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Studies on Floral Biodiversity of District Mianwali and Allied Areas with Emphasis on Ethnobotanical Uses

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Studies on Floral Biodiversity of District Mianwali and Allied Areas with Emphasis on Ethnobotanical Uses STUDIES ON FLORAL BIODIVERSITY OF DISTRICT MIANWALI AND ALLIED AREAS WITH EMPHASIS ON ETHNOBOTANICAL USES BY RIAZ ALI SHAH Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan 2013 STUDIES ON FLORAL BIODIVERSITY OF DISTRICT MIANWALI AND ALLIED AREAS WITH EMPHASIS ON ETHNOBOTANICAL USES A Thesis Submitted to the Quaid-i-Azam University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Plant Sciences (Plant Systematics & Biodiversity) By RIAZ ALI SHAH Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan 2013 IN THE NAME OF ALLAH IN THE NAME OF ALLAH The Most Merciful The Most Beneficent CERTIFICATE This thesis, submitted by Mr. Riaz Ali Shah, is accepted in its present form by the Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Pakistan as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Sciences (Plant Systematics & Biodiversity). SUPERVISOR ____________________________ (Prof. Dr. Mir Ajab Khan) EXTERNAL EXAMINAR-1 ____________________________ EXTERNAL EXAMINAR-2 ____________________________ CHAIRPERSON ____________________________ (Department of Plant Sciences) Date__________________ CONTENTS TITLES Page No CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction to district Mianwali (Punjab) 1 1.1 Location 1 1.2 Geographical Division 1 1.3 Geo-climate 1 1.4 Ethnic structure and brief history 7 1.5 Linguistics 7 1.6 Places of interest 7 1.7 Hhydrography 8 1.8 Geomorphology 8 1.9 Soil 8 1.10 Area statement 8 1.11 Population size, growth and distribution 8 1.12 Agriculture : A socio-economic perspective of the area 10 1.13 Agroecology 12 1.14 Fauna of the area 12 1.15 Flora of the area 12 1.16 Indigenous culture for ethnobotanical uses 14 1.2 Ethnobotany : History and field guide to explore plant resources 15 1.2.1 Ethnobotanical culture and exploration 18 1.2.2 Ethnobotanical review in Pakistan 20 1.2.3 Worldwide overview of ethnobotany 29 1.3 Back ground justification for ethnobotanical exploration in district Mianwali 35 1.4 Objectives 35 CHAPTER: 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 District Mianwali : A heritage of ethnobotanical resources 36 2.2 Documentation of Ethnobotanical information 36 2.3 Plant collection and identification 37 2.3.1 Floral and ethnobotanial inventory 37 2.3.2 Pictorial guide 37 2.3.3 Questionnaire : Ethnobotanical documentation 38 CHAPTER: 3 RESULTS 45 CHAPTER: 4 DISCUSSION 4.1 Conservation of ethnobotanical resources in district Mianwali 199 4.2 Impact of urbanization on plant resources in district Mianwali 201 4.3 Documentation of indigenous knowledge in district Mianwali 202 4.4 Ethnomedicinal culture of plants utilization in District Mianwali 203 4.5 Relationship between community and medicinal plants in district Mianwali 205 4.6 Medicinal plants collection, processing and storage 207 4.7 Ethnoveterinary Knowledge in Mianwali 209 4.7.1 POTENTIAL OF ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINE (EVM) IN MIANWALI 210 4.7.2 THREATS TO ETHNOVETERINARY KNOWLEDGE 215 4.8 Pressure on fuel wood and timber yielding species 217 4.9 Poverty alleviation & non timber forest products (NTFPs) 217 4.10 Impact of fodder species 218 4.11 Vegetables and pot herbs of the area 219 4.12 Beekeeping is useful incentive 220 4.13 Use of fruits yielding species 220 4.14 Current thinking and conservation strategy of Biodiversity in the Area 221 4.15 Conclusion 222 4.16 Recommendations 223 CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES 228 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praises to Almighty ALLAH, Who gave me the ability and strength to complete this project and all respects are for His last Prophet MUHAMMAD (Peace and Blessing of Allah Be Upon Him) guided me in every sphere of my life. I am highly grateful to my research supervisor Prof. Dr. Mir Ajab Khan, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad for his constant guidance, amicable behavior, timely suggestions, and inspiration and encouragement throughout my studies. I acknowledge the moral support and encouragement from Prof. Dr. Asghari Bano, Chairperson & Dean, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Mushtaq Ahamd, Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad for his co-operation, valuable suggestion, company and guidance during field visits always make me successful in every field of life. Sincere thanks are extended to Dr. Muhammad Zafar, Herbarium Botanist, Department of Plant Sciences, Q.A.U., for his encouraging behavior, co-operation and support he rendered for completing my thesis. Special thanks are extended to Dr. Shazia Sutlana, Sufayan and Farooq Dept. of Plant Sciences, Q.A.U. for their prayers. Words always seem to shallow whenever it comes to my dearest and loving family members. I am absolutely nothing without their