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MADHYA PRADESH: GEOGRAPHY CONTENTS

❖ Chapter 1 Introduction to Geography of

❖ Chapter 2 Physiographic Divisions of Madhya Pradesh

❖ Chapter 3 Climate Season and Rainfall in Madhya Pradesh

❖ Chapter 4 Soils of Madhya Pradesh

❖ Chapter 5 Rivers and Drainage System of Madhya Pradesh

❖ Chapter 6 Major Irrigation and Electrical Projects of Madhya Pradesh

❖ Chapter 7 and Produce of Madhya Pradesh

❖ Chapter 8 Biodiversity of Madhya Pradesh

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INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY OF MADHYA PRADESH

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1. INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY OF MADHYA PRADESH Topography of Madhya Pradesh • Madhya Pradesh is situated at the north-central part of Peninsular plateau , whose boundary can be classified in the north by the plains of Ganga-, in the west by the Aravalli, east by the plain and in the south by the Tapti Valley and the plateau of . • Geological Structure: Geologically MP is a part of Gondwana Land. 3,08,252 km2 Area (9.38% of the total area of India) 21⁰ 6' - 26 ⁰30' Latitudinal Expansion 605 km (North to South) 74⁰ 59' - 82 ⁰66' Longitudinal Expansion 870 km (East to West) Width is more than Length Indian Standard Meridian District ( Only one district in MP) 82⁰30' passes • Topic of Cancer and Indian Standard Meridian do not cross each other in any part of MP Geographical Position of MP

• Madhya Pradesh is the 2nd (second) largest state by area with its area 9.38% of the total area of the country. ( is first area wise). ✓ Rajasthan ✓ Madhya Pradesh ✓ Maharashtra ✓ ✓ • Madhya Pradesh is the 5th largest state by population. ✓ Uttar Pradesh ✓ Maharashtra, ✓ , ✓ , ✓ Madhya Pradesh • International Boundaries: Madhya Pradesh does not touch any International border and has no coastline. • Madhya Pradesh is a Landlocked state with its boundaries touching 5 states. - Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Rajasthan .. • Natural Boundaries: The river in North, river Tapti in South and the ranges of Maikal and Kaimur in the East, defines its natural boundaries.

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Divisions

Districts

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5 STATES 1. Uttar Pradesh in the North, States sharing border with Madhya 2. Chhattisgarh in the East, Pradesh 3. Maharashtra in the South, 4. Gujarat in the West 5. Rajasthan in the North West. 13 Districts 1. Morena 2. Bhind 3. Datia 4. Shivpuri 5. Ashoknagar Districts of Madhya Pradesh Sharing 6. Sagar border with Uttar Pradesh 7. Tikamgarh 8. Niwari 9. 10. Panna 11. 12. Rewa 13. Singrauli 12 Districts 1. Agra 2. 3. Jalaun 4. 5. Hamirpur Districts of Uttar Pradesh Sharing border 6. with Madhya Pradesh 7. Lalitpur 8. Banda 9. Chitrakoot 10. Prayagraj 11. 12. Sonbhadra. 7 Districts 1. 2. Singrauli Districts of Madhya Pradesh sharing 3. border with Chhattisgarh 4. Anuppur 5. Dindori 6. 7. 7 Districts Districts of Chhattisgarh sharing border 1. Balrampur with Madhya Pradesh 2. Surajpur 3. Koriya

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4. Bilaspur 5. Mungeli 6. Kabeerdhan 7. Rajnandgaon 10 Districts 1. Jhabua 2. Ratlam 3. 4. Districts of Madhya Pradesh sharing 5. Agar border with Rajasthan 6. Rajgarh 7. Guna 8. Shivpuri 9. Sheopur 10. Morena 10 DISTRICTS 1. Banswara 2. Pratapgarh 3. Bhilwara 4. Chittorgarh Districts of Rajasthan sharing border 5. Jhalawad with Madhya Pradesh 6. Baran 7. Kota 8. Sawai Madhopur, 9. Karauli, 10. Dholpur 2 Districts Districts of Madhya Pradesh sharing 1. Jhabua border with Gujarat 2. Alirajpur 2 Districts Districts of Gujarat sharing border with 1. Dahod Madhya Pradesh 2. Chhota 9 Districts 1. Alirajpur 2. Barwani 3. Khargone 4. Khandwa Districts of Madhya Pradesh sharing 5. Burhanpur border with Maharashtra 6. Betul 7. Chhindwara 8. Seoni 9. Balaghat

9 Districts Districts of Maharashtra sharing border 1. Dhule with Madhya Pradesh 2. Bhusaval

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3. Amrawati 4. Nagpur 5. Bhandara 6. Buldhana 7. Jalgaon 8. Nandurbar 9. Gondia

MP: THE MAIN CENTER POINTS 1. Center of Earth Mangalnath () 2. The Center of Greater India Barsali (Betul) Barsali(Beltul) 3. The Center of Undivided India Karondi (Katni) Karondi (katni) 4. The Center of Present day India Vidisha 5. The Center of MP Sagar Time difference between east and west extreme points of M.P 34 minutes No. of Districts, through which Tropic of Cancer passes 14 Only district in MP through which the GMT line passes (82.59) Singrauli The First Sunrise Point in MP Singrauli The last Sunset Point in MP Alirajpur The Nearest Country to MP Nepal The Nearest sea to MP

Geographical Facts • Area of MP is 3,08,252 km2 • C.G. took away 30.47% area (1,35,361 km2) from M.P. • Shape of MP is like a Sitting Camel. • Shape of C.G is like a Sea Horse • MP Shares maximum boundary with Uttar Pradesh (14 districts) • MP Shares minimum boundary with Gujarat (2 districts) • The district shares maximum interstate boundary: Niwari • The only district of MP which shares it's two opposite sides to two states: Shivpuri (UP in east and Rajasthan in west). • The only district shares it's boundary to C.G. and U.P.: Singrauli.

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• The only district shares it's boundary to C.G. and Maharashtra: Balaghat. • The only district shares it's boundary to Gujarat and Maharashtra: Alirajpur. • The only district shares it's boundary to Gujrat and Rajasthan: Jhabua. • The largest neighbouring state of MP: Rajasthan • Population wise the biggest neighbouring state of MP: UP

Notable Facts • Geographically Madhya Pradesh is the Eastern part of Central High Lands of India. • Tropic of Cancer passes almost through middle of MP through 14 districts: ✓ Shahdol, Umaria, Katni, , Damoh, Sagar, Raisen, Vidisha, , Sehore, Rajgarh, Agar, Ujjain, Ratlam • The Tropic of Cancer is almost parallel to the river Narmada • 14 districts of Madhya Pradesh share boundary with Uttar Pradesh while only 2 districts share boundary with Gujarat. (Jhabua and Alirajpur) • Physiographic map of India divides Madhya Pradesh into 3 Geographical divisions that is ✓ Central Highlands ✓ Satpura Maikal Range and ✓ Baghelkhand plateau • On the western part of the state the Deccan trap is present while on the eastern part the Vindhyan mountain range is present. • Climate of Madhya Pradesh is Subtropical. • Narmada is the longest river of the state. • Narmada and Tapi rivers flow westwards. • Black soil is the most commonly found soil in Madhya Pradesh. • Highest peak of Madhya Pradesh is in with an altitude of 1350 m • which is in Jabalpur is known for and world famous marble rock mountains on the banks of river Narmada. • Kanha National Park which is also a Tiger Reserve is the largest National Park of MP. • The famous novel Jungle book by "Rudyard Kipling” draws its inspiration from the forests of Pench National Park. • Karera Bird Sanctuary in is famous for the Great Indian Bustard (Son Chidiya).

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PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF MADHYA PRADESH

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2. PHYSIORAPHIC DIVISIONS OF MADHYA PRADESH Divisions • Undivided MP had 9 physical divisions while as of now Madhya Pradesh has 7 physical divisions. • The seven natural divisions of Madhya Pradesh are— 1. Plateau of Central India, 2. Plateau of , 3. Plateau of Malwa, 4. Plateau of Rewa—Panna, 5. Narmada—Sone Valley, 6. Satpura Maikal range and 7. Plateau of Baghelkhand.

Physiographic Divisions and their chief characteristics

Area Region Districts Rivers Crops Miscellaneous &Location Total area is Gwailor, 32896 sq Km Bhind, [10.6% of MP] Chambal, Wheat, Its many parts is hilly Central India Shivpuri, Sindh, Jawar, Plateau It covers Shoepur, and undulated Parwati, Alsi, North latitude Morena, Soil is majorly Laterite, Kwari Sesame 24-26.48 and Mandsaur, Black. Eat Longitude Neemach 75.5-74.1 Tikamgarh, Datia, Cattle are found in Betwa, Total area is Chattarpur Wheat, Bundelkhand Sindh, large numbers 23733 sq Km and few tehsils Jowar, Region Phauj, Ken, Highest peak of [7.71% of MP]. of Shivpuri, Saseme Ghasan Bundelkhand is Siddh Gwailor and Baba Peak [1172] Bhind

Major Land is Red and Total area is Rewa, Panna, Tons, Ken, Wheat, Mixture of Red + black Rewa Panna 31954 sq Km Damoh and Sonar, rice, and Red + Yellow. Plateau [10.36% of few tehsils of Bichya, Jowar Diamonds are found in MP] Bihar of Majhagaon & Ramkhedia.

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Cement industry is also found in Satna, Rewa and Katni

Cotton mills of , It is the Artificial silk of Nagda Indore, Ujjain, Betwa, area of and fertilizer of , , Chambal, Deccan Total area is Raltam, Vijaypur is famous. Malwa Gambhir, trap with 88272 sq Km rasisen, Plateau Kalisindh, Black [28 % of MP]. , Uranium is found in Shipra, Laterite Sehore, Sagar, Chhatarpur. Bama Jhabua soil. Highest peak of Malwa plateau is Sigar [ 881 Meters]

Jabalpur, It has dark black and Hoshangabad, Total area is Wheat, medium black soil Narmada Raisen, Narmada, 86000 sq Km. Jowar, Major industries Son Valley Khandwa, Son include Cement, glass, [27.9 % of MP] Cotton Khargone, Limestone, Marble etc Mandla. Sal trees are also found in Son Valley Khandwa, It has highest peak of Khargone, It covers Tapti, Tawa, Satpura- Betul, Jowar, MP: Dhupgarh 1350m. 34000 sqkms Vardha, Maikala Balaghat, Wheat, Major minerals [11% of MP] Venganga, Range Alirajpur, cotton includes Manganese, Shakkar Chindwara Marble, Bauxite, Coal, Seoni Marble etc.

