“y o—J “
KHS OF TH E P U N J
B Y
R. E . P A RRY .
Late Indian ArmyRes erve of Offic ers s ome
time A ctin g C aptain and Adj utant z/15t-h Lu n i h me m t he 5th dhia a S k s . S o ti e at ac d 3
S s .
”D " do \ r
LO ND O N
D R A N E ' S ,
D ANEGELD H O U S E ,
82 A F ARRINGD O N STREET C 4 E . , , .
O N TE N TS C .
P reface
Chapter l— Religion and H is tory
’ 2 — Char acteri s tic s of the Jat
3— Sikh Vill ag e Life
4 — The E conomic Geography of the P unj ab ( i) The Contr ol of E nvir on
5 Agr icu ltu re and Indu s tri es
G— Rec ruiting Methods
Index
Bibliography
P RE F AGE .
m
Thi s little book is written with the obj ect of giving tothe general pu blic s ome idea of one of our mos t loyal I nd i an s ects ; thou gh its nu m er s ar e om ar a e few et b c p tiv ly , yit played nosmall share in u pholding the traditions of tli e Br iti sh E mpir e in nol es s than s ix theatres f w r 0 a .
N otru e picture wou ld b e complet e with ou t s ome account of the envir onment that has ed t m the h r er h s help o ould Sik ch a act . T i environment is esp eci ally typic al in the Lu d ana d s r and is here h hi i t ict , it t t at some of the fines t typ es of Sikh manhood are met with .
S ome attempt has b een mad e togive the i mitated pronunciation of the P unj abi words u s ed
I t ake thi s opportunity of thanking P r f r L d f r h m oess o L . W . y e o aving i bu ed me with s ome of the ideas on E conomic Geo ra h and C a a n B ur es s for n g p y , pt i g , givi g me hree hoo ra hs f i w r s rs t p t g p o S kh e tle . m N otic e of errors will be mos t welco e .
P . E . R .
1 2 9 . Oct . , 1
ikhs of the P un ab The S j .
CH AP TER I .
RE LBG IO N AN D H IST O RY .
hs ar e not a t ri e or r a e b u t an The S ik b c ,
is order of milit ary H indu di s senter s . Sikh m “ i r f the s ord s n e u on the s ee s a eligion o w , i c p t l All r u kh s e n did it s s u cc es s dep end . t e Si b lo g ‘ ” h rh t the K ha s a or rot e ood of the E ec . o l , b l t I nitiation into the brotherhood is only oh t ained hrou h the P ah ul a e r t g ( g t ) , o
a sm of er N o one is a h b pti wat . Sik by
rt u f rt h hu s . i u mm vi e o bi . T it s q ite co on for a Sikh father tohave s ev eral H indu children
Thes e are the five ou tw ard s igns of S h sm ea h e nn n ik i , c b gi i g with the l etter K and known as the five K ukkas 1 2 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB
l ) K es or on ha r 2 K un ( , l g i ; ( ) ga,
or wooden comb u sed tosecure the top - knot ; ” 3 K a hh or h r ( ) c , s ot white drawers worn ” ne tothe s n 4 K ar xt ki ; ( ) a, or ir on brace
let and 5 K handa or sho w - ; ( ) , rt t oed ged d r A agge . ll true Sikhs bear the title of S n h r T o on . h i g , li e following alsomu s t
’ z — A s b e o served m . nen r m b , b ti c e f o tobacco, no meat! mu s t b e e aten except the flesh of animals d ecapitated by one blow or “ ha a cas is n r J tk , te ot to b e ecogni sed ; ” K ar P ar had r r en a s , o s ac am tal food taken from a common di sh to break down c as te mu s t b e eaten ; the s teel and turb an mu s t b e worn ; the hair mu s t b e let down and comb ed at l eas t twic e a d ay; the body mu s t b e b athed r ur n th in old a er n f equ ently d i g e dayc w t , a d
the ran h or s red r n s G th S a ib , ac w iti g , mu s b e r ead morn n and e en n and t i g v i g , if
os s e e ore meals . p ibl , b f
The spiritu al teachers of the Sikhs were ” the ten urus s n m rder G , who e a es in o of living are as follows
B an 14 69 t 5 1 . aba N ak o1 39
An 2 . gad 1539 to1 552 A a 15 5 t 5 4 3 . mr D s 2 o1 7
m D s 15 74 to1581 4 . Ra i
Ar 1581 t 5 . j an o1606 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB I 3
6 H r . e Govind 1606 to1645
7 . H ar Rai 1645 to1661
8 . E ar K i shin 1 661 to1 664 e h B h 9 . T g a adur 1664 to1675
vin 10. Gé d Singh 1675 to1708
The fir s Guru B an w t , aba N ak , as born
near Lahore in th P un a m d n ro , e j b , a i an e vi n men of h mm d n hu h t Mo a e an i flu enc es . T s e
w m m r as i bu ed with monotheis . H e p eached a v er y mild and gentle doctrine — All men w ere equ al in s ight of God ; God w as un iv er s al and did not b elong to anyp ar ticu lar r n Men er e not s eligio . w to live an a cetic
fe b ut ere to e u ri h and ur es li , w liv p g t p e liv , amid every - days c enes of bu s ines s and plea ’ su r N an s on e on of od is e res sed e . ak c c pti G xp by the b eginning of the Sikh morning prayer
o is one H is nam is rue H e is G d , e t ,
the r e or u r hou en C at , witho t fea , wit t
m me es s B e n F rm es s h s ity , Ti l i g , o l , a
ne er ome n o om is s e - e s n v c i t a w b , lf xi ti g ,
r r i g eat and me c ful .
U nder An sm rela sed i nto an gad , Sikhi p An a g d . s n m s es b ut s a cetic te dency a ong its di cipl , thi
andler The M antle of the E as t . 141 . C , p 1 4 T H E S I K H S or T H E P U N J AB
Amr D a s . w as he d in he Amr D as his su r l c ck by , cc esso .
Ram D Ram D as w as the founder of the oden as . G l ” Tem e or D ar ar S ah Amr r pl , b ib , at its a
the L ke of mm r t m a I ot ali y . A rits ar is the M ec a of the S hs w ho o t r c ik , fl ck owo ship
the ho oo or G ran h in th de ly b k , t , e Gol n
Tem e and to u r f hems e es b s h pl , p i y t lv ywa ing
i h h r f s r n t e oly w ate o the ac ed tank .
w r r Ar an Arj an as the g ea t o g ani s er of Sikhi sm ; j . he s et on a firm fou nda on nd w t e it ti , a as h ” om er of the Gran h h r c pil t Sa ib , o S ikh
s r ures h h on n th r n s f c ipt , w ic c ta i e w iti g o
N ana h e ra s fr om th or of K a r k , wit xt ct e w ks bi
m n nd n m r r n h s an Ra a a o e o a s s . d , c t p y ai t T i book w as afterw ard s c alled the Adi Granth todi s tingu ish it from the D as wen B ad shah ki Gr n h r e n Go nd S n h the a t , w itt by vi i g ,
r Th Adi r nth is tenth and las t Gu u . e G a
r e n in P un h r a ers h ch are w itt j abi c a ct , w i
no n as Gurumukh or r n of the Guru k w i , w iti g ,
r u h u and is metric al th o g o t .
Ar ho e er ou d not r es s the j an, w v , c l i t
m on tomedd e h o s and as a te pta ti l wit p litic , res u lt w as impr i s oned by the E mp er or
for h n a en ar in S ahangas . at D elhi avi g t k p t
‘ ’ r e aiding a r ebellion ag ains t the E mp e or s ru l . Thi s s evere imp ri s onment h astened the ’ h s er fa or mar ed a urn G uru s d eath . T i v y ct k t S OM E O R C U ITI NG S TA F E R FF , E G M E TAL E R I D P 6 T L UD I A A. N , H N
T LCH LO N ROAD O U T S I DE W ALL or K U LH U R . T YP I CAL G AL I O R STREET N ote hou s es o m m a e ls . f I A I V ILLAG N S K H E .
T H E s u ms or T H E P U N J AB 1 5
in the h s or of S h sm for rom ing point i t y ik i , f r now onw ard it as s umed a milit a y as p ec t .
H ar Go nd his su es s or w as e more vi , cc , littl r G vin B a o d .
. r n r s od er hos e o w as than a me c e a y l i , w p licy
G ur us H ar R ai and E ar continu ed by , ,
B hadar w as e more han Tegh K ishin . T egh a littl t B all ad ar ’ ’ r r h ef and in the end w as au h and a obbe c i , c g t h M u s H is od ex ecuted at D elhi by t e ogh l . b y , ho er w s r es cu ed h ree s w ee ers who wev , a by t p , as a r ewar d w er e admitted by Govind S ingh ” in o the K ha s a h the e f t l , wit titl o
z bhi r f hf es r Ma o a u . e e th , it l Th w e e or n of the Maz bhi S s who orm to- da igi ikh , f y n f h P n er r men the backbo e o t e Sikh io e egi ts .
o n S n h th e en h and s uru G vi d i g , t t l a t G , Govmd w as a man of d i fferen a i re from hi s re t c l b p S in h g . r H w s n el n r d ec es s o s . e a e e e d a i t lig t, w ll a , e s or sm n n d t rm i e n a a d an a e s . H s k p t , pt a a great work w as tocons olidat e S ikhi sm agains t h h m I s l am. T is e ac co pli shed by preaching the K ha s a a a n s e ns l , tt cki g c a t , i titu ting the
P ahul and five ou ar s n tw d ig s , and thu s forming a brotherhood bou nd tog ether by the r f s wod . Sikhs rom now onward took the “ ” distinctive titl e of Singh ( Lion) on taking the P ul o n i ah . G vi d d d not attack the doctrine of N ana b u t added t r k , oit . H e al sow ote a portion of the s cr iptures — the D as w en B ad shah ki Gran h h r m th , w ic had g eat s ti u lating 1 6 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB
e ec s on the an a a mi nd of hi s o o r ff t f tic l f ll we s . Govind Singh sp ent the res t of his life in a n numerou s ar s th w gi g w with e Moghuls , b ut w as s ob adly d efeated that he w as for ced
' " o t th d er t fly o e es t country on the P atiala. order h on a few fo o r s A b wit ly ll we . fter the
dea h ho e er of the E m er r A r t , w v , p o u angz eb , the Moghu l E mpire grad u ally fell to
pi ec es owing tothe growth in power of pro~ vincial o ernors h r odu ed r e e ons g v , w ich p c b lli
— m n h r n especi ally a o g t e M ah attas . Govi d n h on e n a r oa hed the Em er or Si g , b i g pp c by p B h ur h h o s er under th M a ad S a , t ok vice e og hu s nd w as s en to ut do n the re e ou s l , a t p w b lli r h r Mah r attas . F om t i s exp edition he neve
re u rned and d ed at N ad erh in the D e an t , i , cc , from the r esults of a wound given by an ’ h n er e h Af h w oa e ed a a s d a . g an , v g f th t
The next thir ty year s w ere among the
a es in S h h s or for the S s ere bl ck t ik i t y, ikh w
put to death in hundred s by the Moslems . h s r ess on ho e er n rou s ed the T i opp i , w v , o ly w as latent qu alities of the Sikh s . It a common thing among th em to indu lge in
night- rides throu gh the Moslem lines j u s t to purify their bodies by a plunge intothe rai s ed
an t Amr ts r n a: few e er ot a a t k a i a . O ly v g w y a a n s n e the ma ori for s n g i , i c j ty paid thi dar i g h e r wit th i lives .
1 8 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB
S n d s sens on o n i gh i i , wi g tothe s tru ggle for o er e een the e p w b tw p tty chiefs , robbed the Sikhs of attaining to that height of self
o ernmen he s odeserved g v t which t y .
H o e er 1808 Ran w v , by , jit Singh , by his in S gh . e ernes s and ron made h m cl v i will , i self master of the P un a and radu al e i j b , g ly ext nded h s conqu es ts s o as to inclu de the P eshawar
V e K shm r n u r u a a d an . H o h all y , i , M lt e b g t ou t a d s ned re u ar arm mod ed ab i cipli g l y , ell t E u r m H i r on he op ean sys te . s b att alions w e e d rilled by desert er s from the E as t India Com ’ r F o n th B r an s s e e . o e s p y vic ll wi g iti h idea, he made the infantry the b ackbone of his m h s w s not done hou mu h ar y . T i a wit t c
oppos ition on the p art of the free - living S ikh
u a or s b u t. era a and ers on in c ltiv t , lib l p y p al i flu ence help ed him toattain his obj ect . H s infantry in time bec ame f amou s for their his enduranc e and steady di s cipline . O n d eath in 1839 the army bec ame unmanageable
n to ea rul ers and enera d sorder owi g w k , g l i
The s rdar s a armed he r loss resu lted . i , l by t i
f er d d ed to tr and re o er he r o pow , eci y c v t i rr r los t pres tige by invading B ritish te itoy . Thi s brou ght abou t the F irs t and S econd Sikh
r end n in the anne a on of the P un W a s , i g x ti The a er w ere o1m h . j ab by the B riti s l tt s n fi ht n u ali i es of pres s ed by the s tirr i g g i g q t T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB I 9
the Sikhs that orders were given for the rai s ing of sever al Sikh corp s for British Am n h fir r h 4 d s ervice . o g t e s t w e e t e 1 th an h s w ho ere r res e e t 1 5t Sikh , w aised p ctiv ly a
r r n Lu n r F e ozepo e a d dhia a . The l atter egi ment is one f amous for its dis cipline and r r in spl endid phy s ique of the men . It ec uits the Ludh ana d s r a men of the armer i i t ict , t ll f
h r m n i s end r in cl as s . T i s egi e t d d pl id wok
l W F r n er c m E ra and N . . o a gypt , Chit , ti
ns in F ran e es e a t N eu e p aig ; c , p ci lly a v
h i 1 5 - 6 a e e and a a ns the S enus s n 91 1 . C p ll , g i t i
The qu alities of the Sikh as a s oldier are too e no n to b e numera ed but is w ll k w e t , it well to rememb er that Sikhism has only ’ b een kept alive by fos tering Govind Singh s ene s in the nd an Arm t t I i y , and especi ally in the Sikh r egiments which have done somu ch ‘ ’ to res er e the rad ons of the K p v t iti h al s a .
h M . l. W H u . Co C . F . . g es , C H AP ER C T I I .
H m C ARAO T ERIST lGS O F T H E JAT s u .
The char act eris tincs of the J at Sikh may b e summed u in hree ords — s u ornnes s p t w t bb ,
n n r a e e a d ou a e . hes e u a e r e p ti c , c g T q liti s a both heredit aryand deriv ed from envir on men nd o u on t a cc p ati .
The tas k of the cu ltiv ator is noeasyone ; he work s fr om d awn todu s k thr ou ghou t the
ear as his rr a e d and needs his hoe y , i ig t l w l
n . n Th s u orn r a d cons tant attentio . e t bb t a it of his char acter is s een in his love of litig a
on H e never eld a on ho e er ti . will yi p i t , w v
r a and ne er a andon his " ase if t ivi l , will v b c there is the slightes t loophol e or glimmer of su s s cc e . '
T H E . S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB 2 1
The r eligion and p rec epts of the K hals a eng end er that freed om which marks him out fr r from his Mu s sulman con e e .
H e has inher ited from his anc es tors great
r t s e u es . In oldi ly q aliti b a tle, when trained by
B r s h offi ers he ne er sho s his t iti c , v w b ack oa f ee is ne er dd ed to an and in h , v a ict p ic , a tig t
r corne c an b e ab s olu t ely d ep ended upon .
The Jat S ikhs of the Lu dhi ana di s tri ct are espe ci ally renowned for their s oldierly qu ali t es nd h e r ou h fame tothe 15 th Lud i , a av b g t
hi n . Re mn h h w s re ru ed a a S ikh gi e t, w ic a c it
r 24 and ais ed in Ludhi ana in 1 8 .
The dres s of the J at Sikh cons is t- s of a
s . Dres s h r r oun the m . d oti , o kilt, d lo , a cloth
r ur n th he d n r f safa, o t b a , on e a , a d a p ai o
r h r P un a u a o s oes nthe fee . A ound j bi j t , , o t ” h sh u r is hr n hadd r r t e o lde s t ow a c a , o cloak . The dhoti us ually reaches to the knees b ut if worn long er is a sign of high o r om m r s a an . S e es a K u a n f ci l k ti t , a ki d o u s e a s s i rn K a h blo with b ggy leeve , s wo . c h , or shor h - e dra ers r e on orn now t w it w , a ly w by
rs F orm r he r n of hem w s s oldi e . e ly t w ea i g t a ” m l r P i m or r u s r r o u so . a a as o e s e c p y j , t , a s e dom orn u s de the arm an n hen l w o t i y , d o ly t
: r f m r n by a p e s on o s o e soci al a k .
F or w alking long di s tanc es the shoes are 2 2 T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU N J AB
’ seen taken ofi to save the l eather . I have
S e o s hen on a rou te mar h t ke off he r p y , w c , a t i
r I n er m boots and w alk b a e footed . n wi t ti e
. h d r z a c a da like a ra ai is worn .
Some mes s is e u m r r ti thi b a tifully e b oide ed . I saw one with a tig er worked on it in natural
r w f - s e s . colou s . I t a li ize
‘ r r N . C . O . s and si da s in Sikh regiments
are ex tremelyfond of bright - coloured w aist
oa s . hese are se dom s een in the a e c t T l vill g s .
The s afe or ur an ma b e reen h , t b , yg , w ite, ue e o r n Th bl , y ll w , o pi k . e better cl as s wear an inner p agri or pag of a d iif erent r Th colou . e s afa is sofolded that a small triangle of the inner pag shows on the
- f rehe A u s . o ad . f ll ized s afa is t en yards in en th n u su h n l g , a d ally as ine folds on e ach Th s ide of the head . e pag is of military
or n d es ned to r e . th hea r m igi , ig p ot ct e d f o
s r D fferen e men s ear wod cu t s . i t r gi t w ’ “ difi erent ooured a s the 35 th S hs c l , p g ik ' hs e r . e r h a th 1 5 S w a a y llow o pi l a p g , e th ik ” ”
w r l l r re . ea a a , o d pag
All Sikh s when on a j ourney carrya. long
‘ ' ‘ m m - r s . short n e and s o e es a u ed tick , a k if , ti c v I ave on s een the a er arr ed s word . h ly l tt c i f ame as s ords o er a under the s addle o a c l , w v l w n c ertain l ength ar e forbidden by a . Mo ey AN O LD S I K H H O L DI N G A I AN D S A E D - P O ST Z A LDAR F ’ H AQR L AD D ER I N BACK AL H U R LU D H IAN A D I S T S I , G RO U N D L EAD S TO R OOF .
C O N E G O F N AN D S I N G H WEAR IN G WH ITE T Y P IC AL S EN E D E
T H D S T . A A K URTA N D OTI . AR E ER S F , A D H
T H E IK 2 4 . S H S O F T H E P U NJ AB
B r h on and ro her ig t , f m t e w er e t aken to s ee the K n n L n i g a d o don . They w ere esp eci ally
de h ed at h s h n ur lig t t i o o .
The S h is u e i n i ik q it a l gu s t . M any old m r 1 914 c a p aigne s brou ght b ack a. s matte ring
f F r n h w as s on she n o e c . I a t i d o c e t o b e addres s ed mynew order as : B on s or by ly i , m ” made oi s ell e .
Sikh women are difficult toget a good look
at as at the a r oa h of s r an er h dis , pp c a t g t ey
r r r" h r he appea o has tily cov e t ei fac es . T y
r of en ands ome enou b h a e t h gh , ut eavily d e c orated with s ilver b angles of all s iz es and
e- The nos e is s er e n c n s hap s . alw ay pi c d a d o
r m Th r s n c re tains s ome ona ent . e ea a d ne k a
r h v er n e nd ns cove ed wit hea ysilv b a gl s a chai . The ankles are g enerally hidden by heavy
r - Th r h es ur r s ilve ankl et s . e b ig t t colo s a e
worn .
u r s r erdsmen e r a. d s n TheG j a , o h , w a i ti ct
Th menfo ear a r ed dress dres s . e wo lk w
r r h r e and a E uro ean - e bod e ed wit oang , p lik Th he d is bl ack bodi ce with short s leev es . e a ’ r er nd e r e urn the s ran er s r a ely cov ed , a th y t t g
r n s tar e with tot al indiffe e c e .
Sikh women p erform the wor k u s u ally
m n via - l of all na e o e b efalling the ot tiv w , , r re ara on of ood and the grinding of con, p p ti f T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU NJ AB 2 5 t aking of it ou t to their hu s b ands and
r hers i th fie ds eans n of the hou s e b ot n e l , cl i g ,
f r n c w - dun dra n coll ecting o fi ewood a d o g , wi g of water from the vill ag e w ell ( as it is con sid r d r d n f r n r r e ed eg a i g o a ma tod aw w ate ) , n n f n n r w B e spin i g o cotto i to a cloth , (t o.
ll s e e he r u nd s in the s ides a thi , th y h lp t i h s b a
fi s h oe n n eld , e p ecially wit h i g , picki g of
o on arr n ome on he r heads hu e c tt , c yi g h t i g
und es of o ar m e and hei r m e b l j w ( ill t) c i ( aiz ) ,
& c .
Women mu st not eat in the p res enc e of
r n m h r m he hu s a ds , but u s a e he ea s t i b t , v t i l
r m - a p a t after the en folk h ave had theirs . When on a journey man and wife never walk r m i r r ab eas t ; the wo an always walks n ea .
h is n t om n on b ut is moreu like S e o a c p a i , a s erv nt ne r he es s sh is f r e er a ; ve t l , e a b tt
r h r m r n s r t eated than e Mu s sul an o H i du is te .
In every S ikh villag e one lit erally meets
r f r h dr en swa ms o pa tially naked c il . These p addle abou t in the w ater on the fringe of the
n r hr m h r er po d o t ow ud at each ot e . Oth s ar e found round the vill ag e w ell or the dung hea s uri n h u - r p . D g t e s g ar c ane har ves t eve y child habitu ally sucks a long piece of c ane
Many of the children hav e their h air p arted in the middle and comb ed b ack to 2 6 T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU NJ A B
form a s ingle pl ait adorned with a bright red r ibbon ; but in addition pl ates of metal are tied on to the h ead — one on the crown and one on each s ide of the pl ait at the b ack of
the head .
