Review Article Getting It Right, Getting It Wrong: the Soviet Collapse Revisited
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Japan's Middle East Policy: 'Still Mercantile Realism'
International Relations of the Asia-Pacific Volume 12 (2012) 287–315 doi:10.1093/irap/lcr022 Advance Access published on 5 March 2012 Japan’s Middle East policy: ‘still mercantile realism’ Yukiko Miyagi* Downloaded from Durham University, Durham, UK *E-mail: [email protected] http://irap.oxfordjournals.org/ Received 12 July 2011; Accepted 6 November 2011 Abstract Japan’s vital interests, both its energy security and US alliance, are at stake in the Middle East. Change in Japan’s Middle East policy is charted over three periods, from a stance independent of the United States to one increasingly aligned with US policy. This is explained in by Robert Sedgwick on May 23, 2012 terms of four variables: level of US hegemony, threats in East Asia, energy vulnerabilities in the Middle East, and normative change inside Japan. Japan’s policy in Middle East/North Africa reflects its general move toward a more militarily enhanced version of mercantile realism. The nature and direction of change in Japanese foreign policy has been widely contested in the name of rival theories whose main area of agree- ment is that Japan is not a traditional great power. Liberals characterized Japan as a trading state, while constructivists saw it as a non-military great power; realists portrayed it as an anomalous ‘lopsided’ power whose military capability was not commensurate with its global econom- ic interests. Realists and their rivals have disagreed over how far Japan has started to appropriately upgrade its military capabilities and move International Relations of the Asia-Pacific Vol. 12 No. -
Antinuclear Politics, Atomic Culture, and Reagan Era Foreign Policy
Selling the Second Cold War: Antinuclear Cultural Activism and Reagan Era Foreign Policy A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy William M. Knoblauch March 2012 © 2012 William M. Knoblauch. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Selling the Second Cold War: Antinuclear Cultural Activism and Reagan Era Foreign Policy by WILLIAM M. KNOBLAUCH has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by __________________________________ Chester J. Pach Associate Professor of History __________________________________ Howard Dewald Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT KNOBLAUCH, WILLIAM M., Ph.D., March 2012, History Selling the Second Cold War: Antinuclear Cultural Activism and Reagan Era Foreign Policy Director of Dissertation: Chester J. Pach This dissertation examines how 1980s antinuclear activists utilized popular culture to criticize the Reagan administration’s arms buildup. The 1970s and the era of détente marked a decade-long nadir for American antinuclear activism. Ronald Reagan’s rise to the presidency in 1981 helped to usher in the “Second Cold War,” a period of reignited Cold War animosities that rekindled atomic anxiety. As the arms race escalated, antinuclear activism surged. Alongside grassroots movements, such as the nuclear freeze campaign, a unique group of antinuclear activists—including publishers, authors, directors, musicians, scientists, and celebrities—challenged Reagan’s military buildup in American mass media and popular culture. These activists included Fate of the Earth author Jonathan Schell, Day After director Nicholas Meyer, and “nuclear winter” scientific-spokesperson Carl Sagan. -
NEW EVIDENCE on the WAR in AFGHANISTAN Introduction
COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN, ISSUE 14/15 NEW EVIDENCE ON THE WAR IN AFGHANISTAN Introduction By Christian Friedrich Ostermann hat was behind the Soviet decision in December a substitute foothold in Afghanistan and worried about main- 1979 to invade Afghanistan? And when and why taining its credibility with communist world allies. Soviet lead- Wdid Mikhail Gorbachev decide to pull out Soviet ers were genuinely concerned that Afghan strongman troops nearly ten years later? What was the role of the US Hafizullah Amin was either a US agent or prepared to sell out covert assistance program, in particular the Stinger missiles? to the United States. At the CWIHP conference, former US What role did CIA intelligence play? How did the Afghan Charge d’Affaires J. Bruce Amstutz as well as other partici- War’s history, a key step in the rise of militant Islam, intersect pants forcefully refuted allegations of Agency links to Amin. with the history of the final decade of the Cold War? These In his five conversations with Amin in the fall of 1979, Amstutz were among the questions addressed at a major international remembered, the Afghan leader did not in any way suggest conference, “Towards an International History of the War in that he was interested in allying himself with the United States. Afghanistan,” organized in April 2002 by the Cold War Inter- US relations with successive communist regimes in Af- national History Project (CWIHP) in cooperation with the ghanistan had been volatile since the April 1978 communist Woodrow Wilson -
