f Public Disclosure Authorized
REPORT ON GHAZI-GARIALA HYDROPOWER PROJECT ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES Public Disclosure Authorized
BY M.A.HALIM AND GULZARM. KHAN Public Disclosure Authorized
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN Public Disclosure Authorized REPORT ON GHAZI-GARIALA HYDROPOWER PROJECT ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES
BY M.A. HALIM AND GULZAR M. KHAN
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN GRAZI-GARIALA HYDROPOWER PROJECT
ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT AREA 2
3. PHYSICAL FEATURES AND ENVIRONMENTS 2
4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 3
5. KNOWN SITES IN THE PROJECT AREA 3 5.1 General 3 5.2 Palaeolithic Tool Sites 4 5.3 Petroglyphs 4 5.4 Buddhist Sites 4 5.5 Muslim Monuments 5
6. NEW DISCOVERIES 5 6.1 General 5 6.2 Palaeolithic Artefact (Cleaver) 5 6.3 Petroglyphs 6 6.4 Hasanpur 6 6.5 Musa II 7 6.6 Pindanwala Tibba 7 6.7 Musa I 8 6.8 Musa III 8 6.9 Patri near Dakhner 9
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9 7.1 Conclusions 9 7.2 Recommendations 9
REFERENCES
(i) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Plates Description
I Pool Area on River Indus
II A Confluence of Indus and Haro Rivers II B Rock Outcrops at Kamra
III Rock Outcrops at Dakhner
IV Arid Area between Rumian and Dakhner
V Fertile Plain of Chhachh
VI Soft Sandy Area west of Kamra Village
VII Palaeolithic Quartzite Tool
VIII Erratic Boulders at Barotha
IX A Erratic Boulder at Gariala IX B Erratic Boulder in the Bed near Indus-Haro Confluence
X Erratic Boulder with Petroglyph at Gariala
XI Details of Petroglyphic Figures on the Boulder at Gariala
XII Work of Idle Grazers on Rocks near Khadi Baba
XIII A Hasanpur. Ancient Mound XIII B Hasanpur. Remains of Pebble Wall
XIV A Hasanpur. Remains of Disturbed Walls XIV B&C Hasanpur. Pottery Wares
XV A Musa II. Ancient Mound XV B Musa II. Top Surface showing Modern Graves
XVI A Musa II. Pottery Wares XVI B Pindanwala Tibba. General View of Ancient Mound
XVII A Pindanwala Tibba. Showing eroded sections XVII B Pindanwala Tibba. Showing Heavy Concentration of Cultural Material
XVIII Pindanwala Tibba. Ceramic Collection from Surface
XIX A Musa I. General View of Ancient Mound XIX B Musa I. Showing Disturbed Portion of the Mound
XX A Musa I. Fragments of Stucco Sculptures XX B Musa I. Pottery Wares
(ii) Plates Description
XXI A Musa III. General View of Buddhist Stupa Site XXI B Musa III. Fragments of Schist Stone Sculptures
XII A Musa III. Fragments of Stucco Sculptures XII B Patri. Dakhner Hills on Indus occupying Remains of Buddhist & British Period
XXIII A Darwazai. Village opposite Patri on Right Bank of Indus XXIII B Patri. Remains of a Buddhist Monastery
XXIV A Patri. Monastery Wall in Semi-Ashlar Masonry XXIV B Patri. Remains of British Period Watch Tower
XXV Patri. Remains of British Period Watch Tower
Drawing 1 Base Map of Ghazi-Gariala Hydropower Project
(iii) ACKNiOWLEDGEMENT
It has been a matter of great privilege for our association with the Project of National importance. We are greatly indebted to Dr. Ahmad Nabi Khan, Director General of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan for providing this opportunity. We express our gratitude to Mr. Naquib A. Farooqui, Senior Geologist and Manager Field Operation, PHC for making meticulous logistic arrangements during our field work. Our grateful thanks are also due to Mr. Tehseen, who accompanied us for the familiarization of the Project area. We cannot forget Mr. Ijaz Ahmad, Surveyor, PHC, a youngman with lot of zeal and enthusiasm who worked with us untiringly during the explorations. We may take this opportunity to thank Mr. Nazir Ahmad, the Driver of the field vehicle, who daringly drove us through the difficult terrains.
