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At the Core of the Cold War: Soviet Foreign Policy and the German Question 1945-1990
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1991 At the Core of the Cold War: Soviet Foreign Policy and the German Question 1945-1990 Marc Randall Cheek College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Cheek, Marc Randall, "At the Core of the Cold War: Soviet Foreign Policy and the German Question 1945-1990" (1991). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625680. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-jxmr-vm44 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AT THE CORE OF THE COLD WAR: SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY AND THE GERMAN QUESTION 1945 - 1990 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Government The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Marc R. Cheek 1991 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Author Approved, September 1991 Michael T. Clark ClaytonyM. Clemens . ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................... iv ABSTRACT.............................................. V INTRODUCTION.......................................... 2 I. PROVOKING THE WEST, 1945 TO 1955.................. 13 II. THE POLARIZATION OF EUROPE, 1955 TO 1961.......... 19 III. CONSOLIDATING SOVIET HEGEMONY, 1961 TO 1968...... -
Japan's Middle East Policy: 'Still Mercantile Realism'
International Relations of the Asia-Pacific Volume 12 (2012) 287–315 doi:10.1093/irap/lcr022 Advance Access published on 5 March 2012 Japan’s Middle East policy: ‘still mercantile realism’ Yukiko Miyagi* Downloaded from Durham University, Durham, UK *E-mail: [email protected] http://irap.oxfordjournals.org/ Received 12 July 2011; Accepted 6 November 2011 Abstract Japan’s vital interests, both its energy security and US alliance, are at stake in the Middle East. Change in Japan’s Middle East policy is charted over three periods, from a stance independent of the United States to one increasingly aligned with US policy. This is explained in by Robert Sedgwick on May 23, 2012 terms of four variables: level of US hegemony, threats in East Asia, energy vulnerabilities in the Middle East, and normative change inside Japan. Japan’s policy in Middle East/North Africa reflects its general move toward a more militarily enhanced version of mercantile realism. The nature and direction of change in Japanese foreign policy has been widely contested in the name of rival theories whose main area of agree- ment is that Japan is not a traditional great power. Liberals characterized Japan as a trading state, while constructivists saw it as a non-military great power; realists portrayed it as an anomalous ‘lopsided’ power whose military capability was not commensurate with its global econom- ic interests. Realists and their rivals have disagreed over how far Japan has started to appropriately upgrade its military capabilities and move International Relations of the Asia-Pacific Vol. 12 No. -
Diverging Perceptions of the Cold War: Baghdad Pact As a Source of Conflict Between Turkey and the Nationalist Arab Countries
DIVERGING PERCEPTIONS OF THE COLD WAR: BAGHDAD PACT AS A SOURCE OF CONFLICT BETWEEN TURKEY AND THE NATIONALIST ARAB COUNTRİES UMUT ÜZER - AYŞE ÜZER ABSTRACT Cold War dynamics compelled Turkey and the nationalist Arab countries, particularly Egypt and Syria, to join two opposing camps. Conflicting geopolitical interests betvveen Turkey and the nationalist Arab countries led to a rivalry for regional hegemony and an alignment pattern inimical to the security of the other countries. Turkey's membership in NATO in 1952 and the establishment of the Baghdad Pact in 1955 caused concern for the Egyptian president Gamal abd-al Nasser, vvho perceived those pacts as tools of Western imperialism. On the other hand, for Turkey these pacts vvere guarantors of Turkish security against an expansionist Soviet Union. Diverging threat perceptions betvveen Turkey and the radical Arab states resulted in a tense atmosphere in the Middle East sub-system. KEYVVORDS The Baghdad Pact, Turkish foreign policy, Syrian foreign policy, Egyptian foreign policy, Adnan Menderes, Gamal abd-al Nasser, Cold War. 102 THE TURKİSH YEARBOOK [YOL. XXXVI Introduction The Cold War (1946-1991) had different meanings for Turkey and the nationalist Arab countries, emanating from their security needs and threat perceptions. For Turkey, the Cold War was characterized by the Soviet threat, which entailed territorial demands on its Eastern region, specifically Kars and Ardahan and demands for bases on the Turkish straits. This state of affairs led Turkey to join the Western bloc, which culminated in its membership in NATO in 1952. Russians were perceived as the source of threat against which Turkey allied with the United States. -
