Bagian I – Pasar Dan Persaingan Industri Penerbangan Di Indonesia

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Bagian I – Pasar Dan Persaingan Industri Penerbangan Di Indonesia Bagian I – Pasar dan persaingan industri penerbangan di Indonesia Bab 1 – Kompetisi Dalam Industri Penerbangan di Indonesia Jumlah penduduk yang mencapai kurang lebih 240 Juta jiwa, serta laju pertumbuhan penduduk sebesar 1,49 persen per tahun (BPS, 2014), menjadikan Indonesia pasar yang potensial bagi dunia usaha. Untuk industri penerbangan, kondisi tersebut menjadikan volume penumpang terangkut juga turut meningkat secara luarbiasa. Jumlah penumpang terangkut di Indonesia pada tahun 2013 telah mencapai 85,1 juta penumpang dan terus bertambah hingga mendekati angka 90 juta di tahun 2014. Hal tersebut secara tidak langsung membawa dampak pada persaingan antar maskapai yang kian marak dalam usaha meningkatkan pangsa pasar. Bagaimana sebenarnya kompetisi yang terjadi dalam industri penerbangan di Tanah Air? Sejarah industri penerbangan Indonesia Industri penerbangan Indonesia telah melalui beberapa tahapan tata kelola pasar, termasuk monopoli, duopoli, keterbukaan terbatas, hingga deregulasi. Cikal bakal industri penerbangan Indonesia sebenarnya telah diawali sejak jaman kolonial Belanda. Pada tanggal 1 November 1928, di Pangkalan Udara Tjililitan (sekarang Bandara Halim Perdanakusuma) Jakarta, dimulailah penerbangan perdana KNILM (Koninklije Nederlandsch-Indische Luchtvaart Maatschappij) yang merupakan anak 2 perusahaan KLM Belanda dengan rute Jakarta- Bandung PP dan Jakarta-Semarang PP. Pesawat yang dipergunakan adalah Fokker F-7B dengan tiga mesin. Setelah Proklamasi kemerdekaan RI, pada tanggal 24 Desember 1949, berdasarkan kesepakatan KLM dan Pemerintah RIS akan dibentuk perusahaan penerbangan patungan pengganti KNILM yang oleh Presiden Soekarno diberi nama Garuda Indonesia Airways. Penerbangan perdananya dilakukan pada tanggal 29 Desember 1949, dengan pesawat DC-3 dari Yogyakarta ke Kemayoran, Jakarta. Pada tanggal 31 Maret 1950, secara hukum didirikan Garuda Indonesia Airways NV dengan modal 11 pesawat DC-3, 12 pesawat C-47 Dakota dan 4 pesawat amfibi PBY Catalina. Perusahaan ini masih patungan dan mendapat assistensi penuh dari KLM Belanda (Angkasa, Des 2012). Pada tahun 1957, barulah KLM keluar dan Garuda Indonesia Airways berubah menjadi PN GIA dengan armada pesawat Convair tipe 240, 340, 440 Metropolitan, 990A Coronado dan Lockheed Electra. Garuda juga telah merambah rute Singapura, Manila, Bangkok, Hongkong, Tokyo dan Amsterdam. Sementara Merpati Nusantara Air lahir pada tanggal 6 September 1962 berbentuk PN dengan tujuan mengembangkan penerbangan perintis di Kalimantan. Pada tahun 1964 Merpati mendapatkan hibah aset dan armada milik Garuda Irian Barat yang merupakan anak perusahaan Garuda Indonesia hasil pengambil-alihan maskapai Belanda di Papua, 3 Nederlands Nieuw Guniea Luchtvaart Maatschappij (NNGLM)/de Kroonduif (merpati bermahkota) NV (Angkasa, Des 2012). Tahun 1950-1968 adalah masa monopoli industri penerbangan Indonesia oleh Garuda Indonesia dan Merpati Nusantara. Mulai pada tahun 1968 Pemerintah Orde Baru memberlakukan kebijakan Multi Airline System untuk membuka kesempatan bagi siapa pun untuk mendirikan maskapai baik perorangan, swasta, BUMN, atau investor asing. Dari sini lahirlah beberapa maskapai yaitu Pelita Air Services (Pertamina), Bouraq Airlines, Deraya Air, Safari Air, Gatari Air. Yayasan Kostrad dan Kartika Eka Paksi (TNI AD) turut mendirikan Mandala Airlines, Sempati Airlines, Seulawah Air, dan Zamrud Airlines. Investor asing masuk melalui maskapai Indonesia Air Transport, Eastindo dan Bristow Masayu Helicopters. Namun pada saat itu, maskapai selain Garuda dan Merpati hanya boleh melayani charter di kota-kota daerah bukan antar ibukota provinsi dan dilarang menggunakan pesawat jet. Era 1980 merupakan era persaingan sengit dimana aturan mulai dilonggarkan. Maskapai swasta diperbolehkan masuk ke rute-rute utama dan bersaing langsung dengan Garuda serta Merpati. Pada era ini banyak maskapai yang bangkrut dalam persaingan tetapi ada juga yang meleburkan diri seperti Seulawah dan Zamrud yang lebur ke Mandala serta 4 .
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