DOCSLIB.ORG

52167-001: Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) Gas Pipeline Project (Phase 1)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
52167-001: Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) Gas Pipeline Project (Phase 1) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Project Number: 52167-001 December 2020 Regional: TAPI Gas Pipeline Project (Phase 1) Pakistan: Main (Part 6.4) Prepared by the TAPI Pipeline Company Limited for the Asian Development Bank. This environmental and social impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE 6.4 Physical Environment 6.4.1 Overview The objective of this section is to define physical environment baseline conditions, identify receptor sensitivities, and inform what is likely to be impacted by the Project activities. The following aspects are discussed: · Topography and geomorphology; · Soil and sub-surface geology conditions, including seismotectonic setting; · Groundwater and surface water resources; · Erosion and sedimentation dynamics; and · Flood risk. The physical environment baseline assessment provides a contextual overview of the area likely to be affected by the Project activities, known as the PAI as defined in Chapter 5. Impact Assessment Methodology, and summarizes available information on receptors’ conditions within the PAI. The extent of the PAI for physical environment receptors has been defined at the scoping stage, as follows: · Soil: - construction ROW, AGIs, camps, and pipe yards footprint; - rationale: the movement of any contaminants through the soil is assumed to be vertically downward; · Surface water resources: - extent of channels and rivers and downstream from the pipeline ROW at river crossings or AGIs where a dense network of shallow streams is present; - impacts expected up to 5 km in case of major volumes of spills (potentially during construction); - rationale: considering downstream transport of any chemicals and particulates occurring in channels and rivers; · Groundwater resources: - 1 km buffer on either side of the pipeline ROW and around AGIs, camps, and pipe yards; and - rationale: due to potential contaminants movement within groundwater bodies. ESIA_Pakistan_Chapter_6.4_Physical_Environment Page 6.4-1 6.4.2 Approach to Secondary Baseline Data Collection (Desktop Study) The physical environment baseline assessment includes a study of regional and local geology, hydrology, and hydrogeology within the PAI. A literature review has been carried out to determine the current conditions, which were used to define the sensitivities of the identified physical environment receptors based on the sensitivity criteria detailed in Chapter 5. Impact Assessment Methodology. Secondary data collected from the following publicly available sources of information have been used in this baseline assessment: · Geological Map of Pakistan (Geological Survey of Pakistan, 1964); · Slip Rates of Chaman Fault System, Pakistan (Huang and Khan, 2016); · Soil Survey in Pakistan, History, Achievement and Impact on Agriculture (Khan, 2012); · Groundwater Resource Management in Pakistan (PDMAP, 2017); · Pakistan Environment and Climate Change Outlook (UNEP, 2013); · Booklet on Hydrogeological Map of Pakistan (WAPDA/EUAD, 1989); and · Fault Creep Rates of the Chaman Fault (Afghanistan and Pakistan) (Barnhart, 2016). 6.4.3 Approach to Primary Baseline Data Collection (Field Survey) In May 2018, NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor carried out a physical environment survey along the pipeline corridor in 23 selected areas, including 7 areas within the Punjab Province and 16 areas within the Balochistan Province. Indicative coordinates of these 23 areas are presented in Table 6.4-1 and shown on Figure 6.4-1. The results of this physical environment survey are discussed in Sections 6.4.7 and 6.4.8. 6.4.3.1 Field Survey Strategy Primary baseline data on the identified physical environment receptors were collected by NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor by means of a visual survey of the ground surface, soil, topography, and geomorphology, and water sampling in selected areas within the PAI. No geotechnical survey data is available for the pipeline corridor. The physical environment survey focused on visual observations by means of taking notes, a photographic record, and indicative coordinates to characterize the baseline conditions within the 23 selected areas. The level of detail of the observations collected through the field survey was influenced by limitations summarized in Section 6.4.4. Limited water sampling and in-situ water