support, guidance, encouragement and especially their prayers. RIAZ ALI SHAH LIST OF PLATES Plate # Title Plate 1 View of Namal Lake surrounding by indigenous community of Chakrala Plate 2 A view of Geomorphology of the Area Plate 3 A Historical Town of Kalabagh Plate 4 Indigenous communities surrounding by floral resources Plate 5 Mining in the area Plate 6 Drought in the area Plate 7 Agricultural extension : A threat to floral diversity Plate 8 Salt Deposits near Mari Indus Plate 9 Reserve Urial at Kalabagh Plate 10 A view of nomadic life Plate 11 Grazing : A Threat to Floral Diversity Plate 12 Fuel Wood Consumption : A Threat to Floral Diversity Plate 13 Field Data on Floral Diversity by Author Plate 14 Floral Identification in field Plate 15 Ethnobotanical Documentation through male interviews Plate 16 Documentation on Indigenous recipe through Questionnaire Plate 17 Interviews from villagers Plate 18 Ethnobotanical Documentation through female interviews Plate 19 Information gathering from shopkeeper about home made products Plate 20 Information on Bee Flora Plate 21 Witania coagulans Plate 22 Echinops echinatus Plate 23 Tecumela undulata Plate 24 Argemone mexicana Plate 25 Solanum incanum Plate 26 Ocimum americanum Plate 27 Opuntia dillini Plate 28 Salvadaro persica Plate 29 Overgrazing by goats Plate 30 Stunted growth by overgrazing Plate 31 Use of Plant in thatching Plate 32 Traditional house made of plants Plate 33 People meeting place (Jirga) made up of plants Plate 34 Shelter by the Dandrocalamus strictus Plate 35 Use of plants in making home Plate 36 Storage of Wheat husk Plate 37 Interviews in the filed by the author Plate 38 Interview from local herb seller Plate 39 Trichodesma indicum Plate 40 Acassia nilotica Plate 41 Punica granatum Plate 42 Uromastic (A type of Lizard) in the area Plate 43 Seagull at the bank of River Indus Plate 44 Way of transportation by Camel Plate 45 Herbal Market Survey Plate 46 Herbal Products display Plate 47 Traditional well (for drinking and irrigation purposes) Plate 48 Local hand pump for drinking purpose Plate 49 Prosopus ciniraria Plate 50 Boerhaavia procumbense Plate 51 Zizyphus jujuba (wild fruit) Plate 52 Typha ungustifolia Plate 53 Periploca aphylla Plate 54 Ceropegia bulbosa Plate 55 Ottostegia limbata Plate 56 Ajuga bracteosa Plate 57 Silybum marianum Plate 58 View of Dense Vegetation Plate 59 Grasses on hills Plate 60 A View of River Indus passing through Kalabagh Plate 61 Overgrazing of domestic goats : A serious threat to plant biodiversity Plate 62 Overgrazing view Plate 63 Overgrazing by Cattles Plate 64 Overgrazing in cultivated lands Plate 65 Hibiscus wild species Plate 66 Heliotropium strigosum Plate 67 Industrialization : A serious threat to biodiversity Plate 68 Newly established industries in the area Plate 69 Collection of fuel by children Plate 70 A female member carrying fuel wood Plate 71 Wood cutter doing his job Plate 72 Huge storage of fuel wood Plate 73 Deforestation in area Plate 74 Fuel wood cutting and transportation Plate 75 Collection of Grass fodder Plate 76 Collection and drying of medicinal plants Plate 77 Transportation of timber wood Plate 78 A View of Fuel Wood Transportation in remote village (Mari Indus) Plate 79 Dried cow dung (an alternative fuel source) Plate 80 Tea prepration through the use of dried cow dung Plate 81 Labour making sheets Plate 82 Sheets overview in the market Plate 83 Bamboo for sale Plate 84 Different kinds of sheets Plate 85 Sheet preparation on machine Plate 86 Display of sheets and other things Plate 87 Some plant based products Plate 88 Fancy and other items Plate 89 Shelves and baskets etc. Plate 90 Decoration pieces Plate 91 Baskets and sweeping products Plate 92 Different types of sweeping products Plate 93 Kitchen used items and some other products Plate 94 Products made by Arundo donax Plate 95 Kitchen accessories Plate 96 The use of wooden handles Plate 97 Pestle made of wood Plate 98 Display of ropes Plate 99 Fodder collection at home level Plate 100 Mechanical cutting of fodder Plate 101 Agricultural implements Plate 102 Shovel (Belcha) Plate 103 Vegetables display in the market Plate 104 Fresh vegetables Plate 105 Fruits and aerial parts of some herbs Plate 106 Herbal products Plate 107 Honey Bee keeping boxes Plate 108 Brassica campestris (Honey bee visiting plant) Plate 109 Helianthus annus (Honey bee visiting plant) Plate 110 Rosa alba (Honey bee visiting plant) Plate 111 Flowers and bucket display Plate 112 Rose petals for ceremonies Plate 113 Aquatic Flora of the area Plate 114 Nelumbo nucifera Plate 115 A local healer administrating the goats Plate 116 Treading dog Plate 117 Licking Salt and powdered herbs LIST OF FIGURES Figure # Title Page No. Fig. 1 Map of Pakistan, showing the Study Area 2 Fig. 2 Map of District Mianwali 3 Fig. 3. Map showing the dominant vegetation places 4 Fig. 4 Percentage interviews among various respondents 44 Fig. 5 Various Age Groups with Percentage Interviews 44 Fig. 6 Plants used in different fields of life 198 Fig.
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