Girl s have their noses pi er c ed wh en qu ite h seen se era h s l er r n s young . I ave v l wit i v i g m r he r n s s of tw oinches dia ete in t i oe .
The w ealthi er b abies w ear velvet cylindri h c l s m r der s er . es e r e a c ap , e b oi ed with ilv T a th rn P a an dren ex actly like ose wo by th chil .
The Jat S has tw omea s one orr es d ikh l , c F oo . ponding toour breakfast and one in the even
in rr s n n t ur n r Th fir g co e po di g o o din e . e st ’ is eaten in the field s af ter tw oor three hours
or for the S h s r ses w k , ik alway i at dawn and
e n r . n h me i r u b gi s wok at o ce . T i s al s b o ght
u h m - n en r o t by t e wo en folk . It co si st s g e ally ” of a a s made of r e e r ch p ti , b a l y , wh at, o ma e our m ed m e n s — iz fl , ix with ill t a d alt and f m r r r r d al . P en o e e e i l ty i ch o d p pp , s
u r - sed . The chap ati s a e fiat like pan es r r r r cak , which a e g illed b own on a flat i on pl ate pl aced over a fire in a hole in th e T ” round . he dal resem es ur g , which bl c r y and orrid m xed i s r p ge i , s p ead on the “ ha Th v n at s . e e e n m r c p i i g eal, when wok in the fie ds is o er is a mos su st n l v , t b a tial one . T H E SIK H S O F T H E P U NJ A B 2 7
“ s nd dal meat In ad dition to chapati a , r e en ese e e a es and veg etables a e at . Th v g t bl
m r s n ns rros and oa oes m ed co p i e o io , c a t , p t t ix
h r Th on mea ha is eneral tog et e . e ly t t t g ly ’ h All oa s mu s a e e aten is goat s fles . g t t h v h a Jatk ' r nn r b ee n slain by the knife in a c e tain ma e . ” r m i n n s a a i s This c e e ony s k ow a Jh tk , , ’ the goat s head mus t b e s ev er ed at one s troke
r f h c of the swod at the b ack o t e ne k .
Animal s kill ed in the ch as e mayb e eaten withou t the c eremony of Jhatka — such n m s n ud th d o r n h r a i al i cl e e wil b a a d a e .
Some a es a e ommuna a e ous es vill g h v c l b k h L ang “ ” or Lan er the Jhinw r s K han“ a e a g wh , or b akers re ar the a a s ur , p p e ch p ti d ing r the hot w eath e .
A S h fire a e is made of mud and re ik pl c , Bharoli . sembles an ear then pitcher with p art of its rf Tw r su ace taken ou t . oholes s e ve for added ventilation and es cap e of smoke Thi s fire
e is no n s Bhar plac k w a a oli .
In a native regiment the. men sit round in “ ” r es no n as P an a o er r e ci cl k w g t , v thei m als . sup erintend the di s tr ibu tion of the f f ood . The evening meal consi s ts o chap ati s
‘ and su ve e a es Salii na ch g t bl ( ) as pot atoes , ” ai an ori nd nd a o. b g , t , ti Ch awl , or boiled r e is eaten ree or our m ic , th f ti es a month . 2 8 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U NJ AB
M ha P ars had hi at e. and h n me ed a ( g , c i i , lt
' u er flour s u ar is ea en hree mes a b tt , , g ) t t ti
week . m If S h The Sikh loves thi s s w eet eat . a ik
- is not a. mea ea e r he e s an a o an e of t t , g t ll w c
milk ins tead .
S h oo n os are made of rass or ik c ki g p t b , ” pital .
Theycomp ri s e
Thali— a bras s pl at e on which food is
pl ac ed .
— K at- or a a sma r s s cu ll b a p .
( G arb a — a bras s bowl u s ed for boiling
milk .
G ar ~ a s ma ras s bi ll b bowl .
T awa- an ir on pl at e on which the
ha a s re oo c p ti a c ked .
Cham ha— s o ns c p o .
G arr a- ah e r thern r r a w ate j a .
All the ab ove brass u t ensil s are s coured every evening in the vill ag e pond or at the
e the m - w ll by wo en folk .
In the covered porchw ayof the main g ate of the vill ag e of Gurm mayb e s een a very l arg e iron c auldron s ome four fee t in T H E SIK H S O F T H E PU N J A B 2 9
’ er h s is the K ar iiha and is di amet . T i , u s ed for boiling the r ic e on the occas ion of
’ ” i rr ed shzi di or marr a e . s a a , i g It c i by means of tw o) s tick s which p as s thr ou gh r ing s
n the surf e of the! es s el s o ha tw omen o ac v , t t
c an easily mov e it .
O ne morning a. big S ikh c er emony w as Taking the ” P ah l h h u . h in th ur ud ar a or hur . s eld e G w , c c T i B apt is m s a ed the a n of the P ahu l G a e i c ll t ki g ( t ) ,
- the c eremony of initi ating convert s i nto ” the h Broherho d or h s The S o K a a . ik t , l
P ul is hu s the kh s m eb t Si b apti .
F f r e r u s ere s d All er i ty c it w b apti e . w e
ohed in Wh e s afas w h r on u o h e cl t it , it i q it , w it
Th - r kurt a and s hor ts . e l eg s and feet w e e
r e . E no e r e n b a ach vic wo a b ayo et .
The a ar ons s ed of a r a s ed d a s con lt c i t i i ,
t aining a. l ar ge colour ed embr oidered pictur e
in s of Guru N ana the fou nder of ilk k ,
h m In fron of h s w s . ar e n Sik i s . t t i a a l g pi k
oh on to h h ons er e ro n the cl t , w ic c i w th w by
rsh r wo ipp ers from time totime as an offe ing .
Th e G ran h or r es s h in hand t i , p i t , witc ,
s at ros s - e ed eh nd the s a r ed ur e l‘ n hi c l gg b i c pict , G a t . pr ot ecting it from d efilement bythe hos t of fli es which vainly endeavou r ed to alight
h r e n H r e o . e w as a ene a e old man t v bl , with a on e eard s rea ed t re nd l g whit b t k wi h g y , a T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U NJ AB
w r n ed a e n e i kl f c with i t lligent mien. D ur ing the initial ceremonies he sat immovable and
h r wit eyes clos ed . If not fo the s witc h which he a ed me an a to nd fro one wou d w v ch ic lly a , l u h i r h ave tho g t h m tob e s ome idol o god .
Somre three yards above the altar w as
u s ended h e no h e tw ose o s s p a w it c a py , w il p y
d t ease ne on ea h s de of the da s . s too a , o c i i
The no es ands as ed in fron vic , with h cl p t , formed thr ee s ides of a s quare r ound the
r n O n one ea n the on o e . e altar , l vi g f t p by
n h e nee a n th altar each kneeled o t e l ft k f ci g e , and at the s ame time forming a; cup- shap e
th h nds nd res n oh on the r h with e a , a ti g b t ig t
I n h s cu - sha e the as si s an Gran h knee . t i p p t t t i
ur h er fr m ras s o and t po ed oly wat o a b b wl , a “ the s ame time c all ed alou d : W5 Guru ji ka
’ K hal s a Sir i Wa Guru ji ki F atteh ( the ru f the roherhood nd or H a ! Gu o b t a vict y , il )
F e mes the no e dran the a er five iv ti vic k w t , “ mes er w s oured on to he ur h r ti w at a p t J a , o to - no of the K es or on ha r nd five p k t , l g i , a
. F e n times it is d as hed into the e yes . ift e times the novic e rep eated the cryafter the
n a or . The re ru s sed the oor s i iti t c it ki fl , tood u r h hre a on on he r h p ig t , t w c i t ed clot , re eated aloud the ree n and on h p g ti g , j i ed t e con
re a ion as a fu - fled ed S g g t lly g ikh , with the dd f r a ed e o S n n . titl i gh , o lio
3 2 T H E S I K H S ‘ O F T H E PU N J AB
The novic es w er e now addres s ed by the
“ Gr anthi on the prec epts and pr incipl es of
S h sm h en the mu s su h as . w s ik i , t ic , c it a ,
e an Tw o om oms one c m a and b g t t , y b l , a small harmonium pr ovided the ac c ompani
ment to a. monotonou s b u t very rhythmic
h n T th mu s th n e c a t . o e ic e ovic s with cl asp ed
h nds m r und th r a oved o e alta .
B efore the d e ar ur e the s a r ed food or p t c , ”
K ara. P arshad w s en t ll s , a giv o a Sikh
r es en rr s e f s i . e e o e . s h e p t, i p ctiv c a t It a w it
m fr m su r r n h s ee e m de o a ou d i . w t at , a g , fl , a g A lu mp w as given tou s— tothe gr eat d elight
of ll the on r e a on b u t w e ou d do e a c g g ti , c l littl
r s mo e than ta te it .
F or the final c er emony all s tood while the
G ran h r s n fr om the d a s addres s ed the t i , i i g i ,
ur us n o n he r s r s . r ee r n n G , i v ki g t i pi it Th i gi g “ ” - r F attehs ( cheer s ) concl uded the ce emony .
Sikh girl s are betrothed b etw een the ag es ’ of f u r n e e Th r h r ns o a d tw lv . e gi l s fat e obtai
a ons der a e s u m s ome- mes as mu h as c i bl , ti c
r The e ro a ru es for his d u h e . p e , a g t b t th l
r K rma is arr an ed r ends of oh o a i , g by f i b t
s and is a om an ed man u r ou s p artie , cc p i by y c i The er emon r it es and exchang e of gifts . c y
e a eas en is g enerally conclud d by f t, giv by ’ the girl s relations . T H E SIK H S O F T H E PU NJAB 33
The marr a e or Shad u l M ar ' ia e 01‘ i g , i , q ickly fo g ’ l é low s the u nl es s the man is unabl e
ff ll his e r h mon A mar topayo a b t ot al ey .
ria e shou on the firs rd or g ld t ake pl ac e t , thi ,
fif h e r f n he b et-rothal e au s e t y a ollowi g t , b c
o m r r s r n d r e dd nu b e y ea a e co s i e d lu cky .
When the w edding has b een fixed on a
ro ou s d a the r de room dres s ed in p piti y, b i g ,
e o h a r n e . of o er s r ound his y ll w , wit i gl t fl w ne k s e ou t moun ed on a: mare for his c , ts t ’ A m an n him r e b etr othed s hou s e . cco p yi g a
A u s he r a the all his male fri ends . t d k t y e ch village and are met by the girl and her r el a r Af er tions with mu ch noi s e and ej oicing s . t
- a. eas en the r de room ele the f t giv by b i g ct , ’ final c eremoni es take pl ace in the girl s
” h s e n he r n ou . F e t d d ride aci g ast , b i e a b ’ room s it e ore he sa r ed fire or a g b f t c , gni . ’ A Gr anthi then ti es a corner of the girl s ”
h r . c add a toa cloth . Thi s the bridegr oom pl ac es over his shou lder and leads his wife
our mes r ound th r fir e All s me f ti e s ac ed . thi ti ’ r r r A p ay e s a e chant ed . t l ast the gir l s hand
is en tothe r de room and the marr a e giv b i g , i g
is onsumm ed c at .
" The bridegroom does not live with his Leave t akin or i e she is r o n u en he me nd g w f till g w p, wh co s a
" fe hes her h m h r n e tc tohis o e . T i s ma k s a oth r ” er mon e - r e a e n o M w . c y , l v taki g , iikla a 3 4 T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU N JA B
Marr iage c eremonies are socos tlythat a man is often unable topayfor its cos t all his r life th ou gh .
Once a wife has b een pu rchased s he is ns der s e on n h m f co i ed a b l gi g to t e fa ily . I
he hu nd dies . h d es s h w n t sba c il l , t e wido is ofte
m rr ed tothe e der roher f the m a i l b t o fa ily , if
r s i he s od es i es . Thi s known as Chaddar D alna ( throwing the shee t) There ar e
r m All . i t b e n i f r noc e e onies . th at s o do e s o “ the man tothrow a red chaddar over the ’ girl s head and at the s ame time put wri s tl ets on her arms in the p resenc e of rel atives of
r s both p a tie .
The rec ent influenz a epidemic w as so s evere in the P unj ab that I had exceptional r f n un r r oppotunities o witnes s i g f e al ites .
In K ulhur some hundred lays ick ; at the entranc e tothe vill age I counted noles s th an
h een urn n res h rem ns of e ig t b i g py , w ile ai
r - h rs l h a ou hem b oken pitc e ayt ickly b t t , showing that many in the pri me of life had
died .
F unerals t ake pl ace on the s ame dayas
h the od mu s b e urn e ore d eat , and b y t b t b f
u s de P ahir a ed a al sunset . O t i I w tch typic r on one en arr n s ra p roc es s ion . In f t w t c yi g t w re nex fo o ed the and wood for the py , t ll w T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U NJ AB 3 5
mourners tw oa reas arr n ras s es se s . b t , c yi g b v l
L s me the or s e ra ed in red nd a t c a c p , w pp , a h r w W°°d 9 m c arried by four men . T is cop se as on a 101° 01‘ r o ui e on r r t th u su l h ch a p y , q t c t a y o e al S k smug
us om h h ord ns h the d u c t , w ic ai t at bo y sho ld ”
b e a ed on a ooden er or s r . pl c w bi , i hi
The c arrying of the bras s vessel s denoted
h n ld m n h ese n n t at a o a ad died . Th co ta i ed
wa er h at a er a n s o w s s rin t , w ich c t i p t a p kl ed in a cir cle r ound the bier ; at the s ame time a bras s ves sel w as d ashed tothe grou nd and
h re w s ner r n n th her t e a ge al ej oici g . O e ot
a d had the de eased een a ou n m h n , c b y g an, an earthern er ou d ha e een r o en pitch w l v b b k , m r m n s a id g eat l a e tation .
- O u rea h n the a e for rema on the c i g pl c c ti ,
d is a d on a ooden re h s raw bo y l i w py , wit t r Th n h nd fire is a ed the he . e b e eat , a ppli by i r elatives sit at. s ome dis tanc e till the body is
- m Th h r h n e half consu ed . e ei t e t ak s a s t ake from the smou ldering pyre and breaks the
r h m All as e o e r e urn n o e . s kull . w h b f t i g
D urlng the influ enz a epidemic I notic ed ’ e er od w as e o ered u h ear h v y b y w ll c v p wit t , Blfiéifii HO H and that norel ations r emained by the corp s e ( A t mn u u . f r f r f h n th m o ea o c atc i g e epide ic .
D i s eas es in vill ages soon s pread ; the native takes ev erything as a vi s it ation of 36 T H E ‘ S I K H S O F T H E PU N JA B
A ah or the Guru s and o en r e u s ll , ft f es totake
med ne Th ff ici . e e ects of the epidemi c w ere
err e the eo e d ed in hu ndred s t ibl ; p pl i . In
Lu dhi ana. the deaths often exc eeded one hun
dr d e a day.
Some vill ages w ere mil es aw ay from any
m s n Th f ed a as s a e . e a es o K u lhu r ic l i t c vill g ,
‘ Sialhu r Jharmat F ah r' u rm G a d al , , i , , J n i i ,
Go a u r had nomed a n near er han p lp , ic l cli ic t
h n H o e er the ernmen . D e o . Go to l w v , v t ok p rompt action and or gani s ed cir cu its of thes e
All B r sh r e ru n off er vill ag es . iti c iti g ic s
n h r u f m ne The a s s i s ted i t e di s t ib tion o ed ici .
e dem ame af er a. hea drou h hen pi ic c t vy g t , w
the vill age folk w er e half - s tarv ed owing to ‘
r f f H h r i es w ere u n ers a . shot age o ood . ig p c iv l
The Sikhs are not ed for their fine
r s Arm phys iqu e and their athl etic p ow e s . y lif e does much tofos ter and encou r ag e s por t
in everyw ay.
The mos t u niv er s allypop u lar sport is
r n or K u r s ti ka K he The c om w es tli g , l
for . r c na ed s a e a b at ant s strip p a tic allyk , v
r n u ar on s made of s ou oh and t i a g l l i lip t t cl t , , r a c apfwhich prot ec ts the long hair from di t . The ring cons i s t s of s oft ear th freshly du g \Vr estlin . g - r The r es n in on of s e s a ou r s ov e . w tli g p i t tyl v
- B f r e - - s e o of c atch as c atch can method . T H E START .
T H E E N D I N S I G H T . S I I ER S AS ‘ MP IR K H O FF C U E S .
38 T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU NJAB
des ri ed hu s ro e c b , t p p lling the stick intothe ir n a . O e man I s aw performed the feat with e er to ith e .
H eavyC lub s Many Sikh s have a p as s ion for lifting or hdu dare g . heav e h s an s n n y w ig t d wi gi g heavy club s .
hese u s or Mu dar s r f f T cl b , g , a e oten o enormou s w eight O ne Sikh offic er I knew ” e one hu e Mu d r h k pt g g a , with w ich b e
r s h ms e r m rn n ex e ci ed i elf ve y o i g .
Qu oit throwing has f all en intodi su se s ave ” i rm he u s r u r n the A . se o o s y T q it , ch ka ,
- ar e made of thin steel with a. razor ou ter edg e ; the qu oit is s ome Ill inches in di ameter from
t ed e and the ade measures r ee edge o g , bl th
r r h hes r hr n n er qu a te s of an inc . T e a e t ow u d
hand h a s au s n hem to s n in wit twi t , c i g t pi
ir Th d a is to ee hem on e e the a . e i e k p t a l v l ’ All h re men s ear with a man s neck . Sik gi t w r a quoit in s ome fom as a b adg e .
The h a es er nd toho e and Sik t k v yki ly ck y , H ockey. is a great pl ay er ; his s t amina and s p eed s tand H is ea on s are a him in good s tead . w k p i t l ck of combination and a tendency to hit too
hard .
Sikhs lov e a choru s tog eth er after the ’ Th s on s to a E uro ean s evening meal . e g p The ran e of noes is e ar s ar e most w eird . g t
nd rh hm a s a ar e art . O ne s mall , a yt pl y l g p T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU NJ AB 39
invari ably sing s the air and the. semi - circle s itting round take up the choru s with mu ch
c n f n n n f l appi g o h a ds a d sw ayi g o bodi es . “ ” ns r e s or Ghite - lo r e oun at e er Mi t l , g, a f d v y “ ” r r Th n me con me a o ai . e s ru n s u sed l , f i t t s i s t of the Sikh violin or gu itar and very m ru ms Th ormer h s e h s r n s s all d . e f a ig t t i g ; m the b ow u s ed is covered w ith s all b ell s . r h h fin ers The small drums a e pl ayed wit t e g , The sin n is and res emble t ambou rines . gi g
n At me- s the s n er s to u su ally w ell do e . ti i g ,
r s m e rea u se of em has se the od , a p i w k ‘ g t rm F or n f the head od and a s . motio s o , b y ,
ns an e at mes I ha e seen a er s ean i t c , ti v pl y l
r heir u n e h s er the e n tow a ds t a die c , w i p b gi ni ng of lines of the choru s confidenti ally , then with a tos s of the head as sume the erect hese nder n m ns re s position ag ai n . T w a i g i t l exhibit mu ch s kill in making u se of loc al
n r e n m n fac ts a d inte w avi g th e intoa s o g .
It is the u s om hen en erin a a e c t w t g vill g E nt er ing a for the headman tomee t the strang er at the Sikh h ”a ge . en r n n in s o don t e end oh t a ce, a d i g e xt b t h n r s th i s r In the a m of a ds tow a d e v ito . p l one is a s s er ru ee h h is offer ed alw y a ilv p , w ic a s a. sign th at the headman lay s all his per ’ s ona e h t h s r The er l w alt a t e vi ito s feet . l att mu s t then tou ch the coin as a sign of acc ept an e e n areful not t k or th c , b i g c o ta e it , e 4 0 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U NJA B
headman e e res n will xp ct a p e t . ” l a e Me as or f airs are er Vi l g l , , v ypcpu lar and al a s dra s r , w y w a va t c owd either for
” amu semen or u si nes s t b . A su it able
maidan well shaded wit-h trees is chosen ” near the vill ag e ; u su ally the maidan forms ’ r of th mm All f s a e o on and . nds o a s p t c l ki t ll , wher e all manner of s w eetmeats and drinks
ma be ur h s ed r e ere it r yp c a , a cted on s ou te ’ Ju r r ed e . e s ua docto s nd r g ggl , q ck , wa e ing
mrns tr els s tron men at le and hor s e , g , c t
d e ers ndo Mu s s lm ns H os S hs c . al , i , a a , ik , & , ‘ are all j u mbled up in one s eething mas s of
m n a a s on th e mo e and os in hu a ity , lw y v j tl g
m u r l E er one one another good hu o ed y. v y s miles and s eems tob e enj oying life t o the
f w s ke h e r f m es fu ll . Vill ag e olk al ay ta t i a ili
h e f r s s ou s de ll nd s of an to t es ai , o t i a ki ti
qu ated and br oken- down conveyanc es are
— - dump ed together the count-rytonga drawn
r e he oo n on es by one or tw o w tc d l ki g p i ,
h h no head - o er s a e spr ingl ess , s aky , wit c v v for a r agged piec e of faded durr ee the r u ura ar cu mbrou s s olid wooden ag ic lt l c t ,
drawn by mons trou s bl ack - hided byles
m o s oe e r a h and s ometimes the al os t b l t t , from whose curtained interior v eil ed women
' m s udd ed o e er the do en p eep . C a el h l t g th by z
es h he r eads crou ch on their h aunch , wit t i h T H E S I KH S O F T H E PU NJ AB 4 1
ow er ed s or n he r b eribboned and b efl , p ti g t i dd es g ay es t and r iches t c ap ar i s oned s a l , ” heavily p added with r az ais of the br ight es t
r colou s .
The fo o n is a l s of S h fes a s ll wi g i t ik tiv l F estival s . held in the Lu dhi ana. dis tr ict
BH A ALI— u su he d in F e r u r IW ally l b a y , i Bhaiwal . i s in honour of B a a a d sc e of G uru l , i ipl
N anak .
H O L — u s ua e d in ar is a H ndu I llyh l M ch , i H oli . S aturnalia identifi ed with the r ocking of the
f K r shn b u m n th s re imag e o i a, t a o g e Sikh g at f airs are held and pr oc es s ions to loc al
uru dw ar s n r n r G a a d sh i es a e made .
B — A SAK H ( May) held at. Amr it sar I I i , B ais akh .
has now d e e o ed n oa rea f ir v l p i t g t a , at which
mu h u n and s e n of i c b yi g lli g c attle s done .