It has an average rainfall of 125 cms It covers The highlands are Jabalpur, Eastern approx. 26000 Shahdol, made up of Ancient Baghelkhand sqkms Umaria, Sidhi, Rocks, Gondwana Plateau [7% of MP] Katni, Singrauli Rocks, Vindhya Rocks, Dharwar rocks etc Coal, Bauxite, Manganese is found here.

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Factual Takeaways There are 7 physical territories in MP after separation of C.G.

1. Plateau of Central India • Plateau of Central India region receives less rainfall and which receives least rainfall in this region only. • Chambal is the most important river of this region and alluvial soil is the most prominent soil found here. • This area has subtropical forest which has Babul, Kher and Sheesham. • Famous tourist attractions of are in this region. • Sahariya Tribe is found here. • Mustard is widely grown followed by wheat.

2. Plateau of Bundelkhand

• Plateau of Bundelkhand is composed of rocks of granite and gneiss. • It lies to the east of Central India plateau.

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• Areas under Datia, Chhatarpur. Panna, Niwari, Tikamgarh. Shivpuri. Gwalior and small area of Bhind and small portions of Northern part of our state constitute plateau of Bundelkhand. • It has Continental type of climate and rainfall is between 75-100 centimetres. • Betwa, Ken and Sindh are the main rivers of the region. • The most famous tourist spot of Madhya Pradesh that is Khajuraho is located in this region only. • Rock phosphate is found here. • Jowar, wheat and lentils are grown in this region. • Mixed soil is more prevalent in this region.

3. Plateau of Malwa • It covers almost the entire western region of Madhya Pradesh. • The plateau is formed by the rocks of Deccan trap. • Its topography is in the form of plain upland. • Climate of this zone is even, tropical monsoon type with average rainfall of around 120-130 centimetre. • Soyabean, wheat, cotton, groundnut, gram and sugarcane are mainly grown. • It is one of the most prosperous regions of Madhya Pradesh and Indore lies in this region only. • It constitutes of districts of Mandsaur. Ratlam, Shajapur, Rajgarh, Sagan Indore, Guna, Vidisha, Raisen, Dewas, Sehore, Bhopal and Ujjain. • Chief rivers of this region arc Chambal, Kali, Sindh, Betwa. Parvati, Kshipra etc.

4. Narmada-Sone Valley • This region is drained by Narmada and Son rivers extending from north east to west. • Districts of Jabalpur, Narsinghpur, Hoshangabad, Raisen, Khandwa, Dhar and Dewas constitute this region. • Typical monsoon type climate prevails here and average rainfall is around 125 centimetres. • Deep Black soil is found in this region.

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5. Plateau of Rewa-Panna • Districts of Damoh, Satna, Rewa, Panna and Sagar constitute this region. • Climate is continental type and rainfall is around 125 centimetres. • Laterite soil is prominent in this region. • Major agricultural crops are wheat, jowar and oil seeds. • Major rivers in the region are Tons, Ken and Son. 6. Satpura Maikal Range • This range rises in Gujarat running east through borders of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to the East till Chhattisgarh. • Districts of Balaghat, Seoni, Chhindwara, Betul, Khandwa and Khargone constitute this region. • Tapi is the chief river flowing through the region. • Three ranges which have found here are-- Rajpipla, Satpura and Maikal. • Rainfall varies between 125 and 175 centimetres and the climate is monsoon type. • Jowar is the main agricultural crop along with wheat, rice and cotton. • This region is rich in minerals. 7. Plateau of Baghelkhand • Districts of Shahdol, Umaria, Sidhi, Singrauli and Dindori constitute the region. • Son is the chief river flowing through the region. • Red yellow soil is mainly found in this region, • It is made up of Gondwana and Vindhyan Rock groups.

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• Energy capital of Madhya Pradesh which is Singrauli is situated in this region only and the area is rich in coal. • Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of this plateau. • Climate is monsoon type and the rainfall varies between 125 and 175 centimetres.

HIGHEST PEAKS of MP

Highest peak of Satpura - Dhupgarh 1350 km (Pachmarhi , )

Highest peak of Bundelkhand - Siddh Baba 1172m near (Chirgaon )

Highest peak of Vindhyanchal - Janapav Hills 854m (, )

Highest Peak of Malwa Plateau - Sigar 881m ( Indore District)

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NOTES

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CLIMATE, SEASONS AND RAINFALL IN MADHYA PRADESH

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3. CLIMATE, SEASONS & RAINFALL MADHYA PRADESH Factors That Determine Climate • Latitude • Distance from the sea • Altitude • Relief features • Distribution of land and water

Madhya Pradesh is divided into 5 Climatic zones:

1. Northern Plains – Extreme climate conditions are experienced here with very hot summer and very could Winter 2. Hilly Region of Vindhyan – It does not have extreme temperatures. 3. Baghelkhand Plateau – Tropic of cancer passes through its middle and has monsoon climate. 4. The Narmada Valley – It is very hot in summer and moderately cold in winter 5. The Malwa Plateau – It has moderate climate which is neither too hot in summer nor not too cold in winter. SEASONS

Indian meteorological department has indicated 4 different seasons in MP. They are as follows • Hot – Dry weather Season : March to June • Wet Season : June to October • Retreating Monsoon Season : October to December mid • Cold weather season: December mid to Feb. Hot – Dry weather Season : March to June • The summers in Madhya Pradesh start around middle of March and end in June with the outbreak of monsoon. • During the summer season, the temperature may rise even above 45 degree Celsius. • The southern part of Madhya Pradesh (south of Tropic of Cancer) receives much insolation.

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Wet Season : June to October • The state also experiences monsoon rainfall. The winds which blow from Bay of Bengal cover almost the entire of Madhya Pradesh. • The intensity of the rainfall reduces towards the west and especially towards north—west. The highest rainfall occurs in the extreme east. • The cause of rainfall also varies. In the western part, during winters, the rainfall occurs due to western disturbances whereas in the eastern part during the similar period, rainfall occurs due to easterlies, the wind blowing from the plain of . • Cities like Jabalpur followed by and Sagar experiences maximum rainfall. • While Indore, , Gwalior, and Bhopal experiences comparatively lower rainfall. • It is interesting to note that the intensity of rainfall is very less in the entire state and most of the districts are drought prone. • In the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh, the first outbreak of monsoon takes place in the mid June, while in the west monsoon reaches up to mid July.

Cold weather season: December mid to March Mid • Winters are very short. • Winters start from December and lasts up to the February. Rainfall also occurs during the winters due to western disturbances.

When the Sun shifts towards the Northern Hemisphere, Madhya Pradesh experiences tremendous intensity of heat till the month of July. The temperature may soar up to 49 degree Celsius in certain parts of Madhya Pradesh while the average temperature remains at 40 degree Celsius. During the winters, when the entire country is under cold waves, the temperature of Madhya Pradesh is regulated by the same waves coming from the Great and an average of Rainfall distribution in MP • Very High Rains [ ~ 200 cm] – Panchmarhi and its nearby areas. • High Rains [125-150 cm] – South east Madhya Pradesh, Balaghat, • Medium Rains [75-80 cm] – North East Madhya Pradesh, Bundelkhand plateau and Rewa Panna Plateau • Low Rains [30-75 cm] – Jhabua, Dhar, Neemuch, Madsaur, Ujjain and Ratlam • Very low Rains [Below 30 cm] – Bhind, Morena, Northern areas of Bhopal and few other parts of western MP

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• Madhya Pradesh receives its rainfall from monsoon winds. The onset of the rainy season in Madhya Pradesh depends directly on the southwest monsoon winds which have their origin on the West Coast of India. • In general, it starts from mid-June. When the western part receives rain from Arabian Sea branch, it is the winds from Bay of Bengal which are responsible for rainfall on the eastern part of the state. • Toward the end of September the monsoon starts retreating itself and till October the rains become very less and at times result in slight increase in temperature before the winter begins. Sometimes rains also occur in the month of December and January due to cyclones. • North Western part of the state receives relatively less rainfall. Average rainfall of Bhind district of the state is 55 cm which is the lowest. So we can say that areas with minimum rainfall is the western part of the state which varies from 50 to 75 cm. Absence of humidity is also responsible for this. When the Southwest monsoon arrives here it lacks moisture and hence less rainfall. • Areas with average rainfall vary from 75 to 80 cm which includes north Eastern part of the state. Plateau of Bundelkhand, central Highlands areas of less rainfall which is due to their physical and relief features and humidity. There are areas where rainfall is above average which included areas of Betul, Chhindwara, Narsinghpur and Seoni districts and they lie on the eastern part of the state. Here the rainfall varies from 120 to 150 cm • The southeastern part of the state receives excess rainfall which is about 150 cm which include areas of Pachmarhi, Mandla, Sidhi, Balaghat and areas of Mahadev Hills. Major contribution of rainfall is from Arabian Sea branch. Pachmarhi in Madhya Pradesh receives the highest rainfall of approximately 200 cm.

Factual Takeaways • Climate is the average of the weather conditions taken over a long period of time. • Madhya Pradesh has monsoonal type of climate. • ln terms of climate Madhya Pradesh is divided into four parts viz. Northern plains, Malwa plateau, Vindhya plateau region and Narmada Valley. • Tropic of Cancer passes midway through Madhya Pradesh and has great influence on the climate of the state. • Most of the rainfall in Madhya Pradesh is received through Southwest Monsoon.