Unisci Dp 25
UNISCI Discussion Papers, Nº 25 (January / Enero 2011) ISSN 1696-2206 ITALY, THE UNO AND THE INTERNATIONAL CRISES Luciano Tosi 1 University of Perugia Abstract: In post-war Italy, the refusal of nationalism and the aspiration to a policy of international cooperation both at the European and world level were widely shared. At the Potsdam conference American President Truman proposed to admit Italy to UNO, however, this was met with Soviet opposition. In the context of the Cold War, Italy entered the UNO in 1955, together with other 15 countries. At the UNO, Italy’s performance, for example on decolonization issues, was conditioned by her links with the USA, by the membership of the Western bloc and by her economic interests. Italy recognised Communist China only in 1970 and in 1971 voted for its admission to the UNO. In 1969 Prime Minister Moro described at the UN General Assembly a «global strategy of maintaining peace», a manifesto of a détente based on the UNO and on the equality of states as opposed to the «concert of powers». These ideas contrasted the détente pursued by Nixon and Kissinger that were based on traditional power politics and on bilateral relations between the superpowers. In the 1970s Italy’s international status was seriously handicapped by its internal crisis. In the latter part of the Cold War and afterwards, Italian Armed Forced started to participate in military missions abroad with or without UN mandate. These missions aimed to give support to international security and to enhance Italy’s international status within and outside UNO. -
Why the United States Must End the Second Cold War As It Begins Adam Fernandez
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2008 Why the United States Must End the Second Cold War as It Begins Adam Fernandez Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES WHY THE UNITED STATES MUST END THE SECOND COLD WAR AS IT BEGINS By ADAM FERNANDEZ A Thesis submitted to the Department of International Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2008 The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Adam Fernandez defended on September 23, 2008. Jonathan Grant Professor Directing Thesis Michael Creswell Committee Member Charles Upchurch Committee Member Approved: Lee Metcalf, Chair, International Affairs Program The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii TO MY WIFE JANELLE. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ...................................................................................................... vi Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 1. One Hundred Years of Peace between Russia and America................ 4 Early Relations between the United States and Russia ...................... 4 The War to End All Wars Leads to Revolution in Russia .................. 5 The Washington Conference ................................................................. -
Paper 2 Superpower Relations and the Cold War C1941-‐91
Year 11 Revision Period Study – Paper 2 Superpower Relations and the Cold War c1941-91 Revision Programme – Paper 2 Superpower Rivalry 1941-91 Paper 2 is one hour and forty five minutes long. It has two distinct sections ; Section A – Period Study - Superpower Rivalry 1941-91 ( 50 minutes) Section B – British Depth Study – Elizabethan England 1588-1601 (55 minutes) Section A – Three Questions. All assess AO1 and AO2. All rely on factual knowledge and understanding. Question 1- Explain two consequences of …. ( 8 marks) Allow 10 minutes for this answer. Write about two consequences – you only need to write half a page so be brief. Focus should only be on the effect of an event – good discourse markers to use would be as a result of; as a consequence; the effect was; so Question 2 Write a narrative account analysing… ( 8 marks) Allow 15 minutes. This answer expects a narrative explaining how events lead to an outcome. You are given two information prompts but are expected to add to this to gain the best marks. The key is to write an organised answer, putting events into the right order and most importantly showing how each event links to the next. There should be a clear beginning, middle and end to this response Question 3 Explain two of the following… the importance of xxx for …. ( 16 marks) Allow 25 minutes. You need to choose TWO from the three listed. You must explain the impact of an event – thinking what did this event lead to? What difference did this event make ? KEY TIP : Throughout revision focus on what events are; the effect they have on each other and the overall Cold War tensions. -