P eople flock to Amrits ar from all p art s of
Ludh ana d s r for h s r i i t ict t i f ai .
GU GA P IR ( Au gu s t) —H e w as a Mu ss el i Guga P r .
man s a n the rea es of sn e- i t, g t t ak king s . A
rea a r is he d at Chha ar near D e g t f i l p , hlon,
in his honour . T H E S I- K H S O F T H E PU NJA B
Diwa i — . D AL or F eas of the L s l IW I , t amp . This ’ is e d on the H ndu ew e r s Al h l i N Y a D ay. l hou ses are freshly whitewashed and illu
minated at du s and es n m k with c l a d l a p s . These l atter on pl ac es on the ed ge of the flat
r m me-s nd ends re seen oof s . So eti c a l e a es alight on the ed ge of the main road . Thi ev
r r r urin h s s l a e p a ticu l a ly active d g t i fe tiva , as they cons ider a su cces sfu l robber y com mitted bring s good luck for the res t of the r y ea . CH AP TER III .
S IK H V ILLAG E LIF E.
When view ed from some di stanc e away a P unj ab Sikh village look s very imposing and fi All the u d n s are r ec an u ar digni ed . b il i g t g l , ri e ea h oher ier a o e er e and se abov c t t b v ti , lik some N orman c astl e with its as c ending em a emen s u mina n concen r b ttl t , c l ti g t ic ally in th ur n er is n e k eep ; colo i g th e no e, for all the hou ses are constr ucted almos t ex clu sivelyof mud g athered from the vill ag e
m m s h - h pool . So eti e a w ite w as ed hou se s tands u o erin o e the a round of mu p, t w g ab v b ckg d ’ oourin hro s a the sun s r a s n c l g , t w b ck y a d h e F r m su h u d n the catc es the ye . o c a b il i g ur l h eye nat a ly d es c ends to t e vill age w all . 4 4 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U NJ AB
h s is n ot a a in the Roman s ens e T i w ll , bu ilt
u re as a. means of de en b u p ly f c e , t s imply the b ack w all of hou s es bu ilt together s o as to
form a. on nuou s ne of rr e u r c ti li i g l a height .
All a es ha e es ener f vill g v g at , g ally one or ”
ea h h s sa or ar d . he e es m de c i , w T s g at , a of r ou h urn ed m er re of mmens e g lyt ti b , a i
height and b rea dth ; s upport -ing them is a mas s ive r ectangul ar archw ay of mud and
r h a ros s - eam mad e from a s n e b ick , wit c b i gl
‘ r me mes s is decor t h tree t unk . S o ti thi a ed wit All h s c r ud e p ainte d figures or animals . t e e fi gur es rep res ent s c enes from the life of the
ur a s n t ona ames and from the b e Ur , a i l g , attl
r t n - m fi eld . W es ling s c e es d epicting co bats “ ” bet- w een s tr uggling kurs ti- log ( wr es tlers )
r e t th s r r ea f a ouri s s t ipp d o e w ai t , a e g t v te , then come lines of warr i ors d res s ed in old m h n f rm rr n u s e s . f as io ed uni o , c a yi g k t
F r om thes e g ates r adi ate narrow winding ” l e r a l s s ome e ht to s ix feet a l y s o g l , ig
de s hu in b h h mud a s of hou ses . wi , t yig w ll As thes e ar e s imply built where sp ac e per
m s thou an r e ard to th enera it , wi t yg e g l
ar r an ement of the the s g vill age, g ali
s and urn in er n e d rec n twi t t ev y co c ivabl e i tio .
t mes hese ar re s s e f r A ti t e ba ly p a abl , o h eavy cumbrous byl es ch ewing their cud
4 6 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U NJ AB
Bhi t i uic mo n hi s h hi s an i n s . q kly vi g b ti , wit b g o one shoulder and c arrying four earthern ers or harr s fi r pitch , g a , lled with wate
r . r h r f om the village w ell is met eve yw e e . , Lightly cl ad in a ragged dhoti ( kilt) and s ee e es s ur a ous e h b r et l v l k t ( bl ) , wit a e fe
nd e s his s er es in ns em nd a l g , vic are co tant d a tokeep filled the domes tic drinking and w ater Th r h hi for his r ut es se s . e a m o b v l ic p y w k , w The the poorer cl as s f etch their o n w ater . i r f — th B a n i bangi s like a p ai o s c ales e g .
r s s - m is made f tw e es of s ron c o b ea o opi c t g , ut e ood s oarran ed ha he o er b pliabl w , g t t t y v
the en re nd s o e ad d t onal lap in c t , a giv i i The s trength where the s train is greates t . s c al e p ans ar e repl ac ed by a wooden frame wor k in the s hap e of a hollow s qu are toeach corner of which are f as tened gras s supporting
r n In h s r me or res s rthern s t i g s . t i f a w k t an ea ” her r harr a h another u su a pitc o g , wit lly ’ n to s h the h s s o d u s ua con o p , ot at b i ti l a lly f r w r r s s s o our tw oin on and t oin ea . i t f , f t
H - e ed men m s en on alf v il wo ove il tly al g , cl ad in the brightes t of colours and carrying on heir heads all nds of m s er ou s oods t ki y t i g ,
i r . n r n ld h d f om view by a cotto w appi g . O men r m h surr ound n fie ds shu e f o t e i g l ffl by , their f aces compl etely hidden under a bundl e f m r err h dren of all s es o aize, o ch i c il iz SIK H S or T H E P U N J AB 4 7 4 8 T H E SIK H S O F T H E PU N JAB
— the smalles t entirely naked — g ambol
among the byl es half - s t arv ed lean dog s and fowl s compl ete the inhabita nt s of th e
s ree t t s .
The front s of mos t hou s e- s op en on the
a s d r ec e e hos e of th m r g li i t , xc pt t e o e
- - e todo w ho os s es s . u r r r mu w ll , p a co tya d o d
n r r w all e closu e . Thi s se v es for the b ou s
in of the domes n m s n r s A g tic a i al a d c a t .
mu d r ou h ou t of h h the a e f eed t g , w ic c ttl , w ru ns a on t oo os e s d es . F o s h n l g pp it i wl , t i ,
ha f - d do s and h dr en ru n ab ou l wil g , c il t
rom s u p i c u o s ly.
Mos . hou ses os s es s on one s ore t p ly t y ,
ener a on a n n tw or ooms o en tothe H ou ses . g llyc t i i g , p
a ir on one s de s o ha here is noneed of i , t t t
n n r s A few hou s es h e do s a d doo . wi w , c i fly
hos e of the S rd ar s hief s os s es s t i ( c ) , p
e - fittin ooden door s u s u a of mmens e w ll g w , lly i
s 1z e .
The of r oof ons s n of eart h a ed l ty , c i ti g pl c
on r u shes is s u or ed b r ou h o s r os s , pp t yg l g , c r r s Some mes ing each othe at ight angl e . ti
over the r ushes is pl ac ed a. thick l ayer of mu d
form n a. flat r oof h c an b e u s ed for a i g , w ich
re- hous su mmer b edr oom or an au tumn s to e .
The onlyfurniture is the s tr ing char
” " o or b ed and the u su a ear thern and p y, , l T H E S lK H S O F T H E PU N J AB 4 9
rass o n I b co ki g pots . n one corner of the r oom s tands a. gharra containing dri nking
w er h e a a ns the s de is a rai sed a . at , w il g i t i pl t f orm of mud the u su a res n - f the , l ti g pl ace o h r omet mes w erf r m c a poy . S i a lo p o ated ud p art ition s creens the sl eep er from the p as s er by
The Sikh alw ay s sl eep s in the middle of
r tre All the d o en ou s de unde e . ay, ft t i a r hemse es u e om e e d n w ap t lv p w ll , c pl t ly hi i g the head as a p rev ention ag ains t mos qu ito b - s Th S r et res ear to b ed t ite . e ikh i ly a
n ht s but a a s r ses the da n . ig , lw y i with w
In small vill ag es gues t s and traveller s ar e lod ged at the pu blic cost in the hu g e por ch ed
t r h r h w ga eway s . H e e on eit e s ide of t e ay ar e rai sed brick platforms furni sh ed with s raw ma n and s ome mes h ar t tti g , ti wit a l ge
den e - e a r ch s er es for a woo t abl lik ffai , whi v
r b h se a e a s ar e u sed as gene al ed . T e g t w y mee n - a es for the a e ders who ti g pl c vill ge l , l ove to di s cu s s the l ates t gos s ip with each er nd h h oth a wit t e gues ts .
th u es s r e im or an or if the If e g t a p t t , s tor is ffi l r is u su a vi i an o cia , a ch a p oy lly brou ght out for th em to sit on ; then the e der s and Lumb adar s n s s m sit. l h avi g a e bled , on their h eel s in a semi - circl e to rec eiv e so T H E SIK H S O F T H E PU N JA B
ofi a no fi a ons or the a est f ci l ti c ti l t new s . Once or w e w as ro ded w r t ic I p vi ith an armch ai , b u t h i r r u r t i s s ve y are . D ring the ec ent in
uen a? ou r ea h in o er 1 9 8 fl z tb k , w ich Oct b , 1 , reac hed its ma mum effor the ou n xi t , tlyi g vil l ages were cut off from communication by
r f r hre e s a m pos t and teleg aph o t e w ek t a ti e .
My vi s it on this account w as all the - more
m u s I r u h th es n e o e e a e o e a e s . w lc , b c b g t l t t w ?” When wou ld the Great War end w as the h n I u dom es t t fi rs t qu es tion . T e wo ld yb o e n the s u on b u t the eo r a h al xpl ai it ati , g g p ic knowl edge of the villagers w as of the s can
i O ne bi o m na e— n onor r t es t . g l c al ag t a h a y magi s trate — as ked me if B ul gari a w as the
c apit al of Germany .
- If the a e is a. ar e one a u es hou s e vill g l g , g t ” r r r h rm- a i r ided h s is o e , o d a s a , s oy; p p l p t i r g ene ally s itu ated near the main g ateway .
hes e u es - hou s es r u su al u of r T g t a e ly b ilt b ick , r F n with prop er r ooms and doo s . aci g the galis is a ver andah rais ed some f ee t above the level of the g rou nd and s u pporte d
r by pill a s .
In the village of Lahra the pill ar s ar e h e and are de ora ed all the hexagonal in s ap , c t
o urs . w ayup with qu aint figu res in bright c lo ’ r kurs ti- lo or Among s t the figures we e g,
r s r ed tothe a s fi es of s ol wres tle s , t ipp w i t , l T H E S I- K H S O F T H E PU NJ AB 5 !
il r l P lar of D ha ms a a .
diers with old - f as hioned head - gear and an en mu s e - s at the s o e d r ed a ci t k t l p , ill by s ah on hors e a ons uou s his hu e ib b ck , c pic by g
a reeches fi ures reen ea hered b ggy b , g with g f t
n s s en f r m th fe f th uru s wi g , c es o e li o e G
— the er ns u u h roun the l att co pic o s by a. alo d head— rds and an ma s h e arr os bi i l , c i fly p t , ” h n nd heron or d eer and e e a s . e ea , , l p t I vour ed to obtain the opinions of the S ikhs r e ard n the n ed fi u re s h h e a g i g wi g g , w ic x ctly r e res en ed the Wes ern dea of an e s b ut p t t i g l , ' 52 T H E S IK H S O F T H E PU NJA B
all I got w as O h Ithey ar e s imply fair ies . ” ri T h h F sht a he S hs a hem P r s a . s is a . ik c ll t i t T i P ” er s an ord mean n the in s e . i w , i g vi ibl
The H ndu s ha e t e s ame deas b u t a i v h i , c ll ‘ “ ” them Chandar Gu a h h ar e S ns r pt , w ic a k it “ ” rds f r I o o no . n the P uranas or w light , s ac red oo s of the ndu s s ri s em n b k H i , pi t , d o s d r es re re u m t h The h an fai i a f q ently e wit . Sik e e es in s r s b u t on in an e s ens e b li v pi it , ly vil ,
as they are suppos ed toharm mankind .
Thes e gu es t hou se s ar e kept. s cru pul ou s ly
c ean and are the s e a r de of the l , p ci l p i vil
r m - m lag e s . So etimes the Sént co es here toread the Granth S ahib ( Sikh B ibl e) to S an t . r s her w t n Th vi s ito and ot s ho c ar e o li s te . e S ant or r eligiou s t eacher is fou nd in “ e r is e re d i th G ra h ve y vill age . H e w ll a n e nt ” S ah an s ends mos of his me in seclu ib , d p t ti
P eo e s s ion medit ating on holy things . pl vi it his e torec e e ns r u on ad e an o c ll iv i t cti , vic , d t
f In th ew of he f bring ood . e g at ay t villag e o
urm in one orner w as u . e a n G , c , b ilt a littl c bi
pos s es s ing no ou tl et s ave a hole high up .
Thi s p r ov ed to b e the c ell of a. w andering ” tru or re ou s mend an who h S t , ligi ic t , ad i H er e retir ed tothe villag e toend h s day s . x m n h in s u s on hod n he liv ed for s i o t s ecl i , l i g no commu nic ation with the vill ag ers who O n his dea h he w as brou ght him food . t
or T H E U N 54 T H E S I K H S P J AB
ted card oard alcove w er e a number of compl e b
ll of o es uite e made . model s , a b x , q w ll
’ r desk eas to N ear the schoolmaste s , y d la a r e wh ch s eeme hand , ya h q (pip ) , i to su ggest th at he smoked whil e he in A n um er of a al s la on the s tructed . b cl y b l y
oor o ou s u sed for oun n fl , bvi ly c ti g .
The school w as situ ated on one s ide of a
r m r u A s qu a e co pound u s ed as a pl ayg o nd .
little plot of g ar den w ith a. few flower s in bloom r an along one ed g e of the w all ; A low
mu urr un th h e d wall s o ded e w ol .
' r A er s ee n the m la r a Jan u . é a at Jn u r gp ft i g ( f i ) gp , I d ec ided to paya vi sit to the hous e of my Su adar Ma or— N arr ain S n h nam b j i g by e, w ho lived in the neighbour ing vill ag e of
u an u r s u a ed a d s an e of one m e M ll p , it t i t c il n r ldufla pu . - The from the Lu dhiana Jagraon main road . c amel I w as r iding did not take long tocover
h d n e as w e en as s r a h as the t e i st a c , w t t ig t
s t anding crop s p ermitted for our obje ctive . The vill age w as approached u ltimately by a
h h led s r a ht to the hear nar row l ane, w ic t ig t
The u su al s a nan oo la e . y of the plac t g t p l d n s ro d n a con her e close tothe bu il i g , p vi i g r r n and s tan t sou rc e for mud u sed for epai i g B eari n shar to bu ilding of th e hou ses . g ply a w e en ered a the le ft under an ar chw y , t M s t oo the S rdar nar row court . yvi i t k i by T H E S IK H S O F T H E PU N JAB 55
s ur r se but he w as de e s me p i , light d to ee . E n er n a low ooden e I w t i g w gat , as in the c our ard er e a num er f b t r ty , wh b o yes we e ”
a n a eed of err . O ur ame w as t ki g f ch i . c l
here ed u I n er h s r ti p, and e t ed t e hou e th ou gh
r u r u a l a g e do ble doo made of wood . I fo nd
m se f in a ar e s u ar e room w ith mu d y l l g q ,
s thern oor and a lof t roof . w all , ear b are fl , y I t w as delightfully cool ; su ch a pleas ant con Th n tras t tothe ou ts ide gl are . e w all s i side
ere u e s moo an had the a ea ran e w q it th , d pp c
f m r o having been di ste p e ed . They were adorn ed with qu aint bl ack and white pictures in l p a ted on the w a l it self . These r epresented loc al animtd s and birds ; I noticed a dog,
r w . d ee and t o rr os . E , p a t ach picture had a f r me of i e n er ' a wh t , a d ov it in Gurumukhi char a ers w as r en the name su ct w itt , ch as, Th c e D og & .
The furniture of the roomconsisted of three
c har o s one arm h r rou h ooden p y , c ai , a g w
e r s s o n os and a num er of tabl , b a coki g p t , b Th rm hair and ta e ere glas s bottl es . e a c bl w entirely E ngli sh ; these the Subudar Maj or me had copied from the Sahib s of his regi nt .
I w as giv en the ar mchair as a pos t of ’ h h u dar a or s at on the honour , w ile t e S ba M j w as e s ec al roud of his charpoy . H e p i ly p
t e h he sh w ed ofi tohis f r ends it abl , w ich o i ; 5 6 T H E SIK H S O F T H E P U NJ AB
‘ w s now are ul o ered i a h e oth a c f ly c v w th, w it cl , and I w as given the u sual hot milk in a bras s n cup . O e by one the elders of the village ame in and s oo r w c , n th e e as quite a crowd of
hem s ua in h r t q tt g on t e floo . They never kep t he r e es off me b u m t i y , t remained all the ti e s itting on th eir heel s w rapp ed in their Chaddam ' an e s d s us s n me in ( bl k t ) , i c i g the o a Jan b t l c l gli a ( di alect) .
Outside all villages is found an evil s me n s a nant oo its s i n re n lli g t g p l , z e i c asi g T oba h th h e of t e . T wit e siz villag e This is the obe, from which the villag ers obtain the mud to n b uild their hou ses . O ne eve ing I wandered
o er the ord r n er- K ot rr v b e i to Mal l a te itory , r h u s de and ente ed t e village of Jandiali . O t i i rt u r e i oo u l f thi s villag e s a p a ic l a ly v l p l , f l o Jandiali. r re loathsome s lime . N aked Sikh child en we ' r un it s ed es ro n mud at ea h at play o d g , th wi g c n i it ot r th es a o n . N othe , and at e byl w ll wi g twenty yards away w as the villag e well ;
other byl es layon the ed ge of the pool .
This vill age w as better pl anned th an most
I s een for its ma n ates ere a r have , i g w f i ly a s o oss ess ed a few wide and s traight . It l p H re od w re s . e o brick hou s es of t os to y , by g r I et o a ofi cial of the State fotune, m a l c l H had ood eng aged in revenue work . e a g In th ourse of our knowled ge of E nglish . e c T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU NJ AB 5 7
conv ers ation I as ked him whythe villagers allowed s uch a loath some pool toexis t under H re ed a he had the cott ag e wall s . e pli th t the l a ers but ha p ointed thi s out to vi l g , t t th eyalway s replied indiff erently th at it w as At there when th eir grandfathers w ere aliv e . i the oo one time all hides were w ashed n p l , b ut thi s c u s tom had b een given up .
F r dm n s ra on ur oses e er ro o a i i t ti p p v y p Adminis tra n of the P un is d ded u tio . vinc e, like that j ab , ivi p ” in od s r s or as e a of Lu t i t ict , Zil , lik th t d 2 11“ r hiana . Ludhi ana is ag ain divided intoth ee
tehs s viz . Lud ana J a raon nd S am il , , hi , g , a
h is - r . E e s s ub t al a ac T h il again d ivided in o i Tehs . ” l e r s or h polic a ea T anas . The D epu ty
C ommi s s oner n ros th un r Thana i co t l e Zil a, and de . i r i h m a e the Tehs ldars and Th anadars .
E a l e un is s e - c nt i n ch vi l ag it lf o a ned L a d mana es its own aff airs . Eac h a e is g vill g Ward “ ” “ ” or H i s a i r s r s s r P a . s d vided intow a d , o H i as , o tti 0”P at “ E a h r is m n ed eadman or c wa d a ag by . a h , r H is us nes s is o o ect the Lumbad a . b i t c ll Lumbad m revenues for i h s r h e fi r , wh c e vice e g ts ve pe h n r c ent . of t e taki gs and emits them tothe il Tehs dars .
-
the a e is a ar e one ma con If vill g l g , it y ta n al - a- doen Lumb ad ars ead men i h f z (h ) . In such a c ase the head Lumb ad ar is T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU N J A B
Z i d r ermed a a dar . The a ter has oten a l a . t Z il l t f contr ol ov er several small er vill ages as well i w as h s o n .
' Often in a - l ar ge T ehsil the Tehs il f d s S a c pot . ‘ r f ed ost who da is as s i s ted by a S a p ,
g enerally control s somedozen vill ag es .
The headmen and often the Zaildars P a wari t . r r T a e gene ally unable toread and write . o as s s hem in the r or atw s r i t t i w k P ari , o
The- the a e er s are a oned . ee vill g cl k , pp i t yk p “ ” e re ords s u as s s of am ndar s vill ag c , ch li t Z i
r nd ners nd ou ndar r ec ords re o l a ow , l a b y , r f in U r s e o rths nd hs & c . du nd gi t bi a deat , , a r m h Gu u uk i .
I found the P atw aris ver y intelligent men ; many had b een ed u c ated in the Indian u n r I t f u s ive siti es . n he vill age o G rm I wa
sh n the a e r e ords h s r e t ow vill g c . T e e we e k p ’ in the P atw ari s room in the eastern g ate of
the a e and ere r en i rd vill g , w w itt n U u on
h - r k aki bu ff p ap e . The only armchair in the vill age c ame from thi s room
The work of the P atw ar i is insp ected m K a mngo. the K annun o who has har e of by g , c g
s everal vill ages .
n r ermed Z amindar All true Sikhs pos sess l and a d a e t . as such they h ave the right l or P an of ot n in the a e oun , P anchait . v i g vill g c ci T H E SIK H S O F T H E P U N JA B 59
ndars and tax . chait . OnlyZ ami payl
The village council cons i st s of some h alf Sirpanch . e m er f the ommun one of a doz n me b s o c ity , " h h th rm n r ir a s a e c a o S anc . w ic ct s h i a , p h h s oun al hou os s es s n no e al T i C cil , t gh p i g l g er e er ses re a au or o er the pow , x ci a g t th ity v roherhood and its dec s ons ar e er rare b t , i i v yly appeal ed agains t . It d eal s with all matters of as e ra n ri h s n the mm c t , g zi g g t o co on l and , and all di sputes . P uni shments take the form of fines and in e rem c se - , xt e a s, of ex communi on r th r r c ati f om e b othe hood .
Ever yone is free toattend the meeting s of th e which are generally h eld “ ” outs de the D arms a a in the a e i h l , vill ge g at , h m or u nder a lar ge P ip al tree . Only t e Z a in dar e mayvote ; the vill age meni al s mayex r h r n on heir o es e the p es s t ei opi i with t v ic , lik c r m h r in n eol s 1D the Witenage ot . T ei op io r alsoc ar ies some w eight .
