Pacedays 2014 | Fuel Reduction Initiatives on the Avro RJ Regional

REGIONAL AIRCRAFT

Fuel Reduction Initiatives on the Avro RJ Regional Jet

Stephen Morrison and Daniel McNish

Regional Aircraft’s history spans 70 years in the development, production and support of many aircraft types.

Whole product and through lifecycle knowledge and experience are applied to provide customers with integrated solutions. These include design, supply, repair, change, upgrade/conversion and customer support services.

With services and solutions provided to over 500 aircraft operated by over 180 customers in 70 countries we have a global support organisation.

We also provide services and solutions across a number of market sectors, including passenger, business and special role aircraft .

2 Regional Aircraft Operator Base

Europe 223 Aircraft in Service 44 Operators North America 118 Aircraft in Service Asia 69 Operators 54 Aircraft in Service 26 Operators Africa & Middle East 92 Aircraft in Service 41 Operators

South America 103 Aircraft in Service Australasia 36 Operators 30 Aircraft in Service 10 Operators

165 Operators, 620 Aircraft In Service

Europe Air Go Albanian Airlines Atlantic Airways Avia Air Traffic Aviatrans K BAE Systems Brussels Airlines Bulgarian Air Cello Aviation Cityjet FAAM Flair Aviation Formula One Interaviator Malmö Aviation Olympus Airways Asia North America PAN Air QinetiQ Asian Express Airline Air Spray Royal Air Force Swiss Aviastar Air Tahoma Titan Airways TNT Airways Manunggal Air Service Conair Aviation WDL Aviation Minden Air Nusantara Air Charter Moncrief Drilling Pelita Air Service Neptune Aviation Premiair Africa & Middle East SkyJet North Cariboo Air Air Africa Intl Air Annobon Uzbekistan Airways Regional One Air Botswana Air Libya Summit Air Bahrain Defence Force Bahrain Royal Flight Tronosjet South America Cronos Airlines Dubai Air Wing Fair Aviation First Kuwati Aerovias DAP Fly Tanzania Freedom Air Ecojet Presidential Flight SA Airlink Lamia Starbow Airlines Vulkan Air Australasia Minera San Cristóbal Cobham Aviation Services Star Peru Skyforce TAM Bolivia Vincent Aviation

6 Modifications, Changes and STCs

Current projects include our connected aircraft STC solutions for passenger aircraft including IFE, in seat power and displays.

7 Fuel Management

We have engaged in a multi-year program of Fuel Management to address fuel costs and uncertainties, environmental issues and public image.

Fuel Management Brochure

• Published in December 2007 both electronically and as a paper brochure.

• Intended to help manage fuel burn costs.

• Applicable to both large and small fleet Operators of the BAe 146 and Avro RJ.

• Written as a summer intern student Masters degree project.

Specific Air Range

• Specific Air Range (SAR) curves located in FCOM Volume 2 – Cruise Control.

• Curves indicate the speed in cruise which would provide the best fuel economy.

• Industry standard to use 99% SAR.

• Best cruising speed reduces with weight.

Intelligent Fuel Calculator

• The IFC interpolates these SAR tables and can be used to determine the optimal cruising speed.

• Can be used by dispatch or in the cockpit environment (through the use of an EFB).

• Constructed as another summer intern student project.

Flight Headwind (knots) Wind Effects Tables Units Level 50 60 70 80 Fuel (kg) 975 1002 1033 1063 350 Time (min) 35 36 37 37 • Allow a comparison to be made Speed (Mach) 0.690 0.690 0.690 0.690 Fuel (kg) 977 1005 1036 1067 between fuel burn and time for a 340 Time (min) 37 38 39 40 given wind speed over various Speed (Mach) 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 Fuel (kg) 980 1008 1036 1067 cruising altitudes. 330 Time (min) 36 37 38 40 Speed (Mach) 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 Fuel (kg) 984 1013 1045 1076 • FL 240 – 350 320 Time (min) 36 37 38 39 Speed (Mach) 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 200kt Tail – 200kt Headwind Fuel (kg) 980 1009 1040 1071 310 Time (min) 37 39 40 42 Speed (Mach) 0.635 0.635 0.635 0.635 Fuel (kg) 984 1014 1047 1081 • Example extract  300 Time (min) 38 40 41 43 Speed (Mach) 0.610 0.610 0.610 0.610 Fuel (kg) 990 1019 1052 1085 290 Time (min) 41 42 43 44 Speed (Mach) 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 © BAE SYSTEMS plc 2014. All rights reserved.