Review Article Getting It Right, Getting It Wrong: the Soviet Collapse Revisited
Review article Getting it right, getting it wrong: the Soviet collapse revisited CAROLINE KENNEDY-PIPE Rethinking the Soviet collapse: Sovietology, the death of communism and the new Russia. Edited by Michael Cox. London: Pinter. pp. Index. £.. . Pb.: £.. . Michael Cox establishes the rationale for this book in the introduction. He has set himself the task of editing a work that engages in a serious retrospective analysis of the failure of Soviet studies to anticipate the fall of the USSR. He argues that this is necessary because in order to understand what is going on in Russia today we must understand where our intellectual predecessors (or at least many of them) went wrong. The key question is why was the rapid and relatively peaceful collapse of the Soviet Union such a shock to the group of academics known as ‘ Sovietologists’? Cox argues in his opening chapter that the fall of the USSR did not so much challenge their assumptions but bury Soviet studies as a discipline. Few practising Sovietologists actually foresaw the possibility of the Soviet period coming to an end and, in Cox’s words, ‘the scale of the failure should not be underestimated’. He begins the book by trying to understand why the discipline was unsuccessful in anticipating the implosion of an entity that it had been studying for over forty years. So far, so provocative. Cox situates this failure not just in the nature of Soviet studies but with the position of the academic in the modern university. Specifically, he argues that there were three reasons which determined the failure of academics working in the Soviet studies field. -
The Tragedy of American Supremacy
Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2015 The rT agedy of American Supremacy Dante R. Toppo Claremont McKenna College Recommended Citation Toppo, Dante R., "The rT agedy of American Supremacy" (2015). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 1141. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1141 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLAREMONT MCKENNA COLLEGE THE TRAGEDY OF AMERICAN SUPREMACY: HOW WINNING THE COLD WAR LOST THE LIBERAL WORLD ORDER SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR JENNIFER MORRISON TAW AND DEAN NICHOLAS WARNER BY DANTE TOPPO FOR SENIOR THESIS SPRING 2015 APRIL 27, 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I must thank Professor Jennifer Taw, without whom this thesis would literally not be possible. I thank her for wrestling through theory with me, eviscerating my first five outlines, demolishing my first two Chapter Ones, and gently suggesting I start over once or twice. I also thank her for her unflagging support for my scholarly and professional pursuits over the course of my four years at Claremont McKenna, for her inescapable eye for lazy analysis, and for mentally beating me into shape during her freshman honors IR seminar. Above all, I thank her for steadfastly refusing to accept anything but my best. I must also thank my friends, roommates, co-workers, classmates and unsuspecting underclassmen who asked me “How is thesis?” Your patience as I shouted expletives about American foreign policy was greatly appreciated and I thank you for it. -
The Helsinki Accords
Name Date Case Study: The Helsinki Accords Read and annotate the passage below. Introduction On August 1, 1975, in the midst of the Cold War era, President Gerald R. Ford signed the historic Helsinki Accords between the Soviet Union and the United States, Canada, and most European countries (except Albania). The accords were signed in Helsinki, Finland by 35 countries and marked the conclusion of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). The accords covered a wide range of issues, including territorial borders, cooperation among signing countries, and human rights. The Helsinki Accords were an attempt to lessen tensions between the Soviet Union and United States and its European allies. Today, the accords are often credited with helping to pave the way for dissidents in Eastern Europe. The accords also helped improve communication between the Eastern and Western Bloc countries, and they are seen as a major turning point in the Cold War. At the time they were signed, however, the Helsinki Accords were controversial both in the United States and abroad. Geography World War II (1939-1945) devastated much of Europe. More than forty million Europeans were killed during the course of the war, and forty million more became refugees. Cities throughout the region were left with major damage to their infrastructure. During the war, borders throughout Europe were changing as the Axis powers (led by Germany, Italy, and Japan) and Allied powers (led by the U.S., the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union) gained and lost territory. In the aftermath of World War II, these fluctuating political boundaries in Europe had to be settled. -