In the last we will be failing in our duty if we do not record the services of Mr. Muhammad Iqbal, who was responsible for typing this report from the draft to final stage.
M.A.H. & G.M.K
(iv) Authors affiliations.
M.A. Halim Deputy Director Sub Regional Office Department of Archaeology Taxila
Gulzar M. Khan Curator Lahore Fort Museum Lahore GHAZI-GARIALA HYDROPOWER PROJECT
ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES
1. INTRODUCTION Ghazi-Gariala Hydropower Project (Project) is a joint venture of Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) and World Bank. The proposed Project is of great national importance because after its completion it would help in coping with the ever-increasing energy and power requirements of a developing country like Pakistan. The primary objective is to generate approximately 1200 mega watts power by channelizing water from the Indus. It is, however, a multipurpose project to boost social conditions and improve economic structure of the peoples by giving fillip to the industrial development of Pakistan, thereby solving problem of unemployment in the region, to a greater extent. The Project envisages construction of a barrage on the Indus river to create a water pool and reservoir about 6 kilometer down-stream of Tarbela Dam and just above Ghazi village in Haripur Tehsil of North Western Frontier Province (NWFP) (P1.I). From the left bank of the pool, about sixty thousand cusecs of water would be carried through 53 kilometer long power channel running 1100 feet above mean sea level. The proposed power channel will run through Haripur Tehsil and Attock down to village Barotha (Drawing 1). Near village Barotha, a Power Complex has been designed by utilizing a natural fall of about 200 feet necessary for the power generation, where sufficient space for tail race is also available before the water rejoins the river Indus about 4 kilometer north of the confluence of river Indus and Haro (P1.II). The WAPDA and World Bank appointed Pakistan Hydro Consultants (PHC) to examine feasibility, design study and economic viability of the Project. But equally important aspect of the assignment of the PHC was to undertake environmental study and make assessment of the area covered by the Project, with a view to document and map archaeological and cultural wealth likely to be affected or completely obliterated after its commissioning. It is in this background that on the request of the PHC, the Department of Archaeology and Museums (DAP) undertook archaeological survey and exploratory scanning of the area within the proposed area covered by the pool, power complex and to the extent of 500 metres along both the banks of the Power Channel.
Before the commencement of the archaeological explorations, familiarization trips were undertaken within the pool area and along the alignment of the Power Channel from village Ghazi to Barotha. It was necessary to have a clear picture of the area to be subjected to the archaeological scanning which helped precisely in determining the targets and quickening the pace of work.
1 Regular survey of the Project area was started on 10th January, 1991 and was completed on 26th January, 1991. During the course of the survey, the area in question was thoroughly explored, and a few archaeological cultural mounds representing Buddhist stupas and settlement sites were recorded.
Here it may be emphasized that the Project area is a part of Gandhara region, welknown for richness of the Buddhist monasteries, stupas and settlements.
2. LOCATION OF THE PROJECT AREA The Project area is partly located in the south western corner of Haripur Tehsil of NWFP and almost in the centre of Attock Tehsil of district Attock in the Punjab (Drawing 1). On the north, the area in question is bounded by Tarbela Dam in Hazara Hills while river Indus runs all along its western and southern boundary line. On the east, area is cordoned by the Gandgarh hills running down almost due south for almost half of the length gradually dying out near Lawrencepur. Further east, the area is bounded by river Haro which runs deep below the general topographical surface level before it joins Indus below village Gariala.
3. PHYSICAL FEATURES AND ENVIRONMENT Interesting variations in physical and topographical features within the Project area were observed. Mostly, the Project area is plain containing sandy silt and loessic deposits of considerable thickness. The area from Tarbela to Isa and south of Dakhner is marked by the presence of gravel conglomerates, while rock out-crops are present at Kamra (Pl.IIB) and from Rumian to Dakhner (P1.III & IV). Numerous hill torrents from Gandgarh hills have almost eroded the loessic deposits and formed deep gullies and undulating surface rendering it unfit for agricultural activities and thus inhospitable for human settlements. It is only near the Indus bank that solid ground with annual silting is available for agricultural pursuits in the area generally known as Chhachh plains (Pl.V). Even today, almost all the modern villages are located in the western half of the Project area upto Kamra hills (Drawing 1 and Pl.V). The area on the east of the proposed Power Channel is almost built up of non-metamorphic soft sedimentary rocks eroded from Gandgarh hills due to weatheric changes and rain action. This heavy erosion have rendered the land unsuitable for any kind of agricultural activity especially during ancient period of history, although with the introduction of modern machinery it has become somewhat possible now, to make certain areas cultivable.
