Tectonics of the Pot War Plateau Region and the Development of Syntaxes, Punjab, Pakistan

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Tectonics of the Pot War Plateau Region and the Development of Syntaxes, Punjab, Pakistan Tectonics of the Pot war Plateau Region and the Development of Syntaxes, Punjab, Pakistan .S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2126 AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current-year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publications re­ leased prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that may be listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" may no longer be available. 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Maps For maps, address mail orders to Maps Only U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Maps may be purchased over the counter at the following Box 25286, Federal Center U.S. Geological Survey offices: Denver, CO 80225 Residents of Alaska may order maps from FAIRBANKS, Alaska-New Federal Bldg, 101 Twelfth Ave. U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center ROLLA, Missouri-1400 Independence Rd. 101 Twelfth Ave., Box 12 Fairbanks, AK 99701 STENNIS SPACE CENTER, Mississippi-Bldg. 3101 Tectonics of the Potwar Plateau Region and the Development of Syntaxes, Punjab, Pakistan By HARALD DREWES U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2126 An analysis of structural features of the foreland area, fold-and-thrust zone, shingled thrust zone, and orogenic syntaxes in a part of the Himalayan orogen UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1995 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Drewes, Harald, 1927- Tectonics of the Potwar Plateau region and the development of syntaxes, Punjab, Paki­ stan / by Harald Drewes. p. cm. (U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ; 2126) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.3:2126 1. Geology, Structural Pakistan Potwar Plateau. I. Title. II. Series. QE75.B9 no. 2126 [QE634.P18] 557.3 s dc20 [551.8'095491'4] 95-7440 CIP CONTENTS Abstract........................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 1 Tectonic Setting.............................................................................................................. 3 Regional Relationships........................................................................................... 3 North Pakistan Tectonic Zones............................................................................... 3 Lateral Tectonic Variations.................................................................................... 6 Potwar Plateau Region Structures.................................................................................. 6 Foreland Area and Indian Basement...................................................................... 6 Gravity Data................................................................................................... 7 Magnetic Data................................................................................................. 7 Seismic Data................................................................................................... 8 Potwar Plateau Fold-and-Thrust Zone.................................................................... 8 Salt Range Structures...................................................................................... 8 Salt Range Thrust Fault.......................................................................... 8 Structural Implications from the Stratigraphic Record........................... 9 Slump Features....................................................................................... 12 Salt Tectonics and Steep Faults.............................................................. 13 Structures at the Ends of the Salt Range................................................. 13 Potwar Plateau Structures............................................................................... 14 Successor Foreland Basins..................................................................... 14 Folds.........................................................,......................................:...... 15 Thrust Faults........................................................................................... 18 Shingled Thrust-fault Zone..................................................................................... 19 Lower Thrust Plate......................................................................................... 19 Upper Thrust Plate.......................................................................................... 19 Tectonic Development.................................................................................................... 20 Pre-Himalayan Tectonic Development.................................................................. 20 Himalayan Orogenic Events................................................................................... 20 References.............................................................................................................. 21 FIGURES 1. Index map showing location of Potwar Plateau area in the context of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates and the Himalayan orogen ................................................................................................................. 2 2. Generalized geologic map of north-central Pakistan showing setting of the Potwar Plateau area............................. 4 3. Tectonic map of the Potwar Plateau and adjacent areas, showing tracts A-C and subtracts reviewed in text........... 10 4. Diagrammatic longitudinal profile of the Salt Range, Pakistan, showing selected Stratigraphic and lithologic features..:..................................................................................................................................................... 12 5. Block diagram series showing development of syntaxes in three stages, Miocene-Holocene ................................... 15 III TECTONICS OF THE POTWAR PLATEAU REGION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SYNTAXES, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN By Harald Drewes ABSTRACT and older rocks of this tectonic zone. A down-to-the-north­ west offset in the basement rocks has caused thrust ramping The structural features of the Potwar Plateau region are of Mesozoic and Paleogene rocks in the central part of the dominated by a large southeastward-convex deformation Salt Range. The Neogene and older rocks of this tectonic lobe. This lobe includes abundant thin-skinned thrust faults, zone are folded and sparsely faulted, forming tracts of three some strike-slip and normal faults, and many folds. intensities of deformation. The tract having an intermediate The tectonic setting of the region is along the southern intensity of deformation had optimum conditions for the foreland of the Himalayan orogen. Specifically, it is on the anticlinal entrapment of oil, an association that may provide western margin of the subducting Indo-Australian plate guidance for further oil exploration. where this plate descends beneath both the orogen and, ulti­ The lateral extent of the fold-and-thrust zone is limited mately, the Eurasian plate. As a result of compression across by syntaxes. The syntaxes are
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