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'Punjab Heroes Series', the Book, Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia Is PREFACE In the ‘Punjab Heroes Series’, the book, Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia is not only the life history of this 18th century brave son of Punjab; but also a chronicle of the collective struggle launched by the Sikh community for political freedom. And this struggle has been presented purely from a historical angle. In my quest for truth, and as a true student of history, I have tried to examine the whole issue from all angles so that the facts which were not clear to me, and about which others were in doubt, should appear in a clear light. In recording these facts, I have not allowed my imagination to interfere with my endeavour. Since I am neither a poet nor a novelist, naturally I did not permit my imagination to indulge in fanciful flights. In fact, I regard the mingling of historical facts and imaginative fiction as highly inappropriate and unjust and irrelevant to the subject in hand whatever the motive prompting such a mingling — communal or the lust of lucre. The imagination can be deceptive because we cannot be sure whether the thinking of others has reached a definite conclusion or not. It is possible that an author depending on his fancy and imagination may embark on his intellectual journey in a wrong direction from the very beginning, and drift away from the obtaining reality. The invasion of historical facts by falsehood is not impossible; rather in certain situations, it is highly probable and since falsehood spreads in all directions very rapidly, its range of influence becomes very wide. Obviously, the mingling of history and fiction is a departure from the truth, and causes permanent damage to the collective consciousness of a race, a community or a nation. Such an historian is neither authentic nor trustworthy, and, above all, he distorts the racial or communal character of a people, thus degrading himself in the eyes of the reader. Since the historical facts connected with the life of Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia are not readily available where the history of Punjab is concerned, Persian, Urdu, Marathi and British sources have been tapped. There are no contemporary documents available in the old records of the Kapurthala State. The ordinances issued by the Mughals and the Durrani emperors lying there are useless, for their very authenticity is questionable. The volume written by Shri Ram Sukh Rao is a mere tract, and its Urdu version does not take one far. Even the book, A History of the State of Kapurthala written by Diwan Ramjas on the basis of the above documents does not contain the life-history of Sardar Jassa Singh. The dates and years mentioned in these books are not correct, and if one goes by them, one can form wrong conceptions of the historical events and lose direction. Therefore, these books have been helpful only insofar as they provide a few descriptions of certain historical events connected with the life of Sardar Jassa Singh. For understanding the history of this period, only Prachin Panth Prakash of Bhangoo Rattan Singh is helpful. Its author was the grandson of S. Mehtab Singh of Mirakotia and the maternal grandson of S. Shyam Singh of Natliwala, both of whom had made a personal contribution to the history of this period. Even his father, S. Rai Singh, personally participated in several conflicts and battles, and it was on the basis of what Rattan Singh had heard from his father that he recorded these historical facts in his book. He refers to this fact at several places-see, for instance, pp. 1-2, 498, 502, 510, 537, 585, etc. According to the tradition of the time Prachin Panth Prakash is written in verse. Such books by Giani Gian Singh, as A History of Guru Khalsa and Panth Prakash are full of information because they were written by the author after long and wide travels. However, since he has followed the style of the English writers, and resorted to poetic emotion, he has hot been able to preserve historical truth and authenticity. There occurs a difference of several years in the dates and years mentioned by him. Under these circumstances, it was imperative to take recourse to other competent and reliable sources. These books and records were of immense help in the preparation of the present volume and in sorting out several complex issues and problems relating to Punjab history. In this book, greater attention has been paid to the efforts of Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia for the freedom of Punjab, and in establishing Dal Khalsa and Sikh Missals for the achievement of his goal. Therefore, I do not deem it proper to concentrate my attention on certain comparatively insignificant or smaller