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• Because of its location Madhya Pradesh receives rainfall from both Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal branch of monsoon. • Madhya Pradesh is a landlocked state and hence there is no moderating effect of the sea. • Lowest temperature is registered at Pachmarhi (Hoshangabad). • Pachmarhi of Madhya Pradesh receives highest rainfall (around 20 cm). • Bhind of Madhya Pradesh receives lowest rainfall (55 centimetres). • Temperature and pressure changes due to the change in position of the Sun, and hence the climate changes. • Rainfall received in the month of December and January is due to western disturbances and are cyclonic in nature. • Tropic of Cancer passes through14 districts of Madhya Pradesh. • Based on the rainfall distribution Madhya Pradesh has been divided into three parts—low rainfall region, average rainfall region and high rainfall region. • On 21st June sun is vertically overhead on Tropic of Cancer and it is summer solstice. • The only weather observatory of Madhya Pradesh is located at Indore. • Highest temperature in Madhya Pradesh has been recorded at Khajuraho of . • Average rainfall of Madhya Pradesh is 112 centimetre. • Presence of Tropic of Cancer responsible for making climate of Madhya Pradesh tropical. (On 22nd December the sun is directly overhead Tropic of Capricorn hence it is winter solstice.) • Western part receives less than 75 centimetre of rainfall while eastern part receives greater than 75 centimetre of rainfall. • Madhya Pradesh receives rainfall from June to September. • Madhya Pradesh has three seasons namely summer, winter and rainy season. • Seasons name in Madhya Pradesh • Unala for summer • Siyala for winter • Chaumasa for rainy season. • Rainfall received due to retreating monsoon is known as Mavatha in Madhya Pradesh.

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NOTES

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SOILS OF MADHYA PRADESH

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4. SOILS OF MADHYA PRADESH Introduction • The upper most weathered layer of the earth crust is called soil. • Soil formation process is called pedogenesis. • Under the soil layer are gravels of parent rock and concentrations formed by the accumulation of leached material collectively known as subsoil. The vertical section through this zone is what constitutes the soil profile. • Soil is an end product which is formed due to the collective action of climate, temperature, agents of weathering and time. Thus soil is nothing else but composition of particles of broken rocks which have been changed by various chemical and mechanical processes. • Soil decides the natural vegetation and agriculture of a region. • Soil acidity is the degree of acidity measured on the pH scale which decides the nature of the soil and the kind of vegetation it would support. Soils which are deficient in lime are acidic which are generally found in areas of heavy rainfall. It is the soil texture which generally determines the water retention properties of soil. • The special feature which is seen in the soil of Madhya Pradesh is that it contains substantial amount of organic material because rock formation determines the structure and composition of the soil.

There are five major types of soils found in Madhya Pradesh. Soils of Madhya Pradesh vary as per the structure, color, texture and composition in the different geographical regions of the state.

• Madhya Pradesh is that part of the peninsular plateau of India where residual soils are found in an extensive area. • The rock formation determines the soil structure and composition in this state. Hence organic materials are found at a large scale in soils. • In Madhya Pradesh, the problem of soil erosion is relatively on a medium scale but due to excessive use of the land, floods and deforestation the problem of soil erosion is picking up the pace.

The major types of soils found in the state can be divided into five major categories namely • Black Soil or Regur Soil (medium and deep black, shallow and medium black, mixed red and black colored)

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• Red and Yellow Soil • Alluvial Soil • Laterite Soil • Mixed Soil

SOILS CHARACTERISTICS REGIONS FOUND • Parent material is igneous basaltic • Found in maximum part of state. rock. approx 47%. • Also called as Regur soil or cotton • Covers Malwa plateau, Narmada soil. basin, ranges Satpura and • Has water retention capacity. Maikala. • Develop cracks during dry season. • Rich in Iron, lime , magnesia and • Mandsaur , Ratlam, Jhabua, Black Soil alumina. Dhar, Khandwa, Khargone, • Lacks phosphorus, nitrogen. Indore, Dewas, Ujjain, Rajgarh, • Color ranges from deep black to grey Bhopal Raisen, Vidisha, Sagar, • Cotton, soyabean, wheat, gram, Damoh, Jabalpur, Narsinghpur, jowar is cultivated in the soil. Hoshangabad, Betul, Chhindwara, Guna, Shivpuri and Sidhi • Areas of low rainfall. • It covers 36.5% of the state. Red • Created by Gondwana rocks by • Found in eastern part of MP Yellow weathering and and erosion. Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand Soil • Red color is due to presence of iron. region. • Yellow color due to Ferric Oxide.

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• It lacks nitrogen and humus • District like Rewa, Panna, therefore fertility of soil is low. Mandla, Balaghat, Chhatarpur, • Its pH value ranges from 5.5 to 8.5 Balaghat, Umaria Shahdol and thus can be acidic to alkali or basic. Sidhi. • PADDY (Rice), linseed, grains are cultivated in the soil. • 3% area of MP • Depositional Soils. • Wide spread in the northern • Rich in potash but poor in plains and river valleys. phosphorus and nitrogren.. • Found in north-western region Alluvial • Most fertile in nature. i.e. Chambal region Soil • Ratio of Sand:Silt:clay= 50:20:30 • District like Shivpuri, Bhind, • Used for cultivating wheat Gwalior, Morena has alluvial soil sugarcane, mustard etc. deposited from rivers like Chambal. • Derived from the word ‘later’ means ‘brick • Rich in aluminium and iron oxide • Lacks N, P and Organic substances. • Found in north-western part of Laterite • Found by long term weathering of MP Soil parent rock. • Shivpuri, Morena, Bhind and • Not suitable for cultivation. Gwalior. • With the help of fertilizer - Wheat Sugarcane and Cotton can be grown.

Mixed Soil • Mixture of black, red yellow soil • Found in Vindhyan region and in • Lacks N, P and Organic substances. small quantities in many areas of • Less fertile MP. • Cereals are mainly grown (Maize)

SOIL EROSION • Soil erosion can be defined as the destruction of the soil cover. • Soil formation as well as erosion goes hand in hand in general and as long as there is a balance between the two phenomena, the soil is considered safe. But when such balance is disturbed

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by the anthropogenic activities leading to the greater rate of removal of uppermost fertile layer of soil, it is termed as soil erosion. • Agents: Wind and water are considered two most powerful agents of soil erosion. • Sheet erosion takes place on level lands after heavy shower and the soil removal is not easily noticeable. • Gully erosion which is more prevalent in Chambal region is common on steep slopes. • In Madhya Pradesh, soil erosion has become one of the toughest challenge to agriculture because it leads to the degradation of fertility of soil and thus directly affect the harvest. • Monsoon rainfall is one of the most common causes of soil erosion. • Deforestation is considered one of the major causes of soil erosion.

WAYS OF SOIL CONSERVATION • Plant roots bind the soil and thus prevent erosion. They also add humus to the soil which directly benefits the fertility of the soil. • No till farming or zero tillage farming. In this method, crops are allowed to remain instead of being ploughed under at the end of the season. Thus it keeps soils anchored in place rather than having bare ground exposed to wind and water. • Terrace farming. This type of farming uses the topography of the land to slow water flow through a series of terraces and thus directly cuts erosion. This manipulation of the water flow prevents it from gathering speed and washing soil away from farmlands. • Practice contour farming. Contour fanning replicates the effects of terrace farming, but on a smaller scale. Rather than planting crops in straight vertical rows, crops are planted following the contour of the landscape. Crops planted up and down hillsides create pathways for water to flow. Crops planted parallel to the land slow the flow of water that prevents soil erosion. • Reduce impervious surfaces. • Plant windbreaks. • Restore ravines and wetlands. • Re-establish forest cover. Factual Takeaways • Soil is formed by the agents of weathering and degradation which has acted upon the parent rock material to produce thin layer of soil. • Soil is the mixture of rock debris and organic material which develop on the earth's surface. • The major factors that affect the formation of soil are relief, parent material, climate, vegetation and time.

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• Alluvial soil is the most fertile soil because of surplus of minerals. Wheat, sugarcane and mustard are grown on alluvial soil. • Old alluvial soil is known as Bangar while new alluvial soil is known as Khadar. • Mixed soil is found in Bundelkhand region. • Coarse cereals are grown in mixed soil in general. • Mixed soil contains red, yellow and black soil as mixture. • Mixed soil is found in Bundelkhand region also. • Laterite soil is suitable for wheat, cotton and sugarcane. • Laterite soil is mainly found in Bhind, Morena, Gwalior and Sheopur region. • Black colour in black soil is due to the presence of Iron. • Water retaining capacity of Black soil is maximum. • Black soil is of three types viz. Dark black soil, normal black soil and layered black soil. • Black soil is also known as regur soil. • Black soil is acidic in nature. • Red- yellow soil is made out of Gondwana mountain ranges. • Paddy is mainly grown on Red Yellow soil. • Red yellow soil is mainly found in the Eastern part of Madhya Pradesh especially Baghelkhand region. • in Madhya Pradesh is responsible for maximum soil erosion. • Red and yellow soil is found in sufficient quantity in Mandla, Balaghat, Shahdol and . • Most of the part of the state of Madhya Pradesh is covered by Black soil. • Laterite soil is the most fertile soil and is found in layers. • Under the black soil, the subcategory called normal black soil is mostly found in Madhya Pradesh. • The formation of black soil in Madhya Pradesh is out of Deccan trap and Basaltic igneous rocks.

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RIVER AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF MADHYA PRADESH

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5. RIVERS AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF MADHYA PRADESH Drainage System in MP Drainage system in MP is mainly divided into 6 systems:

1. Ganga Drainage System divided into three subsystems • Yamuna: main rivers include Chambal, Sindh, Jamni, Betwa, Dhasana, Ken, Pesuni, Baithan etc.

• Tons: main rivers include Bihad, Oda, Mahan etc.

• Son: main rivers include Johilla, Balms, Gpad, Rihand, Kanhar etc.

2. Narmada Drainage System 3. Tapti Drainage System • Main rivers include Poorna, Girna, Gopad, Aner, Ambora, Baki, Burai, Titur, Utavali and Kalibhit.