quality measurements were undertaken at drinking water sources, including groundwater and surface water sources. In addition, water samples collected in the Punjab Province were also submitted for laboratory analysis of metals. Additional attention was given to AGIs (CSs and OSs) and particularly environmentally sensitive areas that may be impacted by the Project. ESIA_Pakistan_Chapter_6.4_Physical_Environment Page 6.4-2 Table 6.4-1: Indicative Physical Environment Survey Areas Area ID UTM Start End Zone Easting Northing Easting Northing 1 42N 262161.9 3421044.5 265235.7 3419853.2 2 42N 272830.3 3409728.9 277002.7 3406837.3 3 42N 280713.9 3402339.7 282364.7 3401871.4 4 42N 290809.9 3397196.1 292949.5 3395476.1 5 42N 294738.1 3394207.8 295137.1 3392362.3 6 42N 309481.3 3375840.2 314082.0 3375081.1 7 42N 320129.4 3376122.1 326871.0 3375775.0 8 42N 353209.5 3382819.6 361163.7 3381916.1 9 42N 392097.9 3379172.1 399106.0 3377338.2 10 42N 422881.3 3367925.9 430935.9 3364252.1 11 42N 450844.5 3361138.8 463178.1 3354833.7 12 42N 499897.6 3360076.9 505730.5 3359224.4 13 42N 537456.6 3372457.3 528666.8 3371675.5 14 42N 550070.9 3372176.4 554286.7 3370375.1 15 42N 567768.5 3372762.5 557908.5 3372036.2 16 42N 590888.5 3358931.6 598969.5 3353099.4 17 42N 617336.4 3343883.4 633981.3 3337841.3 18 42N 643941.7 3334381.8 657034.7 3332110.8 19 42N 678946.8 3328868.2 668297.8 3328352.8 20 42N 688133.8 3329461.3 677066.3 3327781.6 21 42N 707899.5 3333728.4 726348.7 3330491.1 22 43N 234061.6 3341450.4 224845.0 3338731.3 23 43N 362328.2 3358894.6 399192.3 3358482.6 Source: NAFTEC/MAB’s subcontractor, 2018 ESIA_Pakistan_Chapter_6.4_Physical_Environment Page 6.4-3 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY C-PAK-TAPI-ESIA-REP-0001-07 CHAPTER 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE 09/12/2020 Figure 6.4-1: Physical Environment Survey Areas Source: Jacobs, 2020 ESIA_Pakistan_Chapter_6.4_Physical_Environment Page 6.4-4 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY C-PAK-TAPI-ESIA-REP-0001-07 CHAPTER 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE 09/12/2020 6.4.3.2 Field Survey Methodology 6.4.3.2.1 Preliminary Desk-Based Research Satellite images, with areas of human settlement in particular, were reviewed to identify potentially sensitive receptors, wetlands, steep slopes, flood-prone areas, and possible air emission sources. 6.4.3.2.2 Field Survey Activities The physical environment survey comprised drive-through surveys (stop and go) along the pipeline corridor, within the PAI in general, and in potentially sensitive areas. The field team carried out data collection as described in Appendix B2. Field Work Action Plan. 6.4.3.2.3 Water Quality Parameters for Analysis In-situ water quality analyses for any recognized drinking water sources were required at a frequency of at least one hand pump, well, or tap for each physical environment survey area identified on Figure 6.4-1, plus at least one sample per village visited within the 500 m pipeline corridor. A total of 148 water samples, including 136 from groundwater sources and 12 from surface water bodies, were collected and analyzed along the PAI in May 2018. Coordinates were recorded for each sampling location, supported by groundwater well descriptions and photographs. Given the Project’s activities, in-situ water quality analyses as required by the NEQS for Drinking Water (Pak-EPA, 2010) and the PEQS for Drinking Water (Government of the Punjab, 2016), supported by visual observations, were considered the minimum requirement for the purpose of the ESIA study. The following water quality parameters were analyzed in-situ in all water samples collected, unless specified otherwise: · Temperature; · pH; · Odor; · Taste; · Color; · Turbidity; · Total hardness (in Punjab only); · Total dissolved solids (TDS); · Conductivity (in Balochistan only); and · Total and fecal coliforms. In addition, water samples collected within the Punjab Province were also analyzed for metals concentrations in a laboratory. All analytical results were provided to Jacobs for review. ESIA_Pakistan_Chapter_6.4_Physical_Environment Page 6.4-5 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY C-PAK-TAPI-ESIA-REP-0001-07 CHAPTER 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE 09/12/2020 6.4.3.3 Permissions NAFTEC/MAB signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Pak-EPA in April 2018 with the aim of obtaining all necessary approvals for its local subcontractor to proceed with field activities. Moreover, an Introduction Letter was submitted to the Pak-EPA endorsing the appointed NAFTEC/MAB subcontractor (EMC) as the official project representative in Pakistan for undertaking field data collection, authority coordination, and stakeholder engagement. EMC then communicated with the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Public Sector Development Program