The area beyond Kamra to Barotha contains soft sandy silt and is thus unfit for agricultural activities (Pl.IV and VI). Solid land is available only between Dher and Gariala.
2 Here it may be pointed out that generally the Project area does not possess hospitable topographical and physiographical features suitable for any settlement of considerable size. The entire area except the Chhachh plain and plateau of Gandgarh hills with alluvial deposits, is practically without any ancient settlement. It is in the fertile alluvial plains of Chhachh, that small settlements and Buddhist monastery and stupa sites have been recorded.
Further east in the Gandgarh hills flat plateau have been used for the establishment of stupas and monasteries during Buddhist period (Khan and Khan, 1986). A number of such establishments have already been documented but that have no relevance in the present context because they are located far away from the Project area.
4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
The Project area being part of the north west regions of Pakistan and located on the routes of the invading tribes and armies, had remained exposed to their inroads from the time immemorial. These invaders, starting from the Aryans in c.1500 B.C. stormed one after another through the narrow defiles that break through the great rocky barriers and leads to the plains of the interior, till the establishment of Durand line in 1893. The inflow of the Aryans was followed by the Achaemenians in 518 B.C under Darius I and Alexander the Great in 326 B.C. The subsequent centuries witnessed successive rise and fall of Mauryians (c.317-232 B.C), Bactrian Greeks (c.190-90 B.C), Scythians (90 B.C - 18 A.D), Parthians (c.18-60 A.D), Kushanas (c.60-460 A.D) White Huns (c.460-470 A.D), Imperial Guptas (320-528 A.D) Hindu Shahias (8th-llth Century A.D), Afghans (1001 A.D), spear headed by Mahmud of Ghazna and finally the Great Mughals (1526-1857 A.D) under Zaheeruddin Babur.
5. KNOWNANCIENT SITES IN THE PROJECT AREA
5.1 General
Although the Project area is located on the route of different marching tribes and armies yet, due to its inhospitable physiography and topographical environments, no sizeable settlements flourished in the past. However, the researches already carried out in the area have brought to light a) palaeolithic stone implements, b)petroglyphs on boulders, c) Buddhist settlements and stupa sites and d) muslim period monuments.
3 5.2 Palaeolithic Tool Sites
It was in 1935 that during the geological survey of Soan Valley early palaeolithic stone implements including choppers chopping tools, bi-facial hand axes and cleavers of quartzite were found at Gariala in considerably worn condition (de Terra and Paterson, 1939, Paterson and Drummond, 1962) . However, during the subsequent investigations around Gariala did not yield any fresh evidence of palaeolithic tools. (Movius 1943, Johnson, 1964, Allchin, 1981).
5.3 Petroglypbs The presence of large size erratic boulders varying in girth and height within the area around Gariala were documented in 1935 by the Yale-Cambridge Expedition (de Terra and Paterson, 1939) which support the supposition that before Indus cut its way through Attock hills, its course was lain more to the east of the present river. These large size boulders appear to have been brought in the area during catastrophic flooding of Indus lakes in the high mountainious region during the Pleistocene period (Rendell, Dennell & Halim, 1989 ch.3). Some of these faceted boulders bear brusings depicting crude and abstract renderings of elephant and camel riders, hunters with bow and arrows and lances (king, 1940 p.48). During subsequent explorations, large size boulders with similar petroglyphs were recorded at present river level at Mandori (Paterson & Drummond 1962 pp. 119-122 Plate III). The petroglyphic drawing are punched into the original patina of the boulders with pointed stone tools. Since, there is no evidence of subsequent patina over the petroglyphs, it is reasonable to presume that these renderings belong to more recent times.
5.4 Buddhist Sites
The discovery of two Kharoshti inscriptions from Garhi-Matani and Kamra (Dobbins, 1975) indicated the presence of important settlements during Kushan era under Kanishka and Vajeshka respectively.