Wind Speed at Altitude Flight Headwind (knots) Wind Effects Tables Units Level 50 60 70 80 50000 Fuel (kg) 975 1002 1033 1063 350 Time (min) 35 36 37 37 • 45000Allow a comparison to be made Speed (Mach) 0.690 0.690 0.690 0.690 Fuel (kg) 977 1005 1036 1067 40000between fuel burn and time for a 340 Time (min) 37 38 39 40 Speed (Mach) 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 35000given wind speed over various cruising altitudes. Fuel (kg) 980 1008 1036 1067 30000 330 Time (min) 36 37 38 40 Speed (Mach) 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 25000 Fuel (kg) 984 1013 1045 1076 • FL 240 – 350 320 Time (min) 36 37 38 39 Altitude [ft] Altitude 20000 Speed (Mach) 0.660 0.660 0.660 0.660 200kt Tail – 200kt Headwind Fuel (kg) 980 1009 1040 1071 15000 310 Time (min) 37 39 40 42 Speed (Mach) 0.635 0.635 0.635 0.635 10000 Fuel (kg) 984 1014 1047 1081 • Example extract  300 Time (min) 38 40 41 43 5000 Speed (Mach) 0.610 0.610 0.610 0.610 Fuel (kg) 990 1019 1052 1085 0 290 41 42 43 44 0 20 40 60 80 100 Time (min) Speed (Mach) 0.600 0.600 0.600 0.600 Wind Speed [kts] © BAE SYSTEMS plc 2014. All rights reserved. Example wind profile.

100 Ways to Reduce Fuel Burn

• Follow up to the presentation delivered at the Flight Operations Conference 2010.

• A guide of 100 techniques in a logical order presented in an easy to digest format.

• Applicable across the entire BAE SYSTEMS fleet.

• Thanks to our Operators for your invaluable knowledge and support.

• A third summer intern student project winning a BAE SYSTEMS Chairman’s Award.

Teamwork

4. It takes an entire team to succeed. • Recognise the conservative, safety orientated culture. • Establish a culture of efficient operations. • Drive for trust, cohesion and transparency. • Education and awareness are essential. • Dedicated committee and two-way communication.

5. Utilise the experience and knowledge within. • Encourage and reward ideas and initiative.

Preparation of Airframe

23. Reduce operational empty weight. • Unnecessary commissary stores such as in- flight magazines, blankets, pillows, catering packs etc. • Redundant galleys, catering trolleys or in- flight entertainment. • Unnecessary safety equipment, tools and strappage. • Are you landing with a large amount of potable water remaining? • Lighter weight carpets, seats, fire extinguishers etc. • Make use of summer vs. winter passenger weights. “Reduce weight without compromising on passenger comfort or safety.”

Summary of Actions

• Minimise take-off weight.

• Carry the correct amount of fuel.

• Use the lowest flap settings.

• Target optimum altitude and SAR speed.

• Aim for the most direct routing.

• Minimise APU/engine use on ground.

• Use of correct trim procedures.

• Do not descend too early.

• Cross-check instruments.

Pacelab CI OPS (Avro RJ)

• Initially suggested at the Flight Operations Conference 2010.

• Following this RA invested more than 500 man-hours supplying aerodynamic and engine first principle data along with AFM and FCOM information to PACE.

• This has been incorporated into their Pacelab CI OPS Model which could yield significant fuel and emissions savings.

Pacelab CI OPS (Avro RJ)

• The investment supplied first principle data along with AFM and FCOM information (circ. 500 man hours): • Engine thrust vs. fuel flow • Drag models • APU fuel burn • Systems requirements • Flight Procedures • Operational experience

• Reads the thrust and N1 tables

• Therefore a significant investment by both BAE Systems and PACE.

20 Avro RJ Cost Index Operation

• e.g. ATC clears unplanned Flight Level.

ZRH-LCY, using CI 10 instead of fixed M .67 cruise speed, wind component 0; planned Trip Fuel savings of 200kg by adding 2min flight time:

CI value Cruise CI value Climb Cruise Speed CI value Descent Time Trip Fuel [kg]

M67 x M670 x 01:21 3093

0 30 M613 30 01:25 2883

10 30 M638 30 01:23 2893

20 30 M679 30 01:20 2926

30 30 M694 30 01:19 2950

40 30 M703 30 01:19 2968

ZRH – LCY Saving of 100 kg at cost of 2 minutes flight time.

What do you do?

• “100 Ways to Reduce Fuel Burn” • New initiatives? – Available electronically via email: • Revised operational procedures? [email protected] • Additional training? • Cost Index Modelling?

Any Questions?