Studies on the Seasonal Fluctuation of Water Levels and Seasonal Changes in Chemical Quality of Ground Water in Kota District Rajasthan.
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DECREE OF Master of Philosophy IN GEOLOGY
BY SHAMiM AHMAD
Under the Supervision of Dr; Shadab Khurshid
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1987 DS1082 D£PART.v£NT OF GEOLOGY ALIGAHK M.,> _i .: , \i\ERSiTY ALiG\K:i l\:y.ni
DR. SHADAB KHURSHID 16- 6- S)^ M.ScPG Dip. Hydrogeo.,M.Phil.,Ph.D. ^^''
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled, "Studies on the Seasonal Fluctuation of Water Levels and Seasonal Changes in Cherracal Quality of Ground Water in Kota district,Rajasthan", is the original contribution of Mr. Shamim Ahmad in the field of Hydrogeology which was carried out under my supervision. It has not been published in part or full anywhere else.
Mr. Shamim Ahmad is allowed to submit: this work for the award of M.Phil, degree of Aiigarh Muslim University, Aiigarh.
( SHADAB KHURSHID 1 SUPERVISOR :ONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES 1
LIST OF FIGURES iv
CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION 1 General Statement 1 Aim and Scope 3 Methods of Study 3 Hydrogeological Data 4 Fauna and Flora 4 Location and Communication 5 CHAPTER-II GEOLOGY OF THE AREA 7 Physiography 7 Drainage Pattern 7 Stratigraphy 8 Vindhyan Supergroup 10
CHAPTER-III LAND USB PATTERN AND CROPS 14
Characteristics and Properties of Soil 16 in Canal Comman area
CHAPTER-IV GROUND WATER LE\i^:L AND FLUCTUATION 25 Ground Water Characteristics 2 8 Deoth to Water Level 29
CHAPTER-V CHEiMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER
Chemical Quality of Water 53 Distribution of Chemical Constituents 54 Description of Chemical Constituents 56 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) 56 Specific Conductivity 56 Calcium 60 Magnesium 64 Sulphate 64 Chloride 67 Carbonate and Bicarbonate 71 Hardness 72 Fluoride 72 Regional Distribution of Salinity 75 77 Changes in Chemical Quality CHAPTER-VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 84 89 REFEREiNCES LIST OF TABLES
Table-1 Showing stratigraphic sequence of Kota ... 9 district, Rajasthan. Table-2 Showing Tehsil-wise source of irrigat- ... is ion during the year 1976-77. Table-3 Showing year-wise source of irrigation. ... 19 Table-4 Showing irrigated and unirrigated area ... 20 of Kota district, Rajasthan. rable-5 Showing Land utilization pattern in ... 2 2 Kota district, Rajasthan. Table-6 Showing temperature and hxunidity in ... 24 Kota district, Rajasthan. Tabie-7 Showing the annual rainfall (mm) at ... 31 various stations in Kota district, Rajasthan for the period 1979-1984. Table-8 Showing annual rainfall during the ... 32 year 1978-1982. Table-9 Showing annual rainfall in Kota ... 33 district, Rajasthan. Table-10 Showing pre-monsoon and post-monsoon ... 34 water level fluctuation data in the year 1981 in various villages of Kota district, Rajasthan. Table-11 Showing pre-monsoon and post-monsoon ... 35
water level fluctuation data in the year
1982 in various villages of Kota district,
Rajasthan.
Table-12 Showing pre-monsoon and post-monsoon ... 36
water level fluctuation data in the
year 1983 in various villages of Kota
district, Rajasthan.
Table-13 Showing pre-monsoon and post-monsoon ... 37
water level fluctuation data in the
year 1984 in various villages of Kota
district, Rajasthan.
Table-14 Showing depth to water level in meters , . , 33
below ground level in the year 1985 in
pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period.
Table-15 Showing salient features of some of ... 39
the observation wells in Kota district,
Rajasthan.
Table-16 Showing salient features of the pumping ... 40
tests of Kota district, Rajasthan.
Tabie-17 Showing the aquifer horizons tapped in ... 41
the production wells in parts of
Chambal command area, Kota district,
Rajasthan. Table-18 Showing the partial chemical analysis of . ., 79 water samples from some observation wells during the period 1981-1984. Table-19 Showing partial chemical analysis of water ... 81 samples from seme observation wells during the pre-monsoon period in the year 1985. Table-20 Showing partial chemical analysis of water ... 82 samples from some observation wells during the post-monsoon period in the year 1985. Table-21 Showing water characteristics for irrigation 52 purposes. Table-22 Showing the range of various constituents ... 55 in shallow water aquifers. Table-23 World Health Organization standards in ... 83 public water supply (1971).
*************** LIST OF FIGURES
Figure-1 Location map of the study area of ... 6 district Kota, Rajasthan. Figure-2 Geological and ground water charact- ,., 13 eristics map of Chambal canal command area of district Kota, Rajasthan. Figure~3 Water table contour map of district ^^^ 30 Kota, Rajasthan. Figure-4 Bar diagram representing the total ^ ^ ^ 53 concentration of specific conductance during the post-monsoon period. Figure-5 Bar diagram representing the total ^^^ 59 concentration of calcium during pre- monsoon period. Figure-6 Bar diagram representing the total ^ ^ 52 concentration of hardness during pre- monsoon period. Figure-7 Bar diagram representing the total ^^^ 5 3 concentration of chloride during pre- monsoon period. Figure-8 Bar diagrajn representing the total , , , 65
concentration of magnesium during pre- monsoon period. Figure-9 Bar diagram representing the total 66 concentration of fluorids; during post- monsoon period. Figure-10 Bar diagram representing the total 73 concentration of calcium during post- monsoon period. Figure-11 Bar diagram representing the total 74 concentration of magnesium during post-monsoon period. Figure-12 Isopach map showing pre-monsoon 57 concentration of specific conductance of district Kota, Rajasthan.
Figure-13 Isopach map showing post-monsoon 61 concentration of specific conductance of district Kota, Rajasthan.
Figure-14 Isopach map showing pre-m Figure-15 Isopach map showing post-monsoon 70 concentration of chloride of district Kota, Rajasthan. Figure-16 Graph showing water level fluctuation 46 during the year 1981 of district Kota, Rajasthan. Table-18 Showing the partial chemical analysis of ... 79 water samples from some observation wells during the period 1981-1984. Table-19 Showing partial chemical analysis of water ... 31 samples from some observation wells during the pre-monsoon period in the year 1985. Table-20 Showing partial chemical analysis of water ... 82 samples from some observation wells during the post-monsoon period in the year 1985. Table-21 Showing water characteristics for irrigation 52 purposes. Table-22 Showing the range of various constituents ... 55 in shallow water aquifers. Table-23 World Health Organization standards in ... 83 public water supply (1971). *************** ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author feels immense pleasvixe of acknowledging his deep sense of gratitude and thankfulness to Dr. Shadab Khurshic Lectuer, Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, for his most valuable guidance and suggestions under whose inspirir supervision the work has been completed. The author is highly grateful to Prof. V.K. Srivastava, Chairman, Department of Geology and Prof. S.H. Israili, for their constant encouragement and providing necessary research facilities in the completion of this work. The author is also thankful to Mr. T.S. Nahar, Hydro- geologist, Ground Water Board, Kota (Rajasthan) and Dr. M.N. Khan, Hydrogeologist, C.G.W.B., Jaipur and Manager, Agro- Consultant, Kota district, for providing necessary laboratory and library facilities during the completion of this work. Sincere thanks are due to Dr. 3.D. Bhardwaj, Dr. K.K. Ghauri, Dr. Merajuddin Ahmad, Mr. Mazahir Husain, Mr. Naseem Akhtar, Mr. Maqsoodul Hasan, Mr. Zakir Husain, Mr. Nadeemuddin Ahmad, Mr. Riyasat Husain and Mr. and Mrs. W. Rehman, for their cooperation from time to time in presentation of this work. Lastly the author expresses his deep sense of gratitude to his parents and brothers for their kind blessings and financial assistance to carry out this work. ( /SHAMIM AHMAD ) CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION ********* GENERAL STATEMENT : The unusuel ground water potential is one of the principal assets of a nation, when properly used, this water help in adequate municipal supplies, provide the needs of growing industries and ensure stable irrigational water requirements even during climatically adverse conditions. Already about half of the irrigation demands in India are being met from ground water sources. Phenomenal rise in agricultural production in the country making it self-sufficient in food, is due to emergence of highly yielding varieties of seeds and utilization of ground water as an assured source of irrigational water. India, is one of the country which has largest cropped area under irrigation being 66.5 million hectares at the end of the year 1986. Area added