandala hills of Murree and
Phuigiran, 1 village Gakhars of Malakpur, 7 villages Gakhars of Rawalpindi, 22 villages Gakhars of Saivadpur, 3 villages Gakhars of Shaikhpur, 22 villages of Goleras, 18 villages Janjuas of
Dhanial, 6 villages Janjuas of Runial, 2 villages of Pothials, Tumair, Runials and 2 villages
Sayyids of Shalditta. All of 192 villages were under supervision of Sardar Milkha Singh of
Rawalpindi.10
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In 1771, Jhanda Singh again turned his attention against Bahawalpur and he ordered
Majha Singh one of his commanders, to carry out an attack on Bahawalpur. On his way, Majha
Singh seized Khai, Sadullahpur and several neighboring places, which were subject to
Bahawalpur. However, when he was engaged in fighting with troops of Bahawalpur, he struck by a bullet and died instantly.11 His soldiers did not lose heart and persevered with fighting the enemy. The Nawab of Bahawalpur purchased peace with the Sikhs by paying one Lakh of rupees and they further advanced towards Multan. Himself Jhanda Singh Bhangi marched towards
Sahiwal, but was repulsed though not before taking possession of a portion of the territory.12
In the year 1772, a quarrel arose between the successive Governors of Multan, because
Timur Shah had appointed Sharif Beg Taklu as Governor of Multan, in place of Shuja Khan.
Shuja Khan was determined to recover his lost position. Jaffar Khan the Nawab of Bahawalpur was his helper and associate at that time. Soon the combined forces of Shuja Khan and Jaffar
Khan besieged Multan. In desperation, Sharif Beg sought help from the Bhangi Sardars Jhanda
Singh and Ganda Singh, in return for a Nazrana of one Lakh of rupees. He sought limited help from the Bhangis to the extent of ousting his rivals from the fort of Multan. The Bhangi Sardars agreed to help him against Shajua Khan and Zaffar Khan.13 Soon Jhanda Singh and Ganda Singh accompanied by Lehna Singh Bhangi, at the head of a well- organized and strong army marched towards Multan. On 25, December 1772, they reached Multan in favour of Sharif Beg Taklu and besieged the city. The siege had gone on for eighteen days when at last Shuja Khan and Jaffar
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Khan conceded defeat. Muzaffar Khan, the son of Shuja Khan fled from the battlefield. Soon the
Bhangi chiefs occupied the city of Multan and it remained under Sharif Beg Taklu.14
Further, the Bhangis make mind to occupy the fort of Multan and desired to see the temple of Prahladji situated inside the fort of Multan. The Governor allowed them to come into the fort in batches of fifty men each. For some time the arrangement went on well and peacefully. Sharif Beg Taklu was applying Mehndi to his beard in the upper storey. Just after then he heard a great noise below and sent four officers one by one to enquire into the matter. No one returned. The Governor was alarmed. On knowing that the entire Sikh army had entered the fort, he tried to flee. Nevertheless, the Sikh chief allowed him to retire with his family and property in safety to Talamba. From there he went to Khairpur, Tanwin, where he died some time afterwards. Now the fort and the province of Multan fell into the hands of the Bhangi
Sardars Jhanda Singh, Ganda Singh and Lehna Singh and they divided the territory of Multan amongst themselves. Jhanda Singh appointed his stepbrother, Diwan Singh Chachowalia, as the
Governor of Multan; Jamait Singh was the finance minister of Multan and Lehna Singh was their military commander.15
Afterwards, Ganda Singh Bhangi returned through Bahawalpur, from where he extracted a tribute of one Lakh of rupees. On the other side, Jhanda Singh turned to the west of Punjab. He first captured Talamba, situated near the bank of the river Ravi. The fort was built in an area of
1,000 feet square. The outer wall of the fort was 200 feet thick and 20 feet high. There was an
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inner wall also and between these two walls, there was moat almost 100 feet deep. The inner fort was 400 feet square, its walls 40 feet high. In the center of this fort, there was a tower 70 feet high. It commanded a large view over the neighborhood.16 In his way, Jhanda Singh subdued the
Baluch territory of Jhang, which he pillaged and captured. The Baluchis were the most powerful tribe along the course of the river Chenab. They invited the local Chief of Ahmadabad and a battle fought between their combined armies and the Sikhs at Ahmed Nagar. After defeating them, Jhanda Singh further proceeded towards Mankhera and captured it. He, however failed in an attempt to capture Shujabad, built by the Afghans after the loss of Multan. Further Jhanda
Singh marched towards Ahmadabad situated to the west of the river Jhelum opposite Bhera. The
Chief of Ahamdabad submitted and paid a tribute of twenty thousand rupees to Jhanda Singh
Bhangi. Both the places Ahmadabad and Bhera assigned to Man Singh by Jhanda Singh Bhangi.
17 Jhanda Singh then crossed the river Indus at Kalabagh. Soon he captured Kalabagh and captured some portions of Derah Ismail Khan District. On his way, back he captured Pindi
Bhattian and Dhara.18
Conclusion
Consequently, we can see that by 1774, the Bhangis who had emerged triumphant from their herculean struggles of the past over half-a century, fortified their presence in the places that mattered in the political space of the Punjab. They successfully throughout the powerful master of the North-West frontier of the Punjab likewise: Shuja Khan and Sharif Beg of Multan,
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Mubarik Khan of Bhawalpur, Inyat Ula Khan of Jhang and Chiniot, Blochi chiefs of Dera Ismial Khan and Dera Gazi Khan, Abdus Subhan Khan of Pakpattan, Gakhar chiefs of Jhera, Jagatpura and Pharwala, chiefs of Pakoke Sarae, Sadula Khan of Pharwala,
Ahmed Yar Khan of Wattu, Muqarrab Khan Gakhar of Hazara, Awan chiefs of Dhund, Ghuler chiefs of Kari, chiefs of Chihan, Jand Bugdial, Sarwala, Hazara, Murree, Dewal and Kahuta and occupied their territories. They also conquered the territories of Chiniot, Dhani, Pothohar,
Wangli, Nushera, Attok, Rawalpindi, Kushab, Kale-Sare, Hassan Abdal, Kalabagh, Mankera,
Shahiwal, Bhera etc. Some of these areas directly controlled by the Bhangis and they appointed their Owen generals for better administration. Some of these areas were remained their old master and they paid annually tribute to the Bhangis Sardars. With possession of these territories, the Bhangis emerged as the most powerful masters of the Punjab, during the second half of decades of the 18 century.
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