Yugoslav Ideology and Its Importance to the Soviet Bloc: an Analysis
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-1967 Yugoslav Ideology and Its Importance to the Soviet Bloc: An Analysis Christine Deichsel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Deichsel, Christine, "Yugoslav Ideology and Its Importance to the Soviet Bloc: An Analysis" (1967). Master's Theses. 3240. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3240 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. YUGOSLAV IDEOLOGY AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE SOVIET BLOC: AN ANALYSIS by Christine Deichsel A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo., Michigan April 1967 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In writing this thesis I have benefited from the advice and encouragement of Professors George Klein and William A. Ritchie. My thanks go to them and the other members of my Committee, namely Professors Richard J. Richardson and Alan Isaak. Furthermore, I wish to ex press my appreciation to all the others at Western Michi gan University who have given me much needed help and encouragement. The award of an assistantship and the intellectual guidance and stimulation from the faculty of the Department of Political Science have made my graduate work both a valuable experience and a pleasure. -
Antinuclear Politics, Atomic Culture, and Reagan Era Foreign Policy
Selling the Second Cold War: Antinuclear Cultural Activism and Reagan Era Foreign Policy A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy William M. Knoblauch March 2012 © 2012 William M. Knoblauch. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Selling the Second Cold War: Antinuclear Cultural Activism and Reagan Era Foreign Policy by WILLIAM M. KNOBLAUCH has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by __________________________________ Chester J. Pach Associate Professor of History __________________________________ Howard Dewald Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT KNOBLAUCH, WILLIAM M., Ph.D., March 2012, History Selling the Second Cold War: Antinuclear Cultural Activism and Reagan Era Foreign Policy Director of Dissertation: Chester J. Pach This dissertation examines how 1980s antinuclear activists utilized popular culture to criticize the Reagan administration’s arms buildup. The 1970s and the era of détente marked a decade-long nadir for American antinuclear activism. Ronald Reagan’s rise to the presidency in 1981 helped to usher in the “Second Cold War,” a period of reignited Cold War animosities that rekindled atomic anxiety. As the arms race escalated, antinuclear activism surged. Alongside grassroots movements, such as the nuclear freeze campaign, a unique group of antinuclear activists—including publishers, authors, directors, musicians, scientists, and celebrities—challenged Reagan’s military buildup in American mass media and popular culture. These activists included Fate of the Earth author Jonathan Schell, Day After director Nicholas Meyer, and “nuclear winter” scientific-spokesperson Carl Sagan. -
NEW EVIDENCE on the WAR in AFGHANISTAN Introduction
COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN, ISSUE 14/15 NEW EVIDENCE ON THE WAR IN AFGHANISTAN Introduction By Christian Friedrich Ostermann hat was behind the Soviet decision in December a substitute foothold in Afghanistan and worried about main- 1979 to invade Afghanistan? And when and why taining its credibility with communist world allies. Soviet lead- Wdid Mikhail Gorbachev decide to pull out Soviet ers were genuinely concerned that Afghan strongman troops nearly ten years later? What was the role of the US Hafizullah Amin was either a US agent or prepared to sell out covert assistance program, in particular the Stinger missiles? to the United States. At the CWIHP conference, former US What role did CIA intelligence play? How did the Afghan Charge d’Affaires J. Bruce Amstutz as well as other partici- War’s history, a key step in the rise of militant Islam, intersect pants forcefully refuted allegations of Agency links to Amin. with the history of the final decade of the Cold War? These In his five conversations with Amin in the fall of 1979, Amstutz were among the questions addressed at a major international remembered, the Afghan leader did not in any way suggest conference, “Towards an International History of the War in that he was interested in allying himself with the United States. Afghanistan,” organized in April 2002 by the Cold War Inter- US relations with successive communist regimes in Af- national History Project (CWIHP) in cooperation with the ghanistan had been volatile since the April 1978 communist Woodrow Wilson -
The Cold War (1947-1991)