Th m nd or ham e vill age com on l a , S lat, f s It ons s s of ra n is o nofix ed ize . c i t g zi g
e er a s udd w trees and a land , g n lly t ed ith , r All n ners e e u a burial g ound . l a dow h av q l r z n ri T g a i g ght s . he vill age council dec ides when the tree s which grow upon the ‘ common n t Th m la d are obe cut . e oney s oobtained is u s ed for the enter tainment of strangers in the
- h gues t ou se . 6 0 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U NJA B
The village menials are divided into tw o
as s es hos e hose a n i s t u cl , t w c lli g s aid obe n
c ean e the hfihr or s ee ers and l , lik C as , w p ,
am r er - dres sers nd the Ch a s ( leath ) , a those whose c alling is not s olowin the s ocial l h s a ter as s om r s n the s c a e . T i l t cl , c p i i g i ar er Lo r a sm N a ( b b ) , ha ( bl ck ith) , and ar an c r enter are n r l T kh ( a p ) , ge e a ly hou s ed in small houses ad j oining the village T f rm r w g ates . he o e class live out s id e the alls ” in a s ec al a ad or d p i b i , abo e .
The N ai is one of the mos t us ef ul mem ers of the i a ommun b v ll ge c ity . H e is rea r er b m lly a ba b , ut a ong the Sikhs is N aherna or ” no n as a N aherna or na - cu t k w , il t er . H is i - er N a l Cutt . du es om r s e sham oon ti c p i p i g, cleaning of the ears nd th o n f t r , a e lo ki g a e of the vill age As r ues s . ru h m g t a le, e p ofesses s o e know
ed e of sur er n c n H is in r l g g ya d medi i e . e eat g demand s ocially as the runner of mes sages e een a es m or t b tw vill g , and takes an i p tan r rr p a t at all ma iages .
Th ar an r r en er r s e T kh , o c a p t , ank highes t among the villagemenial s Among " h is Ram arhias the Sikhs e known as a g , n t of ass a S n the ead er f the a des ce dan J i gh , l o " u d rs f the e or Ram ar t b il e o citad l , g h , a r Th r enter ma es all inds of Amr its a . e c a p k k
r ur m ements the ooden car s ag icult al i pl , w t ,
T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU NJ A B 6 x
r s s and P er s an hee s . H e is s u g ar p es e , i w l very intelligent and w ell educ ated .
The Maz bhi or s ee er is the o es on , w p , l w t the s o a der bu ne er he es s on of the ci l l ad , t v t l e mm H is mos t u sefu l members of the co u nity . du ti es c omp ri se the cl eansing and s w eeping the u e n ree s n h o e n of ho s s a d st t , a d t e c ll cti g f h w un h r r o t e co d g . T i s l atte task , howeve , i r u u i Th s moe s ally done by h s wife . e dun g is c ar efully kneaded and pl aced on the vill age r When dr is sto ed r ead wall s tocu e . yit ck y a hb means a hfu for u se as fu el . M z i f it l , a titl e given by Guru Govind Singh to the res c u ers of the body of Guru Tegh B ahadu r h h re th Gu ru w as r ue exe at D el i , w e e c lly r oute d by the Emp eror Aurangzeb . Th ee ’ s weep er s brou ght the Guru s body from D elhi to Amr i s r nd as a re ard er e a s ed t a , a w w b pti
he Br rh intot oth e ood . CH AP TER IV
T H E EC O N O MIC G EO G RAP H Y O F
T H E P U N JAB.
TH E R L F E V ME T ( i) CON T O O N IRON N .
The climate of the P unj ab mclos ely as s o ci ted h the enera ma e of nd a b ut a wit g l cli t I i , it is modified by its great di s t anc e fr om the o ean it s ro m to er h h moun c , by p xi ity v y ig
n r an es and the ad a en har D es er t ai g , by j c t T t h on the s ou t .
The economic conditions and pos s ibilities of the P u nj ab dep end to a great extent on the on ro of en ronmen b ut a s o on the c t l vi t , l u litv f h h m r q a o t e u an f acto .
The control of environment is really an
re e of om onen on ros s u h as agg g at c p t c t l , c T H E SIK H S O F T H E PU NJAB 6 3
os t o nature of the so that of s ize , p i i n, il , es e om onent con ros are climate , & c . Th c p t l ! ot r b ut de end not isolated from each he , p or exam >le n o er . u s d irectly on o e an th Th , f 1 , the natu re of the s oil dep ends on the pos ition ‘ n of the P unj ab with regard tothe mountai s .
” The P unj ab has an area of nearly
r m e s hat it is a e smal er s qu a e il s , o t littl l h n dom h has an area than t e U nit ed K i g , whic
u are m es and ran s s i h in of s q il , k xt r s iz e with the other Indian p ovinces .
‘ It s sha e s e ha t of the ma ns a of a ha p i lik t i il S pe . ° - E u r sh h the mer d an of 75 . f ll igged ip , wit i i m h r ° o f as a as and t e a a e 30N . as ne o t , p ll l
r us r its y a d s . Th its wold pos ition is sub P osit ion . tr opic al in l atitude and very nearly a qu arter of the w ayround the world from the U nited
n I r s K i gdom in Longitude . t d e ives ome sh are from the longitudinal pos ition of India as a hoe for th sh f th r w l , e ip s o e wold focu s on th n n u e p e i s l a .
Its E ur as an os on is an m or an i p iti i p t t one, for it is s ituated mid - w ayb etw een the tem p erate anti - trad e civilis ation of the Wes t and the m ns oona s a n of the E a s at a o l civili tio t , point. where the wes tern and e astern lob es of a eau are at he r narr es read h pl t x t i ow t b t , s es and mos t eas ily cros s ed bymountain p as . 6 4 T H E S I K H S or T H E P U N J AB
Its s on is hen a tr ans t on ne for poiti t i i al o , it s ands e oand on a h a n n t lik P l , ighw y li ki g E s n e Th r a t a d W s t . e b eadth of thi s high w a is s r m ed for its e s r h yt ictly li it , ed g a e igh
u ins h north es er h monta on t e , and d t on t e h sou t .
The regional pos ition of the P unj ab is un u e for its oun ar es r m iq , b d i a e ainly phys i Th n r h r undar w h ashmir cal . e ot e n bo yit K
d s h the ou er H im la as e e coinci e wit t a y , xc pt
i h nort - eas orner w ere narr o n t e h t c , h it ws f m an m betw een the hill s tates o Cha b a. d S i la
m r he u er B é s and u e a e s toe b ac e t pp a S tl j v ll y , r Su h a m u n in the K angr a hill dis t ict . c o t ain w all effectiv ely cu t s off inter cours e with
r h The onl ra a e K ashmi and Ladak . y p ctic bl ’ r ou te is via the new Raw al - I indi- Murree
r d u the he um a e and o er the oa , p J l v ll y v h s is the Abbottab ad P ass feet) . T i route of the proposed el ectric railway to h m os s of the use of S rinagar . T e i p ibility other p as ses mayb e gau g ed by the height of
the P ir P anj al P as s feet) .
The wes tern boundary is now equ ally o n a i B u d r es . - d shar ed by the Indu s in the north w es t an
h- es b ut in the the S ul eimans in the s ou t w t ,
l ront er . old days the Indu s w as the politic a f i mes one The nature of the p asses of the li t h t - n es is su a nor th- w est pl ateau border ra g ch t T E H S lK H S O F T H E P U N J AB 6 5
they invite des c ent from the Irani an P l ateau in othe fert e o ands of the P un a t il l wl j b . The P un a is an area of eas e s o hat it j b y lif , t attracts invas ion by dwellers in r egions of r h f r e r d e . s n ux a d m un h a lif T i i fl o vi il , h y o t aineer s has stimul ated the pl ain- dw eller s er od cal s o a the P un a Mu s sul p i i ly , th t j bi , m n n S ar s r r rs and d el a , a d ikh e till w a io , w l in w all ed vill ages .
iIt s eems probable that the Aryan an es tors of th Jts wh s u e tw e e n e c , o co tit t h rds of the o ula on of the P un a am t i p p ti j b , c e thr ou gh thes e p as s es from their home in
Centr al As ia ( circ a.
The s outh ern phys ic al boundaryis the ar D es er h ar ns on s ou h Th t , w ich; b s exp a i t
rd s o . the n ural ou e . for r o ded wa , that at tl t a c w
n th s u h- eas a r os s and popul atio is to e o t t, c i n down the Jumna tothe Ganges b as .
These phy s ic al boundar ies h ave very m or eff s the s o er su i p tant ect on il , w at pply , im f th and cl ate o e P unj ab .
O n the nor th of the P unj ab is a v as t l and Mo n in u t a s . area h a eaux and the H ma a as , hig pl t , i l y ,
w hich s tretch for mil es Withgfiln aver age h f Th H ndu H u sh and h eig t o feet . e i
Su l aiman Mountains run in a nor th - eas t toa
s ou - ester d re on r ou h ar a le th w ly i cti , g ly p l l 6 6 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB
h the R ver ndus s wit i I , othat the P unj ab is enclosed on three s ides by a hor ses hoe of
s no - ad moun a n ran es re w cl t i g , ally the up turned ed es of a eau h h r m g pl t x , w ic a e a ong the h hes in the or d r ig t w l , and which p esent)
he r s ee er a e o ar ds the n t i t p f c t w pl ai s .
iver u h . ro m R s . S c a p xi ity of p erennial snow c app ed mountains has led tothe formation of
man ar e ons an - flowin r er h y l g c t t g iv s , w ich
- d rain the P unj ab towards the sou th w es t .
These r ivers cons titute the. very life of the t s r n t f P unj ab . I v e y ame means he l and o ” the five r ers n it s u n ere iv , a d all vial pl ai s w the resu s f r r on h h s rou h lt o ive acti , w ich a b g t
down s ed iment. from the eroded and denuded Th n n h u r highl ands . e I dus a d t e S tlej is e from gl aci ers in the Manas arow ar Lake
re n nd all the rema n n r bu ar es re gio , a i i g t i t i a
- All h e moun fed from snow w ater . ave st ep
r s As the r ers r s e and o er ow tain t ack . iv i v fl their banks in s ymp athy with the s eas onal melting of the s nows and the f all of the mon
r n ers of s ed men are s read on s oon ai s , lay i t p h s a on has one on for a es the pl ains . T i cti g g , s o that the p resent s urface s oil w as once a s s o is r h in p ar t of the highl ands . Thi il ic r - s ha en an ad e u a e a e pl ant food , ot t giv q t w t m s upply the P unj ab is c ap abl e of produc g
r heavy c op s . as T H E S I K H S or T H E P U N J AB
S H fl f 7 7 t E ° O a c n
t v t fl
Q M ‘ O
z - ri fi a f e. ' T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N JAB 6 9 i ng of thes e wells at work from sunris e to h f r es s unset can b e eard o mil .
The general lie of the land is fr om north
- As th r ers on orm to eas t tos ou th wes t . e iv c f h r n m a er s r n w a he t i s di ectio v yt iki g y, t y divide . the P unj ab up into dis tricts or do s e on d udin a . es e ate a l b Th l g l tit a Doa b s . s trip s of alluvial land favour communi c ons e een nor h nd s u b t ati b tw t a o th , u tend to p romote i s ol ation one with no er in a er s t de ree h a th v y ligh g , c iefly fo nd in an h ra er s s su h as ecu u cl c a ct i tic , c p liarities of dialect and idios yncras ies of tem “ ” r m n E doa r s d s n e pe a e t . ach b bea a i ti ctiv The B ari D oa es e e name . b li b tween th Su e and Ra the B a na D oa e tl j vi , ch b b ’ h n b e um and the nd tween the C e ab and J l , Si ” S r D o he Jb age ab between t elum and Indus .
F ords only occur with frequ ency in the u er rea hes of the r ers s o ha he r pp c iv , t t t i cou rs es in the pl ain h ave served as defen s ive lines and ob s tacles toforeign invas ion from th es The on r r e w t . ly l a ge trunk oad cros sing the whol e river s ys tem is the s trategic mili
r one u h B r h h s r uns fr ta y b ilt by t e iti s . T i om
D e h via Lud ana Amr s ar La ore n l i hi , it , h , a d
Jhelum toP esha ar and tothe K h er P as s w yb . Its importance mayb e g au ged by the number of or s a on its r u e f t l g o t . It is s ignific ant that 7 0 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB
the building of su ch fort res ses w as facilitated
All a es bythe u biqu itou s alluvi al soil . vill g
an rth ar re m de fro su h mud d ea enw e a a m c ,
r - met c on fo stone does not exi s t . Road al s i s ts of nod ul ar concretionarylimes tone Thi s expl ains the du s ty app earance of the
r oad s in the dr season and he r b ad s ate y , t i t
in the w et .
ana All the doa s are adm r a ser ed C l s . b i bly v by erenn a an s h o o h n r li p i l c al , w ich f ll w t e ge e al e
of the nd emana n rom r er i its l a , ti g f a iv n upp er rea ches and ag ain j oining it at a lower
hu he m ne li f th n d level . T s t co bi d e o e l a d an f r u u r rr ab senc e o hi gh g o nd favo i ig ation . Canals s er ve as an additional means of com
mu nic ation both as a. w aterwayand owing to
the fact that on either b ank third - cl as s roads
w en u h f r on r ide o g o t g a t affic exi st . S uch
roads dra n n othe ana n r in m n i i t c l , a d a e a y w ay s often p referabl e tothe ordinaryhigh w h r Th re s es e a in et ea e . e w ay , p ci lly w t p s enc e of c anal s is near ly alw ay s indic ated to the travell er many mil es aw ay by the extra ordinarydens e line of trees and foli ag e th at r The dense shade and a s en mark their ou te . b ce of du s t contras t markedly with many of the
pu blic highw ay s .
r f als for ra n The P u nj ab is a cou nt y o can , i
- n of the ar es is the Bha nd a is s c anty. O e l g t ti
T H E S K H S O F T H E I PU NJ AB 7 !
Canal w runs r , hich th ou gh the Ludhi ana dis tr in a toN E d r . ec ict i tion . At B as s ian
- and at N anakpur Jaghera the. c anal is as wide a s the W e at R s s y o . The r d es o er b i g v it ,
ar r n the ma n roa s L - o c yi g i d , udhiana Raik t
and Ludh ana- Ja he-ra r r a e e ns u i g , w ll co t ct ed Th h of stone . e footp at s on each side of the na re e ron s ed n o n are mor e c a l a w ll p at i , a d fte e asy tonegoti ate in a tong a than several of
the so- c alled roads connec ting many of the Th n an s re e o ered villages . e c a al b k a w ll c v
h our s n tr es of ll nd s s er n as wit fl i hi g e a ki , vi g Th a cov er for many sp ec ies of wild fowl . e
c anal r es t - hou ses at B as s i an and at Jaghera are e e en and far su er or toanydak xc ll t , p i
bungalow .
A striking feature is their oleannes s zind the beau ty and extent of the r Th es me t rr i ga dens . e b t ti o a ive s in the evening aft er a long driv e in the af ern on sun for the dense os el t o , cl y woven foli age s eems tooff er an op en- armed w m e o e . a er is en u an w h the lc W t pl tif l , d ile e en n mea is e n re r ed v i g l b i g p p a , wh at cou ld b e more refreshing than a qu i et pl ung e and s m in the anal ! Th meal o er n arm wi c e v , a c hair and a w ell - loaded pip e h ave added ’ r om n one has a a s one s charms . F o c p a y lw y m r s en e thou ght s and the deep i p enet abl e il c , 72 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U NJAB
only broken by quai nt hoars e notes of w ater fo nd n wl a ight bird s .
The incons tant breadth of the r ivers has incr eas ed the difficulties of the r ailw ay bridge r l en nee - A gi s . l the bridges are of immense s e and s ren s nce th h iz t gth , i ey ave towith s tand enormous pres s ure during the flood seas on ; owing tothe great range of tempera
tor e the exp ans ion and contr action of ~ the
me a is er re t l v y g at, and has to b e allowed f r rd n o acco i gly.
The vas t sandy Thar D es ert has a great influ enc e on the sou thern dis tri ct s of the P un a s n e the re ai n nd s are e e r j b , i c p v li g wi ith
r m the nor - e s or rom th s u h- es t f o th a t f e o t w ,
r accoding to the season . O n the desert the
he is n ens e d but th ni ts at i t by ay, e gh are
h s r n f m era ure com cod . d e a e o e l T i wi g t p t , b ined with the dis integrating action of the
w n s h r u ed n ense eros on so at: i d , ave p od c i t i , th
w - r h n f ro in s nd ave like dunes and ba c a o ll g a , es t rea h of air whi ch r ipples with th e s light b t ,
The sand is con ar e very characteri s tic. tinu allyencroaching on the fertile s ou thern In s e of the ant borders of the P unj ab . pit pl
f - res s n ras s es the s and c on ing o s and i ti g g ,
’ r nd es e fin ers tinu es togain g ormd, a dun , lik g
’ fr om thehand of the des ert p enetrate a con All dunes are sid er able distance inland .
74 T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU NJ AB
The nd n B engal monsoon curr ents . I i a Ocean is the warmes t inthe world meantemperature 8 °F s n e is surrounded tr o al 0 ) , i c it by pic
s s hu s and has a. dou e in l and ma se . T l bl
n n th m e of nd a h e ha of flue ce o e cli at I i , w il t t
As the sun h the the oc ean is halved . wit approach of the s ummer months moves north “ r s he ro of n el the s w ard tow a d t T pic Ca c , va t l and mas s direc tly b eneath it s r ay s r eceives Th h r h it m mu m hea . e a D es er s axi t T t , wit it s l w ude e eri en es s ome of the o altit , xp c
h hes . m er a ure s es e al in the b asm ig t te p t , p ci ly
around a o a ad ere the hermome r J c b b , wh t te f r r °F h in the s e . T e oten egi s te s 12 8 . ad h P u nj ab al s o exp er ienc es high summer tem
eratu res du e toit s os o in . h rs esh p , p iti n a o oe
of moun a ns h e es n n h t i , w il it li op e o t e s ou th
s de t th f r f h h r er i o e u ll b eath o t e T a D es t . D u ring June thi s desert and the great er p art
of the P unj ab hav e. an aver ag e shad e t em
r ° r ° pe atu re of 90F Laho e gets 93 F . O n m w ° h 8 4 F . . 0 u 5 t 1 91 at 4 . as 1 J ly , , p , it h r e h ( shade) in the train at Lahore . Ot e n ig bouring l and mass es exp er i encing a June m r f ° r the P a eaux mean te p er atu e o 90F . a e l t f r o I an and Tibet .
" r hes e and mas ses and es ec a Ove t l , p i lly
o er the har D eser ar ound a o a ad the v T t J c b b , air is alw ay s ris ing spir ally outw ard s in a T H E S IK H S O F T H E P U NJ AB 75
- re on rodu n a vas cou nter clockwi se di cti , p ci g t area of low - pres sure with a b arometri c regi s t r f n h s its m r n n a en re e o i c e on a gi , a d c t
f u h w - res s r r e o inche s . S c a lo p u e a a draw s in with a flue action winds that hav e trav elled over five thou sand mil es of w armes t o ean a sor n mos ure ll the w Su h c , b bi g i t a ay. c an a ction happ ens with mar ked annu al r egu
ari an r odu es the w et m ns h l ty , d p c o oon . T i s monsoon ad an es o er the oun r dis tri v c v c t y, b u ting r ain in its p ath wh ere precipitating
med a. ex s on s orm s h h i i t ; cycl ic t , w ic occur in
u s ons rec ed e its ad n e a a . f p l ti , p v c Rain alls er a erno n due t th e v y ft o , o e daily u pw ard cir culation of the air during the mid - dav heat m m mu . As ra ns en axi it i , l at t h eat i s gi ven ou t h h ena es re ta on b , w ic bl p cipi ti to e
rr f r the momen n s m st ur a es ted o t , a d o oi e is
rr r n nd c a i ed fa i l a .
The monsoon is divided by the lofty tw u rr en s the D ecc an pl ateau into o c t ,
The Ara an urr en Arabi an and the B ay. bi c t The Ar abian fir r h f une fir s mee s Cu rrent d ur ing the s t fotnig t o J t t . the loftyb arrier of the Western Ghat s ( aver f and it on nu a ons age height eet) s c ti ti , the N ilgir i H ill s and the mounta ins of Tra
r B e u se es e h s ar e s o o vanco e . c a th ill l fty
r n s th nd d rec on the and at ight a gl e to e wi i ti , cl ou ds are rapidly cooled and maximum rain 76 T H E S I K H S or T H E P U NJ A B
th rr s fall res ults . O n e na ow coa ta l plain 100
n hes of r a n f a and on the ha s 0 i c i ll , G t 30 h Bom r r n c . a es of i in es b y eceiv 97 pe ce t . ts rin the monso n r d rainfall du g o p e io .
The south- wes t monsoon bring s norain to
h h r D es er s t ere is s n t e T a t , a h an ab e ce of rec a n med a due to the rea h t p ipit ti g i , g t ea ,
low a ude and a sen e of m un ins ltit , b c o ta . This ’ wind ofl the s ea is very cooling at nights to s u h o ns as H dera ad S nd here er c t w y b i , w p manent wind s creens on the flat r oofs trap the wind and dis tr ibute the cool air among the hen h un apar tment s b elow . W t e P j ab is r h r n e ns to th n w eac ed ai b gi fall , as e l a d no
r s es r d u a to the moun a ns n the i g a lly t i , a d is ‘ r heat l es s opp es s ive .
ean hi e the B a urren ha n s en M w l , yc t , vi g p t
on - h rd of its or e h c or the e t i f c , w i h w ks up B urmese al e s and has een au h in the v l y , b c g t Gulf of Mar tab an and shu t in by the Chin
H s h s r h es . I ill , a app oac ed the Gang delta ts
firs o s ta e is the K has d Lu sha H s t b cl i an i ill , wh ere a portion is trapp ed and forc ed torise r r r f th apidly . H e e at Cher apungi all s e
sec ond hea es rain a in the or d i h a. vi t f ll w l , w t y early average of four hundred and twenty r five inches . At D a j eeling the H imalayas r s reach thei furthes t point outh . H ere the rr i i oin u ' th Br cu ent s d vided , p ar t g g p e ahma;
‘ r the main curren h is put a valley , and t , whic T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB 7 7
the s ron er u the G an es l e t g , p g v a l y . Thi s valley isl well w ater ed both from cycloni c s rms nd rom re e r ins to a f li f a .