Other sites located on the east of the Project area on the plateau and slopes of the Gandgarh hills include Buddhist stupa and Monastery sites at Khui Khezana, Injulser and. Garhi approachable through causeway No. 7, 5 & 3 on the old Lawrencepur-Tarbela Railway Track ( Khan and Khan, 1986 ). These sites of Kushan period are placed in chronological context of 2nd-3rd century A.D on the basis of available epigraphical evidence (Dobbins, 1975).
4 5.5 Muslim Monuments
The Muslim period monuments are mainly Attock Fort, are Begum-ki-Sarai, Behram ki Baradari, Attock Tombs at Attock/ near and around Attock Bridge and Chitti Baoli near Kamra and Saiden Baoli on the Grand Trunk Road near Hattian. They belong to the Mughal period and are protected monuments under the Antiquities Act, 1975. Attock Fort and Begum ki Sarai were built by Akbar the Great (1556-1605 A.D) and Jahangir (1605-1627 A.D), while the remaining monuments on the Grand Trunk Road belong to Shah Jahan's period (1627-1656 A.D).
6. NEW DISCOVERIES
6.1 General
The present archaeological explorations within the Project area has revealed the remains of three Buddhist settlement sites at Hasanpur, Musa II and Pindanwala Tibba. Buddhist stupa sites were recorded at Musa I, Musa III and Patri near Dakhner on the bank of Indus. A large Fort of Hindu Shahia period was located on the hills between present Pehur Pumping Plant and Gala village on the right bank of river Indus. A boulder near the confluence of river Haro and Indus was noticed with petroglyphs of human representation.
The details of new sites in the Project area are described below in chronological sequence :
6.2 Palaeolithic Artefact (Cleaver) (sE. 72'.171.5311 N.33*.501)
The area between Dakhner and Gariala is marked by the presence of conglomerate horizons, mainly composed of boulders and gravels. But due to lack and failing of cementation these conglomerate horizons have considerably been eroded. One of such horizon, located in middle of Rumian and Dakhner on the left side of Dakhner Nullah, was examined and only one palaeolithic artefact (Pl.VII) was found at the foot of an eroded gully. Since, our present artifact (cleaver) comes from an eroded gully, it is not possible either to date it or to correlate it with any other artefact found elsewhere in the Soan Valley (Rendell, Dannell & Halim, 1989). The artefact is a quartzite pebble tool which has been worked on two sides. From one side four flakes have been taken off (Pl.VIIA) while from the other side only two flakes were struck off to obtain the point (Pl.VIIB), leaving enough surface with original cortex. It has a thick and broad butt. The ridges formed by flaking are blunt due to its rolling. In order to obtain secure dating, certainly more investigations at this locality are required to find artefacts inrelation to the conglomerate horizons.
5 6.3 Petroglyphs (E. 72°.15'.07" N 330.461.07"1)
A number of erratic boulders of varying sizes were encountered in the south western part of the Project area between Dakhner and Gariala with major-concentration around Gariala and Barotha (Pl.VIII & IX). Presence of these erratic boulders had already been noted in this area (Theobold, 1877, Wynne, 1881, Cotter, 1933, De Terra and Teilhard, 1936, 794). Some of these faceted boulders bear petroglyphs depicting human and animals in abstract rendering (King,1940:48, Paterson and Drummond, 1962: 119-122, Pl.III). A similar faceted boulder with petroglyphic depicting of hunters figure with a bow on its three sides (Pl.X & XI) was located in the bed of Gariala Nullah at a distance of about 100 metres east of the confluence of Haro and Indus. The petroglyphic rendering on the boulder had been punched into the patina of the boulder with pointed stone (Pl.XI). All the three depictions bear close resemblance with each others (Pl.XI). It may however be pointed out that figure 1 (Pl.XIA) seems to be earlier than the figures 2 and 3 (Pl.XIB & C), because figure 1 shows indiscernible coating of weatheric varnish; where as other twos are without it. It is therefore reasonable to infer that Figure 2 & 3 are recent rendering. It may be of some interest to mention here that near the shrine of Khadi Baba three young boys were found busy in striking on the faceted portion of rock block with small stones. This passing time activity of those cattle grazers resulted in making bowl shaped circular cavities on the rock (Pl.XII).