annually under crop land which comes to about 2.5 million hectares; is also one of the largest. Ground water plays a major role because out of the crop land, ground water accounts for 24.50 million hectares, being 40% of the total. In the present annual development, it accounts for about half the crop land. In terms of total usable land, water accounts for 40 million hectares. One of the remarkable features of ground water development in the country is in its very cheap and simple ground water structures like dug wells, bore wells and tube wells. Rapid agricultural growth requires systematic ground water planning to increase efficiency, save energy and to manage ground water pumpage, water quality. For current assessment ground water potential of a region, the storage and transmissibility coeffici ents of an aquifer are the important characteristics. They are essential parameters in the economic development of ground water potential of a region. The present study area is mainly underlain by Vindhyan Sandstone and drained by the river Kali-Sindh, Chambal and its canals, hence, it is known as Chambal canal command area, which originates in Vindhyan ranges in Indore district of Madhya Pradesh, After traversing a total length of 964 km., it joins the Yamuna river near Sahan village, in Etewe district, U.P. The Chambal river basin comprises an area of 1,39,468 km", out of which 2 2 80,760 km is in Rajasthan. A total of 1750 km lying between the latitude 250°10'00" : 25°51'20" N and longitude 75°51'22" : 76 35*30" E falling in Ladpura, Anta, Sultanpur and Etawah blocks of Kota district. The present study utilizes pre-monsoonic and post-monsoonic water level data to determine water level fluctuations in the area. Collection, compilation, analysis and interpretation of all available data to know the chemical quality of water. Bore hole data have been collected to study the lithological units and on the basis of these lithological units a correlation has been attempted to know the aquifer system of the area. To know the trend of water level fluctuations about 25 observation wells were selected to monitor pre-monsoon and post-monsoon water levels and 25 water samples were collected to evaluate the water quality and its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes. AIMS AND SCOPE : The present studies were carried out with a view to (i) delineate the different aquifers occurring in the area and their inter-relationship, (ii) study of movement of ground water, (iii) study of fluctuation of water levels in response to several changes, (iv) study of quality of ground water and its suitability for various purposes, (v) role of canal seepage in water fluctua tion and improving or deteriorating the chemical quality and (vi) to understand the factors involved in creating the.problem of water logging and salinity. METHODS OF STUDY : The author during his field work selected about 50 observation wells from the study area and monitored the depth to water level twice i.e. pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. From each aquifer systems at least 10 obsejrvation wells were selected after an interval of 5 to 10 kms. For evaluation of chemical quality of ground water at least 5 samples from each aquifer system were collected and subjected to partial chemical analysis. Figure-30 illustrates the trend of water level fluctuations and depth to water level. HYDROGEOLOGICAL DATA : The study area falls in sub-humid ty]pe or monsoonal type of clxmate where temperature ranges in beti«feen 15°C in the month of December-January to 40 C during May. The maximum temperature in summer months at times goes beyond 40°C. The average annual rainfall in the area is about 775.45 mm. Average to heavy rain fall months are trom July to September. Occasional showers also occur m winter. The alternate wet and dry season with suitable rainfall favours the crop pattern in this area. Relative humidity in the area is around 55% on an average. FAUNA AND FLORA : Eucalyptus globulus. Acacia arabica (Babool), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Zizyphus jujuba (Ber) are the main plants and lizard, monkey, rabbit, fox, etc. are the important animals of this area. Wheat grain, mustard are the main Rabi crops whereas jowar, rice, soyabean, sugarcane and ground-nuts are the main Kharif crops. LOCATION AND COMMUNICATION : The study area is situated in the Kota district lying in the eastern part of Rajasthan in between latitudes 25 10'00" : 25°51'20" N and longitudes 75°51'22" : 76°35'30" E (Fig. 1). Kota city is very well connected with Aligarh via Agra and Delhi by railway lines of the western railways. From Kota, the study area is easily accessible by metalled and partly non-metalled roads. 72° iV F1G.1- 1 LOCATION 1•^A P OF THE w STUDY AREA, IN PART OF f ^ ( \r. KOTA DIST. RAJASTHAN. / I ,r IT f i 1 S A -28° i ./^-' V /' ^ • }^ ( H^„- /) _ o 28- • 1 1 ** • i • R } A J '^A, S T 1 J r \ V 1 •^-.• • ..>— / "^- —. / / 1 •^ STUDY AREA \ r->^y' 1 / ' /• ~/zf«•-•OFCHAMBA L '\ * f 1 a )k.^^-J CANAL • .^COMMAND. «. ^--..A • 0 c. .>'•) -24° r t S. •/ \ ^-^s 24^ V 72° 76° 1 1 CHAPTER-II GEOLOGY OF THE AREA ************ PHYSIOGRAPHY : A major portion of the study area is a flat terrain with an average elevation of 250 at M.S.L. Physiographically, the area is bounded in the North and Northwest by Bundi hill ranges trending in ENE-WSW direction. The Chambal cominand area is exceptionally flat plain which exhibits rolling topography with gentle to moderate slope in the north-easterly direction. DRAINAGE PATTERN ; There are eight rivers draining the study area, out of wnicn Chambal and Kali-Sindh rivers are the major and perennial rivers. The other perennial small tributaries are Parwati, Alma, Thalera, Mangli, Ghora-Pichar and Maj rivers. The river Chambal w"ich nes the largest catchment area flows towards north-east from about 7 km south of Kutch and takes )Dending before maintain ing a north-easterly flow in the down streams. Along the course of this river, the land is dissected by deep ravines and gullies which are U-shaped because of typical nature of the soil. Kali- Sindh river enters the area at about 3 kms east of Devli village and joins Chambal on its eastern bank at iCharwan village. The river has a comparatively straight course and flows roughly towards northerly direction. Besides the Gandhi Sagar and Rana Pratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar dams and last structure on Chambal river is Kota barrage from which the water take off for irrigation use. STRATIGRAPHY : Systematic geological mapping in the Kota district was carried out by Heron (1936). Lithostratigraphic sequences of various formations was given by Krishnan (1968). As part of the field season programmes,systematic and appraisal studies for ground water potential were carried out by Central Ground Water Board officers. They delineated the various hydrological units and their characters. Bhola, et al. (1969) classified the Kota soil based on the chemical composition and physical characters. State government agencies also assessed the ground water resources and potentials. Karanth and Bhusan (1980) carried out the hydrological studies and scope of ground water development in the Chambal command area. Table-1 : Showing Stratigraphic Sequence of Kota district, Rajasthan. Age Lithounits Qua'-ernary Recent to Alluvium-Gravel, sand, silt and clav sub-Re cent Unconformity Me.sozoic Upper Deccan Basalt Cretaceous to Palaeocene I—v-uiij-vji tux ujj , . Palaeozoic Vindhyan Bhander Sandstone, limestone Supergroup Group Rewa Shale, sandstone Group Kaimur Sandstone, shale. Group Conglomerate Semri Sandstone, shale. Group limestone Major portion of the study area, i.e. Chambal command area is underlain by the formations of Upper Bhander of Vindhyan Supergroup which is generally overlain by alluvial soil cover. Eastern and southeastern portion of the Kota district is covered by the Deccan basalt which require no special description during the present studies (Fig. 2). Heron (19 36) mentioned that Vindhyans are the oldest rocks in Kota area, which is considered to be of Palaeozoic age. VINDHYAN SUPERGROUP : The Vindhyan of the study area forms part of the great Vindhyan basin extending from Rohtas in Bihar to Chittorgarh area of Rajasthan. Small area in the eastern and south-western part of the district is covered by rocks of Rewa and Semri groups respectively, otheirwise major portion is covered by Bhander Group. Krishnan (1968) mentioned that the age of these rocks is about 900 million years and reported thickness of about 300 meters. Sandstone : Vindhyan sandstones are grey to buff in colour with reddish and purple ferruginous bands, fine to medium grained, hard and compact. In general, it is laminated to thick bedded, flatly dipping and well jointed formation. The sandstones are sometimes found to be moderately weathered. Cross-bedding and ripple marks are frequently observed. 