O n June 30th the B engal and Arabi an cu r r en s mee and o e er ru sh u the t t, t g th p p as ses
‘ between N ins tal and the neighbourhood of
S iml a. tow ar ds the region of the Manas ar ow ar here r se the ndu s S am o Su e Lak es , w i I , p , tl j , n es and Ga g .
hu s un a hou h on the ed e of T the P j b , alt g g mons oon n u en es r th nefi f al i fl c , eceives e b e t o h bot the B eng al and Arabian curr ents . Mos t of the r a n al s durin u and Au u s d i f l g J ly g t, an i s s lightlyheavi er in the di s tricts of the doa a ns han inthe centre b pl i t ,
T ot al Rainfall .
D elhi has 2 3 June- S eptember 8 6
P ati ala 7
Lahor e 15 76
Raw al- P indi 65
Mul tan, 70
N ote - Th r . e ainfall of Rawal P indi show s th e influenc e of relief .
The rains leave P unj ab on the 1 5th of S ep tem er the U ni P r f b , ted ovinces on the l et o ‘ 78 TH E S I K H S O F T H E P U NJ AB
r nd B en al on the 15th of to er . Octob e , a g Oc b n This is c alled the retreat of the monsoo .
D rou ght s only c au se harm when the nor
. In the P un mal ra infall is only j ust enou gh . h j ab famine is nolonger dreaded owing tot e splendid irr ig ation s ys tem and abund ant; su b
F m nes in nd a c an now t erranean w ater . a i I i b e forec ast ed by comp arison of pres sures over
r s u hern on nen s . As i a. with that ov e the o t c ti t
“ r H e ena sho s P res sure in J anu a y in St . l w what the r ainfall will b e in Indi a in the fol H ea s no a in S er a lowing July . vy wf ll ib i r Re h r n Ind a nd vice ve sa . means lig t ain i i , a c ent ob s erv ations condu cted by the Chili an Government in the Weddell S ea have brought t olight the fact that shortag e of ice in the Antar cti c follow ed a y ear l ater by the s ame phenomenon in Spits b ergen denotes a famine
in India .
In n er o n t th n ens e od re wi t wi g o e i t c l , a gion of high p res sure res ts p ermanently over the c entr e of As i a In the r egion of the Gobi
r h s re has meter of a ou D es e t . T i a a a dia b t
m s F rom s s h res a thous and ile . thi va t hig p s ure area cold air is alway s gravitating spirallv downw ar ds and outwards in a
clockwi s e direc tion . O n its south s ide
the arome r r en is s e r s b t ic g ad i t t ep e , o that winds moving aw ay towards India T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB 79
o re i bl w with inc ased i ntens ty . These
winds reinforc e the ordinary north - eas t trad e
nd s s o t n s r s s wi , tha wi d blow ac o India r f s eeking. the low pres su e belt in the region o the Tropic s from D ec ember 1 5 th until the end f r n r w o Ma ch . S uch wi ds a e kno n as the
r A r m d d ymons oons . s they blow f o a col as and area he r n nor in to n v t l , t y b i g a I dia,
e e tothe orom nde xc pt C a l coas t . This mois ture has b een picked up from the B ayof B engal dur ing the p ass age acros s it of the r d ywinds .
Indi a pos ses s es a loc al high p res sure area
of n hes is o a ed in the n e i c , which l c t a gl b etw een the S ulaiman Mountains and the m H a a as and en red ar und P esha r . i l y , c t o w a F r om thi s loc al high pres sure area cool air gravitat es spirallyou twar ds in a clockwi s e r di ection . As the mou ntains b ar ou tl et to
the nor h and es the oo air or do n t w t , c l w ks w the G an es and ndus alle s e re f r es g I v y , th n in oc
the north- e s t r n a t ad e wi ds .
At thi s seas on of the y ear the sun is b etween the E quator and the Southern
ro s o h n - r nd r m h T pic , t at a ti t ad e wi s f o t e Atl antic ex er t s ome influenc e above the
N or hern ro nd s u e ai for the t T pic , a ppli s r
c ons t ant emptying loc al high- p res sure area
of the north- wes t . 8 0 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB
hes n - r ad nd s ar e on T e a ti t e wi cycl ic , and r each Indi a via the Mediterranean Sea and n h the Iran P l ateau . In s odoi g t ey pick m r r m th m f n s ome oi s tu e f o e s wa p s o S ei st a , and deposit winter r ain on the wes tern s lop es of the Suleiman Mountains and snow on the m n l H i al ay as . Occ as io a ly cyclonic s torms
bring rain to the N orth - W est. F r onti er P ro v n e and to ha ar of the P un h h i c , t t p t j ab w ic
r u r i e is nea tothe mountains . S ch ain s v ry
enefi al t the n er ro s su h as n er b ci o wi t c p , c wi t
w heat .
Thi s winter r ain is fairly w ell di stribu ted
er m n hs b u t fa s mos t in dur ing the wint o t , ll m r It a so J anuar y and l eas t in D ec e b e . l W othe . t dimini shes in intensity from the N . nd seems to o o the ne of the S E , a f ll w li f o s H imalay an o thill ,
in Rainfa l s . l
Raw al P indi has 8 D ee - March
Mu ltan
D ur ing the winter the mounta ins are and the est heavily covered with s now , w
— the w ind blowing ofi these esp ecially i n
— h o on armen s of the evening s ear ches t e c tt g t
8 2 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB
m m n s r n e r ov e e t oigi at ove the sea .
The heavies t mean annual rainfall is in
s ri h r - the Rawalpindi D i t ct in t e noth w es t . s has an a er e of 4 n e Thi v ag 3 i ch s , which
s s s om r e n n Th r es how e lief i flue ce . e d i t dis
trict is in the s ou h - es around u t t w t, M l an, hi h h s an er f n T w c a av age o i ches . he
ou - e h s n r of 5 P s 2 . as a a e a e e . th t a v g , g , atial a, while the c entre ar ound Lahore has an U s n he r era e of 1 9 n hes . se fi u es av g i c i g t g , l ne e s an a era e r a n a of 2 1 n hes i . e. o g t v g i f l i c , , hen o e 4 inches l es s than th at of London . W n t akes into account the intense evaporation r f the s o it is o ous and the s andy natu e o il , bvi t hat the rainfall has to b e: au gmented by r In is irrig ation w ater and that f om wells . th u s w e a e s een a o e resp ec t the P nj ab , a h v b v , nd the u ure is e to is w ell supplied , a f t lik ly
b e in a b etter pos ition s till when proj ect s ,
’ n a ar Canal su ch as a new p erennial Si d S g ,
are reali sed .
d h es th n the The north of I n ia, w ich li wi i m s s of - n rer tothe as and a sub tr opic s , is ea v t l Con As i a than the region within the tropic s . h es h n the equently the P unj ab , whic li wit i lim ti - re is rea a e ed c a s ub tropical a a, g tly ff ct mm r c ally by this land mas s ; sothat in s u e r its a ude and in th e P unj ab is toohot fo l tit , In o er w inter too cold for its latitude . th T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB 83
ord s the un ab has — h the e e on of w , J j wit xc pti
— the N orth- West F r ontier P rovince a g reater y early rang e of temp erature than anyother
h s a . is orne out provinc e in I ndia . T i f ct b by the following t abl e of averag e climatic d ata :
The exhilarating cold w eather of the P un j ab and its r elativ ely thin air have had a marked eff ect on the temp er ament and phys i r i s T urt c al cha acteri s tic s olthe Sikh . he f her one j ourney s down the G ang es valley the mu er the ma e mes s o h th ggi cli te b co , t at e climate of the P unj ab and of B eng al contras t r he inh bit n hem e es s t ikingly . T a a ts adapt t s lv h r r e t nologically to th ei envi onment . The B eng ali off ers a s triking contras t with the h rm h r r S . T e o er is s un h s o ikh f t ted , wit t h ai and de nos r s h e the a e r is f wi t il , w il l tt tall , o mar al a earan e and s s s ses re r ti pp c , po e a g ate de ree of n e Th r f g i t lligence . e wea ing o long hair and beards s hows that the Sikh belongs 84 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB
t mor n r her me oa e ot n cli .
The P unj ab pos sess es s everalw ell- marked ma ones of its own b u t hes h cli tic z , t e ave had no great efi ect on the Sikh! popul ation as r r ul r of em r men w ega d s p ec ia ity t p e a t . F e S hs nh the ooh s s n e he r ik i abit f t ill , i c t y a e an a r u ural and s ora eo e re erri n g ic lt p a t l p pl , p f g M r mar ed ha ma the pl ains . oe k ly t n cli tic featu res has b een the influ enc e of i sol ation brou ght abou t by the cu tting up of the coun “ ” h r Th tr n o doa s t e r e s . e Sut e yi t b by iv l j , the ar es of the r u r es of the ndu l g t t ib ta i I s , h s h d the r a es ff e Th n r a a g e t t e ct . e Sikh oth
of h s r er is oten no n s M n h t i iv f k w a a a j a Sikh , althou gh the Manjha is r eally a p ar t of the
B r o s r s a D a ea n . i b , t ictly p ki g The in habitants of the di stricts s outh of the river are no n h h k w as Malwa Sik s . T es e sou th ern d s r s om rise Lu dh n F er e r i t ict c p ia a, oz poe, l rk l P a a N a h and Jhind nd Ma e ot a, ati l , b a, , a are more d ensely popul ated and extens ive han th n rt r s r s t e o he n di t ict .
The M a a h o n to n n r lw Sik , wi g livi g u de th n u n f th har D es er is m re e i fl e ce o e T t , o s tolid and l es s intellig ent than his more
r h rn roher b ut is e er as oura not e b t , v y bit c
. d er n eons and ma es u e as ood a s o . I g , k q it g l i h h phy s iqu e he exc el s the Manj a Sik .
er ow m tohis n r ea sed intelli The l att , g i c T H E S I K H S or T H E P U N J AB 85
ffi n e enera ma es a ood na e o er . ge c , g lly k g tiv c I had a good opportunity once of contras ting the char acter is tic s of the tw okinds of Sikhs in the p er s ons of tw o Sikh Jemadar Adj u t ants .
The an ha w as more a er s m M j l t , li , neater an h M j a. in his dres s and u er in his mo emen s , q ick v t S 1kh han the Ma a who w as a al um t lw , t l , cl s y , s r on man nd e der of u u r t g , a wi l a h ge cl b o ” mu r Th gda . e l atter cou ld never make a “ ” neat abou t - turn withou t falling over him s e s for l a he w s orn sod er lf ; till , al th t, a a b l i , as the ribbon of the Star of Valour testified . The Malw a mayb e dis tingui shed from the Manjha by c ertain’ p ecu liarities of r e e no o e for sp eech and of d es s . Th y hav l v h er su n a nodou is an eac oth ; ch a tip thy , bt , r ‘ th S k rs hen the inheritage f om e i h wa , w M alw a w as the fir s t tosubmit toBritish r nd n t d em a ns his own ul e, a eve oai th ag i t p eopl e .
n the a a one Si h sm is dec nin I M lw z , k i li g r und as e s t and H induism reg aining g o . C t ill r is n su rs on is e . counts , and H i du p e titi if It the womenfolk whofoster a tendency tow ald s
H indu ism .
Another as s of S the D oa a is cl ikh , b , Doab a oten des r ed . th Sikh f c ib This clas s inh abits e . re on e een the R ers Béas nd gi b tw iv a Sutlej . 86 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB
T e s is n ens e er le s o ha the men h oil i t ly f ti , t t fo r lk a e keen agriculturi s ts . Sikhism is ra her lax s h th D o t , ot at e aba Sikh has
th e repu tation of being infer ior as a. s oldier ” t oe her t he al r th it M wa o e Manjha .
‘ A D oaba s irdar II knew in a: c ert ain r egiment w as shunned by th e remainder of
his fe o - ofi cers s o ha he ed a er ll w , t t liv v y h r m r l onely exi st enc e . N eit e s a tnes s nor
n e en e w as one of his har a er s s i t llig c c ct i tic , yet he w as a born s oldier and had earned
s n h f r r v r di ti ction in t e field o b a e y .
A s a. mi e re men s s toone as s of l , gi t tick cl m F r n S hs nd dono mix he . o ns a e ik , a t t i t c , the 15 th Sikh Regiment rec r uit s almos t ex
hs elu s ively M alw a Sik . CH AP TER V
T H E EGO N O MUC G EO G RAP H Y O F T H E
P U N JAB on n e ( C ti u d) .
( 1 1) ac ancuu uae m mmousr mes .
r The Sikh s are an ag i cultural p eople . Men and women wor k the ancestral fields surrounding the vill ages from daybreak to u A r u ur rm d sk . g ic lt e fo s the b as i s of all con vers on is r r ati ; it the oot of thei national life . D s utes nn m s i p co ected with boundaryar k , us f rr r n n r ce e o i igated wate , a d l and i he itan r er mm a e v yco on.
There are twocu stoms relating tothe law ” f r n i bh b and o inhe itance ; o e s ai , by which the property is equ ally divided among the “ ” s ns nd h o er is B and o , a t e th c alled 0t , byh is e ual d ded amon the w ich it q ly ivi g 8 8 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U NJ AB
rm r u m s enera mothers . The fo e c s to i g lly pr actised by the Malwa Sikhs and the latter
by the Manjha Sikhs .
The P unj ab mayb e des cribed as a s ub
ro a ra s s and for the s easona drou t pic l g l , l ght eliminates to anycons iderable extent the Wood and l r h Th growth of s oci al t ees on t e plains . e a nd F orest . s c ar city of trees mayb e g au ged fr om the fact that the P ip al ( F icu s religiosu s) is a sacred ree and oa hs mad e under r e e t , t it a l g ally
binding . Some vill ages only pos ses s a s ingle
ree and s s ands u sual ne r th t , thi t ly a e gues t
r hou s e o vill age well .
i h s on m B H er n t e e d en u . owev , c ill i m . C ,
when the Aryan- sp eaking p eopl es were m ra n o the P un a he r r r ig ting i t j b , t i p og es s
as ar ds w as nder dense r s e tw hi ed by foe ts , h n r h m d n which t e cove ed t e i dle pl ai s . This fact points tothe d es icc ation of the P unj ab n h ! s i c e t at d ate .
” At the p res ent d aythe total fores ted ar ea of the P un a is near s r j b ly qua e mi l es , or a ou 9 of th o r n b t % e t tal a ea . Owi g tothe inc r eased r ainfall comp ar ed with th at of the a ns mos of s f r pl i , t the e oes ts are s ituated on the s o es of the ou er H m l p t i alayas . These
” H addon The Wanderin s of P eo es P 2 , g pl , . 7 .
9 0 T H E S I K H S O F T H E ‘ P U N JAB
h sha o roos h wit ll w t , wit a sp an of life that
b egin s with the adven t of the monsoon r ains
and end s with the appr oach of the hot e h r f w at e . O thes e cultivated gr as ses wheat h , W eat . i ' f r s o a amoun m or . p t i p t anc e . It is a gras s
fir s and s ec ond r B e n nd en t, ly a g ain. i g i ig
ous tothe ed e rranean s n res onds M it b a i , it p at onc e to a Med iterranean climatic r égime
r m - r m o se i egi e .
The P unj ab is in the l atitude of the
eas ern ha f of the M ed err anean n n t l it b asi , a d — as it has b een shown abov e — actu ally re
c eives in Janu aryand F ebru arylight. r ains
- hes e r n from anti trade Atl antic winds . T ai s
ri f r ou h are follow ed by a long p e od o d g t . Thu s the P unj ab maybe cons idered as ex
per iencing a semi - regime of M ed iterranean m e cli at .
The P unj ab wh eat is s own in early au tumn and r eap ed at the end of the cold
r s o ha ma ures ver u . w eath e , t t it t y q ickly
t h en f the mons oon s e s on hen the A t e d o a , w gr ound is moi s t enou gh for the s eed toger h nt m n th ea is anted . T e er i ate, e wh t pl wi
r rr evelo the s a and show e s and i ig ation d p t lk , the ear ly drou ght rip ens and c olours the The er ra n is mos m or an grain . wint i t i p t t, r w ends on for withou t it the g ain, hich dep r The f h w ou d su e . the quality o t e s talk , l ff T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB 9 1
r fi for s cold w eathe is bene cial, it c au es the
e er nto, the soi so h roots tosink de p i l , th at t ey do not wither under the heat of the ear ly drou ght .
r M F arl ne A m To qu ote M . c a ean annual p recipitation of abou t 15 inches may r b r r d m nimum e e gene ally e ega ed as a i , xc pt under s ec a ond ns for e m p i l c itio , as , xa ple, when all the rain fall s dur ing the growing s e s on or hen rri a n r r rm a , w i g tio o d yfa ing is r a sed At res en her r p cti p t , t efo e, withou t rr a on mos of the S n r i ig ti , t i d S aga D eab and the land between Multan and Lahore is too dr to ro y g w whea t, b ut when irrigation fa es m rove hes r ciliti i p , t e egions would b e a a e of rodu n an a er a h c p bl p ci g v ge w eat crop .
Coon s s ould soon o o the n s l i t w f ll w c a al , so that s emi - desert s would b e turned intocorn fi l I e ds . n1889 the r egion now w atered by the Che-nab c anal - the l ar ges t in Indi a— w as s em - des ert bu e h - i , t betwe n t e y ear s 1892 1901 nearly a million coloni st s w ere attrac ted to h t e ar ea .
It should b e notic ed that wheat is only irrigated ( when requ ired ) tw oor three times dur n r o h t n nd su r - i g g wt , while coto a ga c ane
” E on mi 4 c o Geo a h P . 2 c gr p y . , 9 2 T H E S I K H S O F TH E P U N J AB
require tob e reg ular ly w ater ed every ten to
fourt een d ay s .
There I S one d is advantag e in grow i ng hea in low a u des n me h w t l tit , a ly , t at the l arge p erc entag e of blue and violet light is r adve s e tothe pl ant .
In the other ar eas of the P unj ab a h ard he or in s ar h but r h in ut en n w at, po t c , ic gl , a d re r lu e f r m n i row e oe a a o s . th f v bl illi g , g n
r its e d is o r e n not m r H oweve , yi l p o , b i g oe
e en u she s t the a re h s ca th an el v b l o c . T i n b e expl ained by the u s e of pr imitive a gricul
r m emen s r mi e deas and nat e tual i pl t , p i tiv i , iv
Th ou h hal is b ut an ron- s od l abour . e pl g ( ) i h
wooden cont-rivance ; the h arr ow ( suhaga) s imply a flat boar d weighed down by the
e h f th r er nd dr a ed o er the w ig t o e d iv , a gg v
o s o en the s eed is h n s o n and cl d by x ; a d w ,
the wheat. is out with the s ickle .
The fie ds are not manur ed for the dun l , g from the c attle is dried in the sun and u sed as is r u s n e ood s a e . f el , i c w c c
T he wheat crop covers s ome s uare m es on the a era e or a ou 22 of q il v g , b t r r n ll th e w the total a ea . O igi ally a e wh at as n end for e or h e th o i t ed xp t , w il e p e ple lived
on m e and ma e . At the res n ill t iz p e t day, ea and m e r hea and ma e are wh t ill t , o_ w t iz ,
9 4 T H E S I K H S or T H E P U N J AB
m er Th he s of th ma r of N ove b . e ad e ize a e either roasted whol e or ar e ground intoflour m h u n ers t es or to ake t e iv al fla c ak ,
- chapatis .
‘ G anna K amzid K amad or s u r - h , , i , g a cane, is u su a an ed rom ar h A r A lly pl t f M c to p il . shallow trou gh is mad e s ome s ix inches deep ; ’ n o h s is a d e es of as s eas n e i t t i l i pi c l t o s c an , and the ho rri w le w ell i g at ed . The young pl ant s shoot upw ard s and downwards at the nodes the u e f h , j ic o t e pith supplying the r e u red nour m q i i sh ent . The cr0p is out in r Octobe .
Ahmad arh . N ear Ahmad r S o h 1 th g ga h tati n, on t e 3 o er 1918 th s nd n r s m ris Oct b , , e ta i g c op co p ed
- e m e eas and su ar ane . maiz , ill t , p , g c
B e n n u n m n r are rals a a a a , e a s M ine . i g ll vi l pl i i l
. r of almos t ab sent f om the P unj ab . Coal a very inferior qu ality is found near the S alt
n h s i u sed n re Rang e at D a dot . T i s e ti ly by
- W R s is m n in t . R a . o a ed he N . ailw y ck lt i n nd s ome troeum is ound the S alt Ra ge, a p e l f in a numb er of plac es in the Raw alpindi d ivi n here is o e ed rom the sur ace s io , w it c ll ct f f
of pool s or from shallow pits .
i u k- ro n O ot ton. The P unj ab cotton s a q ic g wi g m ur es in o er a ter a out var ie ty that at Oct b , f b f ost of is of the shor five month s of li e . M it t T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB 9 5
B en a s is in s tapled v ariety known as g l , which B m b ut h is not a great demand in o b ay , whic w s oimport ant from an E ur op ean point of vie . r n oo and is It has a val ue for adulte ati g w l , n n to its keenly demanded by Jap a . Owi g r s s o on can on b e s ens itivenes s to f ot , c tt ly grown in the s outh and s outh- ea stern p ar ts The s o h is m re of the P unj ab . il w ich i p g f ur e b ut the exces nated with s alt is avo abl , s ive heat and the clou dines s of the mons oon r rr a on is seas on are advers e facto s . I ig ti
r eas e er or n . The nec es sa y , at l t, v y f t ight f r r et b ut mu is e n cotton is o poo va i y , ch b i g done to improve the quality by c areful s el ection of seed .
N ear the c anal between the villages of
ur - Jher a and J andiali are N anakp ag , m n r f The n fi e s a y ac es o cotton . cotto ld ar e u su a the ar es nd r e r lly l g t , a a p o tected from the goats by hed ges of thorn . All the cotton from thi s and the Chhap ar d is trict is conveyed in the l ar ge agricultural arts toAhmed arh here here is in r c g , w t a g , o ” K r r h r a pa K a K ana . H e e the seed s ar e
" extr acted and the wool press ed into b ales .
' There are al so gins at D ehlon and at L udhiana .
