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Disintegration and Integration in East-Central Europe

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Publications of the | 16 European Union Liaison Committee of Historians Wilfried Loth | Nicolae Păun (eds.) Disintegration and Integration in East-Central Europe 1919 – post-1989 Nomos BUT_Loth_1330-1.indd 1 06.05.14 08:27 Veröffentlichungen der Historiker-Verbindungsgruppe bei der Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Publications of the European Union Liaison Committee of Historians Volume 16 BUT_Loth_1330-1.indd 2 06.05.14 08:27 Wilfried Loth | Nicolae Păun (eds.) Disintegration and Integration in East-Central Europe 1919 – post-1989 Nomos BUT_Loth_1330-1.indd 3 06.05.14 08:27 Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-8487-1330-1 (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden) 978-606-526-178-5 (Editura Fundaţiei pentru Studii Europene) 1st edition 2014 © Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2014. Printed in Germany. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use a fee is payable to »Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort«, Munich. BUT_Loth_1330-1.indd 4 06.05.14 08:27 Table of contents INTRODUCTION 9 Wilfried LOTH The European Union as a Pan-European Project 13 Ioan-Aurel POP Preliminaries to European Integration in the Transylvanian Area (Case Study on Unity and Diversity) 22 THE END OF EMPIRES AND THE ATTEMPTS AT CREATING A NEW BALANCE (1919-1945) Lucian LEUŞTEAN The Late Start of the Little Entente. Regional Cooperation within East-Central Europe in Times of Adversity (1920-1921) 31 Gérard BOSSUAT L’Europe pour la paix: certitude et interrogations 44 Sylvain SCHIRMANN Régionalisme agraire et crédit agricole en Europe Centrale autour de l’année 1930 51 Nicolae PĂUN Le paradigme du développement économique en Europe Centrale et Orientale pendant l’entre-deux-guerres. Des contributions françaises en Roumanie 60 Vladimír GONĚC “New Central Europe” in Co-operating and United Europe. Czechoslovak Ideas in 1920s and 1930s and Attempts at Co- ordination with Austrian and Hungarian Ideas 78 Roumiana PRESHLENOVA Uniting the Balkans: Common Desires and First Initiatives in the Interwar Period 93 THE END OF THE NAZI “EMPIRE” IN EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE AND THE CREATION OF A NEW “EMPIRE” IN THE EAST (1945-1989) Gergely FEJÉRDY La Conférence du Mouvement Européen sur l’Europe Centrale et Orientale en janvier 1952 105 Nicolas BADALASSI Un continent, deux blocs, trois idees. Le COMECON, la CEE et le processus d’Helsinki 121 Jerzy ŁAZOR, Wojciech MORAWSKI Autarkic tendencies in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 134 Sara TAVANI Muddling Through the European Bloc System: The Evolution of Italian-Polish Relations over the 1970’s and 1980’s 147 Janusz KALIŃSKI, Łukasz DWILEWICZ The Transferable Rouble and ‘Socialist Integration’ – What Kind of Relationship? 169 1989: THE END OF EUROPE’S DIVISION. A NEW EUROPE THROUGH INTEGRATION Michael GEHLER Austria. The Revolutions in Central and South Eastern Europe. Austrian Perceptions and International Reactions 1989-90 186 Georgi DIMITROV Ever Closer or Diverging: The Relationship between EC and the Latecomers (Bulgaria and Romania) Seen Through the Prism of CVM 205 Ewa SZCZEPANKIEWICZ-RUDZKA Coopération dans le cadre du Groupe de Visegrad à l’épreuve de l’integration européenne. Point de vue polonais. 216 Marius JUCAN Rethinking Cultural Relations between the European Union and United States in Age of the Transatlantic Rift 230 Michael O’NEILL Atlanticism and the Changing Dynamics of European Security in the ‘New Global Order’ 240 Valentin NAUMESCU Between the Economic Agenda and the Need of Strategic Security: East-Central Europe in the Context of the Transatlantic Relation’s Disruption 254 Benedetto ZACCARIA The European Community and Yugoslavia in the Late Cold War Years, 1976-1989 264 Branislav RADELJIĆ Serbia’s EU Future: Concerns and Perspectives 284 WESTERN EUROPE’S APPROVAL OF EUROPE’S EASTWARD ENLARGEMENT – A STARTING POINT FOR EUROPE’S NEW FUTURE Antonio VARSORI Italy’s attempts at integrating East-Central Europe in a new continental balance: an early response to the crisis of the Communist bloc (1989-1991) 293 Wichard WOYKE Germany and the EU-Eastern Enlargement 305 Georgiana CICEO Hard Core Europe? Possible Scenarios for the Prospect of Differentiated Integration? 