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UNIT 1

Cold War era in world politics

Question #1: explain the following terms. a) : The discord between the East and the west is popularly termed as cold war. The term cold war was first coined by Bernard baruch an American statesman. Cold war indicates a state of constant conflict and strife, suspicion and mistrust, between the led by USSR and the western bloc led by US. It is not an armed war but a diplomatic and an ideological war. In short, it can be defined as a state of intense diplomatic, political, economic and ideological struggle between the two superpowers after the Second for world supremacy. b) Eastern bloc: Eastern bloc consisted of the communist nations in general, specially the and its political and military allies in Eastern . c) Western bloc: Western bloc comprised non communist nations led by the whose principal partners are the advanced industrial societies of , , , , d) De’tente: De’tente is French term, meaning relaxation of tension between the two super powers. e) Nuclear non proliferation treaty (NPT): The NPT was signed on 1 July 1968 and came into force on 5 March 1970. This treaty bans transfer of weapons or weapons technology to non nuclear weapon states. It requires safeguards on their facilities and it commits nuclear weapon states to negotiations to halt the . Except four (, , and Cuba) all other countries of the world have joined and accepted it. India considers this treaty as biased in favor of nuclear powers and is therefore discriminatory in nature. f) PTBT (Partial Test Ban Treaty): This treaty was signed at Moscow in 1963. Its original members were the USA, Britain, and the Soviet Union. It prohibits every member to launch any nuclear test under its jurisdiction and control-atmosphere, outer space and under water or high seas. Underground tests are not prohibited by this treaty.

. g) Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states which are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. As of 2012, the movement has 120 members. The organization was founded in Belgrade in 1961 prominent advocates of this movement were India’s first Prime minister Jawaharlal Lal Nehru 's first president, Sukarno; 's second president, Nasser; Ghana's first president ; and Yugoslavia's president, Marshal Tito. The purpose Of the organization is to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against , colonialism, neo-colonialism, , and all forms of foreign aggression. h) New cold war: At the end of the 1970’s the atmosphere of relaxed tensions between the two super powers was given a set back by the event of occupation of territory by the USSR forces. This event again brought the two super powers at the threshold of another nerve war which was given the new cold war.

i) NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are in Brussels, . j) The : It was a collective defense treaty among eight communist states of Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War the Warsaw Pact was in part a Soviet military reaction to the integration of West into NATO in 1955.

k) NIEO (New International Economic Order): The New International Economic Order (NIEO) was a set of proposals put forward during the 1970s by some developing countries through the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development to promote their interests by improving their terms of trade, increasing development assistance, developed-country tariff reductions, and other means. It was meant to be a revision of the international economic system in favour of countries, replacing the Bretton Woods system, which had benefited the leading states that had created it–especially. the United States l) The : It was a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the United States on the other side. The crisis is generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict. The American U-2 spying plane while flying over the Cuban air space had noticed the deployment of USSR missiles in the Cuban soil and this created a fear in the Americans which turned into big crises given the name Cuban missile crises.

Question #2: Define cold war and what were the causes of its origin?

Answer: The discord between the East and the west is popularly termed as cold war. The term cold war was first coined by Bernard baruch an American statesman. Cold war indicates a state of constant conflict and strife, suspicion and mistrust, between the eastern bloc led by USSR and the western bloc led by US. It is not an armed war but a diplomatic and an ideological war. In short, it can be defined as a state of intense diplomatic, political, economic and ideological struggle between the two superpowers after the War for world supremacy. The following are the causes of the origin of the cold war a) Ideological incompatibilities: this was the main reason for the USSR- USA conflict. Many Americans were apprehensive that was an expansionist, crusading ideology intent on bringing world revolution. On the other hand The US foreign policy became deadly against communism. USA’s actions were highly competitive and confrontationist towards the Soviet Union. b) Mutual antagonism: the history of the origin of the cold war indicates that mistrust and consequent fear were the very basis of the conflict. c) Misperception: the cold war between USA and USSR was rooted in mutual misunderstanding. The cold war is described in terms of a propensity of each party to consider their own actions as virtuous and those of others malicious. d) American refusal to inform the Soviets of the Manhattan project to develop the atom bomb. e) The delay to open the second front caused Stalin to doubt that American policy was to let the Russians and Germans destroy each other. f) The American failure to inform the Soviets of war time strategy to the extent that it informed the Great Britain and the use of atomic bomb against Japan.

Question #3: Define Non Alignment and what are its characteristics? Answer: Unlike neutrality, non alignment aims at keeping away but it keeps away not from a particular conflict or issue but from persisting international tensions like cold war. It is a foreign policy perspective that advocates freedom from commitment to any power bloc, it stresses on the independence of choice and action in external affairs. This policy of not aligning with any bloc, but at the time being friendly to everyone, so that it might be feasible to have a moderating impact on international affairs, came to be popularly called as non alignment. It would enable a nation to judge each issue on merit and decide upon its course independently without being influenced by any previous commitment or bias. The following are its characteristics: a) Non alignment opposed military alliances of all types like NATO and WARSAW pact etc. b) Non alignments always remain averse to the cold war. c) Non alignment was averse to the ideological polarization between and . d) Non alignment is concerned with friendly relations among all nations- states on the principle of equality, justice and reciprocity. e) Non aligned countries have always endeavored to strengthen and support the UNO. f) The outstanding and renowned leadership (Nehru, Tito, Nasser, Sukarno etc) has been its characteristics from the very beginning.