The land which does not admit of irrig a is us h enden to e t ion ually sandy , wit a. t cy d 9 6 T H E s um s or T H E PU NJ AB
un The Lu dhian r velop into d es . amI ag aon r s ome five mi es rom Ludh ana as s es oad , l f i , p f r B throu gh an op en pl ain with ew t ees . l ack
s kinned native c attl e and a few goat- s are D eer . seen on e her nd bu h n n r it h a , t t e s ta di g c op s r e few and f r e n A n n h a a b tw ee . t o e p oi t t e road cu t s throu gh a l ar ge sand dune covered h m s f e r r wit clu p o t all f atheryg ass . S ev e al ” rds of H er n r r r e o o d ee e tob e s een . h , , a
Another s and dune r egion exi st s. s ome
h n . . u De lo four miles east of D ehlon . I s et o t one morning l ate in Octob er tor each the vill ag es f lhur i lh her ere hree of o K u and S a ur . T e w t and ” u s es des the on a— a a in a ro en gfigfli b i t g w ll , b k ” r sh or et down cou ntr y tong a . N eve all I f g
the cros s - country r ide we had B oth the vil
l ag es ar e s itu ate-d in almos t inacc es s ibl e spots The r a s w e u sed er e as reg ards roads . t ck w
h ru s ul of dden hoes ho ed deep wit t , f l hi l , c k n nd a mos ur ed at imes in with fine s a d , a l t b i t t undergrowth and featheryfores t grass . A r ended a ru one par ticular spot the t ack b ptly , f s and dunes n o and g av e pl ace toa region o , i t
which the wheel s of our tong a sank deeply . All around u s w as the tall fores t gras s in t hu ge clump s reaching a h eight of fifteen fee . rr ound n Thi s shu t ou t our view of the su i g
country and obliterated all l andmar k s . Of f or the r a in e ame a ne ess , cou se, w lk g b c c ity
T H E SIK H S O F T H E P U N J AB 9 7
' pony could hardly drag the tonga throu gh the udden w emer e o t fine s and . S ly e g d n o a hu g e plou ghed field with nos ign of a path . There w as nothing for it but tomake a b ee r e r sh line for the distant t ees . N ve all I for g et th at tramp with myh eavymarching ! e n h fi s nd nd boots s inking like l ad i tot e ne a , a ’ Lu u r h n ne s . with the s n scoc i g o b ack ckily , one of myrecru it s whohad come ou t. tolook h r u s nd ondu ed u s toK ul u . for u s found , a c ct ” Th c - s nned o en or es a e bl a k ki x , byl , pl y O x en or B s ye . m r n r s s f ur en The l an i pota t p a t a b ea ts o b d . r r s s w t pooes t cu ltivato po es s es!at l eas t t o. A evening time the byles are brou ght home ro th fie s r h f m e ld , and eithe p as s t e night in the narrow Gali s or in one of the court y ards .
C amel s als oare u s ed by the more wealthy
ame s z amindar as a qu icker mode of trans it of C l . ds e ee goo b tw n vill ages . I h ave even s een ame s harne s t th P r In c l s ed o e e s ian w ell s . one p art icul ar c as e th at c ame tomynotic e the ame w as nd - oded and s n d o c l bli f l , o ee ed n n atte dant . H e went round at a meas u red p ac e until he approached the main axle ; he en en s o er s e ed o er n n th w t l w , t pp v it , a d i reased the c p ac e . Thi s would continu e all d ay
Tob e moun ed th t , e camel squats on all 9 8 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J A B
W ours . en one is sea ed eh the f h t b ind driver ,
the ame h a ur n r s c l , wit g gli g c y, tands u by p a s u es s on of mo emen s firs n s f r cc i v t , t o it o e e s w h auses ne t b l g , ich c o o e j erked b ack ards hen u r h on all f ur w , t p ig t o s , which c au s es one to as sume the per p endicul ar
ag ain .
The mo on is er e u ar b u t one soon ti v y p c li ,
m s u s m m b eco e acc to ed toit . A good c a el “ ” does five kos or ten m es an hour eas , il , ily n n r e r T e P un b o e v o n ound . h a on b k g j ,
a ou n of its s and s o s e s e d ed cc t y il , i p ci ally a apt i for ts u s e .
The S h h n s a rea dea of his ame ik t i k g t l c l , and adorns its head with s treamer s of bright
r r Th m i r colou ed ibbons . e c a el s cont olled by means of reins f ast ened tothe ri ng s at the end of a shor s er b ar h h as s es t ilv , w ic p
h r is h es i throu gh the nostril s . T i s b a t ick t n
e r the c nt e .
The dr iver s imply b el abours the c amel on the neck with a b amboorod when he wi shes ’ h me is u s u a it to gof aster . T e c a l s t ail lly
tied up by its end tothe s addl e cloth .
I have s een as many as four people on
— m her a her and two h dren. one c amel ot , f t , c il The s addle is u sually made for two; it is of
d h ra s ed omme s in ron of each woo , wit i p l f t d rider ; over the seat of the s addl e is spr ea
1 00 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N JA B
The hoe f am r de ns h w l ily i i ide, and uddle o e her e herr n s in r r e t g t lik i g a b a l . The hou s ehold u tens il s are slung on b ehind the r ca t . The tr avell er s s l eep mos t of the j our ne and s om m y, eti es the driver as w ell . I
have met su ch a car t gu ided willy - nillyby the
o en o o n a. de ou s rou fr n x , f ll wi g vi te om o e side
of the ro th h r ad to e ot e .
i r The a mos o s oe e Ra h or l w r C a r age l t b l t t , o fou
ee arr a e it s o ered - in od wh led c i g , with c v b y ,
r o nd ur ains ma s b e met with ed cl th a c t , ytill
- h bu t on in the ut - f - the - w v di str s o o a . wit , ly ict
I t is u sed for the conveyance of women- folk ; by drawing the cu rta ins at the s ide the c ocu
r T n er r s pants a e completely hidden . he i t io i
u e c a mf rt bl c u h on m q it o a e with s i s and at s , n h r l e abling t e t ave l ers tosl eep at full l ength .
The Sikh is es senti ally a l a ndowner and Ind t rie us s . r r ns u on finds an a u u s . e en e g ic lt i t Co q tly , r him little engaged in indu s t ies .
The only factori es in the Lu dhi ana dis
ri r hose in D eh on Ludh ana and t ct a e t l , i City ,
Ahmed arh here the r aw d s ri o on is g , w i t ct c tt r nd s s ent to b e ginned and p ess ed . I ia po nn n an r es s n m s s u s es s es gi i g d p i g ill , p
r r The plying wok to op e atives .
P un os ses ses 120 u h m l s em o n j ab p s c i l , pl yi g “ operatives f The majority of su ch
London hamb er of ommerce Journal C C , T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB I O !
workmen are not Sikhs .
- Vill ag es are practic ally s elf s upporting . I h m th ras s oo n u ens s the n t e e loc al b c ki g t il , u r ed t e hee es s P un a shoes the a r c v o ll j bi , g i r m emen s and oher an s are cultu al i pl t , t w t
is on in es e Lah ore nd mad e . I t ly citi lik a Amrits ar that indu stri es of anyimp ortance
r r a e c ar ied on.
Amrits ar manufactures l ar ge qu antities
K shm r sh s h h ar e m de rom of a i awl , w ic a f
- r r hes e the cream colou ed hai of the goat . T s hawl s are locally embr oidered with colour ed hr h s em roder i l t eads . T i b i y s a l done by the men by hand . Cottomand s ilk s tu ff s are al s o manu f actured at Lah ore and Amrits ar to s upply loc al need s .
Many goods that app ear in b az aars such as that of Lu dhi ana. and Amrits ar are not
Th n r m r i loc ally made . e gold a d s ilve e b o deries fi ree or ornamen r as s es , lig w k , tal b s va
ome rom B enar es the or r n r m c f , iv y c a vi g f o
D elh and the r e s n fur fr m i , c a p t a d s o f A ghanis tan .
Lahore and Amri ts ar are l ar ge entr epots of o er and and mer nd se h h v l loc al cha i , w ic o s in ro l m fl w f m a l points of the co p as s .
Some 60% of the p eopl e are eng aged in
a r u ure . h s er en a e o n t g ic lt T i p c t g , wi g o a P AB 1 02 T H E . S IK H S O F T H E U N J
more advers e climate and to the g reater
ro h of ndu s r es is les s an a f the g wt i t i , th th t o
r Ganges b as n .
The trade of the P unj ab d ep end s almos t en re on a r u ure t m ti ly g ic lt , and he ain feature of the trade in a normal y ear is the move
men of hea toK ar ach . In a b ad s e so t w t i a n, hen the r a ns fai h s mo w i l , t i v ement is
her is s r checked . T e a con ide able p rovincial
ran - fron r r Th r and t s tie t ade . e l atte is with K ashm r Lad a h Y ar and n Af i , k , k , a d ghani s
t an .
The o u a on of the un a o r s e P c ula i n p p l ti P j b c mp i s p t o . s ome en m ons of h h s om w tw ty illi , w ic e t o
- h rd s re fi s . s r r u r t i a J t , a p a toal ag ic ltu al p eople whos e anc es tor s c ame p rob ably fr om Cen tral s All he f ert e re s r dens e eo A ia . t il a a a e ly p pled
h s ome 4 00 to the s u ar e m e e in wit q il , whil the les s fertile regions the popul ation is as
s r low as 1 50tothe qu a e mile .
Thi s dens ity of popu l ation means abun
r The a our is chea dant ch eap l abou . l b p r w The b ec au se the cos t of living is ve y lo .
r m e u nedu a ed and onser p eople are p i itiv , c t , c v h r e s so ha estern adminis vati e in t ei id a , t t w
s nd b e r o res s e b enefi tration i , a will , p g iv ly r estern on ac has cial to the a ea . W c t t
s tamp ed out famines by the improvement of l ocal nat ive c anals and by the es tabli shment
C H AP E V T R I.
REC RU IT IN G MET H O D S .
The maj ority ofl p eople in E ngl and are entirely ignor ant of the p roced ure and method s adopted to obtain recru its for the
h- s e r e men s of the nd A hig c a t gi t I ian rmy . O wing tothe great demands made upon the Ind an Arm in P a es ne D ar ne es E st i y l ti , da ll , a A r a es o oami a and e en in F ran e f ic , M p t , v c , the Indian Government w as c all ed upon to condu ct a rec ru iting c ampaign upon a s c ale m Th un r f the never before atte pted . e co t y o chi ef w ar - like races was s coured far and wide f r r ru ts n m n r s of the P un ab o ec i , a d a y p a t j
ere o er- re ru ed s o a few ere e t to w v c it , th t w l f T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB 1 05
r Th r t ill the ances t al fields . e g eater par t of India w as then divided in to d s r s under a te re ru n offi er i t ict whi c iti g c , w ho u su h her s ally ad anot white ass i tant .
T es e ofi ers the aid of r h f c , with p o m nen na e offi als es s i t tiv ci , tabli hed c entral d epots to which recru its w ere to b e b rou ght for examination before theywere d es a ed tothe ar ou s p tch v i units .
D ur ing 1918 new regiments were being formed ee s o a th l f r w kly , th t e ca l o recruits w s s r s a alway p e si tent .
The founding of a new uni t u sually began The founding of h the a on men of a Coone o o ed wit pp i t t l l , f ll w i a new un t . f r r Th by th at o othe white office s . e parent regiment furnished a’ nu cl eus of some three h h new un w s r aded hundred men, t en t e it a b ig and left toits own res our c es tofind recru its .
The plan u su ally adopted w as to s end par ties of trained men under native offi cers to ese ar es had their own neighbourhood . Th p ti
‘ to report for ins tructions at the office of a r F rom here the certain recru iting office . , men w ere s ent to their own villages with re rr n ed da order s top arade again on a. p a a g y with anyrecruits they had succ eeded in in es e re ruits ducing to accomp any th em . Th c w ere then examined by the Britis h recruiting 1 06 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J A B
ofi er as s ed the do or n s f c , p by ct , a d ent to
r the egiment .
A bet ter pl an w as toes tabli sh a r egimen tal recr uitin g d epot in the neighbou rhood of
t m n e o H ere all rec ru s u r he ai d p t . it co ld e c eive a littl e pr eliminar y training b efore
i s n re m n h d u rt r b e ng ent o to gi e tal ea q a e s .
O ver su ch a d epot a r egimental British h r w l offic er w a s pl ac ed in c a g e . H e as a ways under the order s of the loc al rec ruiting
offi er and all r ec ru s had to as s hrou h c , it p t g ’ r h n s h m d the l att e s a d at t e ain epot .
Imagine three s ides of a hollow s qu ar e
h e - m - ri u d n s lined wit cottag like ud b ck b il i g ,
boas ting of a. col umned v erandah and f ac ing
- w r e . r e s tr e n ur a d ounded on th a g av l ed co ty , b n op en s ide by a. high mud w all conta i ing
n - n n s d in the n d ou bl e s wi g gates . O o e i e ti y rooms b abu s ( native cl erk s ) w ere bu s y
with offi ci al corres pondenc e and s tati stic s . Sometimes wor k w as done u nder the ver and ah
- s e on r e oo n a es . O n the a w ll , ick ty l ki g t bl oppos ite s ide w ere the offic es of the B riti sh officer and the ex amining r oom of the nativ e ‘ m r f h I M r b . d o me e o t e . . S oct , a
At. an ear ly hour the courtyard and the compound beyond were filled with a medley
mas s of se o s s rdar s a u s oa er s and p y , i , b b , l f , r e ru ts s o ha one ot a on u sed m res c i , t t g c f i p
1 08 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB
c s ful re ru re e ed fi ru ees es c it c iv fty p , a woollen
r nd an e hen w as anded o er j e sey , a a bl k t , t h v ’ l e The re ru t s tothe local regimenta d pot . c i
sheet- r oll w as s ent on tothe regimental head ’ u ar ers h ere s ome mes hree da s q t , w ich w ti t y
journey away .
The recruit-ing depot I have in mind w as e h It w u w ll c os en . as s it ated alongs ide the
Jullundur - Ludh ana Road on a reen i , g m dan a n er un it m ai ( pl i ) , ov h g on s ar gins
an a rees . A ood e l n r by gi t pip l t g w ll ayea . The c amp w as l aid out in r ows of gable
s ha ed en - s a ed n n A r p t t pl c e d o . g een flag on a n n a e o u o the re m n c t i i g y ll w q it , gi e tal
em em announ ed t s sers - bl , c op a bythe obj ect of the am : enea the fla a ed a s n r c p b th g p c e t y .
After a wash and a meal the recruit w as urn shed h un form ons s n of f i wit a i , c i ti g shor s ur ta dr l un c u t , k ( i l t i ) , p ttees ,
oos and s h r ss . h n b t , af a ( ead d e ) T e ’ beg an for him a month s preliminary r r s m r H e w s u d ill of a ve y i ple natu e . a ta ght how to ear his un orm to s lu his w if , a te ffi rs m s m m r o m n s o ce , to ak e i ple ilita y m ve e t , ’ r m rs Th s r s s of and many othe atte . e pot ide the tr inin w as not f r ott In th e en n a g og en. e v i g ames ere or anised The mos o u r fe g w g . t p p la a tur e w as wres tling toenable this tob e played the sod s were s tr ipped off a patc h of ground T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB 1 09
Lon um h du u . and the s oil w ell g p g j p , igh
- r es all had e r urn . r ed to jump , ac , th i t I t i l amu s ed the a ers introdu ce footb a l . It pl y F ot a h h b ut n re s at the ame re o b . ig ly , o g at kill g ll ul e Th ers ould not ee he r s t d . e play w k p t i
b re err ed et- n in a. um ed pl ac es , ut p f g ti g j bl m s s in h he u shed and ed one a , whic t y p kick r m h s rum anothe indi s cri inately . T i s c e mas s ne er a roa hed the oa os s b ut lik v pp c g lp t , g ener ally w ander ed on the confines of the
fi e d here a ounded a en ifu ro of l , w b pl t l g wth
r me m s oo r u p ickly c acti . I so ti e t k p a t in s ch a am e and w as o en id low the s g , ft l a by t actic
/ of the Su ad ar - a or who re uen b M j , f q tly brou ght myheadlong r ush u shor t by the p s impl e exp edient of hooking myankles with his ur ed- hand n - s m c v led w alki g tick . The g a e g enerally ended with the b all being punc r r tu ed bya thon .
Some evening s s ing - song s w ere ar u r n for m es o Sin a ged yspecial benefit . Th e to k g n s So g . plac e under the pip al trees around a bl azing l fire Th m h h r en n og . e en ad ad thei ev i g l r m m s e n en w s n n u . ea , o th i e joy t as po ta eo s The s inging w as led by the acknowled ged e erts of the art all oned in th rus xp ; j i e cho . he r an e of notes w r m ed n he T g as ve y li it , a d t whole p erformanc e savoured of a rhythmetic monoonou s an h l e me t ch t , tow ich al k pt ti by 1 1 0 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB
r the movements of thei bodies . O ne pecu li ar ity of the s inging w as the prolonging of
u e r the high notes . S ch a f at always p oduced
great appl au s e .
Administ ra The whole admini strative work of the
‘ tive Work . de o e on the head of the e ffi p t f ll whit o cer . H e had to ru n the whol e s how withou t
n er a s s n Al re r a ycl ic l a is ta ce . l the cods of
c oh n s sued e ra m r s l t i g i , xt ilk , pu cha ing of
oa s n the hund red nd n r h g t , a d a o e othe t ings connected with the c amp were writtenin Gur u
m h nd e th d r s es e ak i a k pt by e H avil a . Th
men ho e er ood as s od ers et ere , w v g l i , yw
unable to keep accou nts without. cons t ant
r I s su e s on . n one a e the H d r ou d p vi i c , avil a c l
not dra s tra h nes nd ha h r f w ig t li , a d t e t ick o
m s s n a es h hen d s o ered he i i g p g whic , w i c v ,
w ent a tofill s o ha his re ord s final b ck , t t c ly
s r f r er had nos embl an c e of equence o o o d . I t looked as if one had idly turned the p ages whil e another had thrown words and figures h m at t e .
The e as e ho e er is an e e t on abov c , w v , xc p i
e enera ru e for en e l r a ned to th g l l , wh w l t i , H avildar s in char ge of accounts are thor ou ghly comp etent and tr us tworthy
O ne of the duties of the B riti sh ofiioer w as
s urr un n oun r in om n totour the o di g c t y c p a y ,
1 1 2 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U NJ AB
an hour with s ome coar s e flour mad e fr om m r i en e s and s o e a o es . m ll et, a. chick , gg , tich k
“ es s t s a a er had?had a tu b ou d N eed l o y, ft I , I c l A d nner w s r odu ed have eaten anything . i a p c
of ha a s h en Cu e s r o es c p ti , c ick tl t , a tich k ,
and for drink s tr ong tea. without! milk or
r h s e w s s erved in an old enamel su ga . T i t a a mu g hich w a s p ar of mysh a ing r e ui , w t v q
B h es ur s w s es . e n ou a ea o e as it i g wit t pl t , ch c brou ght in on pl antain l eav es ; even the s alt
h it s f ad piec e o leaf .
The o o n morn n w as u e imes i f ll wi g i g I p b t , R a kot . n e u f r o h r e I rri ed fore a d s t o t o Raik t , w e a v be
th m n es who h d n ende our e l oc al ag at , a i t d j h eyi ng from Lu dhiana by tong a in the cool n h e m d e the of the morn n . ea a i g M w il , I f th m s r e who acqu aintanc e o e loc al agi t at ,
w r i u ssu m s as atti ed n the su al Mu l an clothe ,
b l r r m n r fez ut a s owo e a ce e o ial ed .
’ Ou ts ide the magi s trate s hou s e s ome fifty villag e headmen or lumb adar s with their fr h m n th rri h i ends ad as se bled . O e a val of t e r h m n m s e e s t e ee o ened . T h d n p ak ti g p he ea e , ea n he r shoes ou s d er m s s l vi g t i t i e, w e a ed
under the eranda to s en t h er v h li t ot e sp eak s , w hoin urn m un ; n r r The t o ted a ki d of os t um . fir s t sp eakers expl ained the War Loan ; they
‘ ‘ had obtained a lis t of all the chief men of the
d stri and had alre d e i ct , a y pl aced oppos ite th 0 5 1m VI II.
P ET D E ER R C U IT IN G C AM P A K ID . E R ,
L UD H I AN A .
1 1 4 T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU NJA B
Af er w ar ds w as off er ed a meal a u t I , ltho gh myhos t w as qu it e p erpl exed as to what to r m Th o n w s s oured r offe e . e a and t w c , a b
new Amer an enkn fe w h s ix des d ic p i it bla , an a t n fe h a sha d s oour o ea k i , wit ky i c l ed b ne
r r m hand e e e d s o e ed . S u h ere im l , w i c v c w y Y pl ement s for the meal This cons i s ted of o ed r e m e ha a s a ken and b il ic , ill t , c p ti , chic , f s r Th oher u es s h a bottl e o ; oda w at e . e t g t ad
he r mea on the. oor and r e ne ar ound t i l fl , cli d a
h - All t d n he r fin rs w it e cloth . a e by ippi g t i ge
mm I s t r intothe co on di sh . a at a ound t able and did the b es t I cou ld with myrou gh and m F r m m w s novel impl e ents . om ti e toti e I a
“ aw ar e of manyflashing p air s of eyes that
w atched me thr ou gh a. door cons i s ting of
s ined s Th mea o er a er w s t a gl as e l v , w t a
r h i . r s es se e e e a ras s b ou g t n a b a s v l lik a) k ttl , b
n w s ed on the oor and the aid pa a plac fl , with
f n e f Sun s oa i h o a ti y pi ce o light p , wh c r n mmens u ur I w as cons ide ed a i e l x y, trived to w ash myhands in the s tream of w ater that w as pour ed ou t byone of the
h me h d of sh n ensured att endan ts . T i s t o wa i g
ha no es se w as defiled myou h . t t v l by t c
The j ou rney b ack w as pl easanter both on account of the shade and on account of the r had comp any of a c ert ain Indian l awye . I the pl easure of h aving t ea with this g entle T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU NJ AB [ I S
r h s me ons s ted of man af ter w a ds . T i al c i h rd - o e e s s w eetmeats ra es and a b il d gg k , g p ,
It w s er mu s n to s h s bl ack t ea . a v ya i g ee t i g entl eman c ar efu lly take the shell off an egg and hand the a er o er tome s o not tob e l tt v ; I ,
ea en did the s ame and handed him one in b t , r rn etu .