The Cold War (1947-1991) Juan Carlos Ocaña Aybar [4º ESO ] Geography and History – Bilingual Studies – IES Parque de Lisboa, Alcorcón (Madrid) 1 The Cold War (1947-1991) Introduction The Grand Alliance formed by the U.S., USSR and the UK in World War II managed to defeat European fascism and Japanese expansionism, but began to crumble even before Allied troops occupied Berlin. Two years later, the Allies had broken their friendship. The Cold War began, a long period of rivalry (1947-1991) which pitted the U.S. against the Soviet Union and their respective allies and determined international relations for almost half a century. Soviet soldiers in Berlin, May 1945 Potsdam conference, the alliance started to crumble, July 1945 The Cold War was fought on the political, economic, and propaganda fronts . There was no direct military confrontation between the two nuclear superpowers: the U.S. and the USSR . Such a conflict would have led to a nuclear holocaust on the planet. However, multiple wars in other locations punctuated the period. In almost all of these conflicts, the two superpowers and their allies supported diplomatically and armed the contenders. The Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet bloc . Weapons did not defeat the USSR, but the ineffectiveness of its economic system and the lack of political freedoms . 2 The world is divided into blocks: 1945-1955 The settlement of the communist system in European countries conquered by the Red Army alarmed Western leaders. Churchill proclaimed in 1946 that an "Iron curtain" separated communist Europe from free Europe. In 1947, U.S. -
Why the United States Must End the Second Cold War As It Begins Adam Fernandez
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2008 Why the United States Must End the Second Cold War as It Begins Adam Fernandez Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES WHY THE UNITED STATES MUST END THE SECOND COLD WAR AS IT BEGINS By ADAM FERNANDEZ A Thesis submitted to the Department of International Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2008 The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Adam Fernandez defended on September 23, 2008. Jonathan Grant Professor Directing Thesis Michael Creswell Committee Member Charles Upchurch Committee Member Approved: Lee Metcalf, Chair, International Affairs Program The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii TO MY WIFE JANELLE. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ...................................................................................................... vi Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 1. One Hundred Years of Peace between Russia and America................ 4 Early Relations between the United States and Russia ...................... 4 The War to End All Wars Leads to Revolution in Russia .................. 5 The Washington Conference ................................................................. -
New Evidence on the Soviet Rejection of the Marshall Plan, 1947: Two Reports”
WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS NEW EVIDENCE ON THE SOVIET Lee H. Hamilton, Christian Ostermann, Director Director REJECTION OF THE MARSHALL BOARD OF PLAN, 1947: TWO REPORTS TRUSTEES: ADVISORY COMMITTEE: Joseph A. Cari, Jr., Chairman SCOTT D. PARRISH William Taubman Steven Alan Bennett, University of Texas in Austin (Amherst College) Vice Chairman Chairman PUBLIC MEMBERS MIKHAIL M. NARINSKY Michael Beschloss The Secretary of State (Historian, Author) Colin Powell; Institute of Universal History, Moscow The Librarian of Congress James H. Billington James H. Billington; Working Paper No. 9 (Librarian of Congress) The Archivist of the United States John W. Carlin; Warren I. Cohen The Chairman of the (University of Maryland- National Endowment Baltimore) for the Humanities Bruce Cole; John Lewis Gaddis The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (Yale University) Lawrence M. Small; The Secretary of Education James Hershberg Roderick R. Paige; (The George Washington The Secretary of Health University) & Human Services Tommy G. Thompson; Washington, D.C. Samuel F. Wells, Jr. PRIVATE MEMBERS (Woodrow Wilson Center) Carol Cartwright, March 1994 John H. Foster, Jean L. Hennessey, Sharon Wolchik Daniel L. Lamaute, (The George Washington Doris O. Mausui, University) Thomas R. Reedy, Nancy M. Zirkin COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT THE COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES CHRISTIAN F. OSTERMANN, Series Editor This paper is one of a series of Working Papers published by the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. Established in 1991 by a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) disseminates new information and perspectives on the history of the Cold War as it emerges from previously inaccessible sources on “the other side” of the post-World War II superpower rivalry.