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Unit — 5 Human Anatomy and Physiology Contents 10. Nutrition 165 — 178 11. Digestive system 179 — 190 12. Skeleton — Movement and Locomotion 191 — 201 1. Introducing Biology 1 — 5 13. Skin— “The Jack of All Trades” 202 — 213 Unit — 1 Basic Biology 14. The Respiratory System 214 — 228

2. Cell : The Unit of Life 6 — 28 Unit — 6 Health and Hygiene 3. Tissues : and Animal Tissues 29 — 68 15. Hygiene—[A Key to Healthy Life] 229 — 236 16. Diseases : Cause and Control 237 — 251 Unit — 2 Flowering 17. Aids to Health 252 — 261 4. The 69 — 76 18. Health Organisations 262 — 264 5. and Fertilization 77 — 91 19. Waste Generation and Management 265 — 270

6. —Structure and 92 — 112

Unit — 3

7. Respiration in Plants 113 — 126

Unit — 4 Diversity in Living Organisms

8. Five Kingdom Classification 127 — 136

9. Economic Importance of 137 — 164

Bacteria and Fungi (ii) Ecology—The study of relationship of an organism to both its living and non-living environment. 1. INTRODUCING BIOLOGY (iii) Cytology—The study of structure and function of animal and plant cells. [Scope and Branches] (iv) Pathology—The study of diseases of plants and animals. Things To Know :— REVIEW QUESTIONS Science—It is an organised body of knowledge supported by A. Multiple Choice Type observation and experimentation derived from study of nature 1. Choose the most appropriate option in the following and universe. statements. Father of Biology—Aristotle. (a) Palaeontology is the study of Father of —Theophrastus. (i) (ii) blood Father of Medicine—Hippocrates. (iii)classification (iv) fossils PROGRESS CHECK Ans. (iv) Fossils Q.1. Name the Specific branches of Biology concerned with (b) Clones of animals are being produced through the practice the study of :— of— (i) Fungi ...... (ii) Fishes ...... (iii) Insects ...... (i) genetics (ii) ecology (iv) Transmission of body characteristics from parents to (iii) embryology (iv) biotechnology children ...... Ans. (iv) Biotechnology Ans. B. Very Short Answer Type (i) Fungi — Mycology Q.1. Name the following branches of biology (ii) Fishes — Ichthyology (a) Application of biological processes in technologies. (iii) Insects — Entomology (b) Science of growing and vegetables. (iv) Transmission of body characteristics from parents to (c) Study of prehistoric form of life. children — Genetics. (d) Study of causes of immunity (resistance to or defence Q.2. Mention the kind of study made under the following against diseases). branches of science. (e) Study of fishes. (i) Histology ...... Ans. (a) Biotechnology, (b) , (c) Palaeontology, (ii) Ecology ...... (d) Immunology, (e) Ichthyology. (iii) Cytology...... Q.2. Fill in the blanks : (iv) Pathology...... (a) Bioengineering deals with making artificial ...... Ans. (b) ...... is the entire DNA sequence of an organ. (i) Histology—The study of minute structure of body as (c) Silk is produced by rearing ...... seen with the help of a microscope. (d) Evolution deals with study of ...... and ...... of organisms.