Fighting Back Against the Cold War: the American Committee on East-West Accord And
Fighting Back Against the Cold War: The American Committee on East-West Accord and the Retreat from Détente A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Benjamin F.C. Wallace May 2013 © 2013 Benjamin F.C. Wallace. All Rights Reserved 2 This thesis titled Fighting Back Against the Cold War: The American Committee on East-West Accord and the Retreat from Détente by BENJAMIN F.C. WALLACE has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Chester J. Pach Associate Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT WALLACE, BENJAMIN F.C., M.A., May 2013, History Fighting Back Against the Cold War: The American Committee on East-West Accord and the Retreat From Détente Director of Thesis: Chester J. Pach This work traces the history of the American Committee on East-West Accord and its efforts to promote policies of reduced tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s. This organization of elite Americans attempted to demonstrate that there was support for policies of U.S.-Soviet accommodation and sought to discredit its opponents, especially the Committee on the Present Danger. This work argues that the Committee, although largely failing to achieve its goals, illustrates the wide-reaching nature of the debate on U.S.-Soviet relations during this period, and also demonstrates the enduring elements of the U.S.-Soviet détente of the early 1970s. -
CWIHP Publication Index - Article Keywords
CWIHP Publication Index - Article Keywords Keyword 1948 "Prague coup" Publication Page number Title Author Bulletin 11 141 The Polish Contribution to the Victory of the "Prague Coup" in February 1948 Andrzej Paczkowski Keyword 1956 "Polish October" Publication Page number Title Author Working Paper 17 4 The Soviet-Polish Confrontation of October 1956: The Situation in the Polish Internal Leszek Gluchowski and Edward Jan Nalepa Keyword 1956 North Korean Opposition Movement Publication Page number Title Author Working Paper 52 1 "We Need Help From the Outside": The North Korean Opposition Movement of 1956 James F. Person Keyword 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises Publication Page number Title Author Bulletin 05 1 Khrushchev's CPSU CC Presidium Meeting on East European Crises, 24 October 1956 Mark Kramer Bulletin 06-07 280 Response: More on the 1956 Polish Crisis Milton Leitenberg and L.W. Gluchowski Bulletin 06-07 283 Response: More on the 1956 Hungarian Crisis Charles Gati and Raymond Garthoff Bulletin 08-09 355 Conferences in Budapest, Potsdam Spoltlight Cold War Flashpoints Malcolm Byrne, James Hershberg, Christian Ostermann Bulletin 08-09 358 New Evidence on Soviet Decision-Making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises Mark Kramer Bulletin 08-09 385 The "Malin Notes" on the Crises in Hungary and Poland, 1956 Mark Kramer Keyword Afghanistan - Soviet Invasion Publication Page number Title Author Bulletin 03 67 Soviet Policy in Afghanistan, 1979: A Grim Assessment Robert Litwak Bulletin 04 70 From Hesitation to Intervention: Soviet Decisions -
Colin Flint, Introduction to Geopolitics
Introduction to Geopolitics Third Edition Colin Flint Third edition published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Colin Flint The right of Colin Flint to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Routledge 2006 Second edition published by Routledge 2012 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Flint, Colin, 1965– author. Title: Introduction to geopolitics / Colin Flint. Description: Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa Business, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016019448| ISBN 9781138192157 (hardback: alk. paper) -
P. Robinson Ua: Aiding Afghanistan