Question #4 what is the relevance of NAM after the end of cold war?

Answer: In the post cold war period NAM is still relevant because it has proven its worth by striving to work for the following contemporary issues: a) Setting up a new international order through the UN. b) Restructuring and democratization of the UN. c) Combating terrorism, extremism and racism. d) Fighting poverty, drug trafficking and environmental degradation. e) Ensuring equitable international; flow of trade and transfer of technology. f) Working for non proliferation and nuclear weapon .

Question # 5: write a note on NIEO (New International Economic Order). What are its issues and themes?

Answer: after the end of imperialism and colonialism, about 130 newly independent and developing countries have been making frantic efforts for economic independence and economic development. In the decade of seventies, countries of the third world made persistent demands for the establishment of the NIEO. The conflict between North and South for quite some time has been over this very issue. While south again and again makes a demand for NIEO, The North resists it. The developing countries often complain that their interests are being adversely affected by the policies of the developed world, while the developed countries blame the developing countries for mis-management and sub- optimal utilization resources. NIEO constitutes a framework for eliminating the existing era of international economic system which is mostly catering to the needs and interest of the developed countries to the detriment of the under developed third world. NIEO aims at restructuring existing institutions and establishing new organizations which will govern the flow of trade, Technology and capital resources for the benefit of the developing countries. It seeks to secure and equitable and fairer distribution of world income and resources. Major themes and issues of The NIEO are as follows: a) An increase in agricultural productivity especially in food grain production is essential if the international economic order is to be restructured. b) A rapid growth in the production of capital goods is equally important for developing countries. It has been suggested that the developed countries should contribute one percent of their total production to the developing countries as development aid. c) A complete reform of their international monetary system and financial institutions is urgently required for achieving NIEO. d) The transfer of technology from developed to the developing countries is crucially important for realizing NIEO. e) Regulation of Multinational Corporation is of utmost importance in ensuring fairer distribution of world income.

Question # 6: What is India’s role in Non Aligned Movement?

Answer: Nonalignment had its origins in India's colonial experience. It left India determined to be the master of its fate in an international system dominated politically by cold War alliances and economically by Western capitalism and Soviet communism. Nonalignment was a consistent feature of Indian foreign policy by the late 1940s and enjoyed strong, almost unquestioning support among the Indian elite. India’s role in the nonaligned movement can be understood from the fact that the five principles of panchsheel which are considered to be the brain child of pandit jawahar lal Nehru are also the founding principles on which the non alignment movement is based. These five principles were:

1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty 2. Mutual non-aggression 3. Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs 4. Equality and mutual benefit 5. Peaceful co-existence.

In 1983 India hosted NAM summit in Delhi, as the chairman of the NAM, India provided strength to the movement by creating consensus on various international issues. From the days of its inception, India played a significant role by mobilizing wider support for the NAM. After the end of the cold war India played a key role in making realize the importance of NAM for addressing international grievances like terrorism, environmental degradation, poverty etc and thus justified the existence and relevance of NAM after the end of 2nd world war.

Question #7: Write a short note on .

Answer : The first large-scale Asian–African or Afro–Asian Conference—also known as the Bandung Conference—was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on April 18–24, 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia The conference was organised by Indonesia, Burma, Pakistan, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and India The conference's stated aims were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by any nations. The conference was an important step toward the crystallization of the Non- Aligned Movement. Question #8: Write a Short note on

Answer: The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the American initiative to aid Europe, in which the United States gave $13 billion in economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism. The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again. The initiative was named after Secretary of State George Marshall.

Question #9: what were the major military alliances during the cold war?

Answer: Following were the major military alliances during the cold war: 1947 Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Pact) - Most of the countries of the Americas.

• 1948-2011 (WEU) - limited role. Merged with EU in 2009. • 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) -- United States, CANADA most of Western Europe • 1951 ANZUS Treaty (ANZUS) - United States, Australia, New Zealand. • 1954–1977 SEATO - United States, , Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, , • 1955–1979 CENTO - United Kingdom, , Iran, Iraq, Pakistan • 1955-1980 Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty - United States, Republic of • 1955–1991 Warsaw Pact –Soviet union, , , , , Czechoslovakia, • 1958 North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) - United States and Canada. • 1971 Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) - United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, , . • 1981 ECOMOG of Economic Community of West African States. • 1982 Regional Security System (RSS) - several Eastern Caribbean countries. • 1989 Major non-NATO allies of the United States (MNNA) - Afghanistan, , Australia, , Egypt, Israel, Japan, Jorda n,

Kuwait, , New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, , Thailand.

• 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War (First Persian ) • 1987-1989 Tanker War - , United States, Soviet Union,

• 1990-1991 Gulf War (Persian Gulf War, Second Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, or First Iraq War) • Coalition: United States, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, Egypt, France, Syria, Morocco, Kuwait, , Pakistan, Can ada, , , Bangladesh, ,Australia, , Niger, Swed en, Argentina, Senegal, , Bahrain, Belgium, Poland, South Korea, Czechoslovakia, , , New Zealand, Hungary, and

Question #10: write the basic principles of NIEO.

Answer: The following are the basic principles of NIEO:

a) Cooperation of all the member states of the international community. b) Equal participation of all countries in solving world economic problems. c) Control of countries over their natural resources. d) Equality of states in respect of sovereignty. e) Protection of territorial integrity. f) Non interference in the affairs of other states.