11 Shale : The exposures of shale are not common in the area. It is observed only in the nala cuttings and in unlined well sections. They are grey to greyish purple in colour and highly jointed and weathered in nature. Limestone : Limestone is fine to medium grained, steel grey, yellowish, buff and reddish in colour. At some places, it is siliceous in nature and inter-bedded with shales. It is of variable quality ranging from calcareous to argillaceous in nature, generally earthy and compact. They contain prominent sets of vertical joints. The limestones show very pronounced effect of chemical weathering due to the presence of cavities and fractures in them. Within the command area the scattered limestones are found at Ballop, Bargaon and Dayalpur. Exposures of limestones around Anta, Bam.aliya and Baldara show beutiful development of stromatolites. Quaternary Alluvium : Inter-stream area of rivers Chambal and Kali-Sindh is covered by quaternary alluvium overlying the Vindhyan formation. 12 The thickness of alluvium varies from less than a meter to 35 meters. In general, alluvium comprises medium to fine sand, silt, clay and kankar and is brownish yellow to brownish black in colour. Thickness of the alluvium is quite high in the northern part of the area, whereas it is quite shallow in the southern portion. 14 CHAPTER-III LAND USE PATTERN AND CROPS Evaluation of the landscape for the purpose such as land use planning, site selection, construction, and determination of environmental impact is a common practice. Although in various stages of quantification and testing for validity, methodology and techniques to accomplish the evaluation are a significant part of applied environmental work. The contribution of the earth scientists to land use planning is primarily in emphasizing that all land is not the same and that particular physical and chemical characteristic of the land may be more important to society than geographic location. Earth scientists recognize that there is a limit to our supply of land, and therefore, we should strive to plan so that suitable land is available for specific uses for this generation. The need for land near urban areas in recent years has led to the concept of multiple and sequential land use rather then permanent, exclusive use. Multiple land use as for example, active subsurface mining below urban land is probably less common then sequential land use which involves changing use with time. The principal human influences affecting the pattern, amount and intensity of surface water run-off, erosion and sedimentation are varied land uses and manipulations of our surface water, such 15 as artificial drainage and the construction of detention and recharge ponds and other water resources for various purposes. Urbanization is not only land use change that causes increased soil erosion and hydrologic changes. In recent years, the popularity and numbers of road vehicles have increased enormously, and demand for recreational areas to pursue this interest has led to serious environmental problems and conflicts between various areas of public lands. The district is fairly rich in forests. The land utilizatior pattern, irrigated and non-irrigated area, blockwise in the district is shovm in Tables-2, 3, 4 and 5. The irrigated areas vary from 1.00 to 24.16 per cent of the total area of the block, the highest being in the Digod and the lowest in Shahabad. Out of the total gross cultivated area, gross irrigated area ranges from 6.63 per cent for Chhabra block to 37.38 per cent for Ladpura block (refer Tables-2 and 3). This shows that the district is mostly dependent upon rainfall to a great extent. The highest percentage (to total cultivated tehsil area) of cultivated double-cropped area, is reported from Pipalda tehsil,whereas of irrigated double-cropped area comes from Ladpura tehsil, of gross unirrigated area from Chhabra tehsil and of un- irrigated double-cropped area from Mangrol tehsil. The highest percentage (to total tehsil area) of forest is found in Ladpura tehsil and of unirrigated area in Baron tehsil whereas area under free grooves and orchards comes from 16 Chhabrs tehsil, of area under fellowland to Pipalda tehsil, of area under cultivable waste to Shahabad tehsil, and of that not available for cultivation to Chippa Barod tehsil. There are two main crop seasons in the district, the Kharif and Rabi. The chief Kharif or rainfed crops, sown in June-July and harvested in September-October include jowar, maize, paddy, moong, urd, groundnut and Sesame (Til). Important crops of Rabi season, which are mostly irrigated, are wheat, barley, gram, masur and coriandar. Sowing of Rabi crops takes place in October- November and these are harvested in March-April. Most of the cultivated area is under food grain crops like wheat and jowar, in that order are the most commonly used food grains, CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES OF SOIL IN CANAL COMMAND AREA : The intimate interactions of processes between the rock and hydrologic cycles produce weathered rock material which are the basic ingredients of soils. Weathering is the physical and chemical break down of rock and is the first step in soil-forming process. The soil scientists define soil as solid earth material that has been altered by physical, chemical and organic processes, such that it can support rooted plant life. The soil can be considered as open system, AS such, it is a function primarily of climate and topography and secondarily, parent material (material the soil is formed), maturity (time). 17 and organic activity. Most of the differences in soils are the effects of climate and topography. The type of parent rock, the organic processes, and the amount of time the soil-forming processes have operated are of only secondary importance. Bhola (1969) has reported the soil of the command area into two categories, Kota clay (dark grey brown) and Kota clay loam (brown). These two are characterized by varying proportion of clay and lime content. The study area can be grouped into two varieties, viz., (i) black and grey clayey soil and (ii) yellowish brown soil. The porosity and permeability of these soils varies according to the variation in clay and kankar proportion and hence cnaracterized by different infiltration rates. Grey soils are comparatively less permeable then brown soils. The dominant soils of the study area are light and loose, textured, and devoid of any significant structure development. These are prone to severe wind erosion unless properly protected by vegetation. They have very low water retention capacity. However, these possess high infiltration rate and low hydraulic conductivity in unsaturated state. This permits a lot of shrubs and grasses in fallow as well as crop lands and also in grazing lands. Many studies have shown that the grasses, shrubs and trees in the area are well adapted to the environment. These are deep rooted, tenacious enough to survive expanded droughts and yet efficient in putting on a good bio-mass during favourable interludes. These are quite palatable and rich in mineral matter. 1 a rable-2 : Showing Tehsil-wise source of Irrigsrion, 197 c- / (Hectares) Tehsil Wells Tank Canasls Other Tota: iTieans area Atru 3,117 36 4,3377 ^3 ",563 3aran 1,2399 108 77,17, 1799 3= £,564 Chhabra 2,761 4 77 , 3^D Chhipa Bared 4,039 - - 5 5 4,C94 Digod 416 40 26,085 60 26,601 Kishanganj »- 1,309 5,393 1,652 6,554 Ladpura 2,188 193 17,710 110 20,201 Mangrol 1,595 2 2 3,283 40 24,92 0 Pipalda 961 120 29,472 4 30,557 Ramganj Kandi 5,170 - - 112 5,282 Sangod 5,128 - 988 174 6,290 Shahaoad 749 162 603 71 1,535 Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Rajasthen. 19 Tatle-3 : Showing Yearwise Source of Irrigation, (Hactares) Year '»^lls Tanks Canals Other Total means area 19''2-73 31,636 3,688 1,12,738 2,680 1,50,742 1973-74 26,393 2,812 1,07,426 2,221 1,38,852 1974_-5 29,045 1,772 1,07,395 2,437 1,40,649 19^5-75 27,574 2,102 1,11,797 1,118 1,42,591 Ip-f-"" 2:",363 1,974 1,15,121 2,648 1,47,106 Source : Direc-orate of Economics and Statistics, Rajasthan VD .-V CTi VD CM fN) r\' r\j O) r- ^ ro CM '-^ 01 -—N cr< rf—s '-s • O^ 1-i • a\ in • rH 0> • "* r- ro 00 ro r-p vT^ CM (2? • in CO 00 '^l' c^ [^ C^ vC ro • ro ^ • h* — o U~l * fM OJ ^ t '^ ^ • in CO • rH CM • iT C- • 20 ro m ,-M ro en r- •<* in CO rH •• CM O * rH CO X r^ a o cn rsi ^— in <—1'— UD rH ^-^ rH CM -^ in rH ^-^ C-|rH^, CD 03 i-l •^ CO UO r^ VD ,—, c^. .—. 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Average Average Temp. Temp. T-emp. Humidity 1978 45 10 27.5 59.1 1979 47 9 2S.0 54.8 1980 45 9 227. 7.00 53.0 1931 43 11 27.0 54.0 1932 45 10 227. 7.55 61.6 NOTE ; Central information is not available. 