Paul Robinson, Jay Dixon. Aiding Afghanistan: A History of Soviet Assistance to a Developing Country. London: Hurst & Co., 2013. XI, 226 S. ISBN 978-1-84904-239-0. Reviewed by Martin Deuerlein Published on H-Soz-u-Kult (November, 2014) The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in Decem‐ resources or creating dependence was not a con‐ ber 1979 marked the watershed between the “Era scious goal” (p. 156). To support their argument, of Détente” and the “Second Cold War”. Accord‐ the two authors set out to study the economic and ingly, it has received considerable scholarly atten‐ technical assistance programs run by the Soviet tion over the last three decades. For an overview Union in Afghanistan between the mid-1950s and of previous and ongoing research cf. Tanja Penter the early 1990s. Their aim is to understand why / Esther Meier (eds.), Sovietnam? Die UdSSR in “Soviet aid to Afghanistan was substantial, but ul‐ Afghanistan 1979–1989, Paderborn 2014 (forth‐ timately unsuccessful” (p. 11). coming). However, most of these works were em‐ “Aiding Afghanistan” is one of several new bedded into contemporary political debates and studies on the country that have appeared since mainly dealt with military and geopolitical ques‐ 2001, when new state-building efforts by the in‐ tions. The Soviet engagement in Afghanistan was ternational community triggered a renewed inter‐ often portrayed as driven by the goals of ideologi‐ est in their historical antecedents. For a direct cal infiltration, economical exploitation and the comparison of Soviet efforts in the 1980s and creation of quasi-colonial dependence. For exam‐ American projects in the 2000s see Martin Kip‐ ple Rosanne Klass, The Great Game Revisited, in: ping, State-Building: Erfolg und Scheitern in ibid. -
“Crush Zone”: Geopolitical Games in Post-Cold War Eastern Europe
Ordering the “Crush Zone”: Geopolitical Games in Post-Cold War Eastern Europe John O’Loughlin Institute of Behavioral Science University of Colorado Campus Box 487 Boulder, CO. 80309-0487 Email: [email protected] In Nurit Kliot and David Newman (Eds.) Geopolitics and Globalization: The Changing World Political Map. (London: Frank Cass). Word count: 9145 Acknowledgement: The research in this paper was supported by a grant from the Geography and Regional Science Program of the National Science Foundation 1 Biography John O’Loughlin is Director of the “Globalization and Democracy” graduate training program, funded by the National Science Foundation, in the Institute of Behavioral Science at the University of Colorado, Boulder. His research interests are in the diffusion of democracy, the relationship between economic and political transitions in Russia and Ukraine, and the changing identities of the peoples of the post-Soviet states. He is editor of Political Geography. 2 Abstract In the aftermath of the Cold War, no consensus has emerged in American political circles on a replacement for the containment geopolitical code of the 1945-1990 era. Various geopolitical paradigms are on offer, each emanating from a world-view that is heavily coloured by domestic political ideologies. Seven of these paradigms are described and considered in light of the momentous geopolitical decision in 1998 to expand NATO into Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe has been considered a “crush zone” by political geographers for over a century and the region has been intimately involved in the geopolitical re-orderings of this century. Strenuous avoidance of geopolitical issues, including long-term relations with Russia, was notable during the NATO expansion debates. -
The Concept of Cold War in Global Politics Gültekin Sümer
The Concept of Cold War in Global Politics Gültekin Sümer The Cold War has ended but its shadow still remains. The term “The New Cold War” has already entered into the lexicon of international politics. Almost every serious confrontation between the United States and Russia or China evokes “The New Cold War” debates. The Cold War reached its true sense because it had achieved to create its own dynamics within time and ceased to exist when those dynamics lost their power. I think this question is a great test in terms of measuring the level that today’s international relations has reached: Are cold wars relevant in a global politics? The answer to be given to this question depends on whether any cold war can be sustained against all the pluralistic tendencies of international relations. It will be negative one because the dynamics unleashed by globalization are likely to marginalize new cold wars regardless of the will to wage and sustain it. For, beyond the will to wage and sustain it, the concept of cold war is a technical issue that can only exist provided that it can achieve to subordinate all the dynamics of the global politics to itself. Tags: cold war, United States, globalization, pluralism, power The Cold War has ended but its shadow still remains. The term “The New Cold War” has already entered into the current debates of global politics. Every rising tension between the United States and Russia or China evokes new cold war debates. I believe that the time has come to examine new cold war debates within the realities of IR discipline and determine its value in today’s global politics.