4. Godavari Drainage System • Has five subsystems namely, Wainganga, Bavanthadi, Kanhan, Pench.

5. Mahi Drainage System 6. Drainage System

RIVERS OF MP • Rivers play an important role in civilizational, cultural and economic development of a region. • Main rivers of MP o Narmada, Chambal, Son, Tapti, , Betwa, Tawa Sindh, Kalisindh, Ken, Parvati, , Tons, Shipra, Kunwari, etc. • Other Rivers of MP o Kuno, Vardha, Gaar, Kunda, Satak, Shivna, Bichiya, Khan, Mahi, Swarnarekha, Bihad, Bahuti, Kevati, Bina, Jamner, Bagh. • These rivers flow in different directions due to different origin and physiography.

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MAJOR RIVERS OF MADHYA PRADESH

LENGTH ORIGIN /END Tributaries FACTS

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Length 1312 km Amarkantak Anuppur LEFT BANK: LONGEST river of MP District Barnar, Banjar, Fifth Longest in INDIA Length in MP in Sher, Shakkar, 1077 km Doodhi, Tawa, Other names is Namados [by Flows through 15 Gajal, Doti Tawa, Ptolemy], Reva, Maikalsuta, Somo Basin Districts: Kundi, Dev and Devi. etc 86.9% in MP Shahdol, Mandla, Goi. Dindori, Jabalpur, Major waterfalls include Kapildhara, 11.6% in Gujarat Narsinghpur, Raisen, RIGHT BANK: Dudghdhara, Dhuandhar, Mandar, Hoshangabad, Harda, Hiran, Tindoni, Dardi Sahastradhara etc 1.5% in MH Khandwa, Khargone, Barna, Barwani. Chandrakeshar, Main Cities on Bank: Amarkantak, Catchment area Kanar, Maan, Ooti, Jabalpur, Hoshangabad, Badwah, is 98796 sqkms Drains into Hathani. Maheshwar, Omkareshwar, Nimar, Gulf of Cambay Arabian Barwani, Mandla, Mandaleshwar, Sea Tawa is the Kasravad, Nemavar, Punasa. Narmada's longest tributary Major Projects Rani Avantibai Sagar Bargi Project Indira Gandhi Narmada Sagar [Punasa Dam] Sardar Sarovar are dams build on Narmada .(MP Gujarat, MH, Rajasthan) CHAMBAL River

LENGTH ORIGIN /END Tributaries FACTS It originates from Shipra, Kalisindh, 2nd longest river of MP Total length 965 Janapav (881 m height) Parvati, Banas km hills near Mhow [Indore Puranic Name: District] Dharmavati/Charmavati.

Districts It marks northern boundary of MP Dhar, Ujjain, Ratlam, with Rajasthan Indore, Sheopur, Morena, Bhind Major dams Gandhi Sagar Neemuch (First Hydel Cities :Dhar, Sheopur, MP) Mhow, Ratlam, Morena Rana Pratap Sagar Chittorgarh Jawahar Sagar Kota It falls in Yamuna river near Etawah [UP] Falls: Chuliya (Mandsaur), Jhadi Daha, Patalpani (Indore)

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BETWA River

It originates at Its tributaries Also Known as Vetravati and Ganga The total length Kubhara Village in Right Bank Bina, of MP of the river Dhasan, Also known as LIFELINE of from its origin BUNDELKHAND to its Cities on Bank: Left Bank: confluence with Vidisha, Orcha, Sanchi, Sindhu etc. It marks the boundary between MP Yamuna is 590 Guna and UP. kms Confluence is with Project Length in MP Yamuna near Mata Tila Dam—Maharani Laxmibai 232 km Hameerpur [UP] Sagar Bhander Canal—Irrigates Datia, Gwalior, Bhind. Halali Canal Ken Betwa link project going on

Length of It originates at Multai Tributaries Also known as Sun's daughter 724 km [Betul], MP Purna, Bhadur, Girna, Bori, Shiva It flows parallel with Narmada and Districts flows east to west. Betul, Khandwa It’s main Burhanpur is the tributary is Purna major town [west bank]

It falls at in Gujarat

Son River

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The It originates in Tributary It is also known as Svarna, Sorna, which is 784 Amarkantak [Anupur Left Bank Sonbhadra or Subhagadhi kilometres long, district] near Narmada Ghaghar River, is one of the river origin Johilla River, Son flows in MP and Bihar. longest Indian Chhoti Mahanadi rivers Districts Shahdol, River Projects Umaria, Sidhi, Rewa, is build at Singrauli Right Bank [] (Joint project of MP, Gopad River, UP and Bihar) It confluence with , Ganga river near , Johila is its main tributary Danapur in Bihar

Tawa River

The Tawa is the It originates from Longest dam of MP is located on Narmada's Kalibhit hills in Tawa at Hoshangabad longest Mahadeo mountain tributary, at [Pachmarhi] 172 km. Cities Tawanagar, Pachmarhi

It joins the Narmada at MP’s only hill station Pachmarhi is the village of located on Bandrabhan in Hoshangabad District.

OTHER RIVERS (Tributary of Chambal) • Its length is 195 kms • It originates from Kakara Bardi Hills [Indore] and confluences with Chambal river • Ujjain [famous for Mahakaleswar Temple] is situated on its Banks • Khan river is its tributary. • District Indore, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur

Kali (Triburary of Chambal) • Its length is 150 kms. • It originates from Bagli tehsil [Dewas] and confluence with Chambal river in Rajasthan • In MP it flows through Dewas, Shajapur and Narsinghgarh district • Cities: Dewas, Sonkachch

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Parvati River (Triburary of Chambal) • It originates in and confluences with Chambal river. • Shajapur, Rajgarh, Astha are important towns located on its banks

Wainganga River (Triburary of Godavari) • Its length is 570 kms • It originates in Seoni [ Mahadev Hills in Mundara in Paraswada plateau] • Also known as Bewa or Vaiyya. • Falls into in Maharashtra • In MP it flows through Seoni, Balaghat, Chhindwara districts • Confluence of Wainganga and Wardha is named as Pranhita [Maharastra] which ultimately merges into Godavari.

Ken River (Triburary of Yamuna) • Its length is 427 Kms (292 km in MP) • It originates from (Katni Vindhyachal) • Confluence with Yamuna river. • Its old name is Dirnavati. • It forms Pandav fall (near Panna)

Sindh River (Triburary of Yamuna) • Length 470 kms • It originates from Sironj [] • Tributary- Left Kwari, Right Pahuj • Confluence with Yamuna in UP. • Districts: In MP it flows through Guna, Shivpuri, Bhind, Datia districts. • Manikheda Dam in Shivpuri district

Tons River (Triburary of Ganga) • It originates in Kaimur Hills [] • Confluences with Ganga river [UP]

Wardha River (Triburary of Wainganga) • Its length is 528 Kms • It originates at Vardhan peak at Multai Tehsil [] • It confluences with Wainganga in Maharastra

Choti Tawa • It is made of 2 small rivers called Sukta and Awana. • Its presence is in Kunvari (Triburary of Sindh) • Length 37 km • Origin Shivpuri plateau

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• Falls into Sindh in Bhind • City Shivpuri

Kuno (Triburary of Chambal) • It is 180 km long. • Rises from Shivpuri plateau • Falls into Chambal.

Gaar • Rises from Lakhnadaun region in Sivani, falls into Narmada.

Kunda • Rises from Satpura ranges, falls into Narmada.

Satak • Rises from , falls into Narmada.

Shivna • Main city on its bank is Mandsaur.

Bichiya • Main city on its bank is Rewa.

Khan • Main city on its bank is Indore.

Mahi • Length 583 km • Origin Vindyans (Dhar District) then Jhabua se flow karti hai . • End in Gulf of Khambat • Main city on its bank is Sardarpur

Swarnarekha • Main city on its bank is Gwalior

Bihad • Chachai fall (Rewa)

Kevati • Kevati fall (Rewa)

Bina • Bhal Kund fall (Rahatgarh, Sagar)

JAMNER • Shankar Kilo fall (Seoni)

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Main rivers at a glance

River (length) Origin End Narmada (1312 km) Amarkantak (Anuppur) Gulf of Khambhat Chambal (1040 km) Mhow (Indore) Falls into Yamuna Son (780 km) Amarkantak Falls into Ganga Tapti (724 km) Multai in Betul Gulf of Khambhat Betwa (480 km) Kumragaon (Raisen) Yamuna (Hamirpur) Shipra (195 km) Kakri-Baradi hill (Indore) Chambal (Rajasthan) Kuno (180 km) Shivpuri plateau Chambal Kalisindh (150 lcm) Bagli gaon (Dewas) Chambal (Rajasthan) Kunvari Shivpuri plateau Falls into Sindh Parvati (till Guna) Ashtha (Sehore) Chambal (Rajasthan) Sindh Sironj (Guna) Chambal Ken Vindhyachal range (Katni) Yamuna Mahi Dhar Gulf of Khambat Tawa Pachmarhi Narmada Vardha Vardhan hilltop (Beall) Wainganga (Maharashtra) Choti Tawa Betul (from confluence of Avna Avna (Khandwa) and Sukta) Shakkar Amarvada (Chindwada) Narmada Gaar Lakhna Don (Seoni) Narmada Wainganga Mundara village (Seoni) Vardha

MAJOR WATERFALLS AT A GLANCE

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Waterfall River Place Kapildhara, Dugdhadhara Narmada Anuppur Sahastradhara Narmada Maheshwar Bhedaghat/Dhuandhar Narmada Jabalpur Mandhar Narmada Khandwa Dardi Narmada Badwah Satdhara, , Narmada Narsinghpur Arjunkund Chuliya Chambal Mandsaur Jhadi Daha Chambal Indore Patalpani Chambal Indore Bhurakhoh, Sultangarh, Pava Sindh Shivpuri Rahatgarh Betwa Sagar Pandav Ken Parma Chachai Bihad Rewa Bahuti Oda Rewa Gangulpara Wainganga Balaghat Keoti Mahanadi Rewa Shankar kho Jamner Khavani Lilahi, Anhoni, Kukari Khapa Kanhan Chhindwara Maldhar Devnadi Balaghat Kakra Khoh Mandu — Purva Tamsa (Tons) Rewa Bee-fall — Pachmarhi Duchess, Apsara, Rajat, Jamuna — Pachmarhi Bhalkund — Sagar