    2011-12 Public Sector Development Program Planning and Development Department Government of Balochistan Government of Balochistan Planning & Development Department Public Sector Development Programme 2011-12 (Original) June, 2011 PREFACE The PSDP 2010 – 11 has seen its completion in a satisfactory manner. Out of 961 schemes, 405 schemes have successfully been completed at an aggregated expenditure of Rs. Rs.10.180 billion. Resultantly, communications links will get more strengthened in addition to increase in the employment rate in the province. More specifically, 60 schemes of water sector will definitely reinforce other sectors attached to it such as livestock and forestry. The PSDP 2011-12 has a total outlay of Rs.31.35 billion having 1084 schemes. Of this Rs.31.35 billion, 47.4% has been allocated to 590 ongoing schemes. The strategy adopted in preparation of the PSDP 2011-12 focuses chiefly on infrastructural sectors. Education, health and potable safe drinking water have been paid due attention with a view to bring about positive increase in their representation in social indicators. Worth mentioning is the fact that involvement of the Elected Members of the Provincial Assembly has excessively been helpful in identification of schemes in the constituencies having followed a well thought criteria. This has ensured that no sector has remained dormant as far its development and allocation of funds is concerned. Feasibility studies will be undertaken during FY 2011-12, especially for construction of mega dams to utilize 6.00 MAF flood water, which goes unutilized each year. Besides, feasibility studies for exploration and exploitation of viable minerals in the province will also be carried out.
    [Show full text]
  • Water and Power Resources of West Pakistan
    Water and Power Resources PAKISTAN "& of WEST I1158 Public Disclosure Authorized A Study in Sector Planning g' c - J) A N D e XJ ~~~~~~~ S >>)~~~~~TM RHELA AS H M I R Public Disclosure Authorized VISLAMABA > 2 t \ . Public Disclosure Authorized C ,,'_ o / z 'N ~~VOLUME g,_ -THE MAIN REPORT \ < ,pre~lppared by a World Bank Study Group Headed by X f .,/ ~~~PIETER LIEFTINCK t i '_z ~~~A. ROBERT SADOVE Public Disclosure Authorized tt I ~~~~~~~~~Deputy Hlead S n THOMAS-4 C.CREYKE ~~~~< < /r~~~~~~~~~~~trigation and Agr-icultut-e WATER AND POWER RESOURCES OF WEST PAKISTAN A Study in Sector Planning Volume I: The Main Report $10.00 Volume II: The Development of Irrigation and Agriculture $12.50 Volume III: Background and Methodology $ 12.50 $28.50 the set Prepared by a World Bank Study Group Headed by Pieter Lieftinck; A. Robert Sadove, Deputy Head; Thomas C. Creyke, Irrigation and Agriculture. Without doubt, the greatest single co- ordinated development operation in which the World Bank has been involved is the massive program for development of the Indus Basin. This pioneering study is an integral part of that project and is unique both in its conceptualization and its compre- hensiveness. It demonstrates the feasibility of a new and more rigorous approach to resource planning and development and will serve as an indispensible model for engi- neers, economists, and planners for years to come. Focal points of the Study are the Indus River, which runs the length of west Paki- stan, several of its tributaries, and a huge natural underground reservoir.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Sector Development Programme 2019-20 (Original)
    GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 2019-20 (ORIGINAL) Table of Contents S.No. Sector Page No. 1. Agriculture……………………………………………………………………… 2 2. Livestock………………………………………………………………………… 8 3. Forestry………………………………………………………………………….. 11 4. Fisheries…………………………………………………………………………. 13 5. Food……………………………………………………………………………….. 15 6. Population welfare………………………………………………………….. 16 7. Industries………………………………………………………………………... 18 8. Minerals………………………………………………………………………….. 21 9. Manpower………………………………………………………………………. 23 10. Sports……………………………………………………………………………… 25 11. Culture……………………………………………………………………………. 30 12. Tourism…………………………………………………………………………... 33 13. PP&H………………………………………………………………………………. 36 14. Communication………………………………………………………………. 46 15. Water……………………………………………………………………………… 86 16. Information Technology…………………………………………………... 105 17. Education. ………………………………………………………………………. 107 18. Health……………………………………………………………………………... 