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Epidemiology of Human Fasciolosis in Rural Areas

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Epidemiology of Human Fasciolosis in Rural Areas Punjab Univ. J. Zool., Vol. 27 (2), pp.0061-0073, 2012 ISSN 0079-8045 (Print) Original Article Urial (Mammalia, Bovidae, Caprini) from the Kala Chitta Range of Northern Pakistan Mahboob Iqbal, Muhammad Zubair Saleem, Muhammad Akbar Khan*, Muhammad Akhtar and Khalid Mahmood Zoology Department, Government College of Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore (MI, MZS), Department of Zoology, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Punjab University, Lahore (MAK, MA, KM), Pakistan (Article history: Received: July. 21, 2012; Revised: September. 12, 2012) Abstract Punjab Urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) was studied in fifteen sectors of Kala Chitta range, Attock district in northern Pakistan namely Sojhanda, Ganda kus, Kali Dilli, Dhok Mori, Nara, Sagri, Muriala, Lalu Bangla, Bagh e Neelaab, Surg, Choi, Mongiwali, Thatta, Jhalar and Bhatiot. The vegetation was analyzed from the studied areas and almost 20 plant species were found: 8 tree species, 5 shrub species and 7 grass species. The focus of the article is to explain the ecology, population and distribution of the Punjab Urial. Key words: Artiodactyla, Ovis, Urial, Ecology, Population. To cite this article: IQBAL, M., SALEEM, M.Z., KHAN, M.A., AKHTAR, M. AND MAHMOOD, K., 2012 Urial (Mammalia, Bovidae, Caprini) from the Kala Chitta range of northern Pakistan. Punjab Univ. J. Zool., 27(2): 61-73. INTRODUCTION hydroelectric power, and fuel wood. The range of Kala Chitta consists of dry sub-tropical, semi unjab Urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis), a evergreen forest. The most important grasses wild sheep endemic to the northern are Cynodon dactylon, Cymbopogon P Punjab, Pakistan, is classified as jawarancusa and Crogrostis cynoneroides and endangered species (IUCN, 2007). Punjab Urial the important plant species are Acacia modesta, is mostly present in Salt range and Kala Chitta Olea cuspidata, Zizyphus jujuba and Dodonaea range up to 1500 m elevation including Attock, viscose. Among plants, Acacia modesta is the Jhelum, Chakwal, Khushab and Mianwali favourite browse. Sometimes, Punjab Urial feed districts particularly in Kala Bagh Sanctuary of on the mucilaginous fruits. The feeding activity is Jabbah Valley (Valdez, 2008). Urial resides in restricted to early morning and evening in hilly landscape and rocky canyons in low summer season and the animal take some rest elevation, open areas that are often close to during day time under a bush or in nearby rock. human settlements and thus greatly used by Urial is wary and has well developed sense of livestock, and nearby to hunters. hearing, smell and vision (Roberts, 1997). The species live in environment that is All species increase browsing in winter classified as "rangeland”. Generally their habitat season. In spring and summer season, browsing is barren and of low primary productivity, so is <20%. Diet of Punjab Urial and domestic Urial population is obviously small (<1/km2). sheep is similar, therefore both compete each Areas, previously considered of less agricultural other. Major forage is dominant graminoid. For value, are now being converted to the areas of domestic sheep and Urial, the diet overlap index food production due to increase in human is ≥0.80 for one species browse, two forbs and population. Grazing pressure is continuously three graminoids. Conservation of Urial may increasing from domestic livestock. The reduce the number of livestock like in the area of Kalabagh Game Reserve, livestock grazing is mountain habitats, to which the Urial are 2 adapted, are reducing due to habitat destruction. prohibited strictly in 20 km areas where Urial Again the main cause is directly related to density is more and few cattle and sheep are increasing human figures, in this case their allowed in low density area (Awan, 2006). rising energy demands for fossil fuels, Punjab Urial is endemic to the Salt and Kala 0079-8045/12/0061-0074 $ 03.00/0 Copyright 2012, Dept. Zool., P.U., Lahore, Pakistan *Corresponding author: [email protected] 62 M. IQBAL ET AL. Chitta range in Punjab Province (Aleem, 1977; the Indus river flows on the west of the Kala Mirza, 1980; Chaudhry, 1991). According to Chitta range. Kala Chitta range is submerged in Schaller and Mirza (1974), Punjab Urial is Hazara Mountains and Margala hills in east and distributed in between Indus and Jhelum River Samana range in west, while Attock-Cherat with elevation up to 1500 m. Roberts (1997) range is located towards its north. The Punjab reported the distribution of Urial in southern KPK Urial is one of the main species of the Kala province in low rounded stony hills along with Chitta range. Fifteen spots were selected for the the vegetations. survey of Urial population in the Kala Chitta range. The areas selected for survey of Urial MATERIAL AND METHODS abundance are Sojhanda, Ganda kus, Kali Dilli, Dhok Mori, Nara, Sagri, Muriala, Lalu Bangla, Bagh e Neelaab, Surg, Choi, Mongiwali, Thatta, Study area. Kala Chitta (Lat. 33° 30 N; Jhalar and Bhatiot. Long. 72° 45 