25 CHAPTER-IV GROUND WATER LEVEL AND FLUCTUATION *********** Hydrologic investigation for ground water include the study of water available for recharging ground water from different sources, extent and location of areas of recharge, ease of recharge and the location and quantity of ground water discharged at the surface. The sources of recharge include both rainfall and water in perennial rivers and canals. The recharge to the ground water also depends upon the permeability of sub soil. The loca-cion and discharge of springs and wells, depth to water table, type of vegetation, discharge of ground water into the stream provide valuable information about the ground water. Ground water levels Poth in confined and water table aquifers almost constantly keep on fluctuating. Water levels in unconfined aquifers are affected by the direct recharge from rainfall, seepage from canals and reservoirs, recharge from or discharge to streams, withdrawal from wells and sometimes changes in atmospheric pressures. Piezonrietric levels in confined aquifers are affected by surface water stages, surface loading, changes in atmospheric pressures and earthquakes. Water levels in confined aquifers are also influenced by recharge to and vithcrawal from the unconfined aquifers. Variations in 26 water table extending over a period of several years or more or called secular variations. Alternating series of wet and dry- years resulting in recharge from rainfall above or below the mean cause secular fluctuations in water table. Seasonal fluctuations take place in ground water levels due to seasonal cycles of recharge from rainfall, evapotranspiration, discharge from wells. These seasonal variations are superimposed over secular variations. The water table rises in the months of July, August and September, when recharge from rainfall exceeds withdrawals from the ground water reservoir, and is maximum in the month of October/November. Water table is lowered during the winter and summer season due to withdrawal from wells, evapotranspiration and discharge into streams and is lowest in the month of May/June just before the rainy season. In areas where withdrawals exceed recharge over a period of several years ground water levels may continue to show downward trend. Fluctuations in water levels indicate both changes in the actual quantity of water stored in aquifers and moverr^nt of ground water. The amount of water taken from or added to storage per unit change in water levels in unconfined aquifers is many tiojes larger than in confined aquifer. Study of water level fluctuation based on the water level data collected during the field work and from State Ground Water Departments for five years gave a better picture about the fluctuation trend of water level. 27 Repeat water level measurements during pre-monsoon field work in 25 observation wells were taken to observe the seasonal fluctuations in water level during 1981 to 1985 (Tables- 10 to 14] It is observed that almost all the wells exhibit seasonal fluctuations depending upon the intensity and duration of rainfal. All the wells show rising trends in water level and particularly the wells situated near the canals show significant rise in their water levels depending upon the total running days of the canals. The quantum of seasonal fluctuation in the water table varies from place to place. In the present study seasonal fluctuation in the water table lies in between 0.85 meter to 5.27 meters. However, the information collected from state agencies for the last five years (Tables-10 to 14) reveals that on an average the water level rise was 0,25 meter/year. Moreover, there are places in the command area where the water table fluctuation was found to reveal a much steep rising trend of water level which significant in the beginning years of canal inception. Still the nature of canal lining plays a pivotal role in rising the water level as the wells situated near the unlined canals will show much rising trend than those situated near the lined canals. This is well in agreement with the observations of Karamat and Bhushan (1980). 28 The map of water table contour of Kota district (Fig. 3) reveals that there are few pockets, where the water table was observed to be quite close to the ground surface even before the introduction of canal irrigation. No where in the area the water table lies within 1.5 meter from the ground surface. In most of the areas (about 80% of command area) . The water table was below 10 meters from the ground surface prior to the introdu ction of canal irrigation system. However, as a result of intro duction of canal irrigation, a continuous rise of water table has been observed which approached nearer to water logging conditions in many areas. In addition, the rainfall seepage from canal and percolation from paddy fields contributed in the rise of water table. GROUND WATER CHARACTERISTICS : Occurrence and characteristics of ground water are mainly governed by the nature of aquifers, rainfall, topography of the area and seepage from the various irrigation sources. In this area, sandstone, limestone, shales and alluvium are the important water bearing formations. Each of them is characterized by different set of hydrological and hydrochemica. parameters. 29 DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL : To monitor the water level in the study area, the author selected 25 open wells in all along and across the canal section during the field work in the month of May, 1985 for pre-monsoon measurenents and October, 1985 for post-monsoon measurements. The water level data were used for the preparation of map showing depth to water (Figs. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20). In general the water table lies within 2 0 meters below the ground level. However, in a greater part of the study area the depth to water ranges between less than 5 meters to 15 meters. Though before canal inception, depth to water level was report edly more than 25 to 30 meters in son« areas. Water table lies comparatively deeper adjacent to Kali-Sindh river, i.e. Baldara, Barod and Dhibri areas, the water table is comparatively shallower adjacent to the canals which indicates the rising trend of ground water due to the recharge from canal seepage. In alluviums depth to water varies from less than 2 meters to 16 meters below the ground level (Table-15). In limestone, it is in between 4 niters to 12 meters below the ground level whereas in sandstones and shales it is 5 meters to 12 meters below ground level. The areas having water table within 5 meters during pre-monsoon period (1985) include Notara Maliyan, Morpa, Ballop Nanta, Dhanwa, Sultanpur, Jahangirpur, Banithya, Khedli, Amarpura, Borkhera, Sogaria, Sindhpuri, Alipura, Sanija, etc. (Tables-16, 17). 30 75* 45' 76' 0' 76* 15' 76'J30' —' f^'^-"^ 2S« • Mi 5 * J I 1 0 S 10 'i JONMS 25' 45' 45' SCALE 1 tHDEK ^0^ WATER TAILE CONTOUP IN METRES ^~^ MEAN SEA LEVEL • OBSERVATIONS WE.. rVv / p •• III 1 '*4p>f*L0*'R -I f/ / / 1 / 1 D f "Al.*"* \ 25' 25* 30' 30' ''P MP\ i Z5* 25" 15' 15' ®n~\ ,i>^t \ / 1 '^ ^^|liK0IA'7'TTTH^^i^>$S»-<^ s ^^ Ml AIT A / \j*FTHUN 75'|45' 76* 0' 76* 15' 76* 50' FIG.3, WATER TABLE CONTOUR MAP OF DISTRICT KOTA.RAJASTHAN YEAR 1985. Table- 7 : Shov/ing the Annual Rainfall irrsa) at various stations in Kota district, Rajasthan, for rhe perioa 1979-1984. Year Ladpura Digod Anta Mangrol Pipalda Sultanpur 1979 1140.70 1127.60 1042.00 1038.DC 346.40 1097.60 1980 811.50 797.40 826.10 714.50 559.20 614.40 1981 1240.10 1092.50 898.40 956.5C 356.20 912.50 1982 723.60 656.10 713.20 579.40 543.20 615.50 1983 599.60 612.40 588.30 712.40 643.40 623.40 1984 610.40 589.30 556.40 595.4: 673.20 699.50 5125.90 4875.30 4624.40 4596,2: 4131.60 4562.90 Mean annual rainfall for the Chairial Command area ror the period 1979-1984 is 775.45 .-run. SOURCE: Collected from Chambal Command area C.A-D. Office,Kota^ 32 Table-8 : Showing Annual Rainfall Yearwise. Year Normal Actual Difference between rainfall normal and actual rainfall 1973 8S.56 34.49 (-) 4.07 1979 88.56 58.70 (-) 29.86 1 Q Q O 88.56 41.34 (-) 47.22 19=1 83.56 73 .68 {-) 14.68 1932 88.56 76.84 (-) 11.72 33 Table-9 : Showing Annual Rainfall. Stations Normal Actual Difference between rainfall rainfall norinal and actual rainfall 1. Laadpura 76.22 84.70 (+) S.4B 2. Thigoth 84.63 80.50 (-) 4.13 3. Peepalda 71.12 63.90 (-)2.22 4. Baaraa 87.60 124.50 (+}36.90 5. Mangrol 78.69 100.50 (+)21.81 6. Kishanganj 90.91 114.40 (+)23.49 7. Shahbaad 8b.01 93.70 (-t-) 3.69 8. Ghhabda 109,30 116.20 (+) 6.90 9. Chninpa Harod 100.56 131.50 (-f) 30.94 10. Atroo 97.66 123.90 (-r)31.24 11. Sangoth 86.74 92.10 (+) 5.36 12. Ramganj Manai 74.37 101.80 {-f)27.43 34 Tatle-1 0 : Sncv/ing Pre-monsoon and post-mons con Water Level Fluctuation data in the year 1981 in various villages of Kota district, Rajasrhan. ,No N"an^ of Sterion Pre-monsoon Post-rrvonsoon Fluctuation ii water level(m! 1. Ko-ca 4.16 2 .31 1 .85 2, T" t'le r 4.04 1 .44 2.60 3. Ke'chun 6.69 A .95 1 .74 4 . Dicod 7.40 •-r . D - 2.90 -,-, 5. Si.T.liya 4.72 - 1 .45 6 . 3nonre 3.78 3 . 13 0.60 7. r" a -^ c 1V- a 9.06 - .53 1.08 8. Anra 8.10 6 ~ •~. 1.78 9. 3alaara 14.22 13 .59 0.63 10. Udpuria 8.38 6. 94 1.44 11. Siswali 11.69 9 ^4 5 2.21 12. Mangrcl 7.00 5. 