6.4 Hasanpur (E 72°.35'.46" N 33°.581.4711)
The ancient mound of Hasanpur is located about 200 metres left of Ghazi-Lawrencepur road near village Hasanpur and in the immediate southern vicinity of the Afghan Refugee Camp. The mound rises to the height of 7 metres above the surrounding terraced fields (Pl.XIIIA). The mound has been considerably disturbed during recent times (Pl.XIIIB). The stone walls of river pebbles, ranging in thickness from 60 to 90 cms are visible on the slopes of the mound (Pl.XIIIB and XIVA).
The surface collection from Hasanpur mostly comprises plain red pottery ware varying in texture. The notable pottery types include fragmentary rims, necks and bases of large and medium size pitchers (Pl.XIVB No. 1-3,5&8) Jars (Pl.XIVB No.4,6 & 7) and pans (Pl.XIV B No. 9-11) and one complete oil lamp (P1. XIVC No. 1) . Some of the rims of large size jars are externally thickened. Generally the pottery is turned on slow wheel. The string marks are evident on the basis (Pl.XIVB No. 12-14). The surface decoration includes incised triangles and circles on the shoulders (Pl.XIVC No.2 & 3).
The surface collection of ceramic data from Hasanpur, on the basis of their forms and types, are comparable with the usual ceramic types from the known settlements of Sirkap and Sirsukh in Taxila belonging to Kushana period in the chronological bracket
6 of 3rd-5th century A.D. Other comparable parallels of types have been recorded from the ancient city of Shaikhan Dheri and Charsadda in district Mardan.
6.5 Musa II (E 720.29'.271 N 330.521)
Musa II is a small mound rising about 5 metres above the surrounding field levels (PI.XVA). A portion of its flat top is covered with the modern graves. (Pl.XVB). Due to intensive agricultural activities and levelling of land with the help of tractors, the size of the mound had been gradually reduced and it is not possible to determine original size of the settlement. However, presence of pottery in the surrounding fields indicates rather a larger settlement than what we see today.
The surface collection from the mound and fields include fragments of red-ware pottery representing thick textured jars (Pl.XVIA, No.1-3) pitchers (Pl.XVIA, No.6-10), pans and bowls (Pl.XVIA, No. 13-17). In certain cases, black bands have been painted on red (Pl.XVIA, No.9-12). Some potsherds are incised with a set of tripple lines below which angular lines have been incised (Pl.XVIA, No.5).
On the basis of forms and types the pottery collection from Musa II is also comparable with the known pottery types from Taxila, Hasanpur, Charsadda and other related settlements in Gandhara region belonging to 3rd-5th century A.D. during Kushana period.
6.6 Pindanwala Tibba (E 72°.28'.45" N 330.51'.47")
The ancient mound locally known as Pindanwala Tibba is located at a distance of about one kilometer from Musa II and III, near village Kolithian. The mound conceals a large size settlement with 6 metre thick cultural deposit (Pl.XVI B and XVII A). It is evident that the settlement remained under human occupation for a considerable duration.
The mound rises about 15 metres from the surrounding field levels in near circular formations (Pl.XVIB) and from the eroded section at different points, two burnt deposits were observed throughout the mound which indicate that the settlement was put ablaze at least two times (Pl.XVIIA). It is perhaps this reason that the mound is locally known as Pindanwala Tibba suggesting that the settlement was more than once occupied, destroyed and abandoned. On the surface stone walls of usual thickness of 60 to 90 cms are visible and in the eroded section there is evidence of mud brick structural remains also.
The surface of the mound and its eroded gullies are strewn with cultural material (Pl.XVIIB). Collection from mound mainly include fragments of different pottery types including medium and thick textured pitchers (Pl.XVIII A No.1,3,5-8 & 11), Jars (Pl.XVIIIA No.2,4 & 9) pans (Pl.XVIIIA No.12&13) and bowls
7 (Pl.XVIIIA No.14-16). Others types include specimens of lids with and without knobs (Pl.XVIIIB No.1-3) and miniature pots (Pl.XVIIIB No.4-5). In certain cases, incised decoration has also been employed. Interior and exterior of fragments of openmouthed bowls are coated with dull red slip; whereas decoration of black band and black vertical lines also appear on some of the potsherds. Cordon design on the shoulder portion can also be observed (Pl.XVIII B No.6-9). A singular fragmentary specimen of pottery mould (Pl.XVIIIB, No. 12) is comparable with the Taxila specimen datable to 4th century A.D. Some of the bases of the bowl (Pl.XVIIIC) show prominent string marks. The pottery collection from Pindanwala Tibba also relates to 3rd-5th century A.D. ceramic data recorded from the settlement sites of Buddhist period at Charsadda and known city settlements at Taxila. In the entire project area, Pindanwala Tibba is archaeologically the most potential settlement site. The thick cultural deposits indicate long and successive human occupation from 2nd-5th century A.D.