E), the main narrow mountainous Apparatus: Nikon cool pix 880 digital belt in the Attock district. Kala Chitta range is a camera, hand bag, Jeep, Quadrangle (5m2), northern part of Potwar basin. Binocular, white papers with a pencil, map, measuring tape of 100 feet, field book and Table I: The vegetation in the Attock district compass analysis of the vegetation and survey (Punjab) Pakistan. of the Kala Chitta vegetation were determined by using 25 quadrates of 5×5 m. The vegetation Local name Species of Kala Chitta range, on the basis of Urial food, Kikar Acacia nilotica is divided into grasses, shrubs and trees (Table Karir Capparis deciduas 1). For the recorded %age frequency of diffent Kaoah Flacourtia ramontchi vegetations, their category can be visualized Frash Tamarix articulate from table II after locating a particular %age Simal Salmalia malabarica range. Dhaman Grewia oppositifolia Ber Zizyphus mauritiana Population assessment. Mallah Zizyphus nummularia There were two types of observations Koher Sageretia theezans made to study Punjab Urial: Sanatha Dodonaea viscose Direct observations. Kangar Pistacia integerrima Time was an important factor Shisham Dalbergia sisso responsible for making direct observations of Siris Albizzia lebbek Urial populations. Punjab Urial can be seen in Phulai Acacia modesta morning and evening only because animals come out from dense vegetation. It was difficult Khair Acacia catechu to count the animals without search lights. Gurgura Monotheca buxifolia Kau Olea cuspidate Table II: The category of percentage Pilo Salvadora oleoides frequency and abundance. Granda Carissa spinarum Kaner Nerium odorum Percentage Category Bata Periploca aphylla 0-20 % Rare Lahura Tecome undulate 21-40% Occasional Shamshad Buxus papillosa Toot Morus alba 41-60% Common Pipal Ficus religiosa 61-80% Abundant Baid Salix tetrosperma Chittar thor Opuntia dillenii 81-100% Very Abundant Danda thor Euphorbia royleana Kakri Rhododendron arborium Indirect observations. Indirect observations were made by The Islamabad-Peshawar highway is viewing footprints and fecal pellets. In different located on the east of Kala Chitta range while areas of the range, particularly near grazing URIAL FROM THE KALA CHITTA RANGE OF NORTHERN PAKISTAN 63 area and drinking water area, footprints and population of Urial. The vegetation was fecal pellets were abundant. These were observed carefully with different aspects to indication of their presence. Indirect compare their density, frequency, relative observations were made to estimate the density and relative frequency: Total number of organisms in all sampling units Density = Total number of sampling units Number of individuals of species in all sampling units Relative density = ×100 Total number of individuals in all sampling units Number of sampling units in which species occur Frequency = Total number of sampling units Area covered by species Cover = ×100 Total area of the sampling unit Cover of the species Relative cover = ×100 Total cover of all species Number of sampling units in which species occur Percentage frequency = ×100 Total number of sampling units Frequency value of a species Relative frequency = ×100 Total value of all species ∑Expected min. population + ∑Expected max. population Est. Population = ×100 2 Correlation coefficient was used for comparing observed population and estimated population. ∑−∑∑XY( X) .( Y) / n Correlation Coefficient (r) = ΣΣXY22 Σ−X2() . Σ− X2 () nn RESULTS Some indirect observations were made through screening of two important indications Punjab Urial habitat in Kala Chitta hills like footprints, and fecal pellets. For the most was divided into fifteen sectors for the purpose times, hooves signs were observed near the of survey of their feed and population (Table 3, bank of river Indus and in the area with 4). Each sector was efficiently covered by abundant food source (Table VI and Fig. 2). vegetation. The result of direct observation Minimum estimated population of (Table V and Fig. 1). Punjab Urial was 27 and maximum estimated population was 60 with the average of 43.5. On Indirect Observations. the basis of indirect observations, density/km² 64 M. IQBAL ET AL. was determined and in total area of 85 km²; 98 10 Hyena Hyena hyena Urial individuals were estimated indirectly in Kala Chitta range, Punjab, Pakistan. Observed 11 Hedgehog Hemiechinus collaris population and estimated population were 12 Hare Lepus nigricolis compared by using correlation coefficient represented by r. The value of r was 0.78. Table III: Study sectors of the Kala Chitta range. Sector Area Locality Sector 1 5 km² Sojhanda Sector 2 12 km² Ganda kus Sector 3 7km² Kali Dilli Sector 4 4km² Dhok Mori Sector 5 8km ² Nara Sector 6 11km² Sagri Sector 7 4km² Muriala Figure 1 Density, frequency and cover of trees in Kala Chitta range. Sector 8 4km² Lalu Bangla Sector 9 3km² Bagh e Neelaab Sector 10 2km² Surg Sector 11 4km² Choi Sector 12 3km² Mongiwali Sector 13 7km² Thatta Sector 14 5km² Jhalar Sector 15 6km² Bhatiot Table IV: Mammalian fauna of in the study area. Sr. Common Scientific Name No. Name Figure 2 Density, frequency and cover of 1 Chinkara Gazella bennettii shrubs in Kala Chitta range.
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