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Factual Takeaways • In India, maximum number of rivers flow in MP • MP is also known as `Maeka' of rivers. • 5 longest rivers of MP are : Narmada, Chambal, Son, Tapti and Betwa. • Narmada is MP's longest and 5th longest river in India. • Narmada river is termed as the life line of MP. • Narmada is the main river of MP and is considered sacred as the . • Narmada passes through MP, Gujarat and Maharashtra states. • From Amarkantak, 3 rivers originate within a distance of 3 km—Narmada, Son and Johila. • Famous geographer Ptolemy has referred to Narmada river as Namados. • Narmada and Tapti rivers do not form deltas, instead they make estuaries. • Tapti: In , it is said that Tapti is the daughter of Sun god. • Narmada—Shipra confluence is in Ujjaini village, 20km from Indore. • Shipra River is known as the Ganges of Malwa. • Betwa is known as the Ganges of MP. • On the banks of Shipra. Mahakumbh fair is organized every 12 years. • Chambal river has been a refuge for dacoits because of the presence of ravines. • Chambal river flows in MP, UP and Rajasthan states. • MP's longest dam is on Tawa River, Hoshangabad district (1322 m). • The confluence point of Wardha and Wainganga rivers is known as 'Pranhita'. • MP's highest waterfall is Chachai. • MP's first hydel power project is in Mandsaur on Chambal river.

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MAJOR IRRIGATION AND RIVER PROJECTS OF MADHYA PRADESH

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6. MAJOR IRRIGATION AND RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS OF MADHYA PRADESH Introduction • Irrigation means a lot to the economy of Madhya Pradesh. • Constant enhancement of irrigation facilities has improved the yield of various crops significantly and Krishi Karman award for five times in a row is testimony to the fact. • Madhya Pradesh has various perennial and non-perennial rivers and it can be said safely that water as a resource is available in ample amount in the state. • So, to utilize this resource, irrigation facilities are very important which are ensured by various canals and multipurpose projects. • Narmada valley project and Chambal valley project along with several other multipurpose projects have proved to be boon for the agriculture and overall economy of the state. • Several dams and canals have proved to be very beneficial for the state which is discussed in the chapter. • Wells and tube wells still dominate the contribution towards irrigation although this is not a sustainable practice on the longer run. • Wells – They are the main source of irrigation in MP which accounts for 69% [approximately] of irrigated area especially in Malwa plateau and northern districts • Canals – It covers 17.8% of irrigated area of MP and used in Gwailor, Bhind, Morena, Sheopur, Tikamgarh, Chattarpur districts • Ponds – It covers 2.3% of total irrigation of MP and are mainly used in Balaghat and Seoni districts • Districts with good irrigation facilities are - Datia, Hoshangabad, Gwalior, Morena, • Districts with poor irrigation facilities are – Dindori, Anuupur, Mandla, Shahdol etc.

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MAIN RIVERS AND DAMS OF MP S No. Dam River 1. Indira Sagar Narmada 2. Omkareshwar Narmada 3. Sardar Sarovar (Gujrat) Narmada 4. Bargi (Narmada) 5. Gandhi Sagar Chambal 6. Maharana Pratap Sagar (Raj) Chambal 7. Jawahar Sagar (Raj) Chambal 8. Rajghat Betwa 9. Tawa darn Tawa 10. Bansagar Son 11. Barna dam Barna 12. Satak Satak

Major Irrigation and River Valley Projects 1. Chambal River Project • River Chambal • Its joint project of MP and Rajasthan • It was commenced in 1954 and was completed in 3 phases • Total Four Dams o Gandhi Sagar Dam – It has been constructed in Mandsaur in the First phase of Chambal Valley project. Gandhi Sagar Hydro Power station was installed in it. 115 MW power is generated o Ranapratap Sagar Dam – It is been constructed in Chittorgarh district of Rajasthan. The produces 172 MW power and has water storage capacity in 1567 million Cubic meters. o – It was the last stage of Chambal river project and is in . It produces 99 MW power. The right bank canals irrigate MP. o : Kota Barrage is the fourth in the series of Chambal Valley Projects. Waterreleased after power generation at Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar and Jawahar Sagar Dams, is diverted by Kota Barrage for irrigation in Rajasthan and in Madhya Pradesh through canals on the left and the right sides of the river.

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• Areas Benefitted: Sheopur, Bhind, Morena, Gwalior. Mandsaur

2. Narmada Valley Project • Narmada River – 1312 km • It is the multipurpose project with a total of 29 big, 135 medium and 3000 small projects. • It irrigates 27.55 lakh hectares, and it generates 3000 MW power. • Indira Sagar project is at Punasa [Khandwa] • Sardar Sarovar project is at Bharuch, Gujarat. • Omkareshwar Power Project and Maheshwar reservoir are also important for irrigation and electricity generation. • Other big projects on Narmada are Upper Narmada projects. Halon project, Lower Goi • Several committees were constituted to resolve disputes like Khosla committee [1964], Narmada Water Disputes Authority [1969], Saifuddin Committee [2006] and Shunglu Committee. • The Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal allocated maximum share (65%) to MP. • IRRIGATION: Aims is to generate 2600 mw power and ensure irrigation facility for 27.5 lakh ha. • Areas Benefitted: All districts from the rise and fall of Narmada. Also, MP, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan.

S. Name of Project Potential No. Irrigation (L Ha) 1. Tawa Project 2.469 2. Barna Project 0.548 3. Kolar Project 0.451 4. Sukta Project 0.166 5. Matiyari Project 0.101 6. Man Project 0.150 7. Shaheed Chandrashekhar Azad (Jobat) 0.098 Project Total 3.983

3. Samrat Ashok Sagar Project • HALALI Project • It is also called Halali project as it is based on Halali river in Raisen and Vidisha districts • Its irrigation capacity is 37000 hectares

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• 945 meter long and 29 m tall dam is constructed under it.

4. Rani Awantibai Sagar Project • Also known as Bargi Project as it is based on Bagri river [tributary of Narmada]. • It is located in but it also benefit Mandla, Seoni, and Narsinghpur Districts • It can provide irrigation to 1.50 lakh hectare land.

5. Tawa River Project • It is located at Hoshangabad district of MP and has longest dam of MP • Its irrigation capacity is 3.3 lakh hectares.

6. Bansagar Project • It is the joint project of MP, UP and Bihar. • The electricity generation is 405 MW and is shared in the ratio of 50:25:25 by MP:UP:Bihar respectively. • It benefits Rewa, Sidhi and Shahdol districts of MP. • 120 Meter long dam is build on river Son near Deolond, 50 Km from Rewa. • 1.53 lakh irrigation facility. 7. Ken-Betwa Project • It was the 1st project under river linking project. • It is the joint project of MP and UP • The major beneficiary is Bundelkhand region of MP. • 231 KM canal will connect Ken and Betwa rivers • Chhatarpur, Panna, Raisen, Tikamgarh, Vidisha & Panna districts will get irrigated under it. 8. Rani Laxmibai project • It is also called Mata Tila project • It is a joint project of MP and UP. • This project is on river Betwa. • It would benefit 6 districts of MP by irrigating 1.16 hectare of land. 9. Betwa project (Mata Tila) • It is also called Mata Tila project • It is a joint project of MP and UP. • This project is on river Betwa.

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• It would benefit 6 districts of MP by irrigating 1.16 hectare of land and and 1.09 lakh ha for UP.

10. Pench project • It is the joint project of MP and Maharashtra • The dam is constructed on at • It would benefit Balaghat and Chindwara district by irrigating 63,300 hectares of land.

11. Rajghat Project • It is the joint project of MP and UP. • This project is made on river Betwa near Lalitpur, Jhansi [UP] • It provides irrigation to 34000 hectare land.

12. Mahi project • This project is made on which would irrigate 12770 hectare of land. • 2 dams are constructed on Dhar and

13. Bhavanthari Project • It is the joint project of MP and Maharashtra • The project is been constructed in • It would irrigate 18600 hectare land in MP

Joint projects of MP

• MP and Rajasthan- Gandhi Sagar, Ranapratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar • MP and Maharashtra – Wagh Project, Pench Project, Bawanthari Project, Kali Sagar Project • MP and UP – Urmil Project, Rani Laxmibai Rajghat Project, Mata Tila Project, Ken Project • MP, UP and Bihar – Ban Sagar Project • MP, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra – Sardar Sarovar Project.

Main Canals of MP

Canal River Districts Benefitted 1. (Indira Narmada Khandwa, Khargone, Barwani Canal) 2. Chambal Canal Chambal Bhind, Morena, Sheopur, Mandsaur, Neemuch

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3. Halali Canal Betwa Vidisha, Raisen 4. Tawa Canal Tawa Hoshangabad Jhabua, Dhar 5. Mahi Canal Mahi Jabua, Dhar 6. Wainganga Canal Wainganga Balaghat, -Maharashtra 7. Barna Canal Barna Hoshangabad 8. Satak Canal Satak Hoshangabad 9. Dejala-Devada Canal Kunda Khargone

RIVER INTERLINKING PROJECTS 1. Narmada-Shipra Linking Project • First river linking project in the state • Launched on 29 November 2012. • Under this project, water from is being released into Kshipra River. • Areas Benefitted : It will irrigate the fields of Dewas, Ujjain, Shajapur and Indore districts.

2. Ken-Betwa Linking Project • Also known by the name `Amrit Kranti'. • Launched on 25 August 2005 under the Peninsular River Development Plan. • Joint project of MP and UP. • Produce 75 mw of electricity and will supply drinking water to 13 lakh people. • Recently, central government has announced 90:10 funding pattern for this project where 90% of total estimated cost shall be borne by the center.

Factual Takeaways • M.P water Resources Department was formed in 1956. o Irrigation simply means watering the crops through artificial means. o In MP, irrigated area is 7140 thousand hectares. o In MP. Irrigation Nigam was formed in 1976. • In MP. There are 3 main sources of irrigation—canals, wells and ponds. • Maximum irrigation is done by wells (66.3%). • Maximum irrigation by wells is done in western regions of MP.