D urin one our in the Char ar D s r g t p i t ict , ' O li ar par I s a ed in the anal res - hou s e at a hera t y c t J g , mak ing thi s pl ac e myheadqu ar t er s whil e I s te th s urr n i vi i d e ou ding vill ag es . This d s
r e is e s er ed b v a r a a s o— ha w as t i t w ll v ilw y , t t I a e t o s f s hm r bl o g a ar a A ed ga h by train .
h me had a. ons der a e moun of Wit I c i bl a t kit , ’ as arr ed ood for for -h h r W h I c i f a t ig t s tou . it a little p er s u as ion a loc al z amind ar
( land - owner ) w as indu ced t o convey mykit to the res t- hou s e on his hea u m r ou s e - a on dr a n b vy , c b byl w g , w y tw o o en h e I en r s s x , w il w t ac o the fi eld s .
hes e a s the s eas on w as ear au u mn r e T , ly t , we cover ed with a rip ening c rop of mill et and
- m iz e H ere an ther e su r - m a . d ga c ane in s all er
hes re a ed D ur l p atc p v il . ing mys tay al thes e
r o s er in h r r c p w e t e p oc es s of b eing ha ves ted .
All er s w n r u u r w e cu t byhan d . I a oag ic lt al ma h ner and all the m emen s u s ed er e c i y , i pl t w very p rimitive and cons tru ct ed chiefly of wood .
“ The fo or e th e ' dhé ti an d lk w ( kilt) , 1 1 6 T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU NJA B
an a generally w alked withou t footg ear . M y time I have met traveller s carr yi ng their shoes on their head s tosave them from being
worn out. toos oon .
r os ed s n Toall the vill ages I had p op vi iti g , I had pr eviou s ly s ent on r ecru its toprep are r the inhabitants for myar i val . These vil l ag es I vi s ited in the u su al rou gh country on a h h ame d ai fr om D eh on five t g , w ic c ly l ,
mil es aw ay.
Onc e off the main mac ad ami s ed Br itish
en neer ed r oad n er - c mmumc gi s , i t o ation among the vill ages w as p r actically confined to mere tortu ou s track s that wound willy
nill ac ros s rr a ed fie ds o er s an unes y i ig t l , v d d , amon s um s of a r ass in a n g t cl p t ll g ; f ct , a y
. r Th fi where bu t in a s t aight line . e elds con
t n n the ra ere rr eri d ai i g t ck w i ig ated p o ic ally , ‘ s othat tong a traffic at su ch a p eriod le aves an
nher an e of dee hee ra s the i it c p w l t ck , which In ro es s f me hot sun s oon b akes har d . p c o ti
the r at s s n d ee er and dee er s o a . is i k p p , th t it
a. common s ight tomeet c ar t tracks twofeet e o the ener e f th r b l w g al l vel o e g ound . To remain in a springles s tong a while it negoti ated su ch r oads would di s tur b the e u anim of A ord q ity a god . cc in l r rr y, e e ed a n al hou h g I p f w lki g , t g h s at mes w as e u a r n for m t i ti q lly t yi g , y
1 1 8 T H E S I K H S or T H E PU N J AB
l White natur e tomine w as ov er a y ear od . v e on r ec r u n offic er s only { i s ited - the vill ag iti g r f r the sa e of the ood eron du ty , o o k g h
( d eer ) hunting . The boundaryb etw een native and B r iti s h ter ri tories in the neighbou rhood of Lu dhiana
r rre ul r In s ome as es D i s tr ict is ext emelyi g a . c
h n P o e- d s r s under i sl and T a as ( lic i t ict ) ,
B r s dm n s r a on bu t surr ounded iti h a i i t ti , r h m na e r or o ur . u e a es by tiv te it y , cc S c x pl ar e the Thanas of Shakna and D ha ali in h n hs t e Ja rao . h e p , g T e il T es
hanas ar e er mu h soa ed e n ff the T v y c i l t , b i g o r a a ra and r ea hed on rou h ilw y t ck , c ly by g
road s .
Attempt s have b ee n mad e tore form the boundar y line by making mu tu al exchanges
of erri or su h s n h a s a d anas . w t t y , c i l T H o e er the r oo of the r u e i th v , t t o bl s e qu es tion
f n To ee u th re nu e of n o tax atio . k p p e ve ti y S es su h as Malerkotla and Jhind the ta t , c , vill ager s ar e taxed s ometimes tr eble that of a
neighbour ing B riti sh admini s tered one .
r l th er a er s o e to the N atu a ly , e latt vill g bj ct prosp ect of having their present tax es trebl ed for the dou btfu l advantage of b eing governed
n e by a native pote t at .
The great ravag es mad e by the influenza
' s ou tb reak greatly afi ect ed r ec r uiting result .
1 2 0 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U NJAB
p arr ots or a frightened p eac ock s eeking the
s he er of the under r r lt g owth . T ee rats were everywhere ; they j u mp ed acros s the road in front of one with the greates t effrontery and
u n n ern m co c i aginable .
My only r egret w as the return to dak h it m n on un a o e s a n en . b g l w lif , wit y i c v iences h In su ch plac es flies alw ays abound . T ey ’ e nto one s s ou um e a ns th f ll i p , b p d ag i t e ’ am s e t ed on the n of ne s n l p , t l ape o eck until
’ one w as forc ed tos eek refu ge under a mos E in b e under net u o net . en en d a q it v wh ,
the s and - flies g ave one a rou gh time in the orm of es hi e e r ar er c n f bit , w l th i l g o freres kept up alp erp etu al hum throu gh the
d ar ker hours of the night .
Getting money to paythe men w as no I the sen e of an n s . n n eas y ta k ab c yba k, a order had tob e obtained on the Treasuryfor t is s ue of the requ ired amount of s ilver . A this time little s ilver w as p aid by b anks o n to the re s or a e ne es s a n wi g g at h t g , c it ti g w Government action . Su ch a s hortage as ’ brought abou t by the Orientals little faith in All r w banks . s ilve available as no dou bt buried in the ground by millions of the
natives .
The treasury w as built on the same lines T H E S I K H S O F T H E PU NJ AB 1 2 1
r It h as a o . had a s and on n f t hig w ll , ly o e r n hrou h a or hed e ent a ce t g p c gat way , and an arm ed gu ar d w as alway s pos ted at thi s gate w The u s nes s of the r asur w as ay. b i t e y u na e ofi a s w h s at entirely cond cted by tiv f ci l , o on their heels on the floor b efore mini ature
n the or ere es. of s er and desks . O flo w pil ilv
" aluminium coins ; near at h and w as a rou gh x n f All wooden b o cont aini g piles o notes . entries w ere made by the c ashier in Arabic
r n ff - ur with a eed pen o bu colo ed l ed gers . This pen enabled the wr iter toget the des ired thickening of Arabic ch ar acter s with all the s f r r r p eed o a shoth and w ite .
the ne s of th rmmti m With w e a ce, c a e a mes sage from h eadquart ers to close the e n w t the d epot . R cruits o flocked o join m s oours e ed the onu s of fi ru ee . c l , t pt by b fty p
B ut w s t e f r m r r e ru s: ere it a ool at , o no oe c it w r u r eq i ed .
Very soon afterw ar ds c ame the order to r A s u a redu ce regiments toa c ert ain c ad e . it tion now aros e contrary toth at whi ch exi s ted
h r Th s i n wit white t oop s . e Sikh d d ot want tob e demobilised ; they wer e far tooh appy as s oldiers earning more than they cou ld from r u ur A ord n he dm n s r e ag ic lt e . cc i gly t a i i t ativ
r r n All s taff had tos et towok with dis c etio . men b elow the p eace- time s tandar d were de [ 2 2 T H E s um s O F T H E P U N J AB
mo s ed hen one n th m bili , t by o e e en were
weed ed ou t .
The arm w as in h s d sor an sed s a e Af ghan y t i i g i t t when the r ec ent w ar with Afghani s tan broke out ; The Sikh regiment s at P es haw ar w er e
amon the firs in a on n g t cti , a d di stingu i shed thems elv es with their accu stomed d ash and
r er in th r D r b av y e action befo e acc a F ot .
The Sikh s oldi er now pl ay s a l ar ge p art in the g arr i s oning of our frontier s in the N ear
r is r e ru s and F a E as . H e o a a nd t l y l , b v , a t t
T m h . m wort hy . o ak e su c a fin e ex a ple of a s oldi er from a rou gh u ngainly p eas ant r eflects no s mall p rai se on the handful of B riti sh offic er s who control s o ably the fortunes of he or h er u native r egiment s . T y w k c e f lly un der the rigou rs of a tropic al climate ; un
s een the u e e h h o en e by p blic y, w ic ft l vies on
h r he ds u n a ed - for r sm he main t ei a c ll c itici , t y t ain with honour the integrity of the B r itish
r ac e .
1 2 4 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB
D eh on 36 4 1 95 Gran Sa 12 14 l , , , th hib , 1 00 52 96 Gurus 12 1 , 5 D u r b ar Sahib 1 4 Gold en T emple 14 D as wen B ad sh ah ki Gu g a P ir 4 1 Granth 1 4 Gadda 99 D res s 2 1 Go nd S n h 13 1 5 vi i g , , D ea R tes 34 1 6 19 6 1 th i , , D hapali 1 18 Guj ar s 2 4 D ak- bungalow life Garba 28 120 Gr anthi D al 42 Ghan a 2 8 iw i , D hoi 2 4 4 6 Gur m 28 t , , D acc a‘ F ort 122 D e h 14 15 6 1 69 G u rud w r l i , , , a a 77 80 1 1 Go a , , 0 p lpur
D arms a a 5 0 5 9 G i a - l h l , , h t og 1 17 Galis 2 7 Ghann a G atew ays 79 H eron ’ D oa Si 85 ba. kh B arr ow s D eodar ree 8 9 T H at Gfivind D ens t of i y H ar Rai H ar K ishin Educ ation H al H éli F air s F erozepore F ood P rishta
Goats T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB 1 2 5
J r aon l ehs 5 7 Lud ana 19 3 6 4 1 ag il hi , , , a r 2 5 93 6 9 8 1 95 10 J wa , , , , 0 Jhinw ars 2 7 L a on Lo e of itig ti , v Jharmat 3 6 2 0 Jur ah 30 Lohar 60
J 84 1 18 Lan - K hana 2 7 hind , ga J ndi li 6 5 6 5 Lumbadar 4 9 5 7 a a 3 , , 9 , Jus s a S n 1 7 60 Lahr a 5 i gh , 0 s 6 5 La or e 77 80 8 Jat h , , 3 , Jb e um 64 89 101 l , ,
Lea er - D res s er s 60 ‘ th K ar ar ka K ana 95 p h Lad a 64 102 l 6 6 kh , K u hur 34 , 3 , 73 , 9 K os a w a S s 84 86 M l ikh , K a u 1 an ha S k s 85 6 b l M j i h , 8 K arma 32 a e 4 5 93 1 15 i M iz , , K ir 4 5 p 99 , 93 K ara P ar s ad a i S s 1 5 6 h M zhb ikh , 1 K a ir 14 u an ur 4 b M ll p 5 , 11 1 K annun o 5 8 Méla’ 9 g 3 , 99 ' ’ K ha sa 12 15 o huls 1 5 1 6 l , , M g , , 1 7 K és hr a as 1 6 Ma tt , 17 K ung a 12 Muklawa 33 K a hh 12 2 1 u an 18 7 c , M lt , 7 , 82 , K ashm r 18 64 02 i , , 1 9 1 K ar aha 2 9 Misls 1 7 K a tor a 2 8 Moneyl ender 2 3 K anda 12 Malerkotla 56 8 h , 4 , K ur sti ka K he l 36
K ar a. 12 K hatri 2 3 K ur sti- Log 5 0 K angr a D i strict 64 K arachi 'a a P ar 93 , 103 M h shad 2 8 K amad 94 K amadi 94 Mill et 2 M ner a s 1 , 4 6 i l
Law s of Inheritanc N anakpur - Jaghera g7 “ 1 2 6 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J A B
N ad erh Qu oit Throw ing 38 N adir Shah i 4 1 N ai Raz a Raikét 99 1 1 1 N euve Chapelle , R D as 12 1 4 am , n N ailcutter Ramana d Ran S n h N abha jit i g Ru nning en 68 Ox , Rémgarhias O u ar d S ns of tw ig Religi on S ikhism Roads rn me n s 2 4 O a t Res hna D oab Ra a nd 77 80 w lpi i , P ers an We s 6 7 97 i ll , P hulki S a e s an t t Rivers of P unj ab
89 , 93 67 72 73 , , P ou h 92 99 l g , Ravi 69 P a ala 16 77 82 ti , , Ra infall of P u nj ab P ers ian Invas ions 17 Annu al 82 h r V P es awa alley Summe r 77 18 69 79 8 1 , , , Winter 80 P a ri 2 2 B th 40 100 g a , P angat 2 7 Recr u iting Tou rs 1 10 P ital S u ar - cane 9 1 94 P al ree 53 88 g , ip T , 1 15 P ahul 1 1 15 , 2 9 S and - dunes 72 95 P ahir 34 36 , , Sialhu r 36 53 96 P urénas 52 , , Su b a e P aij amas 2 1 g Sirhind 17 P atta 57 S rdar s 18 4 8 P tanchai fi 5 8 i , Shadi 2 9 P atw ar i S n h 12 15 2 0 i g , , P h s u e of S hs h W rs 18 85 y iq ik Sik a , 19 83 nu s s , Se i 1 9 P r P an a P as s 64 af 2 2 i j l S a 2 1 , P etroleum 94 S al una 2 7 P op ul ation of P unj ab 37 102 S amrala T ehs il 7 P os teen Coat 8 1 Shakna 1 18
1 2 8 T H E S I K H S O F T H E P U N J AB
I IB L EO G RAP H Y .
UNNIN AM H s or of the C GH i t y Sikh s .
OW E R N oes on CR TH t Sikhs .
F ALCON H andbook on Sikhs for
‘ ‘ Regimental O flicers
CA N D LE R The an e of th E a M tl e st .
Sikh s and the Sikh
' War s
MCGR E GOR H i storyof the Sikh s . h RI CE N otes on Sik s .
MA CAU LI F F E The Sikh Religion : It s c r d r n s c Guru s S a e & . , W iti g , M ACA U LI F F E Art icl e on Sikhism
Encyclop aedi a B rit anni ca .
BING LE Y Sikhs— H andbook s for the rm Indi an A y . A SELEC TI O N O F TH E M I S C E L L A N E O U S W O R K S
P ublished by
' - D ELD H OUSE 82 3 Farrin don Street London RAN iz s A EG E. C . B N , , g , ,
TH E SI LK I N D U STRY O F TH E U N ITED K I N G D O M i D v o men B SIR F RA WAR E R B K . E i n an e e t . . Its O r d p y , . g l NK N
I th e tra ric 2 2 s . o. i to c o . P e nett 22 m eria 4 t G t . 7 . pp p l l p l x ,
This au thoritative w ork e tends o er 7 16 a es inc ud es , x v p g , l Th u e t M . T in and H . M . e en in their colou red pla es of H . he K g Q C oronation Rob es the famou s si k shaw in the N orw ich mu seu m , l l , w a er at w ork fr m M S S in he B ritish museu m P rimitive e v s o . . . t , i stration n art a er and 54 other ll u s o p p . The main obj ect of the au thor has b een to compil e for the first time a record of the origi n and d evelopment of the British silk ind u stryfrom its introd u ction byrefugees from the N ether; mi lands and H u guenot im grants dow n to the present day.
= A s D AY B O LIV ER BAI BRI D G E . P rofuse I u stra I N D I TO . y N lyll ted w ith O riginal P hotographs su ppl ied b ymanyI ndian P rinces for this book a s o from aintin s b A e and er , l p g yl x i 2 1 Scott Ro a 8 vo c oth e tra t to P rice nett . . yl , l x , g l p. / There is no cou ntr on earth so misu nderstood as I ndia and y , no Government more misre res ented than the B ritish and the p , obj ect of the au thor is to present the tru th— w hich is su perior to al ar umen t e i m e ri i l g t . H e no onlygiv s h s i pressions of th B t sh G overnment and the resents d a conditions of I ndia b u t of the p y , great congeries of races inhabiting that Empire ( with whom he min ed d u rin his e tensi e tra e s with a keen im artia gl g x v v l ) , p l , forcefu and hu morou s en and has all thos e e ements soha i l p , l pp ly mi ed u that i rms a er i fu an n i e w or p t fo yd e ht d i struct k. x v l g l v
M r Ba n r e l e tures efore e uca onal nst tut ons and l earne soc eties and . i b idg c b d ti i i i d i ha s al a s ma e a ont of tt n hi nformati on firs t han from M n sters w yd p i ge i g s i d i i . ole Secreta es of tate M a r T e D ai l G m . r S o s and ot u al fi ons . h ra i , y h er q i ed pers y
Oliver Ba n r e w ell no n as a travell er and s tu ent of s cience is ri mm n .. i b idg , k w d , b i g over w t ent hu s as m a ou t his work and he recou nts his ex er ence s in some of i h i b , p i t he mos t out of- w ayparts of the world wit h a w it and a pi cturesqu e style that soon " ma es his ent us as m on i The i es I nd a . k h i c tagious . T m of
C REA U RE W LD T LIF E IN A U STRA LIAN I S. B C YRI L G RA T LA E I ustrated w ith more than O ne y N N . ll H undred Photographs taken in the B u sh b ythe Au thor w ho has spent the b est part of his life in these lonely
wi o a i i e 1 05 . 6 d . ds . R 8 vo c oth e tra t to P r c y , , . l l l x g l p
' L ond n B R n d n re t E . C . o : A N E S , F arri g o St e , RELE I A B G EO R E H O G O N A EN E G LT . C ro S SC I C . y wn
yo. oth e a 3 3 . 6 d . 8 C tr P rice nett l x . .
A Book for Thinkers The first of a se es of . ri sensational d is cussions . N ew i ht on an old and ob scure rob em C oncise l g p l . , C onstr u L i o ic re tin cti e. u c d L a I nte s I nstru c i . t ve. v , g l g,
M G H V E RS R in the C hurch of En and I T U S I G H T gl . The stran e se e WM I Y of the R v . K G ca . O RM SB M A ( g N , . ) C ontains : A n I ndictment of Mod ern Episcopacyand of tatu s f ertai h o i ie the s o c n chu rc s c et s . The D is cstablishment
and se f im osed Disendow ment of the C hu r h ri 6 . c P ce 3 nett . l p .
The M ster of the S u b - C onscio M H YP N O TISM . yy us in d and
S ow in h w s the P ower of S u estion . h o b indness she gg g l , ll shock and other nervou s disord ers have b een and may ain B A L ! R R N E E S x 2 4 a . b e cu red a . E . 3 es rown 8 o g y . p g C v . ,
P rice 2 / nett. The book is full of i nteres ting d ata whi ch hitherto has b een regarded as " w t chcraft It is also full of fa cts . D a zl S ketch. i . y
ARLE LE E The A i i f B C S . cat on o C O SM I C ETH I C S . yH ppl
em P rice 3 5 . 6 d . N atural Laws to Social P rob l s . ' w r i a lear and conc s e mann r c S os . The au thor s vi e s are set fo th n c i e . t man ” — w v lu i of ethi cs P ublzs her and B ookseller . A n excellent ork on the e o t on .
B E AD AMS U H . . . TH E LI G H T O F T H Y TR T yJ ,
P rice 2 5 . nett.
A n earnest pl ea for d eeper thought concerning matters of i on view ed from the stand oint of C hristianit as tau ht Re i , y l g p g i d ern Phi oso h With refer in the Bib le in contrast w th Mo l p y. e oe i i s ration e u ati ns and carefu s e ect d t ca u t s . enc s ot o , y p , q ll l l ll
E B tho REV . ST EP E BI BLE ESSAYS F O R TH E TI M S . y H N
w n o oth e tra P rice 6 s . D . C ro 8 v . C S E P E RD M AG U T H LL. H H , l x
N D WA REH U SE , G U D E A N D TH E O F F I C E A O I , K B O C LOTH I N G TRA D ES H A N D B O O . yJHN
O I O P rice 2 5 . 6 d . net . w n vo c oth . MAS H LT . C ro 8 TH N , l men an om A valuab l e word of reference and guidance for j unior warehouse d c " H ald mercial s tud ents . P reston er ‘ l ok The O ut tter. U ndou btedlya veryu s efu bo . fi
B A LE C OO au thor O f P rison O U R P RI SO N SYSTEM . yC K, " “ e z . own 8 vo ti m Theoo U tO d ate etc. etc C r , D es o s , yp , , , l g
P rice 6 5 . clot extra. man fe S cots . A correct account of pri son li . Westmi nster hou l rea t s oo . All i nterested in the welfare of pri soners s d d hi b k
Gaz ette.
’ F rrin d on S treet E . C . L ond on : B R A N E S , a g ,
TH E LIF E STORY AN D STRAN GE AD VE N TURE S L B AB E B O F MAR U TA D E S S . S L ROWN Q I O I yI E .
Cro n 8 loh r P r e ne vo e a . 6 8 . w , c t xt ic . tt
An n er n r hl re omme e — B er i t esti g s toyhig y c nd d . mondse c rder yRe o .
— ~ M ar rt Aff e an read n o N ews . ords pl as t i g. yp
A E U E r n v . L AP H GH SP A . C o 8 o P r e ne T RO C w ic 65 . tt .
B yLE STE R B IDSTON .
An ab sorb n s or of ma nat e ad en ure far from i g t y i gi iv v t , E N e er b efore has ri er s o v v d ortra ed the arth . v w t i i ly p y ra a of the Wor ds the r us ou th orous ma ur t t v il l , i l ty y , vig t i y and final a on o a g y f d ec y . A visit toMars in a vessel whose power of d ashing through z sp ace is b ased on the neutrali ation of the law of gravity . Ar r ed on he lan e are u e ad tod s o er that Mr iv t p et w q it gl i c v . B ds on does not ro ose to e us a U o a b ut to un e i t p p giv t pi , pl g us and his three adventurous heroes intothe internecine fight of the Martians in their dying world and then tosend them O ff H ere horrib e b eas s are encount to u an the n nth anet . V lc , i pl l t
ered s ea- ser ents enormous b a s h h r and hrot e , p , t w ic g ip t t l ou hu e mastodons and oossa ti ers and trees twohundred y, g c l l g , f IT IS AN N GE N S TALE eet high with giant leaves . I IOU WITH MAN Y GOOD D E SCRI P T IVE P ASSAGE S and the perfect coolness of the three chums on their desp erate ne adventure gives a pl eas antly light touch tothe whole . O O f them thought s olittle O f a trip across the universe that he took in his pocket a ood sum of moneyin b anknotes in cas e g he anded on the return ourne at some d s an e from t y l , j y , i t c E n and The Times gl . .