133 19. Public Health Engineering……………………………………………….. 144 20. Social Welfare…………………………………………………………………. 183 21. Environment…………………………………………………………………… 188 22. Local Government ………………………………………………………….. 189 23. Women Development……………………………………………………… 198 24. Urban Planning and Development……………………………………. 200 25. Power…………………………………………………………………………….. 206 26. Other Schemes………………………………………………………………… 212 27. List of Schemes to be reassessed for Socio-Economic Viability 2-32 PREFACE Agro-pastoral economy of Balochistan, periodically affected by spells of droughts, has shrunk livelihood opportunities.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Design Study Report on the Project for Rehabilitation of Gates of Taunsa Barrage in Islamic Republic of Pakistan
    No. BASIC DESIGN STUDY REPORT ON THE PROJECT FOR REHABILITATION OF GATES OF TAUNSA BARRAGE IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN DECEMBER 2004 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY SANYU CONSULTANTS INC. YACHIYO ENGINEERING CO.,LTD GM JR 04-238 Intake at right bank Upstream Weir Gate Under Sluice gate at Right bank Intake at left bank Downstream Under Sluice gate PERSPECTIVE at Left bank THE PROJECT FOR REHABILITATION OF GATES OF TAUNSA BARRAGE IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN Summary Economy of Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Population 149,030 thousand, GNP 470 USD per Capita, in 2003) has been largely dependent on the agricultural sector with such dominant indexes of about 1/4 of GDP, about 1/2 of working population, etc. However, the agriculture sector is now in a very difficult and sensitive situation being subjected to problematic weather conditions affecting the area. The GDP of the country in 2000/01 came down due to severe drought that occurred in the country. Situation changed in 2003/2004 because the country’s GDP was 6.4 percent higher than the government objective figures of 5.3 percent due mainly to the favorable conditions of the manufacturing sector, as well as the recovery of the agricultural sector. However, economy of the country is still on the decline due to problems of debt repayment, and other medium and long-term problems such as delay of adequate privatization, stagnation of agricultural productivity, sluggish growth of export industry, etc. Major problems in the fields of irrigation and drainage are summarized in the issues of: a) shortage of water resources in accordance with population increase, b) lowering of irrigation efficiencies caused by the deterioration of provided irrigation systems, c) facility damages due to water-logging and salt, water contamination, lowering of ground-water table, flood, and; d) shortages of operation and maintenance (O&M) costs due to low recovery of water-charges, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf 325,34 Kb
    (Final Report) An analysis of lessons learnt and best practices, a review of selected biodiversity conservation and NRM projects from the mountain valleys of northern Pakistan. Faiz Ali Khan February, 2013 Contents About the report i Executive Summary ii Acronyms vi SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. The province 1 1.2 Overview of Natural Resources in KP Province 1 1.3. Threats to biodiversity 4 SECTION 2. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS (review of related projects) 5 2.1 Mountain Areas Conservancy Project 5 2.2 Pakistan Wetland Program 6 2.3 Improving Governance and Livelihoods through Natural Resource Management: Community-Based Management in Gilgit-Baltistan 7 2.4. Conservation of Habitats and Species of Global Significance in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystem of Baluchistan 7 2.5. Program for Mountain Areas Conservation 8 2.6 Value chain development of medicinal and aromatic plants, (HDOD), Malakand 9 2.7 Value Chain Development of Medicinal and Aromatic plants (NARSP), Swat 9 2.8 Kalam Integrated Development Project (KIDP), Swat 9 2.9 Siran Forest Development Project (SFDP), KP Province 10 2.10 Agha Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) 10 2.11 Malakand Social Forestry Project (MSFP), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 11 2.12 Sarhad Rural Support Program (SRSP) 11 2.13 PATA Project (An Integrated Approach to Agriculture Development) 12 SECTION 3. MAJOR LESSONS LEARNT 13 3.1 Social mobilization and awareness 13 3.2 Use of traditional practises in Awareness programs 13 3.3 Spill-over effects 13 3.4 Conflicts Resolution 14 3.5 Flexibility and organizational approach 14 3.6 Empowerment 14 3.7 Consistency 14 3.8 Gender 14 3.9.