5 ; 0.50 1 ^ A-.y ana S.17 - . "•5 4.82 14. Fipalca 3.88 - .3 6 0.52 15. Khetoli 13.50 " ^ 1.34 1.80 16. Jhenwa 14.38 -i- *_ n 53 17. Gainta 16.00 15 . So 0.14 :it3W. 12.97 11 . c "^ 1.30 •a Deei: Sinqh 12.96 1 C , 2.02 1 n 2) ^. T '^ ^" "i 14.00 u. *^ . 56 2.04 21. Ha rod 12 .50 1 —' •: - 0.20 22. i^ a n s n 5 J- i.p u r 9.21 Q 31 0.90 2 3 . Mandawra 17.41 1 -^ 22 1.41 24. Dhanwa 9.51 '^ . -1 1.60 25. Sultanpur 6.18 25 1.92 35 Table- 11 : Showing Pre-monsoon and post-monsoon Water Level Fluctuation data in the year 1982 in various villages of Kota district, Rajasthan. S.Nc. Name of Station Pre-monsoon Post-monsoon Fluctuation in Water Level (m) 1 . Kota 4.38 3.11 1.27 2 . Tather 4 .44 2.19 2 .25 3 . Kethun 7.35 5.35 2.00 4, Digod 7.49 7.58' - 0.09 5. Simliya 4.68 3.11 1.57 6. Bhonra 8.14 4.98 3.16 7. Palaita 8.11 7.46 0.65 8. Ant a 7.97 6.21 1.76 9. Baldara 14.11 12.91 1.20 IC Udpuria 8.56 6.28 2.28 11 Siswali 11.49 9.11 2.38 12 Maagrol 7.36 5 .55 1.81 1 3 Ay ana 7 .94 n no 4.66 14 Pipalda 3.43 2.85 0.58 1:; Khatoli 13.38 12 .81 0.57 16 Jhenwa 14.86 12.10 2.76 t .—T Gainta 15.90 15.48 0.42 IS Etawah 13.08 12.03 1 .05 1 -^ . Kotra Deep Singh 13.50 11.41 2.09 2 'J, Dhibri 13.98 12.50 1.48 21 , Barod 14 .90 10.60 4.30 ^ ^ a Jahangirpura 8.94 8.00 0.94 23. Mandawra 17.26 16,28 0.98 24. Dhanwa 9.59 7.46 2.13 25. Sultanpur • 6.64 3.38 3.26 Table-12 : Showing Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon Water Level Fluctuation data in the year 1983 in various villages of Kota district, Rajasthan. S.N'c. Name of Station Pre-rr.onsoon Post-monsoon Fluctuation ir 'Water Level (m) Kota 3.99 2.22 .288 1.71 Tather 4.84 11.6 .699 3.15 Kethun 8.41 4.65 3.76 Digod 6.08 6.26 -0.18 Simliya 5.05 4.16 0.89 Bhonra 6.83 4.40 2.43 Palaita 8.23 7.12 Anta 7.51 6.11 1.40 Baldara 14.014,066 11.566 2.5 Udpuria 8.11 6.91 1 Siswali 11.31 9.03 Mangrol 7.45 5.80 Ay ana 10.29 4.65 Pipalaa 3.20 2.80 Khatoli 13.322 12.366 0.96 Jhenwa 15.288 13.91 1.37 Gainta 16.822 15.366 1.46 Stawah 13.15 12.15 l.OC Kotra Deep Sinah 13.08 11.00 Dhibri 14.16 12 .41 Barod 13.800 13.566 0.24 Jahangirpura 9.11 8.28 0.8:> Mandawra 18.000 16.944 1.06 Dhanwa 9.98 7.64 2.34 Sultanpur 6.28 4.92 1.36 37 Table-13 : Showing Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon Water Level Fluctuation data in the year 19S4 in various villages of Kota district, Raiasrhan. S.No. Name of Station Pre-monsoon Post-monsoon Fluctuation in Wa te r Le ve 1 (ra) 1. Kota 4.26 2 .9 S 1 .28 2 . Tather 4.36 1.56 2.80 3. Kethun 6.25 3.96 2.29 4. Digod 7.11 5.98 1.13 5. Simliya 4.57 5.33 1.19 6. Bhonra 4.99 " * 1 1.88 7. Palaita 8.48 7 •^ Q. 1 .20 8. Anta 7.42 5 . 39 2.03 9. Baldara 13.98 11.42 2.56 ;o. Udpuria 8.36 ~. 22 1 .14 11. Siswali 11.58 S. 93 2.60 12. Mangrol 7.53 5.96 1.57 13. Ay ana 7.06 4.96 2.10 14. Pipalda 3.74 2.21 1.53 15 . Khatoli 13.56 12.46 1.10 16. Jhenwa 15.11 12.49 2.63 17. Gainta 16.26 15.94 0.32 18. Etawah 13.10 11 .96 1.04 19. Kotre Deep Singh 13.41 11.23 2.18 20. Dhibri 14.26 • - 2.15 21. Barod 13.92 12.26 1 .66 .2 2. Jahancirpjra 9.41 ~.91 1.50 23. Mandawra 17.41 1.35 24. Dhanv/e 10.00 6.43 3.57 25. 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Q- a < - * < it z X ° -J. _ „ l- Sy3i3W Nl 13A31 a31VM 48 o < u. cr I/) O Q: o 00 00 Sa3l3W Nl n3A31 y3iVM 49 00 _ cr UJ < rsi u. cc ^ tn O Q 2 rj Sy3i3W Nl 13A31 WBiVM 50 fNlT UJ u < u. cc if) Q Z Z) o Q: a •-i.-»c2°-''--'Q-!^ o Sa3i3H Nl T3A31 y3iVM 51 CHAPTER-V CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER A primary requisite for good health is an adequate supply of water that is of satisfactory sanitary quality. It is also important that the water oe attractive and palatable to induce its use; otherwise, consumers may decide to use water of doubt ful quality from a nearby unprotected stream, well or spring where a municipal water supply passes near a property, the owner of the property should be urged to connect to it because such supplies are usually under competent supervision. When a municipal water supply is not available, the burder of a developing a safe water supply rests with the owner of the property. Frequently, private supplies are so developed and operated that full protection against dangerous or objectionable pollution is not afforded. Failure to provide satisfactory watei supplies in most instances must Pe charged eitner to negligence or to ignorance, because in the long run it generally costs no more to provide a satisfactory installation that will meet witt good health standards. The chemical quality of water is a factor of great importance for irrigation and domestic water supply. Practically all waters contain dissolved salts and gases taken from air, a 52 lirtle organic matter is invariably present in pure water ger.erelly in colloidal conditions. Although the chemical quality of water is of prime importance other factors as (a) climatic conditions, (b) amount of irrigation in proportion of rainfall, (c) condition of soil, (d) type of soil and type of crop to be grown and (e) water logging conditions. Table-21 : Showing Water Characteristics for Irrigation Purposes Classification Constituents Class I Class II Class III TDS(Total dissolved solids 0-700 700-2000 2000 Chloride 0-15 0 15 0-5 000 5 00 0 .ass I : Waters are generally safe for irrigation under ordinary conditions of climate and soil, even f#r sensitive crops. Water which may be safe under certain conditions for certain crops, may be unsafe under other conditions for other croDS. 53 Class III : Waters with concentration of one or more constituents too great are unsafe for irrigation or are unsafe in great majority of cases. CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER : Surface waters are usually turbid and contain considerable quantities of bacteria whereas most ground water does not contain any suspended matter of bacteria. The ground water is usually clean, colourless and remains relatively at constant temperature and is therefore, normally superior to surface water from sanitar consideration. But ground water has higher salt contents then surface water because slowly moving water remains in contact with sub-strata for longer period thereby increasing -che soluble mineral content in water until a condition of equilibrium is reached. Water being a universal solvent carries minerals in solution, which though present in small quantities determine its suitability for various purposes. The quantity and composi tion of dissolved minerals in natural water depend upon the type of rocks or soil with which it has been in contact or through which it has been passed and the duration it has been in contact with these rocks. 54 The quality of ground water may vary from place to place and fro.Ti stratum to stratum. The requirement of quality of water tor various purposes such as drinking water, industrial water and irrigation water vary widely. The determination of suitability of ground water would, therefore, involve a description of the occurrence of various constituents and their relation to the use to which water would be put. The water quality data also providef information about the geologic history of rocks, ground water recharge, discharge, movement and storage of water. Evaluation of capability of ground water for its use requires determination of its chemical/ physical and bacterial characteristics. Chemical analysis of ground water requires determination of the concentration of inorganic constituents and measurement of pH and specific electrical conductance. Physical analysis requires determination of temperature, colour, turbidity, odour and taste. Bacterial analysis consists of tests to determine the presence of coliform organisms. DISTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS : In an endeavour to understand the quality of ground water as well as surface water Dodies which aetermine its suitability for irrigation and domestic purposes. The water samples have randomly collected from 25 observation well. The chemical analysis of these samples were 55 completed in Applied Geochemical Laboratory of Kota, Rajasthan. The result of chemical analysis in respect of these wells from 1981 to 1985 are tabulated in Tables-18, 19 and 20. To determine the cheiTiical characteristics of ground water in Kota district, the chemical results, in respect of shallow/ deeper aquifers and tube wells provided by Rajasthan water resources development corporation together with the chemical results of observation wells were utilized to prepare the maps and bar diagrams (Fig. 4 to 11) representing the total concentra tion of pre and post-monsoon period of specific conductance, total dissolved solids, chloride (Figs. 12, 13, 14, 15). Table-22 : Showing the range of various constituents in shallow water aquifers. Chemical constituent Range pH 6.9-8.9 EC in micromohs/cm at 25°C 260 - 7612 Ca in ppm 22 - 219 Mg in ppm 15 - 197 SO, in ppm 5 - 742 1 in opm 45 - 1917 Na in ppm 14 - 841 K in ppm N.D* - 181 CO^ in ppm 3 - 198 HCO^ in ppm 95 - 1046 Total hardness as CaCO^ in ppm 84 - 1273 * N.D. = not determined. 