6.7 Musa I (E 72°.29'.37" N 330.511.4011) The mound Musa I, about 7 metre above the field level (Pl.XIX A) represents disturbed Buddhist stupa and monastery site. The mound has been disturbed by the sculpture hunters (Pl.XIX B), because from the clandestine digging area of the mound, fragments of stucco sculptures have been found (Pl.XXA). Structures of river boulders are also visible. The stucco fragments of sculptures and friezes contain traces of red paint (Pl.XXA No.2,5 & 6). Therefore a late date of 4th-5th century A.D. is suggested for the stupa at Musa I, and are comparable with stucco sculptures bearing red paint, recorded from the monastery and stupa sites at Mohra Moradu and Jaulian in Taxila. It appears that the stupa at Musa I has been completely destroyed by the vandalists.
6.8 Musa III (E 72'.29'.09" N 33*.51'.30")
Musa III is located in the immediate vicinity of Musa I and II, and rises to the height of 10 metres from the surrounding field levels. The mound gradually slopes towards east with top surface almost levelled for cultivations (Pl.XXIA). Carved schist stone collection from Musa III represents fragmentary specimens of trefoil arched panels (P1.XXIB No.l&b2) and decorative bracket with Corinthian capital (Pl.XXIB No.3). The stucco collection include fragments of votive stupa decorations (P1.XXIIA No.3-9), pilaster and pieces of drapery fold of sculptures (Pl.XXIIA No.10 & 11). On some of the stucco fragments traces of red paint are visible (Pl.XXIIA No.5-7). As such Musa III is also dated between 3rd and 5th century A.D. during the late Kushan period.
8 6.9 Patri near Dakhner (E 72¾.14f.26"1 N 33'.500.15"9)
Patri is located south-west of Dakhner village on the hill top (Pl.XXIIB) at the bank of river Indus, just opposite Darwazi village on the right bank (Pl.XXIIIA). It contains structural remains of a Buddhist monastery and stupa belonging to Kushan period. At places semi-ashlar masonry walls of monastic cells are visible to the surviving height of one to two metres (Pl.XXIIIB & XXIVA). Later, during the second half of the 19th century, Patri was occupied by a watch tower (Pl.XXV) most probably constructed during Anglo-Afghan wars fought in the second half of 19th Century.
British period structural remains of watch Tower still survives in a dilapidated condition (Pl.XXV) and over looking the mighty Indus below.
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 Conclusions
In view of the limited time at our disposal and objective of the PHC, archaeological explorations were confined to the pool/barrage area, both the banks of the Power Channel to the extent of 500 metres and the area of Power Complex. The primary aim was to determine the presence of the sites to be affected by the implementation of the Ghazi-Gariala Hydropower Project. Within the Pool/Barrage and Power Complex areas no ancient site was found. However, within the power channel and its close vicinity, five ancient sites were encountered at Musa I, II, III, Pindanwala Tibba and at a mound between Rumian and Dakhner. These sites represent Buddhist'period stupa and settlement sites at Musa I and III and Musa II and Pindanwala Tibba respectively, while the mound between Rumian and Dakhner, represents a palaeolithic locality.
Amongst the above sites, Musa I and III would be directly hit by the construction of the Power Channel, whereas, Musa II, Pindanwala Tibba and palaeolithic locality between Rumian and Dakhner would be affected indirectly due to their close locations in the immediate vicinity of the Power Channel.
7.2 Recommendations
Since Musa I and III are located within the area to be excavated for the Power Channel, salvage operation should be carried out before the commencement of the Project. It is necessary to retrieve and preserve cultural material for the posterity before these sites are lost for ever.
9 Musa II and Pindanwala Tibba being the most important settlement sites in the near vicinity of the Power Channel, it is strongly recommended that the excavated soil should not be dumped on these sites, so that they remain available for future investigations.
Palaeolithic locality between Rumian and Dakhner should also be saved from the dumping of excavated soil. During the excavation of Power Channel, two archaeologists from the Department of Archaeology & Museums, should make periodical inspection visits to examine the excavated area.