    [Show full text]
  • Rivers, Canals, and Distributaries in Punjab, Pakistan
    Socio#Hydrology of Channel Flows in Complex River Basins: Rivers, Canals, and Distributaries in Punjab, Pakistan The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Wescoat, James L., Jr. et al. "Socio-Hydrology of Channel Flows in Complex River Basins: Rivers, Canals, and Distributaries in Punjab, Pakistan." Water Resources Research 54, 1 (January 2018): 464-479 © 2018 The Authors As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017wr021486 Publisher American Geophysical Union (AGU) Version Final published version Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122058 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ PUBLICATIONS Water Resources Research RESEARCH ARTICLE Socio-Hydrology of Channel Flows in Complex River Basins: 10.1002/2017WR021486 Rivers, Canals, and Distributaries in Punjab, Pakistan Special Section: James L. Wescoat Jr.1 , Afreen Siddiqi2 , and Abubakr Muhammad3 Socio-hydrology: Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of 1School of Architecture and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2Institute of Data, Coupled Human-Water Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA, 3Lahore University of Management Systems Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan Key Points: This paper presents a socio-hydrologic analysis of channel flows in Punjab province of the Coupling historical geographic and Abstract statistical analysis makes an Indus River basin in Pakistan. The Indus has undergone profound transformations, from large-scale canal irri- important contribution to the theory gation in the mid-nineteenth century to partition and development of the international river basin in the and methods of socio-hydrology mid-twentieth century, systems modeling in the late-twentieth century, and new technologies for discharge Comparing channel flow entitlements with deliveries sheds measurement and data analytics in the early twenty-first century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sustainable Development of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor: Synergy Among Economic, Social, and Environmental Sustainability
    sustainability Article The Sustainable Development of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor: Synergy among Economic, Social, and Environmental Sustainability Muhammad Awais 1 , Tanzila Samin 2 , Muhammad Awais Gulzar 3,* and Jinsoo Hwang 4,* 1 Department of Data Science & Engineering Management, School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; [email protected] 2 School of Business Management, NFC Institute of Engineering & Fertilizer Research, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; [email protected] 3 Waikato Management School, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand 4 Department of Food Service Management, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.A.G.); [email protected] (J.H.); Tel.: +8615558031661 (M.A.G.); +82-2-3408-4072 (J.H.) Received: 11 October 2019; Accepted: 3 December 2019; Published: 9 December 2019 Abstract: This case study focuses on how economic, social and environmental factors synergize for sustainable development, and relates to fundamental speculations, looking to unclutter a query-encompassing view of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). This study is explanatory in nature, and identifies, recognizes, and discusses the social dispositions and fundamental sustainability dimensions related to sustainable development. Three fundamental sustainability dimensions—economic, social and environmental—are incorporated in connection with the CPEC to explore sustainable development. We submit an inclusive viewpoint of the CPEC, towards the