1 ArunDeep’s I.C.S.E. Biology 9th ArunDeep’s I.C.S.E. Biology 9th 2 (e) Organisms which draw food from host body are called Ans. Dentist, Biotechnologist, Pathologist, Bacteriologist...... C. Short Answer Type (f) Animals which give birth to young ones are known as. Q.1. What is Biology ? Name and define its three major (g) ...... is called the Father of Medicine. branches. Ans. (a) limbs, joints, (b) Genome, (c) Silkworms, (d) origin, descent, Ans. Biology is the study of living beings, all plants and animals (e) Parasite (f) viviparous (g) Hippocrates. including humans. Biology’s can be traced back to pre- Q. 3. Match the branches of biology in Column A with the historic periods when primitive man lived in jungles and caves. respective areas of study in Column B. The three branches of Biology are : (i) It includes term of major kinds of organisms. Column A Column B Botany, Zoology, Human Biology. (i) Ichthyology Viruses (ii) It includes terms of special groups of organisms. (ii) Ornithology Fishes Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology, /Algology, (iii) Ecology Birds Entomology, Ichthyology, Ichthyology, Herpetology. (iv) Virology Cells (iii) In includes terms of approach on studying it. (v) Herpetology Diseases Anatomy, Morphology, Histology, Cytology, Physiology, (vi) Palaeontology Fossils Embryology, , Ecology, Biogeography, Palaeontology. (vi) Cytology Snakes Q.2. How does Biology help us is leading a healthier life ? (vii) Pathology Environment Ans. Biology has helped us to understand the causes of many diseases. It has shown us how germs are spread by certain Ans. agents such as insects, wind or water. This knowledge helps Column A Column B us to take proper care of our health and live longer. (i) Ichthyology Fishes Q.3. A farmer and a housewife may have never studied (ii) Ornithology Birds biology, yet both of them know some of its general (iii) Ecology Environment principles through experience. State any two principles (iv) Virology Viruses which they know. (v) Herpetology Snakes Ans. A farmer, although does not study biology, but he knows by his (vi) Palaeontology Fossils experience, how to increase his produce. He, by the way of (vi) Cytology Cells cross-breeding and removing weak and unwanted plant and (vii) Pathology Diseases cultivating improved varieties at right time, benefited a lot. Similarly, a housewife by using her experiences knows which Q.4. Name any two borderline sciences which are connected or vegetable can befitted for how much time and also the with Biology. nutrient value of the food. Also, by taming some useful animals Ans. (i) Biotechnology (ii) Biochemistry such as cow, goat and dog etc. all she learns from her Q.5. Name the respective sub-divisions of Biology which deal experience. with the study of insects, birds, fungi and heredity. Q.4. Distinguish between the following pairs of sciences: Ans. Insects—Entomology,Birds— Ornithology, (a) Zoology and Entomology (b) Genetics and Eugenics Fungi— Mycology, Heredity— Genetics. (c) Phycology and Mycology (d) Space Biology and Exobiology Q.6. Name some professions other than medicine which (e) Biotechnology and Bioinformatics require a basic knowledge of Biology. (f) Embryology and Immunology (g) Ichthyology and Pisciculture 3 ArunDeep’s I.C.S.E. Biology 9th ArunDeep’s I.C.S.E. Biology 9th 4 Ans. (a) Zoology—It is the study of animals. Entomology—It is the study of insects. (b) Genetics is the science of the transmission of body characteristics, both similarties and differences from parents to their offspring. Eugenics is the science which aims to improve the genetic quality of human race through controlled heredity. (c) Phycology is the scientific study of . It is a branch of life science and often is regarded as a subdiscipline of botany. Mycology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of fungi. It includes the research of their genetic and biochemical properties and their use in medicine and food along with their hazards. (d) Space Biology—The study of survival problems of living things in outer space. Exobiology—One of the newest sciences, which contemplates to study life elsewhere in the universe. (e) Biotechnology—It deals with the use of living cells or microorganisms in industries and technology. Bioinformatics— It is the management and analysis biological information stored in databases. (f) Embryology is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes, fertilization, and development of embryos and feotuses. Whereas immunology is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. The immune system protects us from infection through various lines of defence. (g) Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish. This includes bony fish, jewless fish and cortilaginous fish. Whereas pisciculture is the breeding, rearing and transplantation of fish by artificial means in ponds, tanks or enclosures in other words, fish farming. D. Long Answer Type Q.1. Do you think Biology can help in further increasing the yield of food ? If so, how ? Ans. New varieties of plants and new breeds of cattle, poultry etc. are being developed with the knowledge of Biology. This science has also increased our knowledge of diseases of plants and animals and how to cure them. All these efforts are helping us to produce more food in fields, dairies and poultry farms. 5 ArunDeep’s I.C.S.E. Biology 9th ArunDeep’s I.C.S.E. Biology 9th