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• Maximum irrigation by wind mills is done in Indore. • Maximum irrigation by canals is done in districts such as—Bhind, Morena, Sheopur, Gwalior, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Hoshangabad, Raisen, Sehore, Vidisha etc. • In Balaghat and Seoni, irrigation is done by ponds. • MP's average annual rainfall is 112 cm. • District with lowest irrigation is Dindori (0.8%). • MP’s first multipurpose river valley project Chambal Project which began in 1953-54. • Mrs first inter-valley project has been built on Choral river in Dr. Ambedkar Nagar, Mhow. • Narmada is an interstate river and flows through MP, Gujarat and Maharashtra. • On Narmada, there are 29 big, 135 medium and 3000 small projects. • Narmada Control Authority (NCA) was formed in 1980. • Indira Sagar Project was inaugurated in 1984 by the then PM Indira Gandhi. • Ken-Betwa link project will pass through . This project is being seen as a revolution from environmental point of view. • Mahi project is on Mahi River in Dhar. • Man project is on Man river in Dhar district near Jirabad. • NARMADA SEVAYATRA 2016-17 (Amarkantak)- It was a campaign of MP govt to conserve the Narmada River. It also aimed at promoting activities such as pollution control, water conservation, soil conservation, afforestation and organic. farming.

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FORESTS AND FOREST PRODUCE OF MADHYA PRADESH

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7. FORESTS AND FOREST PRODUCE OF MADHYA PRADESH

Basic Facts • Geographical Area of the state is 3,08,252 sq km • Tropical forest are found in MP • MP's First Forest Policy was formulated in 1952. • New MP Forest Policy was declared on 4 April 2005. • It has been divided in 16 forest circles and 63 forest divisions • MP has : o 10 Divisions o 52 Districts o 16 Forest Circles o 63 Forest Divisions o 11 National Parks o 7 Project Tiger o 3 Biosphere Reserves (All 3 are under Man and Biosphere Progra) o 25 Sanctuaries o 1 Ramsar Site o 3 UNESCO World Heritage Site • Khandwa is biggest forest circle • Hoshangabad is smallest forest circle. • Mandla is the largest division and is part of the Jabalpur Circle. Historical Background • Nationalization of forest – 1970 • MP forest wildlife conservation act – 1974 • MP Forest Development Corporation was formed on 24 July 1975. • Social Forestry Scheme was launched in MP in 1976. • Panchvan Scheme for afforestation – 1976 • Social Forestry Scheme – 1976 • Lokvaniki Pilot Project – 1999 • MP’s Forest Policy – April 2005 [1st in 1952]

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There are three major forest belts in MP from point of view of density and spread of forests. • Vindhya Forest Belt: This belt is spread over Damoh—Sagar plateau. Rare forests are found. • Morena and Shivpuri Plateau Belt: Majorly thorn vegetation is found. • A Broad belt in the south of Narmada: Covers Satpura Maikal ranges and Baghelkhand plateau From point of view of administration, forests of MP have been classified into following three categories: 1. Protected Forests: Means those forests which are managed under state supervision. In protected forests, movement is allowed but destroying them is considered a punishable offence. Administrative rules are not extremely strict. Animal grazing is allowed. People living inside protected forests may even cut trees in special conditions with prior permission. 2. Reserved Forests: In reserved forests, movement, grazing, wood cutting are punishable offences. In reserved forests, administrative rules are very strict.

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3. Unclassified Forests: These attract less administrative attention. Grazing is allowed, forests may also be cut.

Classification of Forests Based on Types of Trees 1. Teak Forest: Teak forests are found in Jabalpur, Hoshangabad, Betul, Sagar, Chhindwara, Jhabua, Dhar and Khandwa covering 17.8% of total forest area. Teak wood is used for building purposes. Furniture made from teak wood is light and strong and that's why teak wood remains in demand in the whole country. 2. Sal Forest: Sal wood is used for making railway sleepers. Main Sal regions in MP are Mandla, Balaghat, Umaria, Sidhi and Shandol. with Sal forest amounting to 16.54% of total forest area. Sal trees are normally dense and that's why Sal forests are dark even during daytime. 3. Mixed Deciduous Forests: These forests comprise trees such as Saj, Dhavara, Ladiya, Beeja, Tendua, Mahua, Bamboo, Palash, Babool, Sanai, Anjan, Harra, etc. These are mainly found in Balaghat, Hoshangabad, Mandla and Chhindwara.

MP Rajya Van Vikas Nigam • Madhya Pradesh Rajya Van Vikas Nigam Ltd. was incorporated as a company under the Companies Act, 1956 on 24 July 1975. • Vision: Supplement the forest department in enriching the tree cover of state along with improvement in the socio-economic conditions of the people adjoining forest areas.

Classification of Forest

• It is found in maximum area of MP where rainfall in 50-100 cms Tropical Deciduous • It is found in Hoshangabad, Betul, Chhindwara, sagaretc districts forest [close to line of cancer] • Their leaves fall in summer • Main trees – teak, shisham, neem, peepal etc • It is found in areas of red-Yellow soil with rainfall 100 – 150 cms. Tropical semi • Districts – Balaghat, Madla, Annupur, Shahdol, Singrauli, Seoni, Deciduous forest Umaria etc • Trees – Sal, teak, Mahua, peepal, shisham etc • Not all trees shed their leaves [only partially]

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• Rainfall – 25-75 cm Tropical dry • Districts – Seopur, shivpuridatia, gwailor, morena, tikamgard, deciduous forest ratlam,

• Trees – Largely thorny, catechu, babul, harra, seja, palas etc

Data on Forest Cover Total forest in MP is calculated by 2 reports 1. State of Forest Report 2019 (Published in Dec 2019) – It gives recorded forest area which is more of administrative nature 2. Forest Status Report 2019 – It is done after every 2 years and its data is more acceptable and realistic. STATE OF FOREST REPORT 2019 • It is the 16th biennial assessment of India’s forests by Forest Survey of India, an organisation under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). • FSI undertakes National Forest Inventory to assess the growing stock in forests and TOF (Tree Outside Forest), bamboo resource, carbon stock and to assess the dependence of the people living in Forest Fringe Villages for fuelwood, fodder, small timber and bamboo. • In the current ISFR, a new chapter ‘Forest Types and Biodiversity’ has been added which presents findings of the forest type mapping based on Champion & Seth classification (1968) and the results of the first ever rapid biodiversity assessment of plant species in the 16 Forest Type Groups.

Key Findings • The Total Forest and Tree cover is 24.56% of the geographical area of the country. • The Total Forest cover is 7,12,249 sq km which is 21.67% of geographical area of INDIA. • The Tree cover is 2.89% of the geographical area of the country. The Top five States in terms of forest area: (area-wise ranking) • Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in the country followed by • Arunachal Pradesh • Chhattisgarh • and • Maharashtra. The top five States (UT) in terms of increase in forest cover: • •

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• • Jammu & Kashmir • . Madhya Pradesh Forest Scenario • Madhya Pradesh is a forest rich State and is ranked first among the States in terms of the RFA.

Recorded Forest Area • Recorded Forest Area (FOREST COVER + TREE COVER) – 94689 sq km of which o 61,886 sq km (65.36%) is Reserved Forests, o 31,098 sq km (32.84%) is Protected Forests and o 1,705 sq km (1.80 %) is Unclassed Forests

Forest Cover • In 2019, total forest cover area in MP is 77482.49 sq km which is 25.14% of MP geographically area. • While in 2017 ISFR, the total forest cover of MP was 77,414 sq km, which was 25.11% of the total land area. • Madhya Pradesh showed a marginal 0.03% increase in forests compared to the 2017 . • Forest cover of the state increased by 68.49 sq km as compared to the previous assessment reported in 2017. • Per Capita Forest: 0.16 sq km [national average is 0.07 sq km] Ten national parks and 25 wildlife sanctuaries constitute the protected area network of the state covering 3.51% of its geographical area.

In terms of forest canopy density classes, (2019 Report) 1. Very dense forest [VDF] – 6676.02 sq km 2. Moderately dense forest [MDF] – 34341.40 sq km 3. Open forest – 36,465.07 sqkms 4. Scrub – 6222 sqkms

As per Forest Survey of India 2019 report

1. Balaghat [ 4932.06 sq km] Top 3 districts with maximum forest area 2. Chhindwara [4588.01 sq km]

3. Betul [3663.7 sq km] 1. Ujjain [36.22 sq km] Top 3 districts with minimum forest area 2. Ratlam [59.85 sq km]

3. Shajapur [63.35 6sq km]

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1. Balaghat [53.44%] Top 3 districts with maximum percentage 2. Shoepur [52.38%] of forest cover 3. Umaria [49.62%] 1. Ujjain [0.59%] Top 3 districts with minimum percentage 2. Shajapur [1.02%] of forest cover 3. Ratlam [1.23%]

FOREST PRODUCE of MADHYA PRADESH MP is India's first state to bring about 100% nationalization of forests Nationalised Wood Forest Produce • Main forests of MP are teak, sal and bamboo. • Teak and Sal forests are the pride of the state. The Forest Department and the Forest Development Corporation have done extensive teak plantations during the last few decades. • In MP forests, the most abundant tree is teak and the second most abundant is sal • The dense forests of teak lie in Jabalpur, Seoni, Balaghat, Panna, Sehore, Dewas, Hoshangabad, Harda, Betul, Sagar, Chhindwara and Mandla districts. • Of all teak (Sagaun) trees in the country, MP has 41% (17.88 % of MP's forest area is covered with teak). • Bori Valley in Harda (Hoshangabad region) is famous for Teak wood known for its high density • Of all Sal trees in the country, MP has 50% (16.54% of MP's forest area is covered with Sal i.e. Sal Forest Area = 3932 sq. km). • Similarly, the Sal forests are mainly located in Mandla, Dindori, Balaghat, Sidhi, Umaria, Anuppur and Shahdol districts. • In MP, nearly 10 lakh sal trees had to be cut due to infestation of sal borer insect

Nationalised Non-wood Forest Produce • The state takes care of the trade of nationalised forest produce viz., o Tendu Leaf, o Sal Seed and o Kullu Gum. o Harra • MP was the first state to nationalize tendu leaf.