E N F E N TLE RE E A B TH CO E SS ION S O F G B CC . y AMI LE E R ON r n 8 v P r e e C o o. 8 n C L CL M . 6 T w ic . tt This is a true s tory written b ythe heroine herself Gentle Reb e a E n ish b b rth w as b rou h u in P aris and cc , gl yi , g t p L n a i F r n a The E n sh known in ondo as l ttl e e ch ctress . gli pub lic is well acqu aint ed with all the personalities mentioned in he b o k P erha s hese rem nis en es i he toun ei t o . p t i c c w ll lp v l ’ h m r h eron s ar n t e ys te y O f t e h i e p e tage .
’ 2 . London B RAN E S , F a rringdon S t reet , E . C E R A L O F H E L o T H A R S U . Cr n 8 yo P r e T V I O w . ic 65 B F M LE LL AM ne t . I ON I I W S . t y. DD T The s toryO f a young I rish girl of complex nature and u nconventional education who encounters many Ob stacles a nd is i timis ed a ain and a a n b ut in the end finds h r v c g g i , e o a v i wn s l at on. A s tar in s hoo a s ud and a d firs nov tl g p yc l gic l t y vivi t el .
T H E UN F N SH E D CARE E R . Cro n 8 vo n 6 8 e . I I w . . tt N ! O UN E R RA UA E B yA O F RD D G D T . The most remarkab le thing ab out this remarkab le b ook is that the Author appears to b e s erious — Yorkshire P ost
' L E H E R TA r n o P S GE . C o 8 v r e ne 6 5 . OV I w . ic . tt B OL N G G E . y. D Y
A sim horou h read ab D undee ple yet t g ly le tale. ” C ourier .
H TE R E LE P . W S A E Cro n 8yo. r e ne S . 6 8 I O V w ic . tt B E MIL R C H IN S yY I G .
A r n — The ccu ate a d life like will b e appreciated . P eo le p . Cro ded w th n er n de a and r h n our w i i t esti g t ils ic i col . — D u dee Ad er i er n v t s .
T ALE S O F TH RE E C L N E S TASMANIA AUS RALIA O O I , T N ZE A A D LAN IA B E VE L N A AMS rown 8 vo. . C D y Y D . P r e is ic ( .
The stor s r r or of a ie ipple along in an att active s t w y. ’ S t ames G z e e . j a tt .
' Charm n r e ud es of h man na r — M zdlcmd i glyw itt n st i u tu e. E x ress p .
H E E T R S TT E r 8 o P r e e . C o n v . 68 n T CO AG . w ic . tt B G L y. .
P e and N ora res n from war ork in a o a e on ggy , ti g w c tt g t he Mendi s have stran e adven ures nurs e a ounded p g t , w A us ra ian and the s or ends b twow ar edd n s and a t l , t y y w i g , fu ure of ho e and ha n s t p ppi e s .
’ ' London B RAN E S , F a rringdon S t reet . E . C . ' r a St r R A L o I s s o . B F LO E E B . L K M Y F A C SIM I LE ; , yy NC CO C .
C r w oth e tra. P rice 6 5 . nett . o n 8 vo. C l x The storyO f tw o girl cous ins who are b rought up in totally iH erent s he f if d p res o l e.
B LAD N A f A S TH E SP ARK S ELY U P WA RD . yY P I ER (o
a da a A i e ow 8 v . c oh P ri 6 5 . C r n o t . ce nett Soc et N o . M g l ) . yv l l
Rea ers w ho l ke an ol e fas one st or s m l and eas l tol w th a ro er d i d hi d y. i p y i yd , i p p ‘ ’ u antum of s ent ment and love- ma n ll en o A s the S arks F l U w and q i ki g, wi j y p yp . i l A s the title m l es t he tale is tra c in the en i n . D a yT ele ra h. i p i , gi d g g p “ The companyinto whi ch w e are taken is both s u rpri si ng and unpleasant
s o s a sense of the ramat c and there is an nc ent t a os t t at is oo h w d i , i id wi h gh h g d ' — he ta nda d . and gi ves one a moment s t h rill. T S r “ G reat mer t rov t at she has some ower of utt n c ara r on a es cte er . i , p h p p i g h p p oman W . “ LadyN api er evidentlydoes not approve of modern society ; she looks back to ot er a s th r e ret and if her icture of mod ern manners is correct she is h d ywi g ; p , j u stified in doi ng s o the book is a curious compound of cynicrsm and " — s ent i ment . D d zlyM ail. “ — A novel contai n n l en f a l Lad . i g p ty o good m teri a . y
T U EN N B ! A remarkab e Stor b C O LI N H E T P P Y O . l yy
F IT z G E RA LD A uthor of Ikona am . C rown 8 V O , C p
c oth 6 5 . l ,
W - he im r tt en Wi t som ns t nto c aracter T T es . i h e i igh i h . “ A u z z l n t tle b ut it w ill re a the rea er to nvest ate. M r. tz p i g i , p y d i ig Fi " — . in P ost G erald has a happyknack of s howi ng good in all thi ngs M om g .
Is r tten t s r t and humour is c att slan and fearl es s . w i wi h pi i . h y, gy, m n S ports a .
G et the b oo nd m k a ua n of ld D a D odd erlon It is an k a a e the cq i nta ce o ddy g. ca on — outh ic S A r a . e du ti . f “ M nn B x H er aj estythe Queen has graciously accepted a copy of T he Tuppe yo .
W N A A Thri in T H E H ITE LA D Y O F TH E Z EN A . ll g
Romanc I n ia B D H E LE BOU I E R author O f e O f d . R. y N CH , “ ’ " oth P rice 6 5 . nett. rown 8 vo. C . The Ranee s Ru b ies . C l
’ : rrin don Street E . C . L on d on B R A N E S , F a g ,
B R A N E ’S
T h r e e a n d S i x e n n N o e l p yv s .
W R C rown 8 v E R o. AT S A ITH A H U N D ED G I LS.
RI R Y 5 . 6 d . ett ByVE S L NN P rice 3 n .
' A matron s d elightfu l storyof one of her doz en adventu rous vo a es w ith emi rant ir s to the coonies d u rin the War yg g g l l g .
i 3 5 . 6 d . P r ce nett. A N ELLEN C rown 8yo. JE .
Rea sketches from the ife of a Lancashire Lass . B H M TAYLO . R l l y . . “ A r ea ll uman s tor The Times. y h y .
' C row n o B R SE C LLET P 8 v . O O N A RA L . rice SABI S T I S . y
3 5 . 6 d . nett .
A wholesome s entimental s toryof domesti c interest mainly about the love making
l d hi i l S cotsman. of a sodier an s g r .
B L RE E ALL D ERN N D ERELLA F O B . O A M O C I . y NC C CK , " au thor of M F a simi e row n o c oth e tr c . C 8 v a P rice y l , l x .
3 5 . 6 d .
It i o s u w ol esome r ad n for u n eo l e Redd Indic o . itch s o o n e ator. g d . d , h i g yg p p yo B M G . ro 8 WH EN AR ER U LED M. . U Y C wn C T R . y ,
e P rice 3 5 . 6 d . cloth xtra.
' O N T H E U ER E E E TH E LAw A stor of O T D G O . y w n the t a I i . L C ro yo c th E ern l nst nct B M H O T . 8 o . yJ. , l
e tra P rice 3 5 . 6 d . x . “ m r . w h l b e om The storyis ad i ab lytold . e s a l glad to wel c e other books from — s o v rile a en Wa1!ese and Wirral hronicle. i p . y C
A A n en rossin TH E TEN A N T O F SEA C O TT G E . g g
stor M R TO M RIT I E C row n 8 vo. P rice 3 5 . 6 d . B S . y. y . CH ot e r C l h xt a. Thi s gi ves u s the ti me h onou red l adyb u rglar movi ng in countrys ociety th her accom l c an art T h or wou l b e much more s ucces s fu l if M ss e st . e st p i . i y d i ’ " D e ld usi ness e r e not u te so b v ous from the e nn n The Times. lafl e s b w q i O i b gi i g.
L LE N Edited b his TH E AST SO LD I ER O F N AP O O . y 1 D O 8 vo c oth e tra P rice 3 5 . 6 1 . G RA S . C row n N N , l x A G reat Li ttle Book never read a book of its ch aracter whi ch has gi ven — m rea ter leasu re Tm To ics. e g p . p ‘ — H onn outhshin Beacon. Es peci allyi nteresting and entertaini ng. ‘ " - A notab le a t on to the mass of N a ol eon c l teratu re Birn i¢ i an P od . ddi i p i i . ¢ " ‘ — Sbo d T hi s w ar will not l eave many such delightful stori es to be told . /fi p
’ n d n et E . C . L ond on: B R A N E S , F arri g o Stre , C H ILD RENS ILLU S TRA TED ET C G IF T B O O K S .
K W ustr ted a t. I a The Life Stor of C a B . . C H U F F ER. y y ll , t and coloured pictu re of C hu pper on the cover. S iff
P rice nett. b oards .
lt is ver natural u st w at a cat oul r te in retu rn for K in ness and a y , j h w d w i d
oo home Yorkshsre P ost . g d .
htfu P oem for the M WEB B SMAYLIE . A d e i D REA S . y l g l A I trat w ith man ictures b E . oun ones . us ed p , y. yg ll y
O L OWAY Fanc boards. 1 5 . nett. H L . y
W at d b . N B Ma L T H EIE LD . I ustr e W LD R E r I C . A I O S . y ll y
W s tures I LLI O R ith tw ent five fu a e cooured ic . SH N G F D . y llp g l p P rett flora o er P rice y l c v . ” It conta ns a rett l r tten stor S cotsman. i p i yw i y .
It Is a c arm n oo let c ll be elcome eart l in the nurser es . h i g b k . whi h wi w d h i y i Liverpool Courier. ” V r rett l t u B ookseller e yp i y go p. .
It w ll b e a first favour te t l t l l D undee Advertiser t e fo . i i wi h i k .
L LE S N G F O R L L N ERS A charmin ITT O S ITT E SI G . g s e e tion o on F WEAT H EREY E . l c f s gs for C hildren b yRED .
and others . Edited b U LE H ARRY fu i ustrated yNC , llyll w ith ictu re er P ri e p cov . c
K A A Treasur of Son s of C hi dren and their C H IC S . y g l " “ ’ w a s B C A TI LEER A uthor P rairie C hickens . of yyH N C . , " G arnered Shea es et rice 1 5 . c. P v .
A leasant l ttle v lu me f ve e o l me in a l an u a e o o rs . os a ut ren so p i Th e b chi d . b byg g " ll a eal to lovers of l ttle fol and ave u st the r ht r n a ou t t em wi pp i k , h j ig i g b h . ' c P ublsska s Cir ular . A wel come companion for many a parent C h aracteriz ed bya freshness of ’ W vie and or inal t of ex ress on c is most nn n The C . w ig i y p i whi h wi i g. " ” Reveal s the c l l v r in v l D il B i W o e e er ne a rit sh hi . hi d y i . y g “ r A treasu e house for all wholove poetry about children and their ways .
M GM ”.
’ L ond on : B R A N E F n n ee E . C . S , arri gdo Str t, ' A stor book for c i ren B A H E h d . TH E G I N T S S O . y l y K E ustrated b u aint ori Emu MAC EG . I y inal drawin s ll q g g
b W P STARM ER P rice 3 5 . 6 d . y. . ,
W E B K ATE STA WAY . I ustrated with TH E H IT P RI N C E . y N ll 20 fu a e and nu merou s other ictu r s b W F O e . C LE S ll p g p y. . e r d b r Wh C oth t a b e e e oa ds . ite foi and tw o inks l x . v ll l .
P rice 3 5 . 6 d .
" ’ ar a must be v n to T he W e P nc T he nam W pr is e gi e hit ri e. es of the flowers a endowe w t mean n s and a reall r ett fa r d rama is ena t ed w th t re d i h i g . yp yi y c i he m e fl w er- s r t s of the i fferent seas ons as i n at s erson“. The Li ter W ld o pi i d p aryor .
H ELM ' S F R U N E A N D H ER F A WI L O T , OT I RY E M tra e E SIMO T T O P SO . I u t d P ri 3 5 . d . . B . s ce 8 TA LES y N H N ll . A verycleverlyi magined set of W Ill prove a great favouri te wi th m un M ad a . the yo g.
s B M A D AM E K L T B L r RD R E AR O T oss . F A RM YA STO I S . y
I d P rice 3 5 . 6 d . ll ustrate .
TH E T RU E STO RY O F TI D D LEY WI N K S A N D U Tod b themse ves and edited b A K E S . T Y T S l y l , y “ " heir k nd istre s K I TTY C harmin i u tra and t i s . s ted M glyll ,
n i P rice 3 5 . 6 d . retti bou d in c oth t . p ly l , g l
W h v h re ver - a a t t h r . It is ui te e a e e a yprettilygot u p book d p ed o c ild en . q enterta n n The ueen . i i g . Q
B ARLES R ET I u strated throu hou t C C O . M R. T U M P SY . yH ll g
m t i e 3 5 . 6 d . . U E R H an e P r c b E K R G dso b ou nd in c oh. yG . . ly l M m m L d An att ractive b ook. o yea er . W r D ad Td e i ll seem reali sti c enou gh bymanyn urseryfi esid es y gnrf h.
B rI kl narr d and not l acki n in or nal t ou ches Guardmn. s y at e g igi .
E F T H E W D B MAD AM E K AR LO T T B LOSSE . STO RI S O I N . y
W s P ri ce ith man fu ll a e i u s rati n b W F C O LES . y p g ll t o s y. .
3 5 . 6 d .
’
C . L on n : D R A N E F arr n d on S r eet E . d o S , i g t ,
P E MS O F P ASS N S e ent - fifth housand B E LLA O IO . v yT . y W E x Tast fu b ound in s ff fanc H E LE R WILco . e lly ti y covers P e i s 6d . ric . .
P E MS O F P LE ASURE Thir - s e ond hous and B O . tyc T . y E LLA W E E LE R ILC O! P i e 6 d W . r i s H c . .
Mrs o h s o n ns he hoe amu of the . Wilc x in t i c llectio ru t w l g t e moions h d id ed m su essfu of the t . S e is ec lythe ost cc l oe esses of h d a p t t e present y.
MA UR N E AN D TH E R P E M T en e h housand . I O O S . w ti t T b E LL I ox r A W E E LE R W Lc . P e 6 d y H ic i s. .
Maur ne is a harm n s or of o e and se f—sacrifice i c i g t y l v l , t od n ’ i Mrs . i o d e i h u st l Wlc x s l g tf l yle.
P E MS O F L F E F ft s e ond Thousand B E LLA O I . i yc . y W E E x P r e LE R WILco . i s 6 d. H ic .
P E MS O F L E L E E L R ILcox P rice E B LA W E W . O OV . y H
i s. 6 d.
’ Mr h of en s . S e Wilcox s P oems are all rich in ideas . t !condens es a hoe a e in a s t anz a and ea es the reat ru h w l p g , l v g t t s parkling and clearer than the orator would make it in a ” lab oured ar um g ent .
Ma - M anchester yb e read with distinct pleasure. G uardian .
' A b ook o n — P iccadzll t b u a d kee . y p v.
The P oems a have the su reme note of b re an ll p vity, d t he run th a li S unda Times ywi n easylt . v .
Con a ns some r armin an mus a erses t i ve ych g d ic l v . catfi sh Leader .
B ACK N UMB E RS A ol e on of P oems ha have . c l cti t t “ a eared n The ooke B NNI S UV L D A . pp i Onl r . yD E 24mo P a er cover in two oours P ri ce i s . p c l . .
’ 2 . London B RAN E S . F a rringdon S t reet , E . C R E A e e o f h OSE S AN D RU . s l cti n o c arming poems b y K LE M LE Ro a 1 6m F A E N GA B . o a b o . n ards TH y l , cy . P r e 1 3 ic .
— The Ti es P re e ers es . m ttylittl V .
F u of s ee me od and ra efu s en men ll w t l y g c l ti t .
P u blishers C ircular .
Manyof these give voice tos weet memories and tender regrets The unaffected eas e of the versification is more pleasing than much one reads that is written in a more ” — D undee C ourier . pretentious v ein.
ME N E AS AN D P ALIMA and other P oems b yLILY MARY o 1 6mo F b o P R al . an a d s . D AVI S . r r e i s y , cy ic .
r A P U A Roman e O f her ood F oes . oe SOLIT D E . c S w t m
mo. F ur ar B S RIA ALK E R . Ro a 16 an in fo s . W p t yY y l , cy b P oards . r e i s ic .
E me of har ers s A ou m n V e . AFTE R TH CON F E SS ION . V l c i g ’ R A O AN I E R Au hor o H e en P oska s LP E D Z . f B yD . D H G t l l r P r d Lo e etc etc . e i s 6 v , ic . .
A rans a ed n o RUB IYAT O F OMAR K H AYYAM . T l t i t E n i h E R I ra ed b s b v WA F Z E RAL . us W F gl D D T G D Ill t t y. . E P r i CoL s . e s 6d ic . .
A WRE A H O F R SE MAR or Me od es from afar b T O Y l i , y ’ RE I O K L B r Ro al 6mo C A IGH oa ds 1 . E E . F an D T cy , y P r ce 1 5 i .
S m e r a efu R m e shou d s n e out for i pl g c l hyes . W l i gl ” " s e al ra s e i the d ayb reak The U er C asemen p ci p i T ll , pp t , d S m a — an h The Times . y p t y .
' S N GS F R MU A r h o e t on of Lvrics b O O S C . b i t c c i y I g ll b d P e s AD W LD R Ro 16mo an oar s . r . C A . al F y . , cy ic iRf, nett .
' London B RAN E S , F a rringdon S t reet , E . C . ’ L F E S LE SS N B MORRI S H AWK S LY . Ro 16 . a mo. I O y yl , F a b d s P ri i s nc oar . e y c .
K Y L R S B A H M R . N I U S C C E . o al 1 6m F o. anc Y I yY TH y , y P e b o d s . r i s ar ic .
T H E L VE LE TTE RS O F A AGAB N D A l O V O . smal
oume f emot ona P oems B ON - N . E H E R v l o i l y. ALLE P r 6d ice i s. . A verygood example of the verse that celeb rates the f i o h r — ash onab e emo ons f t e e od . Gourt Circular i l t p i .
RT AN C E S AN D SE E N S N A F O Y F I V O GS . vol ume of M B AR B AME LIA . K E P oms R . P r e . e y ic i s.
rmissio t R al n oH . H D edicated bysp eci pe . The P rincess of Wales
B E RIK LA S . O F F B TS O F G S I . Ro a 1 y 6mo. i s I D TH y l ,
i — S he Shows considerab le fac lity . ffield D ailyTelegraph
F u of oe ro — M a e ll p tic p mise. ad m
Miss E d h Riko — l r ff deas Tat e . it possess es i .
E SO MN IA R P E CC TO R E T B R . . I O U . r e V N I . yJD T ic
2 8 6 d ne . . . tt
P L P E B C ARLE S K E N . E I CS AN D E GE N D S O F E M I R . yH T
P r e d ne . ic 2 5 . 6 . tt
’ ‘ K B MOS N P IG ' T H E JOSE P H JI N GLE B OO . yTY O IT P ri e s c i .
’ Mr P o s sk in o al verse is e known . ig tt ill t pic w ll ” — iver ool Cou rier e e e er and amus n . L extr m lycl v i g p . E xtremelysmart vers es apropos to the fis cal policy
o - Ad e er ues n ndee v rtis . q ti . D u
’ London E D RAN E S , F a rringd on S t reet , E . C .
A V E E B O O K S O N TR L, T C .
B M I SS TH RO U G H TH E M ALAY ARC H I PELAG O . y
8 v 6 8 . H IN C r wn o. EM ILY RIC G S . o
The magnificent archipelago that extend s from the sou th ernmost extremityof A sia to the north ernmost parts of A ustrali a is practi ca llya term meogmta to the l y or i ar l trotter Bu t M ss Richin s has enetrate t he s and s of ense e e d n yg obe . i g p d i d g tat e n and shows t at t s sconnected rou ossesses charms wh ch are eserv n i , h hi di g p p i d i g of noti ce from the otan s t and eolo st the archaeolo st and oss l the m n n b i g gi , gi , p ib y i i g
en neer Liver ool D ail P ost . gi . p y
E EV ERYD AY LI F E O N A C YLO N C O C O A ESTATE .
MARY T E UART I ustrated w ith tw ent i ure fr m S . ct s o By E. ll yp
h t ra h b F EE 8 . O . f oombo r wn o oo s . S C o C . C o 8v p g p yK N , l ,
h e P rice 6 5 . clot xtra. “ The book gi ves u s a li velyand graphi c pi cture of conditions of li fe on an " h c est ate. T e S pe tator.
‘ W ll b e fou n d el tfu l rea n ot in C e lon and at ome more es ec al l i d igh di g b h y h . p i y b ythose in quest of i nformati on concerning thi s still li ttle known b ut lovelyquarter " of the lo e e lon I nde endent g b . C y p .
WITH RU N D EL’S EI G H T H D IV ISI O N IN SO U TH
R Dedicated b S ecial P ermis s ion to Lord R0: A F I C A . yp
' s B ein a V o unteer e erience w ith the D ivision berf . g l s xp
19 00— 1902 B T OM AS C ARLES WETT O cx: V olu nteer . yH H N , ,
2 3rd Fie d H os ita and ex=T roo er 3i th Bat l p l , p C row n ta i n Im eria Y e manr With man i ustrations . l o p l o y. yll
8 yc t a P i (i s . a o oth e r . r ce 5 80 es . , l x p g
U N IFORM W IT H T H E A BOV E .
B H . S . WITH M ETH U E N IN SO U T H A F RI C A . y
A LL P rice 6 8 . G SKE .
T H E S B O T OR TO rown 8 vo A . C R O F N . TO Y I D I yJHN H N N ,
c oth 6 8 . l .
A n interes tin - writt n i g y e h stor of our reat de endency. l y g p
’ L on d on : B R E A N E F rrin n S t . C . S , a gd o tr ee ,