achievements of Sardar Jassa Singh; nor have I discussed in detail question of monetary tributes and collections raised from Punjab for the Mughal emperors. Of course, some light has been thrown on the relations of the Khalsa with the Mughals, the Rohilas, the Jats, the Marathas and the Rajputs because Sardar Jassa Singh personally contributed to these relations. I had been pondering to write on Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia for the past 30 or 3.5 years, but somehow I could not take up the project for one reason or another. I am grateful to S. Kirpal Singh Narang, Vice-Chancellor, Punjabi University Patiala under whose direction and inspiration, this project has been completed. Lower Mall, Ganda Singh Patiala INDEX 1. Ancient Lineage . 2. Sardar Jassa Singh—Birth and Childhood 3. In the Service of S. Kapur Singh 4. The condition of the country and of the Panth during the early phase of Jassa Singh’s life The Death of S. Darbara Singh The Confiscation of the Jagir and the Reign of Repression Restrictions on Visiting Amritsar The Martyrdom of Bhai Mani Singh The Singhs Loot the Booty of Nadir Shah Nadir Shah’s Prophecy about the Singhs The Return of the Reign of Repression 5. The Beginning of the Political Life of S. Jassa Singh The Death of Diwan Jaspat Rai The First Holocaust The Encounter with Lachhmi Narain Lakhpat Rai’s Announcement 6. The Rule of Shah Niwaz Khan and the First Invasion of Durrani The Singh Battles against Durranis at Noor-di-Sarai and Verowal The Singh-Afghan Battle near Kathbudha (Kalanaur) The Defeat of the Durranis at Manupur 7. The Singhs’ Occupation of Sri Amritsar The Defeat of Raja Gurdit Mal The Confrontation with Adina Begh The Occupation of Amritsar The Baisakhi of Samat 1805 The Construction of a Boundary Wall by the Singhs (April, 1748) 8. The Beginning of the Age of Mir Mannu The Second Reign of Repression on the Singhs The Dialogue of Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia with Adina Begh 9. The Arrival of Sardar Jassa Singh in Multan in Support of Maharaj Kaura Mal The Siege of Ram Rauni (Oct. 1748) The Second Invasion of Durrani (Nov. 1748) The Multan Campaign (Sep., Oct., 1749) The Support by Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia The Battle against Shah Nawaz Khan and the Campaign of Multan The Title of Maharaja Bahadur and Governorship of Multan for Dewan Kaura Mal The Service of Darbar Sahib Amritsar The Service of Gurdwara Baal-Lila, Nankana Sahib 10. The Third Invasion of Ahmed Shah Durrani The Resumption of Atrocities on the Singhs—Seven thousand massacred (March 1752 - Nov. 1753) The Battle of Nadaun The Battle with Adina Begh in Anandpur-Makhowal (Feb. 1753) Compromise with Adina Begh Khan The Death of Mir Mannu The Conditions Following the Death of Mir Mannu 11. Nawab Jassa Singh, the Leader of the Sikh Panth The Death of Nawab Kapur Singh The Beginning of the Achievements of S. Jassa Singh The Attack on Kasaipura, Lahore The Conquest of Khwaspur - Fatehbad The Emergence of S. Jassa Singh as the Political and Religious Leader of the Khalsa, the Title of Nawab Defeat of Aziz Begh and Bakhshinda Begh 12. The Sikh Missals and the Security Arrangements 13 The Fourth Invasion by Durrani The Ruin of Delhi Durrani’s Campaign against Jats The Massacre in Bindraban and Gokhal The Singh Sorties on the Durranis The Desecration of Kartarpur The Lahore administration under Durrani, and his Return 14. The Rule of Tehmur Shah over Punjab The Desecration of Sri Darbar Sahib (May, 1757) The Skirmishes with Adina Begh Janauri The Support of Adina Begh—The Battle of Mehalpur The Defeat of Khwajah Ubed-u-llah Khan The Invitation to Marathas by Adina Begh Adina Begh Khan’s Occupation of Lahore with the aid of the Singhs and the Marathas 15. The Rule of Adina Begh in Lahore (April-Sept. 1758) The Tyranny of Adina Begh and the Singhs The Death of Hira Mal and Gulsher Khan The Death of Adina Begh Khan The Defeat of Noorudin Thamezai (Nov. 1758) Teaching a Lesson to Khwajah Mohammed Sayyed The Conquests of the Singhs in the Doaba and the Malwa The Attack of Saddiq Begh on the Anandpur fair (13-14 March, 1759) The Death of Diwan Bishamber Dass and Raja Bhoop Chand Occupation of Qadian by S. Jai Singh Ghanya 16. The Fifth Invasion of Ahmed Shah The Confrontation of the Singhs with the Shah (Nov. 1759) The Battle of Panipat The Tottering Lahore Government in 1760 The Imprisonment of Rustam Khan Sadozai—The Compensation (gift) of Rs. 20,000/- (Oct. 1760) The Compensation of Rs. 30,000/- from Mir Mohammed Khan (Nov. 1760) The Return of Ahmed Shah from Delhi The Release of the kidnapped women by S. Jassa Singh from the clutches of the Durranis 17. The First Occupation of Lahore by the Singhs The Title of Sultan-ul-Qaum for S.
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