    [Show full text]
  • B.A. 6Th Semester Unit IV Geography of Jammu and Kashmir
    B.A. 6th Semester Unit IV Geography of Jammu and Kashmir Introduction The state of Jammu and Kashmir constitutes northern most extremity of India and is situated between 32o 17′ to 36o 58′ north latitude and 37o 26′ to 80o 30′ east longitude. It falls in the great northwestern complex of the Himalayan Ranges with marked relief variation, snow- capped summits, antecedent drainage, complex geological structure and rich temperate flora and fauna. The state is 640 km in length from north to south and 480 km from east to west. It consists of the territories of Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh and Gilgit and is divided among three Asian sovereign states of India, Pakistan and China. The total area of the State is 222,236 km2 comprising 6.93 per cent of the total area of the Indian territory including 78,114 km2 under the occupation of Pakistan and 42,685 km2 under China. The cultural landscape of the state represents a zone of convergence and diffusion of mainly three religio-cultural realms namely Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists. The population of Hindus is predominant in Jammu division, Muslims are in majority in Kashmir division while Buddhists are in majority in Ladakh division. Jammu is the winter capital while Srinagar is the summer capital of the state for a period of six months each. The state constitutes 6.76 percent share of India's total geographical area and 41.83 per cent share of Indian Himalayan Region (Nandy, et al. 2001). It ranks 6th in area and 17th in population among states and union territories of India while it is the most populated state of Indian Himalayan Region constituting 25.33 per cent of its total population.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geographic, Geological and Oceanographic Setting of the Indus River
    16 The Geographic, Geological and Oceanographic Setting of the Indus River Asif Inam1, Peter D. Clift2, Liviu Giosan3, Ali Rashid Tabrez1, Muhammad Tahir4, Muhammad Moazam Rabbani1 and Muhammad Danish1 1National Institute of Oceanography, ST. 47 Clifton Block 1, Karachi, Pakistan 2School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK 3Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA 4Fugro Geodetic Limited, 28-B, KDA Scheme #1, Karachi 75350, Pakistan 16.1 INTRODUCTION glaciers (Tarar, 1982). The Indus, Jhelum and Chenab Rivers are the major sources of water for the Indus Basin The 3000 km long Indus is one of the world’s larger rivers Irrigation System (IBIS). that has exerted a long lasting fascination on scholars Seasonal and annual river fl ows both are highly variable since Alexander the Great’s expedition in the region in (Ahmad, 1993; Asianics, 2000). Annual peak fl ow occurs 325 BC. The discovery of an early advanced civilization between June and late September, during the southwest in the Indus Valley (Meadows and Meadows, 1999 and monsoon. The high fl ows of the summer monsoon are references therein) further increased this interest in the augmented by snowmelt in the north that also conveys a history of the river. Its source lies in Tibet, close to sacred large volume of sediment from the mountains. Mount Kailas and part of its upper course runs through The 970 000 km2 drainage basin of the Indus ranks the India, but its channel and drainage basin are mostly in twelfth largest in the world. Its 30 000 km2 delta ranks Pakiistan.
