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Scope for Reallocation of River Waters for Agriculture in the Indus Basin Z Scope for Reallocation of River Waters for Agriculture in the Indus Basin Z. Habib To cite this version: Z. Habib. Scope for Reallocation of River Waters for Agriculture in the Indus Basin. Environmental Sciences. Spécialité Sciences de l‘eau, ENGREF Paris, 2004. English. tel-02583835 HAL Id: tel-02583835 https://hal.inrae.fr/tel-02583835 Submitted on 14 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Cemagref / d'Irstea ouverte archive : CemOA Recherches Coordonnées sur les Systèmes Irrigués RReecchheerrcchheess CCoooorrddoonnnnééeess ssuurr lleess SSyyssttèèmmeess IIrrrriigguuééss ECOLE NATIONALE DU GENIE RURAL, DES EAUX ET DES FORÊTS N° attribué par la bibliothèque /__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/ THESE présentée par Zaigham Habib pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l'ENGREF en Spécialité: Sciences de l’eau Cemagref / Scope for Reallocation of River Waters for d'Irstea Agriculture in the Indus Basin ouverte archive à l'Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et Forêts : Centre de Paris CemOA soutenue publiquement 23 septembre 2004 devant le jury suivant Rapporteurs : Linden Vincent Irrigation and Water Engineering Laboratory, Université de Wageningen Rémi Pochat Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris Examinateurs : Jacques Rey Consultant Claude Millier ENGREF, Paris Eric Servat IRD, Laboratoire HydroSciences, Montpellier Directeur de thèse Thierry Rieu ENGREF, Montpellier Invités : Marcel Kuper CIRAD, IAV Hassan II, Rabat Pierre Strosser Consultant, ACTEON, Orbey Cemagref / d'Irstea ouverte archive : CemOA Scope for Reallocation of River Waters for Agriculture in the Indus Basin Cemagref / d'Irstea ouverte archive Zaigham Habib : CemOA Cemagref / d'Irstea ouverte archive : CemOA SSScccooopppeee fffooorrr RRReeeaaallllllooocccaaatttiiiooonnn ooofff RRRiiivvveeerrr WWWaaattteeerrrsss fffooorrr AAAgggrrriiicccuuullltttuuurrreee iiinnn ttthhheee IIInnnddduuusss BBBaaasssiiinnn Glossary .............................................................................................................................. 13 Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. 17 Abstract............................................................................................................................... 19 1. IIInnntttrrroooddduuuccctttiiiooonnn...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................222111 1.1 The Indus Basin and Water Allocation Issues........................................................... 22 1.1.1 Water resources and irrigated agriculture ............................................................... 22 1.1.2 Design Water Allocations ....................................................................................... 22 1.1.3 Surface Storage and New Apportionment Strategy ................................................ 23 1.1.4 Evolution of demands, water use and management practices................................. 24 1.1.5 Conservation of the Water Resources ..................................................................... 24 1.1.6 National Water Policy and Management Strategy .................................................. 25 1.2 Problem statement ....................................................................................................... 25 1.3 Objective ....................................................................................................................... 27 1.4 Analytical Framework................................................................................................. 28 Cemagref / 1.5 Outlines of the Research.............................................................................................. 29 1.6 Limitations of the current Research........................................................................... 31 d'Irstea 2. NNNaaatttuuurrraaalll RRReeesssooouuurrrccceeesss,,, IIIrrrrrriiigggaaatttiiiooonnn NNNeeetttwwwooorrrkkk aaannnddd FFFaaarrrmmmiiinnnggg SSSyyysssttteeemmmsss ooofff ttthhheee IIInnnddduuusss BBBaaasssiiinnn.................................333333 ouverte 2.1 The Natural Physical Settings..................................................................................... 33 2.1.1 Geography and Basins of Pakistan.......................................................................... 33 archive 2.1.2 The Ecological Division and Agriculture Areas ..................................................... 35 : 2.2 The Hydrological Setting of the Basin........................................................................ 36 2.2.1 The Spatio-temporal variation of Rainfall and Reference Evapotranspiration ....... 36 CemOA 2.2.2 The Gross River Inflow........................................................................................... 40 2.2.3 The Groundwater .................................................................................................... 40 2.2.4 Surface Water Resources Infrastructure.................................................................. 43 2.3 The Agriculture Sector and Farming Systems of the Indus Basin .......................... 46 2.3.1 The Administrative Division of the Country........................................................... 46 2.3.2 The Socio-Economic Status of the Agriculture....................................................... 47 2.3.3 Key Characteristics of the Farming Systems of the Indus Basin ............................ 49 2.3.4 Production distribution at the Farm Level and contributing Factors....................... 52 2.4 Conclusions................................................................................................................... 54 3. AAA HHHiiissstttooorrriiicccaaalll AAAnnnaaalllyyysssiiisss ooofff ttthhheee UUUtttiiillliiizzzaaatttiiiooonnn,,, OOOwwwnnneeerrrssshhhiiippp aaannnddd MMMaaannnaaagggeeemmmeeennnttt ooofff WWWaaattteeerrr RRReeesssooouuurrrccceeesss...555777 3.1 Before the 7th century ................................................................................................. 58 3.2 From the 7th to the 18th Century ................................................................................. 61 3.2.1 Pre Mughal Period .................................................................................................. 61 3.2.2 The Mughal Period.................................................................................................. 62 3.2.3 The Sikh Period in a part of Punjab ........................................................................ 63 3.2.4 The Canal Irrigation by the end of eighteenth century............................................ 63 5 3.3 The British Period........................................................................................................ 66 3.3.1 The Early British Agriculture Policy ...................................................................... 66 3.3.2 Trials with the New Policy...................................................................................... 67 3.3.3 The development of Weir Controlled Alluvial Canals............................................ 68 3.3.4 Feasibility of Irrigation Reiterated.......................................................................... 70 3.3.5 The Second Phase of the Irrigation Development................................................... 72 3.3.6 The Irrigation Development in the Lower Indus..................................................... 74 3.3.7 The Water Sharing and Allocation Issues............................................................... 74 3.3.8 The Management Framework ................................................................................. 77 3.3.9 Exclusivity of the Management Organization......................................................... 79 3.4 The 5th Period (1947 – 2002)........................................................................................ 80 3.4.1 Partition of the waters of the Indus Basin ............................................................... 80 3.4.2 The impact of the Indus Waters Treaty................................................................... 82 3.4.3 Post Treaty Water Sharing and Allocation disputes in the Basin............................ 83 3.4.4 The Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) of 1991 and its Implementation ......... 83 3.5 The Water Rights and Access ..................................................................................... 85 3.6 The Management Approach and the Institutions ..................................................... 86 3.7 Conclusions................................................................................................................... 89 4. 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