56 DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION (pH) : The pH values of natural water range from about 5 to 8.5 and are acceptable except when viewed from the stand point of corrosion. The pH is a measure of acidity and alkalinity, using a scale of 0.0 to 14.0, with 7.0 being the natural point. The bacterial, vircuidal and cysticidal efficiency of chlorine as a disinfectant increases with a decrease in pH. The pH value of acidic water varies from 0-7 and that of alkaline water between 7 and 14 while the neutral water has a pH value of 7.0. The pH value in Kota, Diqod, Siswali, Etawah and Khatoli blocks ranges from 7.2 to 7.8 while the other blocks of the district like Mangrol and Siswali show a pH from 7.8 to 8.9 indicating a high alkalinity of water of these observation wells (Tables-19, 20). SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY : The specific conductance (expressed in micromhos/cm at 25 C) is a direct measure of the total dissolved solids. The electrical conductivity or specific conductance which is synonymous is the reciprocal of resistence in ohms measured 57 76*10' 76'|15' ' 7 6*1 JO' FiG 12 MAP SHOWING PREMONSOON CONCENTRATION OF SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE Imicro/ohms) OF DISTRICT KOTA, RAJASTHAN YEAR 1985 s p 7000r 6500 u o in o a in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 K 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 242526 27 FIG.4- BAR DIAGRAM REPRESENT THE TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE IN SUB-SURFACE WATER BODYOF DISTRICT KOTA( RAJASTHAN) DURING THE POST-MONSOON PERIOD YEAR 1985. 1 2 3 A 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 232A2526 FIG.5-BAR DIAGRAM REPRESENT THE TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN SUB-SURFACE WATER BODY OF DISTRICT KOTA ( RAJASTHAN) DURING THE PRE-MONSOON PERIOD YEAR 1985. 60 between the opposite faces of one centimeter, cube, usually- expressed at 25 C pure water has a conductance of 0,55 micromhos at 25 C. The total dissolved solids could also be estimated from the electrical conductance of water samples. Wilcox (1955) classified the water for irrigation purp)oses. On the basis of T.D.S. According to him maximum permissible limit is 3000, above which the use of water is not suitable for irrigation purpose. The higher value of specific conductance in few samples of Barod and Sultanpur blocks ranges from 4510 to 7612 show that the water of these observation well is not suitable for domestic and irrigational uses {Tables-19, 20). CALCIUM : Calcium is one of the most abundant metals, but is never found in nature uncombined. It is an essential constituent cf many minerals and rocks of agricultural importance are limestone (calcium carbonate), gypsum (calcium sulphate) and calcium phosphate. Calcium is found in nearly all natural waters, soils, plant, tissues and animal bones. The salts of calcium vary greatly in solubility, the carbonates and phosphate being relatively insoluble water but readily soluble in acid. The standard limit of calcium for drinking water purposes varies from 75 rrg/1 is 200 mg/1 as prescribed by W.H.O. (1971). 7S'4S' MS % «)1 I 0 t 10 II 10 i5! 50' 25' 15' 76* JO FIG. 13- MAP SHOWING POSTMON^ON CONCENTRATION OF SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE (micro/ohms) OF DISTRICT KOTA, RAJASTHAN YEAR 1985 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 e Q. 900 a 2 800 2 2 700 < 600 2 Uj ^o 500 - u 400- 300 200 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2425 2627 FIG.6 BAR DIAGRAM REPRESENT THE TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF HARDNESS IN SUB-SURFACE WATER BODY OF DISTRICT KOTA ( RAJASTHAN) DURING THE PRE-MONSOON PERIOD YEAR 1985. f,l I350r 1950 1950 1750 11501- 1050 950 E Q. 850 Q. 750 Z o 650 < I— 550 z lU o z 450 o u 350 250 150- 50- 0 jjjiillllllllllll 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 2223 24252627 FIG.7_ BAR DIAGRAM REPRESENT THE TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF CHLORIDE IN SUB-SURFACE WATER BODY OF DISTRICT KOTA( RAJASTH AN ) DURING THE PRE-MONSOON PERIOD YEAR 1985. 64 The concentration of calcium ranges in Kota district from 22 ppm to 219 ppm (T^bles-i8, 19, 20). This limit of calcium exceeds the permissible limit, therefore suggesting that the water of this region is hard bat at some places it is soft (Fig. 1). MAGNESIUM : Magnesium is abundant in nature, being a normal constituents of dolomite in sedimentary rocks, biotite, hornblende, and augite in igneous rocks and serpentine, talc and tremolite in metamorphic rocks. Talc and serpentine are silicates of magnesium and dolomite is a carbonate of magnesium and calcium. The standard limit of magnesium for drinking water purpose varies from 50 mg/1 to 200 mg/1 (w.H.O., 1971). The concentration of magnesium in parts of Cham-bal canal compound ranges from 15 ppm to 197 ppm (Tables-18, 19, 20). The high concentration of magnesium in shallow water aquifer due to presence of limestone rocks in the area. SULPHATE : Sulphate is the most abundantly found in nature as the calcium salt gypsum (CaSO. . 2H-,0) sodium and magnesium sulphates are readily soluble, wnile calcium sulphate has a limited 220r 200 180 - '^ 160- a a ^ 140 z z 120 o < 100 a: »- z u 80 (J z o 60 u 40 201- 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 242526 FIG.8_BAR DIAGRAM REPRESENT THE TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF MAGNESIUM IN SUB-SURFACE WATER BODY OF DISTRICT KQTA ( RAJASTHAN) DURING THE PRE-MONSOON PERIOD YEAR 1985. GO 1400 - 1600 1300 - 1200 - 1100- 1000 - Q. 900 a z 800 2 O 700 1- < IT 600 2 U u 500 O2 u 400 300 200 100 0 PIIII 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 FIG.9- BAR DIAGRAM REPRESENT THE TOTAL CONCENTRATION OFCHLORIDE IN SUB-SURFACE WATER BODY OF DISTRICT KOTA( RAJASTHAN) DURING THE POST-MANSOON PERIOD YEAR 1985. 67 solubility of 30.6 meq/1. Sulphate has no characteristic action, on the soil, other than increasing its salinity which is limited in the presence of soluble calcium to 30 meq/1 occurs (Mason, 19{ The sulphate concentration ranges from 5 to 742 (Tables-18, 19, : and it makes the water hard in nature depending upon the composi tion of soil and use of fertilizers. The prescribed W.H.O. limit of sulphate concentration in water varies from 200 mg/1 to 400 mc that is the normal permissible standard of water for drinking purposes. In the study area most of water samples have sulphate content less than 200 ppm and falls within the permissible limit fixed by W.H.O. (1971) . CHLORIDE : The permissible chloride content of water depends on the sensitivity of the consumer. Many people notice a brakish taste imparted by 100 mg/1 of chlorides, whereas others are satisfied with concentration as high as 250 mg/1. Irrigation water should contain less than 200 mg/1. When the chloride is in the form of sodium chloride, use of the water for drinking may be inadvisable for persons who are under medical care for certain forms of heart disease. For drinking purposes the water with chlorides concent ration up to 1000 ppm is reported to be physiologically safe. The chloride contents in water samples ranges from 45 ppm to 1917 ppm (Table-19). In the iiojor portion of the study area, FIG, 14, MAP SHOWING PREMONSOON CONCENTF^ATION OF CHLORIDE (ppm) IN DISTRICT KOTA, RAJASTHAN YEAR 1985 69 its concentration is suitable within the permissible limits of drinking water standard of W.H.O- The five samples show the chloride concentration above 500 ppm were collected from the saline area where the surface salt encrustation are noticed. SODIUM AND POTASSIUM : Sodium in drinking water may be deleterious to the patients with neart disease and it should be noted that no standards exist for regulating it or potassium. The most important water quality aspects of Na is the possibility of changing the penneability of soil. Sodium may be produced by the use of ion exchange media in a normal water softening process and is often present in waste waters. Sodium and potassium are univalents ions (Mason, 1966) . The concentration of Na and K in water samples of the study area ranges from 14 ppm to 841 ppm and zero to 181 ppm respectively^ Higher concen tration of sodium reveals (Table-18) in ground water may be attributed from saline nature of soil as it reiy ins ^ in associa tion with chloride, in the monsoonal type of climatic condition, wet season followed by dry and hot season favours the formation of salt encrustation on soil surface through the capillary action. Sodium content is generally within the permissible limits except at few places (i.e. Mangrol and Katra Deep Singh), where the Na concentration reaches up to 800 ppm. Its high content 70 75" 45' 76* 0 "MS S k) J I 0 S 10 IS lOMMS 45' 15! 30' 15. 