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• Of all tendu leaf production in the country, MP contributes 60%. • In Tendu leaf Policy of MP, role of middleman has been ended since 1988. • Tendu leaf collection activities alone account for an income of about Rs. 145 crore every year to the forest dwellers. • In addition to Nationalised Non wood Forest Products namely Tendu Leaves, Chebulic myrobolan or Harra, Sal Seed and Gums, a number of very important and valuable non-nationalised Non wood Forest Products like Mahua Aonla, Chirota, Neem, Mahul Patta, Chironji, Honey, Tamarind etc. are also found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh. • Aonla, Harra, Lac, Achar, Mahua etc. are also being collected & traded through a network of Cooperative Societies. • Aonla, Gum, Tendu Leaf, Sal seed, Harra and various medicinal plants of Madhya Pradesh are in great demand in national and international markets. • Government lakh (or lac) making factory is in Umaria. • MP ranks second in the country after in lac • Kathha is made from khair in Vanmaur and Shivpuri production. (Shivpuri as Kattha Nagri) • Jabalpur is declared as mango district • Panna is declared as amla (Indian gooseberry) district • Ratlam—grapes district • Betul—orange district

FOREST INSTITUTIONS in MP (Forest Research Institute – DEHRADUN) • State Forest Development Corporation – Bhopal [1975] • Indian Forest Research Institute (1963) [regional center] - Jabalpur • Tropical Forest institute (1988) – Jabalpur • College of Forestry [forest management training center] – Balaghat [1979] and Betul [1980] • Van Rajik Mahavidyalaya (Forest Ranger Training Institute) - Balaghat 1979 • Forest Guard Ranging School – Shivpuri (First), Amarkantak, , Betul, Lakhnadon [Seoni], Govindgarh [Rewa] • Indian Institute of Forest Management [IIFM]- BHOPAL [1982] • Sanjivini Institue – Bhopal • Centre for Forest Research and Human Development Institute – Chhindwara [1995] • MP Ecotourism Development Corporation – Bhopal [2005]

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Forest Awards Shaheed Amrita Devi Vishnoi Award • Given by MP state govt. since 2008-09 every year to individuals and organizations doing excellent work in the field of forest protection and conservation. • The award is given in 5 categories (max prize money is Rs 1 lakh for organizations and Rs 50 thousand for individuals)

Basaman Mama Memorial Award • Given since 2010 for forest and wildlife conservation in two categories which are as follows- 1. Award for Vindhya Region - for contribution and service in the field of conservation and promotion of forest and wildlife. 2. State level Award - for excellence in forestation on private land.

For both the above categories, First Prize –Rs.2 lakh, Second Prize – Rs.1 lakh, Third Prize – Rs.50 thousand. Factual Takeaways

• Geographical Area of the state is 3,08,252 sq km • Tropical forest are found in MP • Maximum reserved forest is in Khandwa Forest Circle. • Minimum reserved forest is in Ujjain Forest Circle. • MP is India's first state to bring about 100% nationalization of forests. • MP was the first state to nationalize `tendu leaf. • Of all tendu leaf production in the country, MP contributes 60%. • Main forests of MP are teak, sal and bamboo • Bori Valley in Harda (Hoshangabad region) is famous for Teak wood known for its high density. • In MP forests, the most abundant tree is teak and the second most abundant is sal. • Of all Sal trees in the country, MP has 50% • Of all teak (Sagaun) trees in the country, MP has 41% • In Tendu leaf Policy of MP, role of middleman has been ended since 1988. • Forest Guards Training School is in Betul and Rewa. • Van Rajik Mahavidyalaya is in Balaghat since 1979.

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• Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM) is in Bhopal. • Forest Research Institute, Dehradun has four regional offices in India, one of them is in Jabalpur • For Pollution Control in MP, Environmental Planning and Coordination Organization (EPCO) was formed on 5 June 1981. • Disaster Management Institute was setup in Bhopal on 19 November, 1987. • MP Lake Conservation Authority was set up in 2004. • MP Eco-tourism Development Board was formed on 12 July 2005. • Government lakh (or lac) making factory is in Umaria. • MP ranks second in the country after Jharkhand in lakh production. • Kathha is made from khair in Vanmaur and Shivpuri. • Jabalpur is declared as mango district, Panna is declared as amla (Indian gooseberry) district. • Ratlam—grapes district, Betul—orange district. • In Balaghat and Sheopur, more than 50% land area is under forest cover

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NOTES

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BIODIVERSITY OF MADHYA PRADESH

MPPSCADDA

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8. BIODIVERITY OF MADHYA PRADESH

BIOSPHERE RESERVES, WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES AND NATIONAL PARKS Biosphere Reserves • Total Bioreserves in India – 18 • Total Bioreserves in India which are recognized under Man and Biosphere Program – 11 • Total Bioreserves in Madhya Pradesh – 3 • Total Bioreserves in Madhya Pradesh which are recognized under MAB Program – 2 MP has 3 biosphere reserves. These are 1. Panchmarhi [1999] : 1st Biosphere reserve of MP - Betul, Hoshangabad and Chhindwara districts 2. Amarkantak – Achanakmar [2005] : 2nd Biosphere Reserve of MP – Dindori, Anuppur districts 3. Panna [ 2011] – 3rd Biosphre reserve of MP - Panna and Chhatarpur districts. 4. All 3 Pachmarhi and Amarkantak have been included by UNESCO in MAN and Biosphere Program. (Panna included in 2020)

Biosphere Reserves in India

No. Biosphere Reserve Year Location (States) Part of Wayanad, Nagarhole, Bandipur and Nilgiri 1 1986 Madumalai, Nilambur, Silent Valley, and Siruvani hills First to be included (, Kerala and Karnataka). Part of Chamoli, Pithoragarh, and Bageshwar districts 2 Nanda Devi 1988 (). 3 Nokrek 1988 Part of Garo Hills (Meghalaya). Southernmost islands of Andaman And Nicobar (A&N 4 Great Nicobar 1989 Islands). The Indian part of the Gulf of Mannar between India 5 Gulf of Mannar 1989 and Sri Lanka (Tamil Nadu). Part of Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Nalbari, 6 Manas 1989 Kamprup, and Darang districts (). Part of the delta of Ganges and 7 Sunderbans 1989 system (West Bengal). 8 Simlipal 1994 Part of the Mayurbhanj district (Orissa).

9 Dibru-Saikhowa 1997 Part of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia Districts (Assam).

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10 Dehang-Dibang 1998 Part of Siang and Dibang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh. Parts of Betul, Hoshangabad, and Chindwara 11 MP Pachmarhi 1999 districts of Madhya Pradesh. 12 Khangchendzonga 2000 Parts of Khangchendzonga hills and Sikkim. Neyyar, Peppara, and Shendurney Wildlife 13 Agasthyamalai 2001 Sanctuaries and their adjoining areas in Kerala. Achanakamar Covers parts of Anupur and Dindori districts of M.P. 14 MP 2005 Amarkantak and parts of Bilaspur districts of Chhattisgarh State. Kachchh Part of Kachchh, Rajkot, Surendra Nagar, and Patan 15 2008 Largest in Area Civil Districts of Gujarat State. and surroundings; 16 Cold Desert 2009 Chandratal and Sarchu & Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh. Seshachalam Hill Ranges covering parts of Chittoor 17 Seshachalam Hills 2010 and Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh. Part of Panna and Chhattarpur districts in Madhya 18 MP Panna 2011 Pradesh.

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There are total 11 biosphere reserves of India which have been recognized internationally under Man and Biosphere Reserve program: (With the year of inclusion in MAB Program) No. Biosphere Reserve Year (MAB) Location (States) 1 Nilgiri 2000 Tamil Nadu

2 Gulf of Mannar 2001 Tamil Nadu

3 2001 West Bengal

4 Nanda Devi 2004 Uttarakhand

5 Nokrek 2009 Meghalaya

6 Pachmarhi 2009 Madhya Pradesh

7 Simlipal 2009 Odisha

8 Achanakmar- 2012 MP and Chhattisgarh Amarkantak 9 Great Nicobar 2013 Great Nicobar

10 Agasthyamala 2016 Kerala and Tamil Nadu

11 Kanchenjunga 2018 Part of North and West Sikkim districts (LATEST) 12 PANNA 2020 Madhya Pradesh

National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries • National park and wildlife sanctuaries are created and preserved under the Act – wildlife protection act, 1974 • MP holds 1st rank in maximum number of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India. • MP has 11 national parks and over 30 wildlife sanctuaries to provide natural environment to animals and preserve nature. • 7 sites for Project Tiger [6 national parks + Ratapani sanctuary, Raisen in 2010] • Maximum number of National Parks under Project Tiger. [2nd rank – Maharashtra]

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• 10% of world’s and 19% of India’s tiger are found in MP • Latest National Park is – Omkareshwar National park [ ] • Largest National Park – Kanha Kisli [940 sqkms] • Smallest – Fossils National park [Dindori] 0.27 sq km

National Parks in MP-11 (PT-Project Tiger - 6)

Name, Year of Notification District and Area

1. Kanha Kisli 1955 (PT 1973) Mandla , 940 sq km 2. Madhav 1958 Shivpuri , 337 sq km

3. Bandhavgarh 1968 (PT 1993) Umaria , 437 sq km

4. Pench (Indira Priyadarshini) 1975 (PT 1992) Seoni,, Chhindwara , 293 sq km

5. Van Vihar 1979 Bhopal , 4.45 sq km 6. Sanjay 1981 (PT) Sidhi , 466.7 sq km 7. Panna 1981 (PT 1995) Panna – Chhatarpur , 543 sq km