Any archaeological feature/ancient remains encountered during the construction of Power Channel should invariably be brought to the notice of Archaeological Museum, Taxila - the nearest available office of the Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan.
10 REFERENCE S
Allchin, B; The Palaeolithic of the Potwar Plateau, Punjab, A fresh approach Paleorient 7(1): 123-134, 1981
Cotter, G de P; The geology of the part of Attock District west of longitude 72° 45' E Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 55 : 63-161, 1933
Dani A.H; Excavations at Shaikhan Dheri, Ancient Pakistan 2, 1964
De Terra, H & Teillhard de Chardin, P; Observations on the Upper Siwalik formation and later Pleistocene deposits in India. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 76:791-822, 1936 De Terra, H. and Paterson, T.T; Studies on the Ice Age in India and Associated Human Cultures, Washington Carnegic Institute Publication 493, 1939
Dobbins, K. Walton; The Kamra Kharoshti Inscription of Vasiska, East and West (New series) 25: 1-2: 105-109, 1975
Johnson, E; Notes on the Palaeolithic Site Survey in Pakistan, Asian Perspectives 15: 60-65, 1972
Khan, Gulzar M and Khan, Bahadur; Buddhist sites in Dandgarh Hills, Reports with the Department of Archaeology (unpublished), 1986
King C; Rock Drawings on the Indus, Man:XL:83, 1940
Marshall, Sir John; Taxila (in 3 Volumes), Cambridge University Press, 1951
Movius, H.L; Early man and Pleistocene Stratigraphy in Southern and Eastern Asia. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 19(3), 1944
Paterson, T.T. and Drummond, H.J.H; Soan the palaeolithic of Pakistan, Department of Archaeology, Pakistan, 1962
Rendell, H.M. Dennell R.W. and Halim, M.A; New perspectives on the palaeolithic of Northern Pakistan. In South Asian Archaeology, 1983, Naples: 9-20, 1985 Rendell, H.M. Dennell R.W. and Halim, M.A; Pleistocene and Palaeolithic investigations in the Soan Valley, Northern Pakistan, B A R International Series 544, 1989
Theobeld, W; Occurance of erratics in the Potwar. Records of the Geological Survey of India 10: 140-143, 1877
11 Wheeler, Sir R.E.M; Charsada: A Metropolies of the North West Frontier, Oxford, 1962
Wynne, A.B; On the connection between traveled blocks in the upper Punjab and a supposed glacial period in upper India. Geological Magazine 8:97-99, 1881
12 ILLUSTRATIONS Plate Plate I I
A mrSg:y;:
___= -- -I--- ::-----
~~ S _
_l g -- ~~~Plate Ill
9_4 4 7ji
;,X,-"' S;@'- -"
.n tj Plate I V
.--- Plate v .*
l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
0 Plate Vil
r - r. > -i* Q .t r .~~~~~~v-:a%
A B
C Pla te VIII
..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
A
B_ 'LbXEV'
EL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,791 ;
4.c AR -X Plate X
.;s~~~~~~~A, Plate Xl
#1 ; . , 4 .,. t
9~~~~~~~t, --- , Vt .)
B C Plate XII
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 e; Plate XliII
kO '''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4
a . -S
B~~~~~~~~~ Plate XIV
A
*
'3
B
2 CD Plate XVIl
B Plate XVII
A
B C)It0 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~D1-SF1
': . ._si_ I'~~~~~~~~~~~
l pX HIt041ow~~~~~~~~~~~~ Plate XiX
i,.-. ,,, I Ii
,, & _~~~~~.a
.~~~~~~ ...
----tZ,- ½^fgjv -?S!,. '-S - ;;;; ' <,$ 4
., 4 . Pl ate X X
= = 7 7 =~~~~~~~~~
-S 2'3"--- I
B Plate XX I
A
A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A .r~~~~~~~~~~I
Bv'. Plate XXI I
A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A
A Plate XXIII
A
_ _
4 - a A 42 - , w r. Plate XXIV
_fl
B Plate XXV
~~~-~-
w =,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,.,~
- ~~~-a;> 9 i-
A-~~~. ..
B . XjX ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SWABIDISTT:
A,~~~~~~~c
TALRACE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~TTO
'% /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~% c~ ~
AD