15 75-|45' 76* 0' 76 hs' FIG 15, MAP SHOWING POSTMANSOON CONCENTRATION OF CHLORIDE (ppm) .N DISTRICT KOTA, RAJASTHAN YEAR 1985 71 above the permissible limit might be due to local pollutional effects and excessive use of fertilizers in this poorly maintaine drainage area. CARBONATE AND BICARBONATE : Carbonate in the form of limestone (calcium carbonate) and dolomite (calcium and magnesium carbonate) and iron carbonate is widely distributed. Alkali (sodium) carbonates are often present in mineral springs but only in traces in most natural water. In the study area the concentration of carbonate ranges from 3 ppm to 198 ppm, but the majority of the samples have a concentration of 100 ppm within the permissible limits for potable water. The higher value of carbonate are recorded only from the wells tapping the limestone aquifers. Bicarbonate is not found to any extent in nature except in solution in natural waters. Calcium bicarbonate is more soluble then the normal carbonate, but the compound is unstable and is found chiefly in solution. A rise in temperature or evaporation result in the loss of carbon dioxide with the precipitation of calcium carbonate. The concentration of bicarbonate varies between 95 to 1046 ppm (Tabie-20). However, it generally ranges between 240 ppm to 700 ppm, which is considered to be under permissible 72 limit. Only three wells at Sanija, Dhanwa, Goraji have bicarbonat with 846 ppm, 895 ppm and 1046 ppm respectively. The high bicarbonate values more or less concide with high chloride values HARDNESS ; The hardness is usually caused by carbonates sulphates, chlorides, and nitrates of calcium and magnesium. The hard water is not unfit for drinking purposes unless the hardness is excessive but it consumes more soaps in laundries and forms deposits (boiler scale) in boilers. Hardness is mainly caused by calcium, magnesium in water supply. Total hardness ranging from 84 ppm to 1273 ppm (Tables- 19, 20) indicating that the ground water in the study area is at least 50% hard water bodies. Durfar and Becker (1967) have classified the ground water on the basis of total hardness and according to them the ground water having the values more than 120 ppm is to be considered as hard water. FLUORIDE : Fluorides are found in many ground waters as a natural constituents ranging from a trace to five or more mg/1. Fluorides in concentration greater than 3 mg/1 can cause the teeth of children to become rr.attled and discoloured depending 7 3 260 240 220 200 E 180 a a — 160 2 Z 140 o 1- < a: 120 t- z UJ 100 u z o u 80 60- 40- 20- 0- i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2021 2223 24 25 26 27 FIG .10- BAR DIAGRAM REPRESENT THE TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN SUB-SURFACE WATER BODY OF DISTRICT KOTA ( RAJASTHAN) DURING THE POST-MONSOON PERIOD YEAR 1985. 74 200 180 160 E a a. 140 120 z o t- 100 < 1— 80 Z uHi z 60 o o 40 20 0 1 I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 FIG.11- BAR DIAGRAM REPRESENT THE TOTAL CONCENTRATION OF MAGNESIUM IN SUB-SURFACE WATER BODY OF DISTRICT KOTA ( R AJASTHAN) DURING THE POST-MONSOON PERIOD YEAR 1985. 75 on concentration and amount of water consumed. Drinking water containing 0.8 to 1.7 mg/1 natural or added fluoride is beneficial to children during the period they are developing permanent teeth. The maximum permissible limit m drinking water has been established in the national interium primary drinking water Regulation at 1.4 to 2.4 mg/1 depending on the annual average of the maximum daily air temperatures for the location in which community water is located. The fluoride concentration in water samples of present study are well within the permissibl limit fixed by I.C.M.R. REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF SALINITY : AS might be expected in an area with many hydraulic discontinuities resulting from the appearance at land surface hard rocks of low permeability and with localized areas of interior drainage involving concentration of waters by evapora tion, the salinity of waters from place to place ranges within wide limits. The total concentration of dissolved solids, is indicative of overall suitability of waters and water that contains too much dissolved solids is not satisfactory. However, due to several complexities involved absolute limits of permissible salt can not be fixed for specifying the suitability of irrigat: (Doneen, 1964) . 76 Taylor, et al. (1937) suggest that the quality of irrigation water has to be considered in conjunction with the salts in soil profile Wilcox,(1948) points out the importance of soil permeability and quality, drainage, climate and crops while considering the suitability of waters. Dalip Singh and Chawla (1946), stated that the standards of suitability of irrigation waters vary with the type of well, cultural practices and climatic conditions. While the water is regarded as unsuitable for irrigation if it contains more than 1000 ppm total dissolved solids, the limit does not hold good when the salts are present in the form of bicarbonates and carbonates. A water containing 1650 ppm TDS with calcium salts predominating neither increased the alkalinity of the soil nor produced any other injurious effect on crops. The poor drainage permits salt concentration in the root zone to build to toxic proportions. Good drainage is very important tor crop growth and even when excellent waters are used, poorly drained lands may sometimes go out of production. In the Chambal command area, parts of Anta, Sultanpur and Ladpura are affected by the salinity. During the present studies it nas been observed that problem of water logging and salinity is associated with each other. Due to continuous and excessive use of canal water, the ground water regime has become highly recharged and therefore water level is coming up. 77 As per the report of State Agriculture Department, 2 Rajasthan, about 175 km is affected by the salinity. This effect is more pronounced in region whi±i has low topographic relief and clayey soil in larger proportion. Due to water logging and salinity, the productivity of soil is decreasing and also deteriorating the ground water quality. Main causes of water logging and salinity the productivity of soil can be enumerated as follows :- 1. Excess use of irrigation water. 2. Excess use of fertilizers and pesticides. 3. Presence of clayey soil which does not allow the deep percolation of surface water. 4. Inadequate drainage system. Doneen (1970, 1975) stated that permeability of a soil is influenced by the sodium content of the irrigation water. Water having sodium as the predominant cation tend to disperse, i.e. puddle easily when wet and form hard surface clouds. When dry, resulting in a reduced rate of infiltration which caused water logging and salinity. ..-r," " • CHANGE IN CHEMICAL QUALITY : « - X)S 10Q.2y In order to observe the seasonal change in quality of shallow ground water. The water samples from different observation 78 wells have been collected during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoorl period. The results of chemical analysis presented in Tables-18 19 and 20. A perusal of chemical data shows that no significant chemical changes have occurred except a few samples. Specific conductivity in respect of 5 water samples has decreased ranging from 15 to 195 micromohs/cm at 25 C indicates that salinity of the ground water has increased in summers. To observe long term change in the chemical quality of the ground water the results during the last five years (1981-85) revealed that in the major portion of area chloride concentration has increased by 5 to 150 ppm and bicarbonate content increased by 50 to 200 ppm. Specific conductance increased by 162 to 2109. From the above discussion, it can be inferred that in the study area, majority of water samples with their chemical constituents lie within the permissible limits and therefore the ground water can be considered suitable both tor domestic and irrigation purposes except in few samples. The results shown during the five years period, the bicarbonate, chloride contents and hardness is high xn shallow ground water aquifer. 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CfD-PCa^i-i£!OfDn3C4-'En:)-HQ) ro u -p-p4-'DiEo.