    [Show full text]
  • PAKISTAN STUDIES Topical Solved Geography 2007 – 2019
    0448/02 and 2059/02 | Geography Environment of Pakistan PAKISTAN STUDIES Topical Solved Geography 2007 – 2019 In this booklet, Questions in the Past Papers of whole June Series for IGCSE 0448/02 and O Level 2059/02 Environment of Pakistan (Geography) are same. Questions of November series are taken from O Level Past Papers, but they are also beneficial for IGCSE students for more practice and better preparation to enhance their grades in CAIEs exams. Solved By: SHAKIL ANWAR Beaconhouse School System, M.Sc. (Geography / University Distinction) Garden Town Campus, Lahore (History) Academia: Center of Excellence, M.A. P Block, Model Town Ext. Lahore M.A. (Political Science) Phone: 0332-4858610 M.A. (Teacher Education) Email: [email protected] Solved by: Shakil Anwar (03324858610) CONTENTS Unit: Introduction 0.1 About the Author 0.2 Table of Contents 0.3 The Land of Pakistan Unit 1: The Natural Topography, including drainage 1.1 Northern, North-Western and Western Mountains 1.2 The Desert Areas Unit 2: Climate 2.1 Climatic Elements (Temperature, Rainfall, Winds etc 2.2 Effects of Climate on Life of the People 2.3 Climatic Hazards (Floods, Storms, Soil Erosion, Draughts etc.) Unit 3: Natural Resources-an Issue of Sustainability of Water 3.1 Rivers and Dams of Pakistan 3.2 Irrigation System 3.3 Indus Water Treaty 3.4 Water-logging and Salinity 3.5 Water Deficiency/Water Pollution Unit 4: Forests 4.1 Types of Forests in Pakistan 4.2 Importance/Uses of Forests 4.3 Afforestation/Deforestation and Solutions Unit 5: Mineral Resources
    [Show full text]
  • Topography of Pakistan”
    whatsapp: +92 323 509 4443, email: [email protected] Chapter 1 “Topography of Pakistan” www.megalecture.com www.youtube.com/megalecture Page 1 of 26 whatsapp: +92 323 509 4443, email: [email protected] Definitions: Topography : it is the detailed study of the surface features of a region. ● Hills and Mountains: A Hill is generally considered to be an elevated piece of land less than 600 - 610 meters high, and a Mountain is an elevation of land that is more than 610m high. Some hills are called mountains while some mountains are referred to as hills. ● A Mountain Range is a succession of mountains which have the same direction, age and same causes of formation etc A snowfield is a huge permanent expanse of snow ● Relief/ topography: the condition of the land related to the rocks,ups and dowrs eroded and depositional features like valleys, rock type,passes etc ● Drainage :it is related to the eroded and depoditional! Features of the rivers like ox-low lake,meander,levees etc .all tyeps of river patterns including dendafric is part of drainage. ● Gorges :they are an irregular depression in a valley. ● Cirque : are regular depression made by the movment of glaciers. ● Valley: plain land between two mountains. ● Passes: a natural path which connects two areas in mountainous region. ● Snowfield : A plain field covered with snow usually above the snow line (4000m) ● Ravine :A deep narrow gorge with steep sides ● Gully : A revine formed by water activity ● Glaciers:Tongue shaped mass of ice moving slow down the valley ● Streams /Springs:
    [Show full text]
  • Ichthyofaunal Diversity of Muzaffargarh and Taunsa Punjab (TP) Link
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2016; 4(2): 11-12 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Ichthyofaunal diversity of Muzaffargarh and JEZS 2016; 4(2): 11-12 © 2016 JEZS Taunsa Punjab (TP) link canals, Punjab, Received: 17-01-2016 Accepted: 21-02-2016 Pakistan Asim Ullah Faculty of Fisheries and Wildlife, Asim Ullah, Wajid Ullah, Aina Bibi, Hameed Ur Rehman, University of veterinary and Muhammad Bilal Ahmed animal sciences Lahore, Pakistan Wajid Ullah Abstract Department of Chemistry, The present study was carried out to find out the ichthyofaunal diversity of two canals i.e, Muzaffargarh Kohat University of Science and and Taunsa Punjab linked canal of Punjab, Pakistan during the period of January to December 2015. A Technology, Kohat-26000, total 7 species were find out to identified in which four were belong to one family cyprinidae, while the KPK, Pakistan other three were belong to the different three families, cichlidae, channidae and poeciliidae tropica. Aina Bibi Keywords: Muzaffargarh, Taunsa Punjab linked canals, ichthyofaunal diversity. Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat-26000, 1. Introduction KPK, Pakistan Biodiversity refers to the extent, diversity and distribution across biological scales ranging through genetics and life forms of populations, species, communities and ecosystems [1]. Hameed Ur Rehman Biodiversity directs the lifestyle of living organisms to act in response to changes in the Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and environment and provides the ecosystem goods that support the welfare of human, e.g., [2, 3, 4] Technology, Kohat-26000, cleaning of the water and recycling of the nutrients etc .
    [Show full text]