8. Fossil NP 1983 (Wood Fossil) Dindori , 0.27 sq km

9. Satpura 1983 (PT) Hoshangabad , 525 sq km 10. Omkareshwar 2004 Khandwa 11. Bagh Fossil Park 2010 Dhar

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1. Kanha Kisli National Park 1955 • MP’s 1st and biggest National Park • Made safari in 1933, sanctuary in 1952, national park in 1995 and project tiger in 1973 • Barahsingha [Bredary species of swamp deer] is found here • Hollo and Banjar Valley is tourist attraction • In association with national park service of USA, park interpretation scheme is been implemented • Air strip also there. 2. Madhav National Park 1958 • It is made national park in 1958 and is located in Shivpuri district • National highway 3 passes through it • George castle is present here 3. Bandhavgarh National Park 1968 • It was made national park in 1968 and was included in Project tiger in 1993 • Surrounded by 32 hill and present in 437 sqkms in Umaria • White tigers are found here • Maximum tiger density [ 1 tiger/8 kms]

4. Pench National Park 1975 • It is also called Indira Gandhi Priyadarshini national park. • It is made national park in 1975 and project tiger in 1983. • “Mogli land” is main tourist attraction here. • Its area is 293 sq km and located in Chhindwara – Seoni districts of MP [border of mp and Maharashtra] 5. • It was declared national park in 1979 • Its area is 4.45 sq km and it is located in Bhopal • Also recognized as Modern Zoo 6. 1981 • In the unified MP [when Chhattisgarh was part of MP], this was largest national park. It was earlier called Dubari sanctuary

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• It is made national park in 1981 and project tiger in 2008 • Its present area is 466 sqkms

7. Panna National Park 1981 • It is made national park – 1981 and project tiger in 1995 • Reptiles are main attraction here • Its area is 543 sq km • Airplane service is available in this national park

8. Satpura national park 1983 • It is made national park in 1983 and project tiger in 2000. • It is 525 sq km and located in Hoshangabad district • High Black Buck Population

9. Fossils National Park 1983 (Wood Fossil) • It is one of the 4 fossils national parks of India. • It is the smallest national part of MP.It Is located in Dindori (Dudwa)

10. Omkareshwar National Park 2004 • It is proposed by and MP • It is located in Khandwa district of MP . Its size is 239 sq km

11. Dinosaur fossil national park, Dhar 2010 • This national park is proposed at Dhar district of MP • It is also referred as bag fossils park. It is created to preserve Dinasour fossils and eggs. • Its size is approx. 108 sqkms

Project Tiger • Project Tiger is an initiative of Government of India for conserving its national animal, the tiger. It was launched in 1973 during PM Indira Gandhi’s tenure.

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• From nine tiger reserves since its formative years, the Project Tiger coverage has increased to 50 at present, spread out in 18 of the tiger range states. • This amounts to around 2% of the geographical area of our country • In 1970 India had only 1800 tigers and Project Tiger was launched in Jim Corbett NP. • The project is administrated by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). • It aims at ensuring a viable population of Bengal tigers in their natural habitats, protecting them from extinction etc. • Under this project the govt. has set up a Tiger Protection Force to combat poachers and funded relocation of villagers to minimize human-tiger conflicts.

All India Tiger Estimation 2018 (report released in 2020) • The tiger count is prepared after every four years by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) provides details on the number of tigers in the 18 tiger reign states with 50 tiger reserves. • However, this time, the census also included data collected from the rough terrains of north- eastern states which were not possible due to logistic constraints before. • The entire exercise spanned over four years is considered to be the world’s largest wildlife survey effort in terms of coverage and intensity of sampling. • Global Tiger Day celebrated on July 29 every year. • There are a total of 50 tiger reserves in the country though three of them – Dampa Reserve (Mizoram), Buxa Reserve (West Bengal) and Palamau Reserve (Jharkhand) have no tiger left in it. • The Corbett Tiger Reserve in Uttarakhand has the highest number of 231 tigers in the country, followed by Nagarhole and Bandipora Reserves in Karnataka with 127 and 126 tigers respectively. • There are 13 tiger range countries in the world – India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam. India is ready to take on the leadership role in the tiger conservation efforts around the countries.

Madhya Pradesh with most tiger population • India has 70% of the world’s tigers, says the report. o Madhya Pradesh has the highest number of tigers at 526

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o Karnataka (524) and o Uttarakhand (442). • Chhattisgarh and Mizoram saw a decline in tiger population and all other States saw a “positive” increase, according to a press statement.

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Wildlife Sanctuaries • Largest wildlife sanctuary is Nauradehi [Sagar] • Smallest wildlife sanctuary is Ralamandal [Indore] • Crocodile protection o Chambal Sanctuary [Morena] o Son Sanctuary [Sidhi – Shahdol] o Ken Santuary [Chhatarpur – Panna] • Kharmaur bird protection o Sardarpur [dhar] o Sailana [ratlam] • Son bird [golden bird] protection o Karera [shivpur] o Ghatigaon [gwailor] • Dudhraj [MP’s state bird] is protected at Sardarpur Sanctuary [Dhar] • Kamdhenugai Abhayaranya [Cow protection and research] is done at

WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

S. No Sanctuary District 1. Pachmarhi Hoshangabad 2. Bori Hoshangabad 3. Fen Mandla 4. Durgavati Jabalpur 5. Ghatigaon (Son Chiraya) Gwalior 6. Chambal (Elegator) Morena 7. Ralamandal (smallest) Indore 8. Sailana (Kharmaur) Ratlam 9. Gandhisagar Mandsaur 10. Bagdara Sidhi 11. Sanjay (Dubri) Sidhi 12. Son (Elegator) Sidhi—Shandol

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13. Panpatha Shandol 14. Ken (Elegator) Patina and Chhatarpur 15. Gangau Parma 16. Keoni Dewas, Sehore 17. Narsinghgarh Rajgarh 18. Nauradehi (Biggest) Sagar 19. Kuno Palapur Sheopur 20. Pench Seoni, Chhindwara 21. Ratapani (Project Tiger) Raisen 22. Sindhori Raisen 23. Sardarpur (Kharmaur) Dhar 24. (Ofnkareshwar) Khandwa 25. Surmania Khandwa 26. Mayur Jhabua 27. Kamdhenu Gau Sanctuary Agar-Malwa 28. Orchha Niwari 29. Karera (Son Chraiyya) Shivpuri

Wetlands

Bhoj Wetlands Madhya Pradesh 19.8.2002 32.01

• The consists of two lakes located in the city of Bhopal, the capital of the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. • The two lakes are the & the , which lie to the west of the city center. • The Bhojtal has an area of 31 km², and drains a catchment or watershed of 361 km²

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Factual Takeaways • MP has 3 Biosphere Reserves, 11 National Parks(6 under project Tiger) and more than 31 Sanctuaries • Cheetal is the most commonly found animal in the National parks in MP. • India’s first solar park is Ganeshpur (Rajgarh) • India’s smallest bird (Fulchuki) and Tallest bird Saras both are found in MP • MP's biggest National Park is Kanhakisli (area 940 sq km). • MP’s smallest National Park is Fossil Park (area 0.27 sq km). • MP’s first Fossil Park is in Dindori. • MP has the highest number of National Parks and sanctuaries in India. • MP's biggest sanctuary is Nauradehi, Sagar (1194.67 sq km). • MP's smallest sanctuary is Ralamandal. • MP's only Snake Park is in Bhopal. • Reptile Park is in Panna. • Bhopal's Van Vihar National Park is a unique National Park which is recognized as modern zoo. • Kanha Kisli is MP's only National Park where rare species hard-ground Barasingha is found. • In Kanha Kisli National Park, Haloghati and Banjar Ghati are located. • In Kanha Kisli, training is given for wildlife conservation. • Kanha Kisli National Park attracts maximum tourists. • Kanha region was made a sanctuary in 1933 and a National Park in 1955. • Pench National Park is also known as Indira Gandhi Priyadarshini National Park. • As per All India Tiger Assessment Report 2018, MP stands first in the country. • White Tiger Safari is being created in Mukundpur, Rewa district. • The founder of Project Tiger in the world is Gainy Manford • The founder of Project Tiger in India is Kailash Sankhaliya. • Tiger Project in MP Is' started from Kanha National Park. • Bandhavgarh National Park is MP's most dense park (from point of view of tigers) and has 1 tiger per 8 sq km. • Bandhavgarh National Park is famous for White Tigers. • Rewa district is famous for White Tiger.

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• Bandhavgarh National Park is surrounded by 32 hills. • Ratapani sanctuary is included under project Tiger • Project Elephant and Project Hangul are also running in MP. • In Madhavgarh National Park, Shivpuri, there is a magnificent castle called George Castle built on the top of a hill. • In Satpura National Park, maximum Black Bucks are found. • As per Wildlife Conservation Act 1972, Tiger Foundation Society has been formed in every Tiger Project of state since 1997. • On 1st Nov 1981, MP govt declared Barahsingha deer as state animal and Dudhraj or Shahi Bulbul (Paradise Flycatcher) as state bird. • For conservation of Kharmaur bird, there are two sanctuaries—Sardarpur (Dhar) and Sailana (Ratlam). • For conservation of Son bird, there are two sanctuaries— Karera (Shivpuri) and Ghatigaon (Gwalior). • For conservation of Ghariyal, there are three sanctuaries- Chambal (Morena), Ken (Chhatarpur) and Son (Shahdol). • For conservation of Vulture, Project Survival has been started in Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary. • For conservation of state bird Doodhraj, there is Sardarpur Sanctuary. • Panchmarhi is declared as Biosphere Reserve by central forest and Environment ministry. This is MP’s 1st and India’s 10th Biosphere Reserve. • Old name of Sanjay Sanctuary is Dubri Sanctuary • It is proposed that more Asian Tigers will be translocated from Gir National Park to Palanpur Kuno Sanctuary (Morena) • It is proposed to convert Panna Sanctuary into National Park for Buffalo. • lndore became Bird Sanctuary in 2012. • Kanha is country's first National Park which has its own mascot named Thurasingh da Barasingha' designed by cartoonist Rohan Chakravarti. Barasingha is the state animal of MP which is on the verge of extinction and in included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. • Pench National Park has been awarded for best management.

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NOTES

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