-i-pr- Table-23 : World Health Organization Standards in Public Water Supply (1971) . S. Maximum allowable No, Constituents concentration 1. Lead (Pb) 0.10 mg/1 2. Selenium (Se) 0.0 5 mg/1 3. Arsenic (As) 0.20 mg/1 4. Chromium (Cr ) 0.0 5 mg/1 5. Cyanide (CN~) 0.01 mg/1 6. Boron 1.00 mg/1 7. Barin 1.00 mg/1 Permissible Excessive criteria criteria 1. Total solids 500 mg/1 1500 mg/1 2. Colour 5 units 25 units •3 Turbidity 5 units 25 units 4. Taste Unobj ectionable 5. Odoxir Unobj ectionable 6. Iron (Fe) 0.3 mg/1 1.00 mg/1 7 ^ Manganese (Mn) 0.1 mg/1 0.50 mg/1 6. Copper (Cu) 1.0 mg/1 1.50 mg/1 9. Zinc (Zn) 5.0 mg/1 15.00 mg/1 10. Calcium (Ca) 75.0 mg/1 200.00 mg/1 11. Magnesium (Mg) 50.0 mg/1 150,00 mg/1 12. Sulphate (SO.) 200.0 mg/1 400.00 rag/1 13. Chloride (CI) 200.0 mg/1 600.00 mg/1 14 . PH 7.0-8.5 6.5 or 9.2 15. (Mg + Na) SO^ 500.0 mg/1 1000.00 mg/1 16. Phenolics 0.001 mg/1 0.002 mg/1 84 CHAPTER-VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ********** The present study area i.e. Chambal canal cominand area falls in the Kota district lying in between latitudes 25°10'00" 25°51'20" N and longitudes 75°51'22" : 76°35'30" E and covers approximately an area of about 1750 km'. The drainage of the area is controlled by the rivers Chambal, Kali-Sindh and their tributaries. Major portion of the area forms the part of the Vindhyan Supergroup which is generally overlain by alluvium limestone. The alluvium are the pronaising and potential water bearing formations, the sandstone which forms the poor aquifer in the region. The total thickness of alluvium deposits varies from few centimeters to 31 meters. The district is fairly rich in forests. The land utiliza tion pattern, irrigated areas vary from 1.00 to 24.16 per cent of the total area of the block. Out of total gross cultivated area, gross irrigated area ranges from 6.63 per cent of Chhabra block to 37.38 per cent of Ladpura block. This shows that the district is mostly dependent upon rainfall to a great extent. The highest percentage (to total cultivated tehsil area) of cultivated double-cropped area, is reported from Pipalda tehsil, whereas of irrigated double-cropped area comes from Ladpura tehsil, of gross unirrigated area from Cnhabra tehsil and of 85 unirrigated double-cropped area from Mangrol tehsil. Ground water levels both in confined and water table aquifers almost constantly keep on fluctuating. Water levels in unconfined aquifers are affected by the direct recharge from rainfall, seepage from canals and reservoirs, recharge from or discharge to streams, withdrawal from wells, and some times changes in atmospheric pressure. The ground water occurs under both confined and unconfined conditions and its movement is controlled by weathered zone, joints, fissures, fractures and other structurally weak zones in hard rocks and grain size distribution and composition of alluviums. In general depth to water level ranges from less than 2 meters to less than 20 meters below ground surface, out of which most common zone lies between 5 meters to 10 meters below ground level. It is also observed that generally deep water levels more than 12 meters are found along the rivers and shallow were nearer to the canal sections. Limestone and alluvium give more yield of ground water than sandstone and shales. Rate of recouperation is also variable according to the nature of aquifers. The average yield of dug wells from different water bearing formations in the study area varies 3 from 12 to 540 m /day. A perusal of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon water level data reveal that seasonal fluctuation in water table lies in between 0.3 to 5.27 meters. Long term water level data reveal 86 that on an average the water level rise was 0.25 ra/year and this rate was much steeper in beginning years of canal introduction. There are small pockets in Ladpur, Anta, Sultanpur blocks where depth to water lies within 1 to 2 meters below land surface. This area has water logged problem and not suitable for culti vation purpose. It is well observed that the salinity ratio of the ground water has affected considerably by the introduction of irrigation through the Chambal canals. The annual rate of ground water rise increased substantially over the last 20 years, anticipated increase in the seepage to ground water resulting from extension of irrigation facilities to the entire Chambal canal command area would result in the water levels coming closer to the ground surface in several pockets of the command area and leading to conditions of water logging and salinity build up. In the Chambal command area, parts of Anta, Sultanpur and Ladpura blocks are affected by the salinity. During the present studies it has been observed that problem of water logging and salinity is associated with each other. Due to continuous and excessive use of canal water, the ground water regime has become highly recharged and therefore water level is coming up. As per the report of State Agriculture Department, Rajasthan, about 175 km is affected by the salinity. This 87 effect is more pronounced in regions, have low topographic relief and clayey soil in larger proportion. Due to water logging and salinity, the productivity of soil is decreasing and also deteriorating the ground water quality. Main causes of water logging and salinity the productivity of soil can be enumerated as follows :- 1. Excess use of irrigation water. 2. Excess use of fertilizers and pesticides. 3. Presence of clayey soil which does not allow the deep percolation of sxirface water. 4. Inadequate drainage system. A perusal of chemical data shows that no significant chemical changes have occurred except a few samples. Specific conductivity in respect of 5 water samples has decreased ranging from 15 to 195 micromohs/cra at 25 C indicates that salinity of the ground water has increased in summers. To observe long term change in the chemical quality of the ground water the results during the last five years (1981-85) revealed that in the major portion of area chloride concentratior has increased by 5 to 150 ppm and bicarbonate content increased by 50 to 200 ppm. Specific conductance increased by 162 to 2109. From the above discussion, it can be inferred that in the study area, majority of water samples with their chemical constituents lie within the permissible limits and therefore 88 the ground water can be considered suitable both for domestic and irrigation purposes except in few samples. The results shown during the five years period, the bicarbonate, chloride contents and hardness is high in shallow ground water aquifer. The effect of high increasing value of salinity could be held responsible for increment in the chloride and sodium content. In the light of. present work, it can be recommended that an advance research work should be carried out to find out the causes of water logging, salinity and their remedial measures. In order to solve the problem of water logging 'conjuctive use' of surface and ground water should be used to bring down the water level. Selection of suitable crops according to the nature of soil and irrigation facilities, in saline pockets. The salt tolerant crops should be planted in such areas. 89 REFERENCES Appraisal of Ground Water Resources of Sultanpur, district Kota, Rajasthan, 1974 to 1979, Directorate Survey and Research, Rajasthah Ground Water Board, Jodphur. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Associ ation and Water Pollution Control Federation, 1975, Standard Methods for the examination of water and waste water, 14 ed., APHA, Inc., New York. Agarwal, V.K. and Raj, K.P.S., 1978, Metal contents in the drinking water of Cambay waters. Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 9, 249 p. Adyalkar, P.G. and Misra, A.K., 1983, Feasibility of Ground Water in south~east and west Sikkim. Bhola, S.N., et al., 1969, Characteristics of two Kota series, Indian Forester, FRI College, Dehradun, pp. 253-262. Brown, E., Skongstad, M.W. and Fishraan, M.J., 1970, Methods for collection and analysis of water samples for dissolved minerals and gases, U.S. Geol. Survey, Techniques of Water Resources Investigation Books, 60 p. Conkling, H., Utilization of Ground Water storage in stream system Development. Transaction American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. Ill, 1946, pp. 275-354. Dalip Singh and Chawla, D.R., Suitability of Water for irrigation purposes, Indian Farming, vol. II, 1946. 90 Davis, S.N. and De Wiest, R.J.M.,'Hydrogeology', John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1959. Doshi, S.J., 1969-72, Progress report on the hydrological studies in Chambal command area, Kota and Bundi districts. Raj asthan. Doneen, L.D., 1970, Report on the salinity, alkalinity and water management, Tamil Nadu, Agri. Univ., Coimbatore, India. General Report 1, pp. 13-25. Doneen, L.D., 1975, Water quality for irrigated agencies "Plants in saline environment". Dhillion, A.S. and Singh, S., 1975, Farmer's Guide, Punjab Agri. Univ., Ludhiana, pp. 131. Dhawan, B.D., 1982, Development of tube well irrigation in India. Eaton, F.M., 1949, Irrigation Agriculture along the Nile and the Euphrates. The Science monthly, vol. 69, pp. 34-42. Eaton, F.M., 1949a, Significance of carbonates in irrigation water.Soil Science, vol. 60, pp. 123-133, Eccles, L.A., Klein, J.M. and Haidt, W.F., 1976, Abatment of nitrate pollution in public supply well by analysis of hydrologic characteristics. Ground Water, vol. 14, pp. 449-454. Government of Rajasthan, 1982, District Gazeteer of Kota district Rajasthan. Government of Rajasthan, 1983, Census Report of Kota district, Rajasthan. 91 Gray, W.G., Hoffman, J.L., 1983, A numerical model study of Ground Water contamination from Pric's Landfill, New Jersy. Hem, J.D., 1959, Study and the interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. U.S. Gaol. Survey Water Supply Paper, 1473, pp. 1-269. 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