315 Iordan Gheorghe BĂRBULESCU, Andra-Maria POPA A Crisis of the European Model? Reflections and Projections 331 Ovidiu PECICAN Integration as Disintegration. Some Remarks on the Romanian Case viewed by Emil Cioran 352 Alberto GASPARINI Future Scenarios for United Europe 357 TABLE OF CONTRIBUTORS 375 PUBLICATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION LIAISON COMMITTEE OF HISTORIANS 379 Introduction This volume is a collection of articles pertaining to the sinuous topic of European Construction in the East-Central European area, throughout the 20th century and beyond, from a dual perspective, as decided by the intricate course of history: disintegration and integration. The contributions presented hereafter were upheld by their respective authors during the colloquium entitled “Disintegration and Integration in East-Central Europe (1919 – post-1989)”, which was hosted by the Faculty of European Studies, Babeş-Bolyai University, in Cluj-Napoca, between the 20th and the 23rd of February 2013, in collaboration with the European Union’s Liaison Committee of Historians of European Integration. The 27 scientific papers cover a broad range of perspectives that make up the main topic, which have been divided into four major sections, following the con- figuration of the aforementioned colloquium. Hence, the introductory article, signed by Wilfried Loth, performs a thorough investigation into the avatars of the broader Pan-European project in this part of the continent. On the other hand, the Rector of Babeş-Bolyai University, PhD Professor and member of the Romanian Academy Ioan-Aurel Pop, aims to provide a historical framework for the area that hosted this scientific event, namely the culturally and linguistically affluent region of Transylvania. Surprising projects aimed at the ideal of European Integration stem from the history of this place, which render the city of Cluj-Napoca, located in the very heart of Transylvania, an optimal location for discussing the origins and outcomes of European Construction in the complex area of East-Central Europe. The first section of the volume is designed under the auspices of the End of Empires, i.e. the tumultuous period surrounding the First World War and its after- math, one that ultimately led to the creation of what we have referred to as “a new balance” on the stage of European affairs and beyond. The interwar period fostered numerous attempts at cooperation amongst states in Central and Eastern Europe, which our contributors have analysed from a plethora of viewpoints. Amongst the latter we should outline endeavours of regional cooperation, such as the “Little Entente”, skilfully presented by Lucian Leuştean. The synergy between integra- tion projects in the East and West relies on multiple similarities, one of which being the ideal of peace, promoted on both sides of the continent, as proved by Gérard Bossuat. An evident merit of this collection of ideas is not to have left aside the prominent economic perspective, which ultimately turned out to be the driv- ing force of European Construction, albeit the balance between the political and the economic realms has always yielded controversy, in terms of primacy. Thus, Sylvain Schirmann takes the focus on the interwar period to the level of agricul- tural regionalism and investments, which played a major role in the development 9 of East-Central Europe at the time, given the predominantly agrarian character of the vast majority of states in the area. Moreover, the undersigned identifies the principles of what we are entitled to call a genuine paradigm of economic development in the region, during the 1920s and 1930s, which relied massively on foreign investments, a veritable linker between the two sides of the continent, as it emerges from the case study presented on the topic of French capital in the Romanian economy. Last, but most certainly not least, two interesting contribu- tions by Vladimír Goněc and Roumiana Preshlenova have the merit of explain- ing the framework for cooperation in East-Central Europe in the interwar period, whilst assessing the feasibility of projects stemming from the Czechoslovakian area and the Balkans, respectively. The second section of the volume follows the course of history, moving beyond the atrocities of the Second World War and the dissolution of the so-called Nazi Empire, in order to focus its attention on the modelling of a new “Empire”, in the Eastern part of the European continent. Its existence, spanning the interval between 1945 and 1989, triggered the particularly intricate phenomenon generally referred to as the Cold War, marked by the unnatural separation of the Eastern and Western sides of the continent by an Iron Curtain. The alternatives provided by the Soviet Bloc to the much more effective Marshall Plan nevertheless proved to be resourceful and definitely worthy of in-depth scientific analyses. Therefore, initia- tives such as that of the European
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